Intercelluar space fa) Thickened corners Afibre (c) Figure 6.2 Simple tissues ; (a) Parenchyma (b) Collenchyma (c) Sclerenchyma ent tissues donot Behera it tissues having a}, . function are called si,,, 2.1 ; A sinuple Meee ade of only one type of 1) The various s iple issues in plants ,, parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenc),,.,, (Figure 6.2). (Parenchyma’ ag ae Major it organs. The cells of ;), pane generally isodiametric, ),, may be spherical, oval, round, polygon.) clongated in shape. Their walls are thin and ; 7 up of cellulose. They may either be closely pci, or have small intercellular spaces. 1, e in layers below (}, epidermis in most of the dicotyledonous plants. i found either as a homogeneous Tayer or in patches, Teeonsists of cells which are much thickened «1. corners due to a deposition Of cellulos: hemicellulose and Sclerenchyma consists @flong, narrow cell: with thick and lgnified cell wails Traving a few o.orts food 1 fthe plant.ede)or spiders Bear a rom the soil, Onithie)stemyir Tissue Systen, tS Of complex ;,, xylem The xylen, pstitute vascular },,,,, i ae Melt OMY OF DICOTYLEDONOUS AND 9 DONOUS PLANTS ‘5 Various types of vascular bundles : ae i (a) radial (b) conjoint closed For a better understanding of tissu (9) conjoint aber * organisation of roots, stems and leavc convenient to study the transverse sections the mature zones of, ese organs. 6.3.1 Dicotyledonous Root Look at Figure 6.6 (a), it Shows the transvers section of the sunflower root. The internal tiss' organisation is as follows: The outermost layer is epiblema. Many the cells of epiblema protrude in the form unicellular root hairs, The cortex consis'> several layers of thin-walled parenchymawith intercellular spaces. The innermost ayer of the cortex is called endodermis. a single layer of barrel-shaped jout any intercellular spaces, The tial as well as radial Walls/6f the gdodétmiall cells have a deposition of gaterimpermeable, waxy material suberin jn the form of casparian strips. Next to jermis lies a few layers of thick-walled parenchyomatous cells referred to as le. Initiation of lateral roots and gascular Cambium during the secondary ( gqowth takes place in these'cells. The pith small or inconspicuous. The ichymatous cells which lie between ylem and the phloem are called Meonjuctive tissue. There are usually SWO {four xylem and phloem patches) Later, niin ring develops between the and phloem. Ail tissues on the immerside of the endodérmis such as perieycle, vascular bundles and pith -gonstitute the stele. a Monocotyledonous Root Theanatomy of the monocot root is similar ‘to the dicot root in many respects (Figure 66D). It has epidermis, cortex, endodermis, perieycle, vascular bundles and pith. As compared to the dicot root which have fewer xylem bundles, there are SiStallymore than Six (polyarch) xylem bundles in the monocot Toot, Pith is large and well developed. roots do not undergo Monocoiyledono any Secondary growth: 6.3.3 Dicotyledonous Stem The transverse section of a typical young dicotyledonous stem shows that the epidermis is the outermost protective layer of the stem (b), Figure 6.6 T.S. : (a) Dicot root (Prim (6) Monocot rootFigure 6.7 TS. of stem : (a) Dicot (b} Monocotinner side of the endodermis and above the ¢ phloem in the Hunar patches of sclerenchyma( ae ar bundle is conjoint, open, and with endarch protoxylem. A of rounded, parenchymatous cells with large intercellular h occupy the central portion of the stem constitute the pith. otyledonous Stem , each surrounded by a sclerenchymatous ith, and a large, conspicuous parenchymatous ground tissue: 7b). Vascular bundles are conjoint and closed. Peripheral” parenchyma is absent, and water-containing cavities are ithin the vascular bundles. Dorsiventral (Dicotyledonous) Leaf section of a dorsiventral leaf through the lamina shows three . namely, epidermis, mesophyll and vascular system. The which covers both the upper surface (adaxial epidermis) and ace (abaxial epidermis) of the leaf has a conspicuous cuticle. the lower epidermis is called the mesophyll. Mesophyll, which s and carry out photosynthesis, is made up of a. It has two types of cells - the palisade parenchyma and gy parenchyma. The adaxially placed palisade parenchyma is p of elongated cells, which are arranged vertically and parallel to er, Thé oval or round and loosely arranged below the palisade cells and extends to the e numerous large spaces and air cavities between these cells. includes vascular bundles, which can be the 5, The size of the vascular bundles are di lis. Look at Figure 6.8 (a) and find the tion of xylem in the vascular bundle. 6 Isobilateral (Monocotyledonous) Leaf tomy of isobilateral leaf is similar to that of the dorsiventral leaf in a Ways. It shows the following characteristic differences. In an The latter may even lack stomata. The tissue between the upper ——except in main yi y growth. Apart {rp most dicotylc it an inérease in 9 lled the secondary growth ar tissues - xylem ealled'vaseular cambiuim | stem itis present in patches ayer between the xylem *! Later it forms a complete rin 6.4.1.1 Formation of cambial ris In dicot stems, the GellS ofcambium p'~ between primary xylem and p phloem is the intrafascicular cambiv=‘TheGells Of medullary rays, adjoining these intrafascicular cambiumibecome eae accent Thus, continuous 6.4.1.2 Activity of the cambial ring The cambial ring becomes active and begins to cut off new cells, both towards the inner and the outer sides. ut off ‘ and ut off The cambium is generally more active’ i¢ inner side than on the outer; As a result, the amount of secondary xylem produced is more than secondary phloem and soon forms a compact mass. The get gradually the : The primary xylem however remains more or less intact, in or around the centre (At some places, the cambium forms a narrow band of which passes through the secondary xylem and the the saaeNenesigae These are the secondary ) (Figure 6.9). ___— Epidermis phloem — Vascular cambium Primary xylem Pith Phellem — Phellogen __— Medullary—__ rays ——— Secondary —— xylem Secondary— WG phloem \—— Cambium — ring Bs Figure 6.9 Secondary growth in aféli¢otistent(diagrammatic) ~ stages in transversea ultimately these e and slough off. Barkis term that refers to a all “igsues exterior to the vascular -eambium’, therefore including phloem. Bark refers to a x of tissue types, viz. 4 periderm and secondary phloem. < that is formed early in the m is called early or soft bark. the end of the season, late rx is formed. Name the 1 closely arranged yus cells on the outer pidermis, forming a lens~ d 0} s/called Jenticels. icels permit the exchange of ag between the outer atmosphere the internal tissue of the stem. occur in most woody trees ot, the vascular gamiium is completely secondary in pin. It originates from the tissue Cs mist below the PhlOc™ portion ofpericycle tissue! toxylem forming # ji j Figure 6.10 @ Yenticel and (>) Bark