GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL MINISTRY OF PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND TRANSPORT DEPARTMENT OF ROAD GALCHHI TRISHULI MAILUNG SHY APRUBESI RASUWAGADI ROAD PROJECT. REPORT ON PILE INTEGRITY TEST CONSTRUCTION OF JHANGAR BRIDGE, BELKOT GADHI, NUWAKOT. Contract No. GTMSRRP/33701 1904/076/77-002 Client: Galchi Trishuli Mailung Shyaprubesi Rasuwagadi Road Project, Bidur,Nuwakot Office Reg, : EP027 Prepared for: Anjana RD/RS JV Location: Jhangar Khola Bridge ‘Submitted By: Viswa Consult Pvt. Ltd. P.O. Box 4316, Dillibazar, Kathmandu Tel.:-977-1-4533156Email: viswaconsultlab@gmail.com MAGH, 2078Project: Construction of Jhangar Bridge over Belkot Gadhi Contract No.:GTMRRP/337011904/77-002 Location: Jhangar khola bridge,Galehi Date : 2078/10/10 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES INTRODUCTION & P1 LUTERATURE.. PILE LITERATURE. PIT TEST THEORY . PROCEDURE FOR TESTING... [BASIC TESTING RECOMMENDATIONS... PILE DETAILS AND DATA COLLECTION. cl APPENDIX APENDIX-A: PIT QFV Instruments and Pictorial Representation of the test APENDIX-B: Summary APENDIX-C: Photo Caption 1|PageProject: Construction of Jhangar Bridge over Belkot Gadhi Contract No.:GTMRRP/337011904/77-002, Location: Jhangar khola bridge,Galehi Date : 2078/10/10 PIT REPORT ON Construction of Jhangar Bridge over Belkot Gadhi PILE INTEGRITY TEST REPORT ON 20 NOS. BORED CAST-IN-SITU (10 Right Abutment&10 Left Abutment) 1. INTRODUCTION The Pile Integrity Tester (PIT) is an instrument for integrity testing of deep foundations by low-strain surface- impact methods. It acquires, processes, enhances, and reports data. The test engineer must interpret the date according to wave propagation theory. The results obtained are only as meaningful and reliable as the testing engineer's understanding of the physical principles involved. The PIT is available in four models, namely, PIT-X, PIT-V, PIT-XFV and PIT-FV. The four models can be distinguished from each other on the basis of their size, portability, number of input data channels and wireless transmission of data from the sensing device to the electronic units, All PIT models support the ‘Low Strain Integrity Test” Method (see ASTM 5862) also called the Pulse-Echo Method (PEM), while PIT-XFV and PIT- FV additionally support the Transient Response Method (TRM). The user should become thoroughly proficient in PEM and TRM in order to achieve a higher level of confidence needed during data interpretation. Some theory is discussed in this user manual as it relates to the PIT operation, but this discussion is neither definitive nor exhaustive, Test applications for PIT include integrity and/or length determination of most types of concrete deep foundations such as drilled shafts or bored piles, Continuous Flight Auger (CFA) or Augured-Cast-n-Place (ACIP) piles, driven concrete piles, individual concrete wall panels (barrettes), concrete filed pipe piles, and timber piles. For simplicity we will refer to all of these foundation types as “piles. Please note that the Pulse Echo Method has pile length limitations which are a function of pile material type, pile uniformity, soil elastic Properties (elastic modulus), soil density etc. Also data taken on cylindrical piles, steel piles, jointed piles and timber piles have either greater length limitations than solid ones or do not support clear and/or reliable data interpretation. Similarly individual piles within a bored pile wall or panels of a diaphragm wall usually do not Provide satisfactory integrity assessments with the Pulse Echo Method. Other methods such as the Thermal Integrity Profiler (TIP) or Cross Hole Sonic Logging are then much more successful 2|PageProject: Construction of Jhangar Bridge over Belkot Gadhi Contract No.:GTMRRP/337011904/77-002 Location: Jhangar khola bridge,Galchi Date : 2078/10/10 2. PILE LITERATURE ‘The Pulse Echo Method has been conceived in the 1970s both in Europe and in the United States (e.,, Steinbach and \Vey, 1975, “Caisson Evaluation by Stress Wave Propagation Method’, Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE). However, only ater real time, on-site digital data processing became practical did this method find general acceptance, Numerous papers describing these developments are available on the PDI web site www.pile.com; click on Learning Center and select PIT. The PIT user is urged to review these publications starting maybe with following two papers. hitp://worw.pile.com/referer jle_integ by low and high strain impacts.pdf http://wonw. pile. com/raference/Transportation&esearchBoardAnnualMeeting/AComparisonOfPulseE choAndTransientResponse.pdf ‘Another important reading is also the ASTM $882 Standard as well as other applicable national testing standards or building codes. Some ofthese are fisted in http://w. pile.com/reference/StressWave2008/CH-12-063 .001.pdf; however it should be expected that various code and standards have either been modified or added since the writing of that paper. a[ PageProject: Construction of Jhangar Bridge over Belkot Gadhi Contract No.sGTMRRP/337011904/77-002 Date : 2078/10/10 Alight impact is administered to the pile's surface, generally using a special hand-held hammer, and as a result {an acoustic wave from the impact propagates down through the pile. Variations in the shape and material quality of the pile produce reflections of the wave, which are observed as they return to the surface. Surface vibrations are recorded until all primary reflections have been observed. Reflections are then interpreted considering their nature and times of observation to assess pile integrity ‘The surface vibrations are measured by means of an accelerometer attached to the top of the pile. Although the acceleration curve could be interpreted directly, integration to velocity generally enhances the record by bringing out details otherwise overlooked. The pile top acceleration signal, a, is therefore digitized and stored in the PIT memory, and itis numerically integrated to produce a velocity signal, v. Note that visa particle velocity, Le, the actual velocity of ‘movement of the pile top surface. ‘The deepest reflector isthe pile's toe, so its reflection should be the last one observed at the pile top. Given estimates of the wave speed c and pile length L, the toe reflection is expected at the top at time 2L/c after impact. Thus 21/e's the time it takes the stress wave to travel to the pile bottom and then, after reflection, back to the pile top. Observation, i.e, measurement, continues until well after this time, but the first 2/c is the most important part and provides most of the information about the ple. Note that the wave speed, c Is several orders of magnitudes greater (typically 3,000 to 5,000 m/s than the pile particle velocity, v (typically 1 to 20 mm/s). The signal is acquired as a function of time, and the time scale Is known accurately. To facilitate locating the reflectors, the signal is presented as a function of distance x from the pile top. However, the distance scale completely depends upon accurate estimation of the wave speed c: x= % et. The distance scale has a physical meaning only for reflectors within the shaft, not for soil below the toe, nor can it correctly be applied to the impact pulse, which is not strictly a reflection Reflections are caused by variations in the ples impedance. Impedance Z may be calculated as where Ais the cross- sectional area, Eis the elastic modulus and is the mass density ofthe material of the pile. Thus, reflections can be due to changes in either the cross-section (size) or in the elastic modulus or specific weight (quality) of the material. A region of decreasing impedance generates a tensile reflection, producing a velocity peak in the same direction as the impact. A region of increasing impedance causes a compressive reflection, producing a velacity peak in the direction opposite the impact. ‘The reflections must be interpreted to determine whether the associated changes are acceptable or of serious concern to the integrity ofthe shaft. All interpretation should also consider installation records of concrete volume, design length and other observations 4|PageProject: Construction of Jhangar Bridge over Belkot Gadhi Contract No.:GTMRRP/337011904/77-002 Location: Jhangar khola bridgeGalchi_ Date : 2078/10/10 4. PROCEDURE OF PILE INTEGRITY TEST ‘The SE method is a low strain integrity test conducted from the top (or upper side) of the shaft as shown in the figure below. test equipment includes a 3 pound(t.36kg) hammer (instrumented or mechanical), recelver(accelerometer and/or geophone) mounted on the top (or upper side) of the shaft, and a data ‘acquisition platform. the test involves hitting the foundation top with the hammer to generate wave energy that travels to the bottom of the foundation. The wave reflects off irregularities (cracks, necks, bulbs, soil intrusions, voids, ete.) and/or the bottom of the foundation and travels back along the foundation to the top. the receiver measures the vibration response of the foundation to each Impact. The data collection platform acquires, processes and displays the receiver ouputs. Foundation length and integrity of concrete are evaluated by identifying and analyzing the arrival times, direction and amplitude of reflections measured by the receivers in time. The Eco Depth (0) is calculated by multiplying the reflection time(t) by the compression wave velocity(V) and dividing this quantity by 2 to account for the fact that the wave has gone down and reflected back, ie. D=V*t/2, ‘Analysis of the length determination and the integrity evaluation of a foundation with the SE method is based ‘on the identification and evaluation of reflections. Test results are analysed in the time domain for the SE test. The SE test method is sensitive to changes in the shaft impedance(shaft concrete area*velocity*mass density where mass density equals unit weight divided by gravity), which case the reflections of the compression wave energy. Compression wave energy(hammer impact energy) reflects differently from increased shaft Impedance than from decreased shaft impedance. This phenomenon allows the type of reflector to be identified as follows. Soil intrusions, honeycomb, breaks, cracks, cold koints, poor quality concrete and similar defects are identified as reflections that correspond to a decrease in shaft impedance. Increases in the shaft ‘cross-section or the competency of surrounding materials such as bedrock and stiffer soll strata are identified 2s reflections corresponding to increases in the shaft impedance. A decrease in impedance is indicated by 2 downward intial break of a reflection event in an SE record and frequency peaks positioned in a record such that 2 peak could be extrapolated to be near OHz in the mobility plot. Conversely, an increase in shaft impedance is identified by an upward initial break for an SE reflector. ‘When length to diameter ratio exceeds 20:1 to 30:1 for shafts in stiffer solls/bedrock. the attenuation of ‘compression wave energy is high and bottom echoes are weak or unidentifiable in SE test results If the shaft {is embedded in a material which has similar impedance to that of the shaft, it may not be possible to see @ reflection from the bottom ofthe shaft 5|PageProject: Construction of Jhangar Bridge over Belkot Gadhi Contract No.:GTMRRP/337011904/77-002 Location: Jhangar khola bridge,Galchi Date : 2078/10/10 5. BASIC TESTING RECOMMENDATIONS Velocity ofthe pile top surface is in most instances the most important data collected during a pile integrity test. It requires alight hammer impact and the recording of acceleration. In order to obtain an accurate record of the pile top surface motion the location where the acceleration is measured has to be a sound, clean pile material Contamination by soil, loose debris or surface layers, poorly hardened pile material avery rough surface are ‘among the conditions that provide poor records which are difficult or in most instances impossible to interpret clearly. Obviously, the concrete has to be hardened to a point where itis much harder (or having a higher elastic modulus) than the surroun For clean impact pulses without ringing or other spurious signals the impact surface also has to be of clean and preferably smoothened. Thus, grinding down to good concrete several impact and accelerometer locations is the best assurance to obtain meaningful results t saves on data interpretation time and/or a repeat trip to the sit, ‘The accelerometer should be bonded to the pile top surface with a thin layer of a “sticky” material. Depending on pile temperature and/or moisture content, different materials may have to be tried. Under no circumstances should a thick layer of bonding material separate the sensor from the pile material. In fact, pressing the accelerometer down far enough until one feels it touching the concrete makes for the best records, Ideally, the hammer impact would cause the whole pile diameter to achieve a uniform axial motion. However, only 2 small pile top area is subjected to the impact causing 2 non-plane deformation of the pile cross sections below the pile top. Thus, testing on the west side of the ple top will not reveal what is happening on the east side within ‘one or two pile diameters below the pile top and for larger piles itis therefore strongly recommended that the pile top is tested and impacted at several locations. ideally impacting and testing is done at the third points of the pile top surface. The worst location for testing is the edge of the pile, However, the larger the pile diameter the greater the motions generated at the pile top by shear (or Rayleigh) waves. These pile top motions may appear as noise in the basic compressive wave record. Spurious record components can also be created by reinforcement extending above the pile toe or small cracks within a short distance below the pile top. Larger hammers or more cushioned hammers possibly improve the record appearance In such cases. Longer piles produce weaker ple toe signals than shorter ones because of losses of wave energy due to pile Internal or soll external damping. However, hammer impact pulses with lower frequency contents (those that have longer lasting impact pulses either because of a greater hammer weight or a softer cushioning) travel longer istances with less energy dissipation than those that are sharper ‘And shorter. Unfortunately, the smoother longer pulses do not allow for as clear a resolution as the sharper ones, Its best practice, therefore, to test with several hammers, for example, using hammer weights of 5, 10, 30 N (0.5, 4, and 3 kg or 3, 2 and 6 Ib) for more and clearer information. 6|PageProject:Construction of Jhangar Bridge over Belkot Gadhi Contract No.:GTMRRP/337011904/77-002 Location: Jhangar khola bridge,Galchi Date : 2078/10/10 6, PILE DETAILS AND DATA COLLECTION ‘The Pile Integrity Test was conducted at Jnangar Khola Bridge,Galchi, The pile graphs had measured diameter of 1000 mm and was reported of having depth of 18.00 m from PCC level at Right Abutment and Left abutment which is the basis of this report 20 piles were tested from foundation at 18.00 m at Right Abutment (10 nos.) and Left Abutment (10 nos) from PCC level. Respective Engineer and technicians were on site in order to perform the PIT test from 2078- 10-08 to 2078-10-09. All field records were transferred to computer at office. Then necessary filtering, magnification was done to data and corresponding velocity curves were plotted. The shafts were processed using a concrete wave speed of 3400 m/this to 4000 m/s range of wave speed variations (as the lower range of wave speed was recorded) is within the /- 4% which may be encountered at site. 7[PageProject:Construction of Jhangar Bridge over Belkot Gadhi Contract No.:GTMRRP/337011904/77-002 Location: Jhangar khola bridgeGalchi Date : 2078/10/10 Limitation of Pile Integrity Test are as follows: 1) Pile Integrity Test does not provide any information on the load bearing capacity of piles and deep foundations. 2) Integrity Testing cannot be conducted over pile caps. 3) Integrity testing of cross sections below @ major crack (that crosses the entire cross-sectional area) is not possible. 4) This testis not effective in piles with highly variable cross sections. 5) Itis not effective in evaluating sections of piles below cracks that crosses the entire cross-sectional area of the pile. 6) Pile integrity is generally not suitable for testing steel sheets, H-section, or unfilled pipe piles. 7) When the toe reflection is not evident, integrity evaluation may not be conclusive, 8) In some cases, it is difficult to distinguish the soil response, and the (pile) toe response, 9) Presence of water in site during testing affects good data acquisition, The records were evaluated for reflections from the shaft toe and for variations in the Impedance above the shaft toe. The depth accuracy may vary from +/- 4 % due to site conditions or human error or machine error. \ Bl PageProject:Construction of Jhangar Bridge over Belkot Gadhi Contract No.:GTMRRP/337011904/77-002 Location: Shangar khola bridge,Galchi Date : 2078/10/10 ‘The wave speed for this report is from 3600-4000 m/s. 20 piles were tested from PCC level. The concrete grade is M35. OF pile ABb. The minimum diameter 0.91 at 17.94 m of pile A2c, The maximum depth is found out to be 18.20 of pile A3c and minimum depth is 18.00 m, From above report, it can be deduced for Left Abutment the maximum diameter is 1.26 at 15.32 m of pile B9a. The minimum diameter 0.90 at 3.43 m of pile B7b, The maximum depth is found out to be 18.10 of pile B10c and minimum depth is 17.90 m of pile Boa, The PIT as stated above has many limitations also the field conditions and technicians are responsible for quality of the data taken. Also, PIT doesn't give any information regarding the bearing capacity ofthe pile. It only gives the structural integrity of the pile structure. Considering all of these no major cracking was observed inthe field data Slight bulging of piles was = observed. As per international Journal of GEOMATE, July 2018 vol 18 and DOR requirement the beta analysis is within the limits, Keeping in mind the relevant code that has been followed and the guidelines of IS code and ‘ASTM code it can be safe to say the 20 Piles recorded do not show any major defects, 9|PageAPENDIX-A: PIT QFV Instruments and Pictorial Representation of the testRIGHT ABUTMENTwzzew 260 euosd uw weer 21 004 sea 00 HOA 980 Ust0) suo x10 A waroomd aco 960 6530 ] ere | 00" —s00 | us 9¥0 zHsuere = woeO yaieeenn We eee zeoerezit ae weuanay 16d Si #:¢- PLY elld :elld PTW ald PLY alld ‘lid ‘ @Bpug ejou>i seBueYr Jo UoRoNSuOD F-600e aod PIT Ad MSU EMSA 2Z0Z/EEII :PAIDAIOD zzozsecitwep :otyord win eyord xe ty Yons}sU0D TA 7nasu0, 60 “TON anveeR wee I { 250 | ° t 8 T Toco F wee wu 22 (ato) sup Z810 A (era o96e) 00" pe ae | we | —s00" soo #0 WWa 24:24 zzoerezib ne weuinay ws 8b #:C- 92 Olle 21d z-6002 aod cae Dew alld p= DV alld ‘alld ! @BpUg eIoU} JaBuUEUT Jo UoRINNISUOD PSPee IT Ad tinsuoD eMsiA Zeozsez/hi = < 7 7 1 wiser E60 — ‘eword UW wisysie Zo) :oyoid xeN, 1 we we I | 960 60 \ ° meg | AT F waz (@rv0) sm L¥10 (si ooee) w oz 8b 96160 | a | ore | sao | 00 ovo Wa e264 zeoerezn suo wounnay ERs S18 e- ORY Olle colle 26002 SHO an eV lid ZZ0z/ZE/ ‘PAIR|IOD bY Ald ‘Nd ‘ @BpUG ejOUy Je6ueYP yo UORoNASUOD PIT We INSU EMSA, zeozsee/t= weesie6s0 sword um WerZIeEo) —— souod xen 001 seary ‘onsisug 001 sen vensisuoy HON Hon engeions (ier) suo sur a woos! | mooxe — wop0 oan (sn 0062) w 0981 ue Wy oLov:4s zzozrezih Leann 01 #¢- OY Olld :olld 6002 aod Wola ZZ0ZIZZIh :PAIEAION bY ld “ald ‘o6pUR eIOUW 4eBueYr Jo UoHINNsUuOD zeozrezit "IT Vd UNSUOD EMSIAw w oz 3 ® , ° wep oz en o s ° Wweesiies60 ood uN. 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"10q Yonsu0D, BF "oA ameIey (saz0) suo z6z0 0 woz 660 1 i ° | ea T t Ho ; \ weer wor wee wee 950 oot oo 250 —090 (sn 0960) 0621! o9e- na ss:v0-z zzozrezit sd wounnay or 92 #:¢- RA Olld Zl 26002 eiold 268 Mie ZLOLICENt :PeIDeOQ P68 Alid “Alle ‘( uawanqy Yer) aBpUG e}oyD LeBUEYP jo UoHONA}SUOD ze0ziezit PIT Ad ynsuoD EMEA,wzezw 260 -oyoid um wazzre ort -ayogxen, wor wez 60 z60 (izv0) suo ssv0 A i i see | veo ro (610066) wore { -e9e- a s:9021 zzozreen, iat weuanay yo vew's- 2018 91 76002 aiyOId pote Ac ZZOzEIL “PaIDaI10D 20/8 tid “ld ‘( ueuangy 497) ebpug ejoyy 4aBueYP Jo UoNONIsUOD, zeozezit ‘BIT Ad JINsUCD EmsIA,APENDIX-B: Summaryv 00'8t wi 96°2 12 66°0 ul 89°ST 32 90°T iv 00'8T uw €8'ST 1 S60 wi 26°53 EOF Freya CTL woe 9 Weezer /K—=—__| = Werewreo We ZT COT Ea] a a Ww Ww 00'sT wi 9€°S 18 66°0 Ww 6r'L 38 E0'T oe crams] canesaanenn ale ee ta ‘oaforg puoy ipuseansey isoqnadudqg Sunpreyy yystAL type : UIT), Quownnqy MERDNPIED eapag Hop] AuGp :uOHEIOT 200-LL/PO6TTOLES/AUINLD:"ON ENUO; MPeD J0419g 4040 o8pLAg AeBuEyL Jo Uo INASHOD:y9fo1g poys Awaung OSTEEPY-I“LL6 ‘Xt OSTEEPH “OSEEEPE MONPL, MpuEMypEY ‘EZEqUING “O1EF 2XOG “O'd “GLT “LAd LTASNOD VASIAwpe 650 wzesreset | ea | a (GuouRNGY Hy DNPIED aBpHG HOW ABUUEp wONESOT ZOO-LL/PO6TTOLES/ RTL! NN FEAUOD AL SU/L tuefuy:10)9". 0 ‘iain JOANN SANIT, DUNBEAE* Pa Spoforg prog pede ansey rsoqnadedys Sunpepy HMYSLAL ETD = Ua, Mpeg 104}9g 4940 oBpiig seBueqe Jo woponsysuo:;90F0Ig jooyg ATwurams wos Tews) qupnsuodeAst OSIEEPE-I-LLG *Xta 9STEEHY ‘oseeEh! Dpuwunpeyy “wezZequTG “91Eh “GLT “LAd LTOASNOOD VASIAIt is assumed that the wave tranemission is one-simensional. ‘This requires that the ple Is fong ‘compared withthe diameter. For large dlameter shafts, a defect near the top might be missed ifthe ‘accelerometer is attached far fom the defect, and thus several locations for each large shaft should be tested. ‘The PIT unite withthe foree-meaeuring option allow better definion of shaft proper near the op ofthe shaft during the width ofthe hammer signal, and thus is a definite improveme cover systems lacking this capabilty (see also a. above.) It should be clearly understood that the main purpose of this testis to locate piles with serious defects, Minor defects could easily be missed (and may not be important anyway to the overall load Carrying performance of the ple shaft as the soll resistance is usualy the liming factor inthe pile capacity Classification of PIT Records ‘Adopting a classification system for the PIT records is highly recommended, both as a guideline to ‘signal interpretation anc as an indication ofthe capabilies and limitations ofthe method. Different Classification systems have been adopted by codes and speciicatins around the world. The Classification system below is provided as an example only AA Sound shaft integrity Indicated; a clear toe reflection can be Kentied corresponding to the reported length and a wave speed within acceptable range; records in this category may indicate normally aesepted vanaions of size or material quality AB No major defect indicated; the records indicate neither reflections from significant Feductions of pile size or material quality nor a clear toe resporse. Records inthis category do not {ie indications of a sigifcant deficiency, however, nether do they yield postive evidence of the Shaft being flawless over its full length ABx No major defect indicated to a depth of x ft (rm); because of method limitations Interpretation of the record forthe full length is not possible. For example, ng ples or shafts and ‘hose with high soil resistance anc/or major buiges fall under this category. PFx Indication of a probable flaw at an approximate depth of x ft (m); a toe reflection is ‘apparent in addtion to at least one reflection corresponding to an unplanned reduction of size or ‘material quay. Additional quanttative analysis may help ientty the severity of the apparent fw. PDx Indication of a probable defect at an approximate depth of x ft); the records show a ‘trong reflection corresponcing to a major reduction of size of material qualty occurring; a clear toe Fellecton isnot spparont. IVx Inconclusive record below depth of x ft (m) due to spurious vibrations; data is inconclusive due to virations generated by construction machinery or heavy reinforcement extending above the ple top concrete; rtosting ls advcable under certain circumstances, IR Inconclusive record; data is inconclusive, possibly for reasons such as: + poor pleshat top quality or low concrete strenath (lest has been conducted too early); Fetesting after wating andlor ple top cleaning is advisable, + planned impedance changes or joints generate signals which prevent toe signal Iaentiation 0APENDIX-C: Photo CaptionPile Integrity Test Data collection PILE INTEGRITY TEST BEING CONDUCTEDTEST BEING CONDUCTED IN THE PRESENCE OF DIVISION AND CONTRACTOR REPRESENTATIVES