Professional Documents
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Introduction
Jurisdiction is a practical authority given to a legal body to deal with legal matters by implications. In Public
International Law, the concept of jurisdiction has a strong link with sovereignty. Jurisdiction allows states for
sovereign independence which they pass on with the global system of equal States stating the laws related to
persons or activities in which they have a legal interest.
1. land,
2. national airspace,
3. internal water,
4. territorial sea,
5. national aircraft,
6. national vessel,
It does not only encompass the crime committed on its territory but also the crimes that have effects within its
territory. In such a case, a concurrent jurisdiction occurs.
Case law
Liechtenstein v. Guatemala
In this case, Nottebohn a german lived in Guatemala for 34 years. He has his German citizenship and then he
also applied for Liechtenstein citizenship a month after the outbreak of World War ll.
The application was approved by Liechtenstein. After this approval, he traveled to Liechtenstein and during his
return to Guatemala, he was not allowed to enter because he was deemed to be a German citizen. Liechtenstein
filed a suit before the court on Guatemala to allow him as a citizen.
The Court held that granting citizenship is solely the concern of the granting nation. But in this case, there is no
relationship between Liechtenstein and Nottebohn. This happened because of the war that they became two
nations. Hence, the court said that Nottebohn wasn’t forced by the Guatemala country to recognize him as a
citizen and as a result, the suit was dismissed.
Criminal Jurisdiction
Criminal jurisdiction is where the powers of the Court are described in dealing with a case where a person is
accused of offense. Criminal Jurisdiction is used in many laws like Constitutional Law and Public International
Law.
The three distinct situations where only the accused person can file a suit are:
1. To control the relation between States, or between one State and another;
2. To control the relationship between the Federal Courts and Domestic Courts;
3. Only where he has committed the offence and not in any other State. Also, the law of that State
should be a codified law.
Case Law
Territorial Jurisdiction
This includes the geographical boundary of a court’s jurisdiction. We can take an example where the Municipal
Courts do not have jurisdiction over the crimes that occur outside the city limits. Let us understand this with a
case law.
Nationality Jurisdiction
This principle permits a country to exercise its criminal jurisdiction over the nationals accused of criminal
offences in other States. In the UK it is generally limited to treason, murder and bigamy committed by British
nationals abroad. Hence common Law countries never protested against the extensive use of the nationality
principle to decide jurisdiction in criminal matters by other States.
The two types of Nationality Jurisdiction are:
Active Nationality
This principle is for the protection of interest of the State from abroad.
Strict application on territory could be harmful to the peaceful existence of international society.
The State has its fundamental right to apply its laws to prosecute illegal conduct.
Passive Nationality
Treaty-based passive nationality is more effective than Statute based passive nationality.
Jurisdiction can be exercised by the State where the offence took place.
This has been opposed by common law States but due to the transnational crimes, it gets approved.
Universality Jurisdiction
The Universality principle implies that a State can claim jurisdiction over certain crimes committed by any
person from anywhere in the world, without any relation to territory, nationality or special State interest.
Before the Second World War, the Universal Jurisdiction was considered as similar to the International Law by
the common law countries, except for the acts which were regarded as crimes in all countries and crimes against
the international community as a whole such as piracy and slave trade. After the Second World War, Universal
jurisdiction has been universally identified over certain acts considered as international crimes (war crimes, a
crime against humanity, genocide).
International crimes committed against the international community are punishable under International Law.
Under the universality principle, each and every State has jurisdiction over the international crimes that are
committed by people.
The Schooner Exchange vs. McFaddon
In this case, There were two Americans who laid down their claims of ownership and entitlements to the
Schooner Exchange.
The Court held that the national ships during the war are free from any obligation imposed due to the friendly
relations with another State. A nation’s jurisdiction within its sovereign territory is exclusive and perfect.
Protective Principle
It is also a type of criminal jurisdiction, but we will deal with this principle separately.
The protective principle identifies that a sovereign State can adopt a statute that criminalises act or any conduct
which occurs outside the borders and where that conduct affects the sovereign State. Under this principle, a
nation can adopt laws related to crimes which obstruct the functions of government or pressurize its security.
Borders– The international boundary separates between Israel and Jordan which follows the
Yarmouk River and the Gulf of Aqaba.
Diplomatic Relations and Cooperation– parties were agreed to establish full diplomatic and
consular relation and grant visas, seaports, etc. This agreement prohibits hostile information.
Security and Defense- Each country promised to respect their sovereignty and territory and not to
enter in other territories without any permission.
Water- Israel and Jordan develop their water reservoirs and can help each other. And also for
additional water, Israel agreed to help Jordan.
Palestinian Refugees- Both countries agreed to help the refugees.
aviation
It is a multilateral treaty by which States agree to prohibit and punish, who threatens the safety of civil aviation.
It only applies exclusively to civilian aircrafts but does not apply to customs, law enforcement or military
aircraft.
This convention criminalises the following behaviour:
If an act is committed on a person who is onboard an aircraft and is likely to endanger the safety of
the aircraft.
Destroying or damaging such an aircraft in such a way which is likely to endanger the safety in
flight.
A device of substance placed or for causing destruction or damage to an aircraft.
Any information which is known to be false, thereby endangering the safety of an aircraft in flight.
It lays the principle of aut dedere aut judicare that the party to the treaty must either-
The jurisdiction of the State is parallel with the jurisdiction of another State. More than two-State can
exercise the jurisdiction against the same person or on the same matter.
Even the State having territorial jurisdiction cannot claim over the States having custody over the
accused.
Sovereign Immunity
It refers to the legal rules and principles which determine the condition from which the State can claim the
exemption of sovereign immunity from the jurisdiction of another State.
This immunity is a creation of the customary international law which is derived from the principles of
independence and equality of sovereign States.
Diplomatic Immunity
The rules here are most accepted and uncontroversial rules of International Law. This helps in the maintenance
and conduct of the relations between the States.
Diplomatic agents enjoy immunity from the criminal jurisdiction of the receiving State.
Consular Immunity
The consular officer is like a diplomatic agent who represents the State who will be receiving State.
Not granted the same degree of immunity from jurisdiction as a diplomatic agent.
Conclusion
However, the individual State plays a leading role in the worldwide organisation in spite of having multilateral
agreements and centralized agreements. There must be friendly relations between the States to avoid conflicts
on the territorial borders. Territorial jurisdiction and State jurisdiction plays an important role as it is very
important to follow all the rules stipulated in different provisions.