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Exam-style questions and sample answers have been written by the authors. In examinations, the way marks are awarded
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 1
Science in context
This section touches upon the development of Clusters of atoms or small molecules could be
the atomic theory through the ages. But until the used to ‘cage’ radioactive atoms such as radon.
latter part of the last century most people thought A lower dose of radioactivity is therefore used
that the idea of tiny machines made up of a few rather than a (directed) beam of more intense
atoms was science fiction. With the advent of radioactivity which may damage surrounding
nanotechnology, these ideas are becoming a step cells. The caged molecules could be conveyed to
closer. the cancer cells by attaching an antibody to the
Tiny clusters of atoms are useful for catalysts outside of the molecule. This would result in a
because they have a much larger surface area more targeted treatment. Disadvantages may be
and so the catalysis can be much quicker (link that the body reacts to the unusual molecule in
with reaction rate at IGCSE level). In recent the bloodstream and unwelcome side-effects may
years, chemists have been designing ‘tailor made’ be felt. If antibodies are not attached or become
catalysts, especially zeolites (a type of silicate with detached or become denatured then the caged
AlO4 units replacing some of the SiO4 units), of molecules have no target in the body. So the
precise dimensions with tiny pores in which the radioactivity may harm healthy cells.
surface area is increased dramatically. These can Students are asked to suggest more ideas for
also be modified to bond other catalyst particles nanomachines. These could include nanomagnets,
such as platinum and allow a vast increase in the nanoswitches, nanorobots and nanomotors.
catalytic surface area.
Nanoclusters of atoms can be made on a cold Self-assessment questions
surface simply by evaporating a metal for example
and then letting it condense onto the cold surface. 1 a i P
rotons are deflected towards
Students may realise that the substance which is the plate / move towards the
being condensed needs to be spread out so that plate; because unlike charges are
the particles can separate. This can be done by attracted to each other.
evaporating a metal for example, in a stream of ii Neutrons are not deflected;
inert gas such as helium. The gas dilutes the metal because neutrons have no charge /
and so makes it more likely that small groups of zero charge / are uncharged.
atoms can cluster together when they condense on
the cold surface. b Electrons; because of the charged
particles it has the least mass / has a
Encourage students to think about things in lower mass than the proton.
everyday life that have already been scaled down,
e.g. hint about mobile phones. Scientists already vanadium-51: electrons = 23,
2
have the means to move clusters of atoms around neutrons = 28
on specially prepared surfaces. Tiny switches and Strontium-88: electrons = 38,
wires can be made from groups of atoms. Tiny neutrons = 54
magnets and electronic devices could be made. phosphorus-31: electrons = 15,
Microscopic molecular cages could be used to neutrons = 16
deliver cancer drugs to specific places in the body.
81
3 a 35 Br 3 a positively charged nucleus; [1]
44 containing protons and neutrons; [1]
b 20 Ca
electrons outside the nucleus in energy
c 58
26 Fe levels; [1]
110
d 46 Pd protons are positively charged with relative
4 a 18 charge of +1 and relative mass of 1; [1]
Coursebook answers
c i it has more protons than electrons [1]
ii it has 17 protons and 18 electrons /
it has 1 more electron than protons [2]
[it has more electrons than
protons for 1 mark]
Chapter 1 [Total: 8]