CIVIL RIGHTS

MOVEMENT
Quick Recap

The Civil Rights Movement arose out of aspirations and community

strength of African Americans
Its deepest roots lay in the historical injustices of slavery, racism
and segregation
Segregation means "Separate but not equal"
The Death of Emmett Till
Death of Emmett TIll
The Movement at HIgh Tide
1963-1965
Civil Rights Strategists were convinced that
segregation could not be dismantled through
orderly protests and moral persuasion
they believed in the power of comprehensive civil
rights legislation
By 1963, they planned dramatic confrontations to
expose violence and terror routinely faced by
southern blacks
BIRMINGHAM
CAMPAIGN
Most segregated big city in America
Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth and
the Southern Christian Leadership
Conference (SCLC) planned a
campaign to fill city jails with
protestors, boycott downtown
department stores, enrage Eugene
Bull Connor
SCLC recruited thousands of young
students for a "Childrens' Crusade"
engaged 100,000 people
LETTER FROM A
BIRMINGHAM JAIL
Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are
caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single
garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects
all indirectly. Never again can we afford to live with the
narrow, provincial "outside agitator" idea. Anyone who lives
inside the United States can never be considered an outsider
anywhere within its bounds.
- Martin Luther King Jr.
BIRMINGHAM CAMPAIGN
Millions of Americans reacted with horror to the
violence seen in national television
Justice Department and SCLC negotiated a truce
The violence receded and the agreed-upon pact was
enacted (to stop the protests in exchange for hiring
of African American, desegragation of public facilities,
and creation of a biracial city committee)
Birmingham changed the nature of black protest,
they cared less about non-violence, and more about
the immediate gains in employment, housing, and an
end to police brutality
JFK and the March on I have a dream
Washington
June 11 1963, JFK went on national television and
personally endorsed the Movement.
JFK was also influenced by Cold War Politics
hours after delivering the speech, Medgar Evers was
murdered
Kennedy asked the Congress to pass a law in favor
of the civil rights cause
To pressure the Congress, civil rights groups
planned a massive, non-violent march on
Washington
SCLC, NAACP, SNCC, Urban League and CORE
forged a broad consensus
More than at least 250,000 people including 50,000
whites participated
LBJ and the Civil Rights
act of 1964
Lyndon Baines Johnson as a senator worked to
obstruct the passage and enforcement of Civil
Rights laws, but as a vice president he supported
JFK, and equal employment.
As president, he signed the Civil Rights Act of
1964 that represented the most significant civil
rights legislation since the Reconstruction
CIVIL RIGHTS
ACT OF 1964
Prohibited discrimination in most public places
Banned discrimination in employment on the basis of race, color,
religion, sex or national origin
Outlawed bias in federally assisted programs
Authorized the Justice Department to institute suits to desegregate
schools and other facilities, gave financial and technical aid for
communities
Equal Opportunity Commission
It gave legal foundation to affirmative action policies and to the
assertion of equal rights for women and nonblack minorities
Mississippi Freedom
Summer
An effort made by the Student Nonviolent
Coordinating Committee to register black voters and
directly challenge the iron rule of segregation
42% of the Population consisted of African American
people but only 5% can vote.
Bob Moses and Dave Dennis planned to recruit more
than 900 volunteers mostly white college students to
teach in freedom schools
creation of Freedom Party
The Death of a a white college student would bring
on more attention to what was going on than for a
black college student getting it
Mississippi Freedom
Summer
women both black and white raised the issue
of women's equality as a companion goal to
racial inequality
40 freedom schools
60,000 black voters joined the Mississippi
Freedom Democratic Party
Fannie Lou Hamer asked Is This America? the
land of the free and home of the brave
where we are threatened daily because we
want to live as decent human beings?
6 died, 1,000 were arrested, 80 beatings, 35
shooting incidents, 30 bombingsin homes,
churches, and schools
MALCOLM X AND
BLACK
CONSCIOUSNESS
Spokesman of the Nation of Islam
Born as Malcolm Little in 1925 in Lansing, Michigan
In his youth he led a life of petty crime, while in jail he educated himself
and converted to the NOI, he took the surname X to symbolize his
original African family name, lost through slavery
He considered armed self-defense instead of nonviolence, to break
free of white domination "by any means necessary"
He left the NOI and founded the Organization of Afro-American Unity
On February 21, 1965 he was assassinated while giving a speech in
Harlem
A martyr for Black Power.
A new black consciousness that celebrated black history,, black culture,
African heritage and black self sufficiency
Selma and the Voting Rights Act
of 1965
 Selma and the Voting
Rights Act of 1965
Lyndon Johnson won reelection by a landslide.
Since domination of the Democratic Party in the
Senate and the House and the 1964 ratification of the
24th amendment, civil rights leaders believed that time
was right for further legislative gains
The movement created a crisis that would arouse
national indignation, pressure Congress and force
federal action
Selma, Alabama was chosen where only a hundred black
people are registered voters out of 15,000 eligible
black voters.
Daily marches on the Dallas County Courthouse where
hundreds of black citizens tried to get their names
added to voter lists.
Selma and the Voting Rights Act
of 1965
 Selma and the Voting
Rights Act of 1965
SCLC planned to march from Selma to Montgomery to
deliver a list of grievances to Governor Wallace
600 marched but were blocked by armed county and
state lawmen
the Bloody Sunday attack received extensive coverage on
national television
King encouraged a 2nd march to Selma
Federal court offered a compromise, that King would lead
his followers across the Pettus Birdge, stop, pray briefly
and turn back and this outraged the more militant SNCC
activists and sharpened their distrust of King and the SCLC
Johnson requested a passage of a voting rights bill, and
allowed the march to proceed
30,000 supporters including prominent politicians,
entertainers and black leaders
IMPACT OF THE
VOTING RIGHTS ACT
Federal supervision of registration in states and counties where fewer than half
of voting age residents were registered
outlawed literacy and other discriminatory tests
Between 1964 and 1968, the number of southern black voters grew from 1
million to 3.1 million
Black southerners in hundreds of small towns and rural communities enjoyed full
participation in American Politics
IMPACT OF THE
VOTING RIGHTS ACT
However, amid this triumph the growing mood of desperation among African
Americans in northern ghettoes suggested the limits of the Movement and
interracial unity.
Violent uprisings took place in Harlem New York and in the Watts section in Los
Angeles
The growing frustration and alienation of northern blacks could not be
addressed with the same principles, tactics and solutions that had made the
southern civil rights movement successful
Civil Rights Beyond Black and White
Minorities other than African Americans also had long been denied their
civil rights
After the World War II, Latinos, Indian peoples, and Asian Americans bean
making thier efforts to improve their political, legal and economic status
Mexican Americans and
Mexican Immigrants
League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) and the GI forum
was founded by Mexican American veterans of World War II.
Emphasized learning English assimiling into amierican society
imroving education
voting to gain plitical power
Bracero Program, a cooperative effort between US and Mexican
governments brought 300,000 mexicans to the United States during
the war as temporary agricultural and railroad workers
Many braceros endured harsh work, poor food, and substandard
housing
Post war immigrant groups were the mojados or wetbacks, many of
them swam the Rio Grande to enter the United States illegally
Mexican Americans and
Mexican Immigrants
In 1954, the Eisenhower administration launched the massive
Operation Wetback to send back illegal immigrants over the border
INS or the Immigration and Naturalization Service agents made
little effort to distinguish illegals and braceros and Mexican
American Citizens
deportees were denied basic human rights, due process, suffered
physical abuse and intimidation
By the 1960s a new civil rights movement emerged, la raza based
on the shared ethiniciy and historical experiences of the broader
Mexican American community
"one agency of the US government
rounded up illegal aliens while
another government agency
engaged in recuriting workers in
Mexico to return to the US Farms"
Ernesto Galarza


Mendez v. Westminster


Mendez v. Westminster

"That we are all individuals;

that we are all human beings;
that we are all connected
together; and that we all have
the same rights, the same
freedom."


Mendez v. Westminster
. A paramount requisite in the
American system of public
education is social equality. It
must be open to all children by
unified school association
regardless of lineage."
Delgado V Bastrop I.S.D.
Puerto Ricans
the United States seized Puerto Rico in 1898
Jones Act of 1917 made the island an unincorporated
territory of the US and granted citizenship to all Puerto
Ricans
Puerto Rico's sugar industry grew enormously profitable
but few island residents only benefitted from it
Unemployment and poverty were widespread
During the World War II labor shortages led to the
recruitment of Puerto Rican workers for Industrial jobs
The great migration took place from 1945 to 1964, the
number of Puerto Ricans jumped from 100,000 to a
million.
By the early 1970s Puerto Rican families were
substantially poorer on average than the total US
population
Their community's goal is to improve bilingual education
Japanese Americans
Harsh relocation program of the World
War II devastated the Japanese American
community on the West Coast
California had aggressively enforced an
alien land law by confiscating property
declared illegally held by the Japanese
The Japanese American Citizens League
JACL reminded voters of the wartime
contribution of the Nisei soliders
Japanese Americans

two years later the law was declared by

the Supreme Court unconstitutional
the `1952 Immigration and Nationality Act
removed the old ban against Japanese
immigration and also made Issei or the
first gen Japanese Americans eligible for
naturalized citizenship
Indian Peoples
Congress reversed the New Deal policies that had stressed Indian
sovereignty and cultural independence
Congress adopted Termination policies to cancel Indian treaties
House Concurrent Resolution 108 allowed Congress to terminate a tribe as
a political entity
To "solve the indian problem"
Indian Peoples
Between 1954 to 1962, Congress passed 12 bills, covering sixty tribes nearly
all in the West.
Klamaths of Oregon and Paiute Tribe of Utah received large cash payments
but took poorly paid jobs
Bureau of Indian Affairs encouraged the relocation of Indians to the cities
But for Indians, they saw it as assimilation, intermarriage with whites, and loss
of tribal identity
The termination policies are geared mainly to exploit resources on Indian Land
National Congress of American
Indians

national Indian Youth

Council
American Indian Movement
Inspired by the Civil Rights Movement
Began in 1968 in Minnesota, Minneapolis
It was first organized to improve the living conditions of recently urbanized Native
Americans but grew larger and became an international movement to fight for the
restoration of sovereignty and treaty rights
Most powerful voice and visible expression of the Red Power Movement
REMAKING THE The imm
igratio
GOLDEN DOOR: and na
tional
n
Act of ity
1965

The egalitarian political climate created by the Civil RIghts movemetn nurtured efforts
to modernize and reform the country's immigration policies.
The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 abolished national origin quotas
Immigrants seeking family reunification with American Citizens or resident aliens
Preferences with specialized job skills and training in medicine, engineering were
extended to the nations from the Eastern Hemisphere
Chain immigration and sponsorship
REMAKING THE The imm
igratio
GOLDEN DOOR: and na
tional
n
Act of ity
1965
REMAKING THE The imm
igratio
GOLDEN DOOR: and na
tional
n
Act of ity
1965

Immigrants from India and the Philippines included high percentage of health care
professionals
Chinese and Korean mmigrants found work in professional and managerial occupations
as well as owning small businesses.
Chinatowns and Koreatowns
Created conditions that increased undocumented immigration from Latin America
Immigration services arrested and deported 500,000 undocumented aliens each year
Conclusion