Professional Documents
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{4 5} 231 9403
ENGHt R S[i\RCH LIBRARY
7th nd Hoffman 8iva.
Richmond, California 94804 USA
EARTHQUAKE SPECTRA
AND ESIGN
by N M Newmark
a n d W J Hall
G1 )
I ,
982
Monograph Series
Monographs vailable
Published by
The Eart hqua ke Engineering Research Institute whose
objectives are the advancement of the science and prac
tice of earthquake engineering and the solution of na
tional earthq uake engineering problems.
PAUL C. JENNINGS
President, EERI
FOREWORD
GEORGE W.
Chairman Monograph Committee
Pasadena California
March 1982
8
PREFACE
9
TABLE OF CONTENTS
P GE
General Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Seismic Design and Analysis Concepts. . . . . . . • . . . . . . 14
Basic Function o f Design Codes 15
Concluding Statement .. 97
Acknowledgment 98
References .. 99
y
N. M Newmark { /ldW. J Hall
University o f Illinois at Urbana Champaign
GENERAL CONCEPTS
Introduction
Once a structure has been laid out in plan and the size and
strength o f its various elements selected, then the analysis of the
structure for given conditions of dynamic loading and founda
tion motion can be made by relatively well understood methods,
even though the analysis may be a tedious and lengthy one for a
complex system. However, unless the designer employs the so
called direct design procedure, such as that found in most cur
rent building codes, he s faced with the basic problem of the
preliminary selection of the structural layout and element strength
before he has a structure that can be analyzed.
In broad perspective, the steps which the designer normally
must take in the case of earthquake-resistant structural design
are as follows:
6
arthquake Ground
9
Motions
eneral Observations
20
2
3
24
25
7
Cl
Exxon Hondo Tower This view shows the Exxon offshore tower prior to
being towed to the site. This ondo tower was installed in 850 ft. of water
off the coast of Santa Barbara, California, and at this time was the world s
largest offshore tower. The design was based on dynamic analyses using as
input the strong ground shaking expected at that location.
Spectrum oncepts
c u)
~ ... x
u = x y
29
100
0
Q
>-
u
...J
UJ
>
UJ
>
I
0<:
...J
UJ
15
a:: 5
0 0.3 9
0
:::>
UJ ' 5
Vl
a..
2
>
1
0.1 0.2 0.5 2 5 10 20 50
FREQUENCY, Hz
31
3
50
u
0
1/1
c:
>-
I-
u
W 0
w I
5
I LJ
:>
I X vj I X I Y t I ) 1)( .. - I )
5. ; _ _ ... _ <
>
I
2 j I , / / _\ , ,1 f =:. =k: \ fa r,
u
> 0
....J
I
LLI
U >
0
....J Cl
LLI Z
::>
> 0
0
Cl 0::
::> <..::l
LLI
0 51 1' '1 : J \\ \1
Vl
a... ::>
x
<t
w
0 21 VI
> I
>
E 0.11
> ~ .
0.05 ,J
0 03 0 05 0 1 0 2 0 5 2 5 10 20 30
UNDAMPED NATURAL FREQUENCY Hz
Figure 4. Def ormat ion Spectra for Elastic Systems Subjected to the
1940 El Ce ntro Earthquake
On the same graph are shown dotted lines that are drawn at the
level of the maximum (effective) ground motion values, and the
figure therefore indicates the amplifications of maximum ground
motions for the various parts of the spectrum. Values of ampli-
fication factors for various amounts of damping are shown in
Table 1 for two levels of probability considering the variation
as lognormal, and in equation form in Table 2; these relation-
ships are based on studies reported in Refs. 8 9 and 32. Numer-
ical calculation of the response spectrum bounds employing the
tabular values cited is given in Fig. 5. Recommended damping
values for various materials and structural tYl?es are discussed in
a later section on damping and ductility.
Critical V D V D
35
(1)
36
100
u
< l
If
50
E
u
u
0
...J
U
>
37
RESISTANCE
CTU L YIELD
UJ
u POINT \ YIELD
:z
VI
USEFUL
VI
t d
UJ OF
QC
a
DISPLACEMENT
U 1 U
m y
o : u
y m
DISPLACEMENT
39
3
DYCTILITY FACTORS l
2
>-
u
0
>- ...J
LIJ
U >
0 0
...J
IJ
z 0.5
:::>
> 0
0 :::
0
<..::l
:::>
LIJ
E
Vl
>
0-
E
0.2
x
<l:
E
l I
0 031// 1 1 1\
I/ I
>-
l-
I..
>- 0
I- ....J
U
UJ
>
o 5 / :/ :::;;I;ooJ \ '\ \ \ \ \ '
0
....J 0
UJ Z
> =>
0 0
0 c:::
<. :l
=>
UJ
0.21 I / /j ;/ :
Vl ::E:
a.. =>
..
.a;... ::E:
X
<.: O. 11 //A;/ __ I , ~ =.
::E:
t ~ ~ m t
> .>-E
I
O . 0 5 ~ l
~
~ -
/ :l7V
) .
I I YtL >..
t ~ Ymm
'VZ
I
-
t
t
;
o
0.021 (<:;j I / I I I L, S.EC::t-Y,m I
S.
'\
5 ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ r ~ r ~ r ~ ~
42
>-
2
u
>- 0
I- -l
-l
>
lJJ
0
]...t .//;,=r DUCTILITY FACTOR
>
lJJ
0
0
Z
::>
0
ex:
:::> ( l
0 5
lJJ
J) <
a.. :::>
.a;. . L
W
X
« 0 2
L
0 1
> >-E ) ~
0 05
0 03 0 05 0 1 0 2 0 5 2 5 10 20 30
UNDAMPED NATURAL FREQUENCY Hz
,
D1
V'
~ " A I
,.,
... A
,\:0
INELASTIC
ACCELERATION
SPECTRUM
44
5
u
Q
>-
u
o
J
UJ
0 2
0 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ __ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ J
0 1 0 2 0.5 2 5 20 50
FREQUENCY Hz
tral values are not conservative enough for the lower modes of
vibration in the modal analysis 46 procedure and definitely not
conservative enough for the equivalent lateral force procedure.
In order to arrive at a more conservative spectrum for the
design, taking account of various uncertainties involved in the
combination of modal responses, and possibly other factors such
as motions arising from distant earthquakes, the following pro
cedure s suggested. In the range of frequencies below about 1
Hz or beginning at the knee of the response spectrum), the
velocity spectral response value should be taken to vary as the
reciprocal of the frequency to the 1 /3 power, or as the period to
the 1/3 power, instead of being constant as shown in the figures.
This corresponds to spectral acceleration values in this range
varying as the reciprocal of the period to the 2/3 power, or
directly as the frequency to the 2/3 power, instead of varying as
the reciprocal of the period or directly as the frequency, as in
the figures. In either case, it s suggested that the spectrum be
considered to correspond to a constant displacement equal to
the amplified ground displacement for periods longer than about
6 sec, or frequencies lower than about 1/6 Hz
t may be wise to note at this point that as additional knowl
edge s gained, and especially for the design of special structures
or facilities, it may be desirable or necessary to develop a set of
response spectra representative of a near-field source, as well as
moderate and far distant sources.
7
o lto
Q
Pacoima Dam This concrete arch dam was located over the center of seismic
energy release during the 9 February 97 San Fernando California earth-
quake M6.4 ut sustained no damage. The rock abutment showed some
distress ut the concrete structure survived intact. The dam was being
designed at the time of the 925 Santa Barbara ea rthqua ke an d special atten-
tion was given to the seismic design. The photograph was taken after the
97 earthquake at a time o f low reservoir level; the reservoir was not full at
the time of the earthquake.
9
5
52
5
Percentage
Stress Level Type and Condition Critical
of Structure Damping
55
56
7
59
n f n 2)
g
3)
i l
6
4)
i n 5)
Vi - Vi-l n 6)
7)
8)
9)
6
and this value may be used in Eq. 4 to calculate the inertial forces
at each floor level. T hereafter, the displacements are calculated
from Eq. 5 by /J- the allowable ductility factor, to obtain the
total deflection in the nth mode:
i n 10)
11)
6
O.05H
T (12)
K
where L is the plan dimension in feet in the direction of analysis.
The fundamental vibration period of exceptionally stiff or
light buildings may be significantly shorter than the estimate
provided by formulas such as Eqs. 11 and 12. Especially for
such buildings, and to be used as a general check, the period for
an initial design of the building should be computed by estab
lished methods of mechanics. An approximate formula, based
on Rayleigh s method is especially convenient, namely
: W i vf
i l
T (13)
g : qi Vi
i l
A; W
14)
g
7
i hi
15)
in which i is the height of the ith floor above the base and k is
a coefficient related to the estimated fundamental vibration
period as follows:
k {1 1.5) 2
T 0.5 sec
0.5 < T < 2.5 sec
T ;::: 2.5 sec
16)
68
69
7
...J
San Onofre Nuclear Power Plant Unit 2. Massive reinforced concrete con-
tainment structure o the 11 megawatt unit o the Southern California
Edison Company nuclear power plant. This structure and its contents were
designed for earthquakes on the basis o a dynamic analysis taking into
account the properties o the fo undation material as well as the properties o
the structure itself.
Courtesy o Southern California Edison Company)
orsion
7
istribution o Shears
sidered infinitely stiff in its own plane and only the story stiff
74
nesses are of importance-. However, if the floor diaphragm is
flexible and deforms greatly in its own plane, the distribution of
the forces becomes more nearly uniform than that described by
the method discussed above. A simplified approach is possible
by considering the relative displacements of the building due to
translation, and those due to rotation of each story separately,
as affected by the diaphragm or floor stiffness, with the stiff
nesses being determined by the forces corresponding to a unit
displacement in either translation or torsion, respectively. Then
one distributes the shears due to translation or rotation in pro
portion to these stiffnesses.
This basic shear distribution has been assumed and employed
in building codes and in actual designs in many cases over the
years. For low- and medium-rise buildings with simple framing
or structural units, the procedures described can be expected to
provide reasonable design bases. Modern computer analyses of
building systems wherein flexural, shear, axial and torsional
effects can be treated systematically reveal that the so-called
shear building concept, as described above, is inappropriate for
some classes of buildings, especially many high-rise buildings.
of appropriate
deration as a part of the design process.
75
76
also define the same effect arising from the vertical component
of ground motion as F 3, in those instances where this cannot be
neglected. In general, the combined specific effect may be com-
puted as the square root of the sum of the squares of the indi-
vidual effects, so the resultant effect F is given by the relation
F 17)
77
80
81
82
8
85
87
The ATC 3 design guidelines are centered around a set of principles that
broadens and thereby enhances their usefulness to the design community
while at the same time these principles enable the designer to exercise ingenuity.
9
Seismicity index
Importance or use
Building seismic performance
• Response spectra
90
• Site location
• Seismicity index
• Analysis
No design wind governs)
Equivalent lateral force ELF) method
Modal analysis method
Initial technical design steps are prescribed for all structures, regardless of the
type of analysis pro cedu re selected. ATC-3 guidelines provide two seismic risk
maps for establishing the local probable effective/design) acceleration, Aa
and the acceleration associated with velocity, Av. The latter reflects possible
effects of distant earthquakes on longer period structures.
• Base Shear
V=CsW
where
or
fOrT: 0.5, k = 1
V n for T ;::: 2.5, k = 2
: w ih { for 0.5 < T < 2.5 interpolate
i
92
TABLE 8. concluded)
• Additional Considerations
Overturning
Drift
9
94
TABLE 9. concluded)
The response modification coefficients and the deflection coefficients are used
to establish seismic force levels and story drifts for different types of structural
systems. The coefficients are an essential part of the ATC 3 design provisions
and remain under evaluation as part of the ongoing trial design study program.
• Story drift
• P-delta effects
• Dynamic analysis
96
oncluding Statement
9
cknowledgment
98
References
1. Schnabel, P. B. and H. B. Seed, Acceleration in Rock for Earth
quakes in the Western United States, Bull. Seis. Soc. Amer., 63:2,
April 1973, pp. 501-516.
12. Seed, H. B., C. Ugas, and J. Lysmer, Site Dependent Spectra for
Earthquake-Resistant Design EERC 74-12, Earthquake Engi
neering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, 1974,
17 p.
1
23. Seismological Notes, Bull. Seis. Soc. Amer. 63:1, Feb 1973,
pp. 335-338.
24. Seismological Notes, Bull. Seis. Soc. Amer. 63:3, June 1973,
p.1177-1183.
663-682.
102
39. Nigam, N. C. and P. C. Jennings, Calcu lation of Response
Spectra From Strong-Motion Earthquake Records, Bull. Seis
Soc. Amer. 59:2, April 1969, pp. 909-922.