Birfrengence of Azo Dye

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1. Studying optical and nonlinear optical properties of synthesized azo dyes doped in polymer and liquid crystal using
birefringence and Z- scan techniques
By Nataj, Nahid Hosain; Mohajerani, Ezeddin; Nemati, Hosein; Moheghi, Alireza; Yazdanbakhsh, Mohammad Reza;
Goli, Mohammad; Mohammadi, Asadollah
From Journal of Applied Polymer ScienceAhead of Print. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1002/app.37702
The authors report the effect of the structure of new synthesized photo-responsive azo dyes, based on N-benzyl-N-
ethyl-aniline on their optical and nonlinear optical properties, when doped in polymer and liq. crystal (LC) hosts.
Anisotropic response of dyes doped with polymer polymethyl methacrylate is studied using photo-induced
birefringence expt. and the optical nonlinearity of dyes doped in LC 5CB is measured using z-scan technique. A
correlation is established between dipole moment and optical/nonlinear optical response, which makes it possible to
develop mol. design strategies to create structures with suitable anisotropic response and nonlinearity in various host
systems for different applications. It is also shown how very little change in the structure of the dye may cause severe
changes in the dipole moment and its nonlinear response. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2012.
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Copyright © 2012 American Chemical Society (ACS). All Rights Reserved.
2. Effects of block copolymer self-assembly on optical anisotropy in azobenzene-containing PS-b-PMMA films

By Orofino, A. B.; Camezzana, M. F.; Galante, M. J.; Oyanguren, P. A.; Zucchi, I. A.
From Nanotechnology (2012), 23(11), 115604/1-115604/8. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1088/0957-4484/23/11/115604
Polystyrene-b-poly(Me methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) was selected as the host for 4-(4-nitrophenylazo)aniline (Disperse
Orange 3, DO3) based on a previous study of DO3/PMMA and DO3/PS binary blends. Selective location of DO3 into
the PMMA block of the copolymer was expected during self-assembly of the block copolymer since a preferential
interaction of DO3 with PMMA has been demonstrated. However, surface segregation of DO3 was found during the
thermal annealing used to nanostructure the copolymer. To avoid this, a thermoplastic polymer (Azo-TP) was
synthesized from the bulk reaction of DO3 and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA). The choice of DGEBA as a
co-reactant was an attempt to encourage the selective location of azo groups in the PMMA phase of PS-b-PMMA. An
inspection of solns. of Azo-TP in PS and PMMA, corroborates the preferential affinity of Azo-TP for PMMA. The Azo-
TP could be satisfactorily dissolved in PS-b-PMMA. We have investigated the growth and decay processes of the
optically induced birefringence in films of PS-b-PMMA contg. 12 wt% Azo-TP. The resulting materials showed a good
photoinduced time response, high max. birefringence and an elevated fraction of remnant anisotropy.
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3. Photo-induced birefringence in a nematic liquid crystal mixture doped with light-switchable mesogenic azobenzene
derivatives
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By Saint-Jalm, S.; Miniewicz, A.; Karpinski, P.; Jarek-Mikulska, U.; Galewski, Z.
From Journal of Molecular Liquids (2012), 168, 21-27. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1016/j.molliq.2012.02.002
We report on photoinduced effects obsd. in azo-mesogen doped nematic liq. crystal mixt. using birefringence
measurement method. In Optical Kerr Effect configuration the photoinduced birefringence obsd. in the studied
planarly aligned liq. crystal cell is equiv. to very high n 2 ≈ 13 cm2/W nonlinear optical coeff. Exptl. results are
explained on a basis of light-induced modification of the surface conditions due to trans-cis isomerizations that affect
the bulk effective elec. field acting on mols. The measurements are supported by a simple simulation, physicochem.
of the phenomenon and Jones matrix calculus. The response of the system is composed of two dynamically different
contributions: the fast and the slow one.
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4. Two-photon-induced birefringence in azo-dye bearing polyimide; the birefringence changes versus the writing power
By Kozanecka-Szmigiel, A.; Switkowski, K.; Schab-Balcerzak, E.; Grabiec, E.
From Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics (2011), 105(4), 851-855. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1007/s00340-011-4547-7
Ultra-short high-intensity light pulses were utilized to induce the optical birefringence in a polyimide material
possessing the azo-dye covalently bonded to the main chain. The obtained results showed that a two-photon
absorption process was involved in a creation of the sample birefringence which, to the best of our knowledge, was
not previously reported for polyimide materials. The growths and decays of birefringence were examd. as functions of
the pulse intensities. No damage to the material during the illumination process was detected in a wide range of
optical powers applied. High birefringence level of the order of 0.005 was measured.
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5. Reversible Optical Storage Properties of Nanostructured Epoxy-Based Thermosets Modified with Azobenzene Units
By Fernandez, Raquel; Ramos, Jose Angel; Esposito, Leandro; Tercjak, Agnieszka; Mondragon, Inaki
From Macromolecules (Washington, DC, United States) (2011), 44(24), 9738-9746. Language: English, Database:
CAPLUS, DOI:10.1021/ma2018155
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Azo-contg. polymers are of particular interest in the design
of materials for applications in optical recording. The aim
of this contribution was the synthesis and characterization
of optically active epoxy-based nanostructured thermosets
obtained using epoxidized poly(styrene-b-butadiene-b-
styrene) (SBS) as templating agent and modified with
azobenzene groups. Morphol. anal. by means of at. force
microscopy, as well as an investigation about the
anisotropic optical properties of the developed materials
was carried out. Different types of morphologies from
micelles without long-range order to nanostructures with
long-range order were achieved depending on the content
of epoxidized block copolymer and azobenzene, and on
the extent of epoxidn. of butadiene blocks. In addn., the
study of optical anisotropy showed a clear dependence of
the optical storage properties upon the concn. of azo-
chromophore in the samples. In particular, a thermoset
contg. 12.3 wt % of azo-dye and 5 phr of SBS with 46 mol
% of butadiene blocks epoxidized revealed a spherical
micellar morphol. with max. birefringence in the order of
1.8 × 10-2 and residual fraction of birefringence of around
0.3 after several weeks of turning off the writing beam.
Besides, numerous writing-erasing cycles could also be
performed without photodegrdn. of the materials.
Furthermore, comparing parent thermosets and
nanostructured systems, similar birefringence values were
obtained with the advantage that the latter can also be
used as templates for the development of multifunctional
advanced thermosetting materials with optical properties.
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6. Applied electric field effect on light-scattering birefringence of dye-doped liquid crystal molecule and consistent
neural network empirical physical formula construction for scattering intensities
By Polat, Omer; Yildiz, Nihat; San, Sait Eren
From Journal of Molecular Liquids (2011), 163(3), 153-160. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1016/j.molliq.2011.08.012
The authors realized 2 objectives. Firstly, birefringence of azo and anthraquinone dye-doped nematic liq. crystal
(NLC) mols. was studied by applied elec. field dependent laser scattering intensities. The birefringence was
essentially calcd. from ordinary and extraordinary ray phase difference, which is detd. from the measured intensities
corresponding to parallel and perpendicular orientations of analyzer to polarizer. The birefringence is dependent on
both applied voltage and the kind of the doping dye. As the 2nd objective, by nonlinear universal function
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approximator layered feedforward neural network (LFNN), the authors constructed explicit form of empirical phys.
formulas (EPFs) for exptl. measured dye-doped NLC nonlinear scattering intensities. Excellent LFNN test set
predictions over yet-to-be measured exptl. data proved that the constructed LFNN-EPFs estd. the measured
intensities consistently. The correlation coeffs. assessing the goodness of predictions were about r = 0.998 for all
cases. The LFNN-EPFs also extd. the intensity dependency on the kind of dye used. When theor. and LFNN-EPFs
intensities are compared, given certain exptl. conditions, theor. and LFNN-EPFs predictions are in excellent
agreement. In this sense, the authors can say that the phys. laws embedded in the birefringence scattering data can
be consistently extd. by LFNN. Therefore, judging from the consistent extn. of the mol. dependencies of pure and
doped NLC intensities, the authors predict that the LFNN-EPFs can help to identify unknown mol. structural
parameters in liq. crystal exts. More concretely, by suitable math. operations such as differentiation, integration,
minimization on these intensity LFNN-EPFs, some useful information into the charge distributions of the LC mols. can
be gained.
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7. Photoinduced birefringence in azo-dye doped polyurethane

By Aleksejeva, J.; Gerbreders, A.; Reinfelde, M.; Teteris, J.
From Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences (2011), 48(4), 5-15. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.2478/v10047-011-0022-9
In this report we describe a photoinduced birefringence in disperse red (DR1) azo-dye doped polyurethane films. DR1
dye mols. in these films are chem. bound with the polyurethane polymer's main chain. Under laser radiation the DR1
mols. experience the isomerization process; as a result, the dipole moment of such a mol. changes and they align in
the presence of elec. field. Photo-birefringence was induced by linearly polarized laser radiation (532 nm, 448 nm,
375 nm and 632.8 nm) in the films with various concns. of DR1 dye. The photo-induced birefringence (PIBR) Δn was
measured at 634 nm wavelength, and its dependences on the pumping beam wavelength and intensity were
evaluated. The Δn relaxation was studied both in the dark and under light illumination. In DR1-doped polyurethane
films the holog. recording was performed using laser light radiation (532 nm). The profile of surface relief grating
(SRG) was studied using AFM. The relationship between SRG formation and PIBR is discussed.
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8. Pulsed laser induced birefringence switching in a biopolymer matrix containing azo-dye molecules
By Mysliwiec, Jaroslaw; Ziemienczuk, Marta; Miniewicz, Andrzej
From Optical Materials (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (2011), 33(9), 1382-1386. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1016/j.optmat.2011.02.034
All optical switching has been studied using the Optical Kerr Effect (OKE) configuration in a biopolymer matrix contg.
an azo-dye: the Disperse Orange 3 (DO3). The biopolymer system consisted of a DNA blended with cationic
surfactant mol. cetyltrimethyl-ammonium chloride is suitable for optical quality thin film fabrication. The excitation
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beams inducing birefringence were delivered from a continuous wave laser at 532 nm and another nanosecond
pulsed Nd: YAG laser. The birefringence was instantaneously monitored under crossed polarizer system by a weak
non-absorbed light from a cw He-Ne laser working at 632.8 nm. Fast all optical switching process (in the range of
microseconds) and excellent reversibility have been obsd.
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9. Light induced anisotropy and gyrotropy in the media on the basis of azo indicators
By Shaverdova, Valentina; Petrova, Svetlana; Purtseladze, Anna; Tarasashvili, Lado; Obolashvili, Nino
From Proceedings of SPIE (2011), 7957(Practical Holography XXV), 79570U/1-79570U/7. Language: English,
Database: CAPLUS, DOI:10.1117/12.873172
Azo indicators are well known in which when changing acidity they changes their properties. It was natural to expect
also their appreciable changes of their polarization properties. The results of the carried out exptl. research in
recording media on the basis of azo indicators- homolog of the Methyl orange introduced into the polymeric matrix are
presented in this work. According to the technol. developed by the authors, the samples for the reception of which
solvents with various degree of acidity, within values pH 1.68-12.45 have been created. Samples were irradiated by
the light of argon laser (488 nm) actinic for them. Measurement of light induced anisotropy was carried out on a
registering recorder and can be described by means of one parameter- the effective anisotropy. As stds. the samples
of dyes for the reception of which neutral solvent was used have been considered. In a no. of dyes the values of
effective anisotropy in alk. and acid media exceed its values concerning corresponding stds. The higher homolog
Heptyl orange and Benzyl orange which are weak or insol. in water, become water-sol. when using solvents both with
acid and alk. reaction. The interval of appearance of light induced anisotropy has been expanded. The authors have
used the method of the zero-ellipsometry for the research arising in the same samples light induced gyrotropy. Values
of CD and circular birefringence in investigated layers in neutral media have been calcd. also at various values pH. In
the work the received results are discussed and analyzed.
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10. Time-domain analysis of optically controllable biphotonic gratings in azo-dye-doped cholesteric liquid crystals
By Yeh, Hui-Chen
From Optics Express (2011), 19(6), 5500-5510. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI:10.1364/OE.19.005500
This study investigated optically controllable biphotonic gratings (BGs) in azo-dye-doped cholesteric liq. crystals. The
BGs were formed under the illumination of one green beam with the simultaneous irradn. of an interference field
generated by two coherent red beams. This study ascribes the formation of the BGs to the green-beam-induced dye
reorientation and elongation of the helical pitch through trans-cis isomerization and red-beam-induced suppression of
dye reorientation and elongation of the helical pitch by cis-trans back isomerization. The diffraction characteristics
strongly depended on the helical pitch of the cholesteric structure, the polarization state of the probe beam, and the
relative intensity of the green and red beams. Application of the finite-difference time-domain method demonstrated
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that the model of photoinduced distortion of the cholesteric liq. crystal structure satisfactorily explains this
dependence.
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11. Enhancement of modulation depth of an all-optical switch using an azo dye-ethyl red film
By Lu, Wen-Qiang; Chen, Gui-Ying; Hao, Zhao-Feng; Xu, Jing-Jun; Tian, Jian-Guo; Zhang, Chun-Ping
From Chinese Physics B (2010), 19(8), 084208/1-084208/8. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS
The polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) film doped with an azo dye ethyl-red (ER) film is employed to demonstrate the
properties of an all-optical switch by its photoinduced dichroism and birefringence. We show how to enhance
remarkably the modulation depth of all-optical switches almost to 100% by using two linear polarization beams: one
beam is inclined at 45° with respect to the probing beam and serves as a pumping beam, and the other beam is
perpendicular to the probing beam and used as an erasing beam. Furthermore, a max.-to-min. output intensity ratio of
2000:1 is achieved in expt., which is very useful and important for optical storages and image displays.
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12. Tunable transmission using azo-dye-doped amorphous polymer films

By Fan, Shengfa; Zhu, Jiangzhuan; Shen, Dong; Gu, Yingjun; Gu, Xiaoyan; Luo, Duanbin
From Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials (2010), 19(3), 471-478. Language: English, Database:
CAPLUS, DOI:10.1142/S021886351000539X
The photoinduced birefringence effect in a type of azo-dye-doped poly (Me methacrylate) was realized when it was
pumped by a polarized argon ion laser beam. The transmission of a 632.8 nm probe beam through the pumped
sample could be controlled by two kinds of methods: one employed the photoinduced thermal effect of the pump light
in the azo-dye-contg. sample, and the other changed the temp. of the sample directly. The tunable transmission of the
probe light with different pump power and at various temps. of the sample was investigated in detail.
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13. Self-phase modulation in azo-dye-doped liquid crystal films

By Fuh, Andy Ying-Guey; Chu, Chia-Wei; Lin, Hui-Chi; Jau, Hung-Chang; Li, Ming-Shian
From Proceedings of SPIE (2010), 7775(Liquid Crystals XIV), 777505/1-777505/7. Language: English, Database:
CAPLUS, DOI:10.1117/12.859242
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This work studies photo-induced reorientation in azo-dye-doped liq. crystal (ADDLC) films by observing the diffraction
patterns produced by self-phase modulation (SPM). The exptl. results show that not only the magnitude but also the
sign of the refractive index change (Δn) of an ADDLC sample pumped by a green laser can be modulated by the
beam intensity (IG). The reason is that different IG give rise to different trans/cis concn. ratios, and then induce
different overall torques on LC mols. The trans and cis isomers contribute neg. and pos. torques, resp., that reorient
LC mols. perpendicular and parallel to the polarization of the pump laser. The reorientation effect in the ADDLC
sample illuminated by the biphotonic lasers (green and red lasers) is also investigated by observing the self-phase
modulation diffraction pattern. The results indicate that red light can induce |Δn| to decrease and increase at low and
high IG, resp. Besides, the dye-induced torque can be changed from neg. to pos. by adding red light. This is due to
the fact that cis isomers produce an extra pos. torque to the LCs after absorbing red light.
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14. Analysis of photoinduced birefringence in azo-dye doped films by a fast imaging technique
By Marino, Iari-Gabriel; Lottici, Pier Paolo
From Thin Solid Films (2010), 518(17), 4960-4963. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1016/j.tsf.2010.03.083
In photobirefringent films, the relationship ρ(I) between optical retardation ρ and pump irradiance I may be obtained
with imaging techniques applied within a pump-probe setup. However, measurement of ρ(I) are reported only at long
irradn. times and low time-resoln. In this paper the authors describe a polariscopic imaging technique with higher
sensitivity (by a factor of ∼ 30), where the probe beam is focused on the entrance pupil of the camera ("Maxwellian
view"). The technique is applied to an azo-dye doped polymeric film, obtaining the continuous ρ(I) curve after irradn.
times from 10 ms to 240 ms. Exponential functions are fitted against the exptl. data both as a function of time and
irradiance.
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15. Novel azo disperse dyes derived from N-benzyl-N-ethylaniline: Synthesis, solvatochromic and optical properties
By Yazdanbakhsh, M. R.; Mohammadi, A.; Mohajerani, E.; Nemati, H.; Nataj, N. Hosain; Moheghi, A.; Naeemikhah, E.
From Journal of Molecular Liquids (2010), 151(2-3), 107-112. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1016/j.molliq.2009.11.010
Seven new azo disperse dyes based on N-benzyl-N-ethylaniline were synthesized and characterized by UV-visible,
FT-IR, and 1H NMR spectroscopic techniques. The UV-visible studies and solvatochromic behavior of all dyes in 15
solvents with different polarity were examd. and a meaningful correlation was obsd. In the optical characterization of
dyes using Z-Scan expts., thin films of poly(Me methacrylate) doped with 4 guest synthesized chromophores were
investigated.
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16. Photoisomerization in Photoaligned Azo Dyes Exhibiting Photostability

By Hegde, Gurumurthy; Kozenkov, V. M.; Chigrinov, V. G.; Kwok, H. S.
From Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals (2009), 507, 41-50. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1080/15421400903048263
Here in this investigation, the mols. exhibiting photoisomerization in solns. is also photostable is obsd. On the other
hand mols. not showing photoisomerization behavior in solns. is not shown such kind of stability. Surprising behavior
in which after writing laser is turned off, there is going to be increase in phase retardation (or order parameter) which is
under deep consideration. Detail investigation is in progress to reveal the behavior of chem. structures when light is
shined on them. Proposed investigation is crucial for selecting suitable azo dyes for photoalignment studies and also
for many com. applications which depends on many factors like stability, order parameter etc.
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17. Spacer-Free Ionic Dye-Polyelectrolyte Complexes: Influence of Molecular Structure on Liquid Crystal Order and
Photoinduced Motion
By Zhang, Qian; Wang, Xin; Barrett, Christopher J.; Bazuin, C. Geraldine
From Chemistry of Materials (2009), 21(14), 3216-3227. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1021/cm900810r
A series of spacer-free ionic azobenzene-contg.

stoichiometric complexes was prepd. from mono-
sulfonated azo dyes and cationic polyelectrolytes
[methylated poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PVP) and
poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDM)]. The
thermal and structural characteristics and optical response
of the complexes, e.g., photoinduced birefringence (PIB)
and surface relief grating (SRG) inscription, were studied
as a function of selected mol. parameters. The complexes
have high apparent Tg, 180-210°, and show liq. crystal
(LC) order of the single-layer SmA type, from ambient to
high temp., usually to degrdn. The range of LC order is
greater in complexes of chromophores with longer alkyl tail
and shorter in the complex of the chromophore with an OH
end group and the complex of methyl orange (MO) with
PDM. The PIB, SRG quality, and diffraction efficiency
depend in a similar way on mol. structural features: the
more rigid the mol. structure, the higher PIB, the better its
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thermal and temporal stability, and the greater the SRG
amplitude. Thus, a flexible alkyl unit in the polyelectrolyte
component or in the chromophore tail or spacer reduces
the optical performance, with a clear dependence on
alkoxy tail length (e.g., no SRG formation was obsd. for the
complex with a hexyloxy tail), whereas the most rigid
complex, MO/PVP, provides the best performance,
contrasting with many previous literature reports that
suggest a beneficial role for flexible spacers. The flexible
moieties increase relaxation of photoinduced orientation.
The hydroxyl end group also provides much improved PIB
and SRG performance, attributed to its rigid structure along
with a (temp.-dependent) phys. crosslinking effect of H-
bonding interactions.
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18. Dynamics of photoinduced dichroism and birefringence in optically thick azopolymers

By Ponomarev, Yu. V.; Ivanov, S. A.; Rumyantsev, Yu. A.; Gromchenko, A. A.
From Quantum Electronics (2009), 39(1), 46-52. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1070/QE2009v039n01ABEH013807
Dynamics of photoinduced dichroism and birefringence have been studied exptl. and theor. (with the help of the
Dumont model) by using some comb-shaped azopolymers. It is shown that the dynamics of trans-isomer concn. and
their angular distribution anisotropy can be restored from the exptl. found dichroism dynamics, with the concn. and
anisotropy being averaged over the thickness for optically thick samples. At the initial stage of photoinduced
anisotropy when the active role of the polymer matrix can be neglected, the exptl. time dependence of dichroism is
shown to comply well with the Dumont model even if the orientation memory is neglected, provided that only a part of
trans-isomers participates in trans-isomerization.
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19. Birefringent azopolymer long period fiber gratings induced by 532 nm polarized laser
By Luo, Yanhua; Li, Zengchang; Zheng, Rongsheng; Chen, Ru; Yan, Qing; Zhang, Qijin; Peng, Gangding; Zou, Gang;
Ming, Hai; Zhu, Bing
From Optics Communications (2009), 282(12), 2348-2353. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1016/j.optcom.2009.03.009
Based on the photoinduced birefringence in azo materials, the model of the birefringent long period fiber gratings
(BLPFGs) has been proposed and the transmission of such birefringent fiber gratings was further simulated by the
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coupled mode theory. In order to obtain the optimum condition for making birefringent azopolymer optical fiber
(APOF) gratings the photoinduced birefringence of azo dye and Me methacrylate (MMA) copolymers was
systematically studied. After photosensitivity study of azo samples, using Teflon technique, azo dye contg. single
mode polymer optical fiber (POF) was fabricated. Finally, BLPFGs can be fabricated in azopolymer fiber using
polarized 532 nm laser. A 120 μm LPFG with a 50% duty cycle has been successfully written within the core of the
fiber with 532 nm laser by an amplitude mask method. Under polarized microphotog., the grating was obsd. when the
optical axis was set at 45° with the direction of the first polarizing lens of the polarization microscope.
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20. Stretched exponential kinetics for photoinduced birefringence in azo dye doped PVA films
By Yang, Hye Ri; Kim, Eun Ju; Lee, Sang Jo; Kim, Gun Yeup; Kwak, Chong Hoon
From Optics Communications (2009), 282(9), 1902-1908. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1016/j.optcom.2009.01.039
We fabricated azo dye (methylorange) doped poly vinyl alc. (MO/PVA) thin films and measured the photoinduced
birefringence (PIB) kinetics for several pump beam intensities and for various MO concns. by using the pump-probe
technique. A novel approach to explain the transient behaviors of the photoinduced anisotropy is presented by
employing an empirical stretched exponential time response in the course of the trans-cis-trans photoisomerization of
azo mols. and is compared with the exptl. data, showing excellent agreement. The stretched exponent is estd. to be β
= 0.34 ± 0.04, revealing amorphous nature of the MO/PVA system.
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21. The nonlinear optical property and photoinduced anisotropy of a novel azobenzene-containing fluorinated
polyimide
By He, T. C.; Wang, C. S.; Pan, X.; Zhang, C. Z.; Lu, G. Y.
DOI:10.1007/s00340-009-3369-3
A novel azobenzene-contg. fluorinated polyimide was synthesized. The nonlinear optical property and photoinduced
birefringence of a polyimide thin film were investigated. Large third-order nonlinear refraction (n2 = -4.49 × 10-11
cm2/W) was obsd. in the polyimide thin film by carrying out Z-scan measurement. The polyimide thin film exhibited
larger nonlinear refraction than that of a mono-azo dye doped PMMA thin film (n2 = -1.63 × 10-12 cm2/W). The
photoinduced birefringence of the polyimide thin film (Δn ∼ 10-2) under different pump intensities was investigated; it
was much larger than that of the mono-azo dye doped PMMA thin film (Δn ∼ 10-3). Moreover, the time consts. for
birefringence growth and relaxation processes were detd.
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22. Orientation of the AD-1 azo-dye molecules in solid nanostructured films upon the two-photon excitation
By Magnitskiy, S. A.; Nagorskiy, N. M.; Kozenkov, V. M.
From Laser Physics (2008), 18(12), 1400-1410. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1134/S1054660X08120050
The orientation of the AD-1 azo-dye mols. in solid nanostructured films is studied upon the nonlinear excitation using
femtosecond laser pulses. A significant dichroism resulting from the irradn. is due to the two-photon absorption. The
optical anisotropy induced by the two-photon absorption is proven to be related only to the reorientation of the azo-dye
mols. and is not caused by alternative effects (e.g., photobleaching).
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23. Electrically controlled birefringence colours in deformed helix ferroelectric liquid crystals
By Hegde, Gurumurthy; Xu, Peizhi; Pozhidaev, Eugene; Chigrinov, Vladimir; Kwok, Hoi Sing
From Liquid Crystals (2008), 35(9), 1137-1144. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1080/02678290802398226
A short helix pitch (p 0 = 0.45 μm) ferroelec. liq. crystal (FLC) mixt. was found to provide 4 elec. switched birefringence
colors: blue, green, yellow, and red. The contrast ratios of the birefringence colors were measured as functions of
both driving voltage amplitude and frequency. The FLC mixt., which had a relatively high birefringence, Δn ≥ 0.2, was
controlled by a voltage <5 V. A simple model is proposed, which was confirmed by expts. A possible application is
discussed in field-sequential color displays, where fast switching times are required.
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24. Silicon-containing azo polymers with paired mesogens and their applications to optical memory media
By Lee, Min-Jeong; Ji, Han-Na; Han, Yang-Kyoo
From Journal of Polymer Science, Part A: Polymer Chemistry (2008), 46(20), 6734-6745. Language: English,
Database: CAPLUS, DOI:10.1002/pola.22980
We synthesized a novel photoresponsive monomer, silicon-contg. azo monomer with paired mesogens in the side
chain, by reacting 3-methacryloxypropylmethyldichlorosilane with 2-[2-(4-cyano-azobenzene-4'-oxy)ethylene-oxy]ethyl
alc., a mesogenic group. Corresponding homopolymer and copolymers with Me methacrylate were generated via
radical polymn. with AIBN as a radical initiator. Investigations of their thermal properties and optical textures
confirmed the monomer and the homopolymer have smectic structures. Homo- and copolymer films showed high
potential as reversible data recording media via photoinduced alignment of azobenzene groups with irradn. of a
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linearly or circularly polarized light. Out of all the samples, the copolymer films with high azo dye contents showed the
best resoln. in the recorded data as well as the fastest response to a pump beam due to large optical birefringence
induced in a write-in process. Strong dependence of the stability of the data stored in the films on the glass transition
temp. of the polymers was also obsd. In addn., high-quality holog. grating patterns were inscribed even on the
copolymer film with azo molar content of only 7.0% using a modified two-wave mixing technique.
~4 Citings
25. Investigation of the patterning efficiency in a new azo-dye copolymer under UV irradiation toward photonic
applications
By Rocha, Licinio; Fiorini, Celine; Matczyszyn, Katarzyna; Raimond, Paul; Nunzi, Jean-Michel
From Proceedings of SPIE (2008), 6988(Nanophotonics II), 69881Z/1-69881Z/9. Language: English, Database:
CAPLUS, DOI:10.1117/12.800379
Azo-polymers have been the subject of a growing interest since the first demonstration of reversible birefringence and
dichroism effects induced optically at room temp. in such materials. It is well established that the mechanisms
involved are related to a mol. reorientation following photo induced trans-cis-trans isomerization of the chromophores.
The interest for such materials has been strengthened with the more recent demonstration that the photo-
isomerization mechanisms can be employed to induce controlled topog. modifications. A simple example is the
induction of a sinusoidal modulation of the film surface by the irradn. with an interference pattern between two laser
beams. Such a simple step technique appears thus as a simple tool towards realization of photonic devices.
However, if the realization of gratings with periods in the visible wavelength scale is widely investigated, a strong
decrease of the patterning efficiency is obsd. in the case of periods below 400nm, limiting then the potential of the
technique. In order to circumvent this problem we have developed a new azo-polymer presenting an absorption band
shifted to the Ultra Violet (UV) region of the spectrum. The possibility to induce gratings with periods down to 200nm
with UV irradn. is evidenced. Optical geometries of excitation have been implemented to optimize the modulation
efficiencies. As a potential application of the material investigated, the realization of a polymer micro laser based on a
distributed feedback scheme is demonstrated.
~0 Citings
26. Trans-cis-trans photoisomerization as an all-optical switching in azo-dye-doped polymer waveguide

By Mohajerani, E.; Heydari, E.
From Proceedings of SPIE (2008), 6828(Light-Emitting Diode Materials and Devices II), 682818/1-682818/8.
Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI:10.1117/12.757788
In this paper we present our studies of optical switching process in planar azo-dye Methyl red doped polymeric
waveguides by using an Ar ion laser (488 nm) as pump beam and a He-Ne laser (633) as probe beam. The effects of
different parameters on optical switching process and effects of probe and pump beams on absorption spectrum of
sample were studied exptl. The switching process is attributed to trans-cis photoisomerization of azodyes followed by
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cis-trans thermal or optical relaxation that induces a reversible birefringence and dichroism in dye-doped polymeric
waveguides when pumped with polarized light.
~0 Citings
27. Influence of solvents on the photoinduced birefringence in chitosan films incorporating azo dyes
By Siqueira, J. P.; dos Santos, D. S., Jr.; Misoguti, L.; Oliveira, O. N., Jr.; Mendonca, C. R.
From Polymer International (2007), 56(10), 1288-1291. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI:10.1002/pi.2276
The photoinduced birefringence arising from trans-cis-trans isomerization has been studied in chitosan cast films
doped with the azo dye Ponceau-S. The chitosan/Ponceau-S films are highly resistant to several solvents, which
allowed the study of their optical storage features after immersion in various solvents. The authors demonstrate that
the induced birefringence and its dynamics are influenced by the solvent. From expts. using such different solvents as
water, dimethylsulfoxide, ethylene glycol, methanol and chloroform, it was found that the induced birefringence and
the writing rate increase linearly with the dielec. const. of the solvent. At high dielec. const., photoinduced mol.
reorientation is facilitated, leading both to a larger birefringence and faster dynamics.
~2 Citings
28. Influence of dye molecules on the birefringence of liquid crystal mixtures at near infrared frequencies
By Simpson, S. H.; Richardson, R. M.; Hanna, S.
From Journal of Chemical Physics (2007), 127(10), 104901/1-104901/14. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1063/1.2767257
The optical properties of nematic liq. crystals were extensively exploited in the prodn. of devices working in the visible
range of the spectrum. These same properties can be employed to make devices that function in the near IR as
required for telecommunications applications. However, the birefringence of liq. crystal mixts. decreases with
increasing wavelength, making it important to identify new materials, optimized for use in the near IR region. One
route to high birefringence is to operate close to an absorption band edge, which in the present context implies
choosing highly conjugated materials which are potentially colored and, thus, not suited to traditional display
applications. The authors explore the usefulness of dye mols. as birefringence enhancers in mixts. with conventional
nematic liq. crystals. The optical properties, in particular, the absorption edge, polarizability, and birefringence, of
families of known dyes are calcd. at optical (589 nm) and IR (1550 nm) wavelengths, using electronic d. functional
theory. The authors demonstrate the expected correlation between the proximity of the absorption edge and the
magnitude of the birefringence, and est. the birefringence enhancement occurring when each dye is incorporated in a
guest-host system.
~1 Citing

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29. Photoinduced birefringence in di-azo compounds in polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) guest-host
systems
By Mendonca, C. R.; Misoguti, L.; Andrade, A. A.; Yamaki, S. B.; Dias, V. D.; Atvars, T. D. Z.; Oliveira, O. N., Jr.
DOI:10.1016/j.optmat.2006.10.033
An investigation is presented of the optical storage capability, via photoinduced birefringence, for three di-azo compds.
(Sudan dyes) incorporated into two polymer matrixes, namely poly(Me methacrylate) (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS).
The optical birefringence was induced in the samples by using a diode-pumped frequency doubled Nd:YAG at 532
nm, while a He-Ne laser light at 632.8 nm was used to measure the induced birefringence in the sample. The results
show lower dye mobility in PS than in PMMA matrixes owing to the lower free vol. that interferes with the efficiency of
the birefringence photoinduced process. Some of the reasons for the lower efficiency of the induced birefringence of
di-azo compds. compared to the mono-azo dyes are also discussed.
~9 Citings
30. Reversible birefringence in microstructures fabricated by two-photon absorption polymerization

By Mendonca, C. R.; Baldacchini, T.; Tayalia, P.; Mazur, E.
From Journal of Applied Physics (2007), 102(1), 013109/1-013109/4. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1063/1.2752113
This paper reports the fabrication of birefringent microstructures using two-photon absorption polymn. The
birefringence is caused by a light-driven mol. orientation of azoarom. mols. (Disperse Red 13) upon excitation with an
Ar+ laser at 514.5 nm. For an azoarom. dye content of 1% by wt., we obtain a birefringence of 5 × 10-5. This
birefringence can be completely erased by overwriting the test spot with circularly polarized laser light or by heating
the sample. Our results open the door to the development of alternative applications in optical data storage,
waveguiding, and optical circuitry.
~0 Citings
31. Photoinduced birefringence and polarization holographic recording of polymer film doped with a new kind of bisazo
dye
By Liu, Zhong; Fu, Shen-cheng; Jia, Yan; Kong, Jie-jun; Liu, Yi-chun; Lu, Ran; Jin, Ming
From Faguang Xuebao (2007), 28(2), 160-166. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS
A new kind of bisazo(BA1) was synthesized as a material candidate for perpetual information storage application.
When the sample was pumped by the beam of 532 nm, almost half of the BA1 mols. undergo a reversible trans-trans
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to cis-cis isomerization in the polymer matrix, resulting in photoinduced birefringence. Hence, the dependences of
photoinduced birefringence and the transmission signals on the pumping beam intensities in BA1 doped poly (Me
methacrylate) (PMMA) film were studied. It is shown that transmission signals increase with the enhancement of
pump beam intensities. Here the two linear polarized beams with parallel state (SS) and orthogonal state (SP) were
used to investigate holog. storage. It can be clearly seen that the diffraction efficiency of SP grating much higher than
that of SS configuration.
~0 Citings
32. Studying the temperature dependence of the laser induced birefringence in azo dye doped polymer films
By Mohajerani, Ezeddin; Nataj, Nahid Hosain
From Optical Materials (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (2007), 29(11), 1408-1415. Language: English, Database:
CAPLUS, DOI:10.1016/j.optmat.2006.06.013
In this article the effects of different parameters such as sample thickness, concn. of dye in the polymer and the laser
pump power, on the temp. dependence of the laser-induced birefringence in azo dye doped polymer films were
investigated. DR1-PMMA, DR13-PMMA and MR-PMMA samplers are studied. It is found that the peak temp. at
which the induced birefringence is max. varies depending on the mentioned parameters. Although we might get larger
induced birefringence by varying parameters, however the stability of the signal by fluctuation in the temp. might be
more important in most applications. In order to achieve more stability, the peak temp. should be around the working
temp. It is possible to tune the peak temp. to the working temp. by optimizing the parameters such as concn.,
thickness and pump power for each sample.
~1 Citing
33. Enhanced photoinduced birefringence in polymer-dye complexes: Hydrogen bonding makes a difference
By Priimagi, Arri; Kaivola, Matti; Rodriguez, Francisco J.; Kauranen, Martti
From Applied Physics Letters (2007), 90(12), 121103/1-121103/3. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1063/1.2714292
The authors demonstrate that photoinduced birefringence in azo-dye-doped polymers is strongly enhanced by
hydrogen bonding between the guest mols. and the polymer host. The primary mechanism behind the enhancement
is the possibility to use high dye doping levels compared to conventional guest-host systems because dye aggregation
is restrained by hydrogen bonding. Moreover, hydrogen bonding reduces the mobility of the guest mols. in the
polymer host leading to a larger fraction of the induced birefringence to be preserved after the excitation light has
been turned off.
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34. Wide-field polarimetric analysis of photoinduced birefringence in azo-dye-doped thin films: irradiance and time
dependence
By Marino, I.-G.; Razzetti, C.; Lottici, P. P.
DOI:10.1007/s00340-006-2473-x
We have investigated by wide field polariscopy the behavior of photoinduced birefringence (PIB) in sol-gel hybrid
disperse red 1 (DR1) doped films. This technique allows the mapping of the local values of a bell-shaped pump beam
irradiance and those of the corresponding photoinduced birefringence. By means of a point-to-point correlation of
these maps, we have tracked the dependence of PIB, simultaneously and continuously, on exposure times and pump
irradiances. We have then applied some of the available theor. models, representing birefringence as an anal.
function of irradiance and time, to interpolate the exptl. PIB data. As compared to the usual PIB measurements, which
neglect the spatial distribution of the pump irradiance, our results provide a more detailed and reliable empirical basis
on which models of the orientational mechanisms of the photoisomerizable mols. can be developed.
~5 Citings
35. Modeling and experimental study of photoinduced anisotropy in hybrid solgel films
By Raschella, Raffaella; Marino, Iari-Gabriel; Razzetti, Carlo; Bersani, Danilo; Lottici, Pier P.
From Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical Physics (2007), 24(3), 504-509. Language: English,
Database: CAPLUS, DOI:10.1364/JOSAB.24.000504
The mechanism of photoinduced anisotropy through photoisomerization was studied by measuring photoinduced
dichroism and birefringence in solgel SiO2-based glasses contg. an azo dye (Disperse Red 1) and a plasticizer
(carbazole). The equations commonly adopted to describe the mol. orientation (Sekkat's theory) were solved
numerically and anal. within two different approxns. The results were applied to photoinduced birefringence measured
with expanded beams, and the dominant mechanisms driving the azo-dye mol. orientation in the studied materials
during both illumination and relaxation were inferred. The expts. of photoinduced dichroism, performed with
nonexpanded beams, suggest that the distribution of times describing the kinetics of the anisotropy formation, usually
attributed to inhomogeneities in the chromophore environment, may be ascribed instead to the nonuniform profile of
the beams.
~4 Citings
36. Study of structural factors influencing the Weigert effect in azo dyes
By Petrova, S. S.; Shaverdova, V. G.
From Optics and Spectroscopy (2006), 101(4), 549-554. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1134/S0030400X06100080
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Exptl. data that make it possible to correlate the photoanisotropic properties of materials based on azo dyes with their
mol. structure are reported. Conclusions are drawn allowing one to predict, based on the structural formulas of dye
mols., their ability to induce photoanisotropy. Specially synthesized dyes were used and predictions are made
regarding optimization of dyes with required photoanisotropic parameters.
~0 Citings
37. Retardation of the orientation relaxation of azo-dye doped amorphous polymers upon photoinduced isomerization
By Chan, S. W.; Quatela, A.; Casalboni, M.; Nunzi, J.-M.
From Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering (2006), 6331(Linear and Nonlinear
Optics of Organic Materials VI), 633110/1-633110/8. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI:10.1117/12.679755
The orientation relaxation upon photo-induced isomerization of azo-dyes was studied. All-optical poling (AOP) and
photo-induced birefringence, which are based on the mechanism of angular selective photo-isomerization, were
employed to manipulate the angular distribution of azo-dyes (Disperse-red 1) doped in three different amorphous
polymers: (poly(Me methacrylate) PMMA, poly(carbonate) PC and poly(sulfone) PSU), with different glass transition
temp. (Tg). In the case of AOP, quasi-permanent macroscopic second-order nonlinear optical susceptibility χ(2) was
inscribed in the dye-doped centro-sym. polymer systems, while in the case of photo-induced birefringence, quasi-
permanent birefringence Δn was inscribed in the dye-doped isotropic polymer systems. Relaxation of χ(2) and Δn
were monitored upon different duration of AOP and photo-induced birefringence prepn. Exptl. results show that azo-
dye orientation relaxation follows the duration of the photoinduced isomerization process: the longer the photo-
induced isomerization process, the slower the relaxation of the inscribed χ(2) and Δn. In addn., retardation of the
orientation relaxation does not follow a simple relation with hardness (Tg) of the polymer host. Causes of the
orientation relaxation retardation are discussed.
~0 Citings
38. Molecular weight effect on the photoinduced birefringence and surface relief gratings formation of a methacrylate
azopolymer
By Carvalho, L. L.; Borges, T. F. C.; Cardoso, M. R.; Mendonca, C. R.; Balogh, D. T.
From European Polymer Journal (2006), 42(10), 2589-2595. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2006.04.015
Samples of a methacrylic side-chain azopolymer were synthesized by a radical copolymn. of Me methacrylate with the
methacrylic deriv. of the com. dye Disperse Red-13 (DR13). Copolymers with different mol. wt. were obtained by
varying the reaction time and the concn. of initiator. Samples with mol. wt. avs. (M w) 3-8 × 104 g/mol and 1.4-1.7
polydispersity were obtained. The glass transition temp. of the samples increased linearly from the lower to the
highest mol. wt. Optical-quality films were cast for all samples and photoinduced birefringence was successfully
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carried out in all samples. Surface relief gratings were inscribed in the cast films.
~11 Citings
39. Thickness dependence of the photoinduced birefringence in azodye-doped inorganic-organic hybrid materials by a
femtosecond laser
By Guo, Jiayu; Si, Jinhai; Qian, Guodong; Zu, Jifeng; Qiu, Jianrong; Wang, Minquan; Hirao, Kazuyuki
From Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter (2006), 18(24), 5739-5744. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1088/0953-8984/18/24/014
The kinetics of the photoinduced birefringence (PB) induced by a femtosecond laser through 2-photon absorption was
studied in bulk azodye-doped inorg.-org. hybrid materials derived from the sol-gel method. The effects of the sample
thickness on the kinetics of the PB were studied. The probe transmittance for the satd. PB considerably increased
and satd. with increasing the thickness, while the effects of the thickness on the permanent PB were nonsensitive and
the satn. effect was not obsd. Possible mechanisms, which were assocd. with the thickness dependence of the probe
transmittance for the satd. PB and the permanent PB, were analyzed.
~2 Citings
40. Photochromic properties of azo dye polymer thin films: evidence of an additional reversible mechanism of
molecular behavior
By Rodriguez, A.; Vitrant, G.; Chollet, P. A.; Kajzar, F.
From Revista Mexicana de Fisica (2006), 52(2), 135-138. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS
Photoinduced refractive index and absorption anisotropies in thin films of an azo dye polymer have been carried out
by pump-probe expts. A refractive index change of Δn = -0.04 was obtained by independently measuring the two
indexes, parallel and perpendicular to pump light polarization. A long-term stability of the induced birefringence and a
reversible photoinduced memory effect have been obsd. The exptl. results cannot be completely explained by the
proposed photoisomerization models to describe the process involved.
~4 Citings
41. Birefringence of azo-dye doped nematic liquid crystals

By Motoc, C.; Iacobescu, G.
From Journal of Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials (2006), 8(1), 295-298. Language: English, Database:
CAPLUS
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Changes into the birefringence of an azo-dye doped nematic liq. crystal, subjected to magnetic fields, were
investigated using a transmission technique. Liq. crystal cells, with planar/homeotropic alignment, were examd. under
both Faraday and Voigt configurations, i.e. the magnetic field direction was parallel and perpendicular to the incident
light (He-Ne laser beam, 632.8 nm), resp. The rate of decreasing/increasing birefringence under magnetic field is
discussed, as well as the influence of UV irradn.
~4 Citings
42. Effect of molecular weight on photoinduced birefringence in a chiral liquid crystalline azodye polymer
By Kozlovsky, Mikhail; Lazarev, Vladimir V.
From Macromolecular Rapid Communications (2006), 27(5), 361-365. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1002/marc.200500669
The evolution of the photoinduced birefringence in thin films of narrow fractions of chiral methacrylic acid ester
polymer is studied and compared with the behavior of the non-fractionated polymer. The Δnind value decreases by
increasing the d.p. (‾DP) within the oligomeric range but becomes independent of mol. wt. starting from a ‾DP of ≈70.
Thermal pretreatment of the films results in higher photo-induced birefringence. The films show good stability of the
photorecording.
~4 Citings
43. Effects of writing conditions on the photoinduced birefringence in azo dye-doped polymers by a femtosecond laser
By Zu, Jifeng; Guo, Jiayu; Si, Jinhai; Qian, Guodong; Wang, Minquan; Hirao, Kazuyuki
From Chemical Physics Letters (2006), 421(1-3), 101-105. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1016/j.cplett.2006.01.067
Birefringence in an azo dye-doped poly(Me methacrylate) (PMMA) and azo dye-doped inorg.-org. hybrid silica was
induced by multiphoton excitation of a femtosecond laser. Comparing the growth kinetics of the photoinduced
birefringence (PB) in the two matrixes, the authors concluded the mechanisms of photoinduced anisotropy were
different and azo dye-PMMA was much better for applications in optical storage. The authors also found that the
growth rate and satn. value of the PB in azo dye-PMMA were dominated by either peak or av. power of the laser,
strongly depended on writing conditions. An optimal control of the PB by varying writing conditions was indispensable
to fully realize optical storage.
~5 Citings

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44. Study of all-optical switching effect of polymer films containing azo-dye in core-shell structure
By Luo, Duan-bin; She, Wei-long; Wu, Shui-zhu; Zeng, Fang; Yao, Sheng-lan
From Zhongguo Jiguang (2005), 32(12), 1636-1640. Language: Chinese, Database: CAPLUS
Conventional guest-host doping sample and core-shell structure sample were synthesized through directly doping azo
dye 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylamino-2-chloro-4-nitroazobenzene (Disperse Red 13, DR13) in PMMA polymer matrixes
and seed emulsion polymn., resp. Based on the photo-induced isomerization and orientation of DR13 mols., the
photo-induced birefringence and all-optical switching effect of these 2 kinds of materials were studied and compared
at different pumping power. At low control beam power, faster response and larger modulation depth could be
obtained in core-shell structure samples comparing to the guest-host 1.
~0 Citings
45. Photoinduced anisotropy of azo polymer with different matrices rigidity and their phenomenological simulation
By Luo, Duanbin; Deng, Li
From Guangxue Xuebao (2005), 25(10), 1385-1390. Language: Chinese, Database: CAPLUS
Three kinds of polymeric films with different rigidity, PMMA, poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK), and polystyrene (PS), which
were doped with same concn. (mass fraction 0.003) of azo dye 4'-[[2-(acryloyloxy)Et]ethylamino]-2-chloro-4-
nitroazobenzene (Disperse red 13, DR13), were prepd. The photoinduced birefringence effect of these 3 kinds of
samples were studied by using a linearly polarized control beam from an Ar+ laser (514 nm) and a linearly polarized
probe beam from a He-Ne laser (632.8 nm). Under the same control beam power (15 mW) and with the same
sample's thickness, the PVK with large matrix rigidity showed small birefringence effect while PS with small matrix
rigidity showed large birefringence effect. Based on the 4-energy-level model of photoisomerization of azo
chromophores, a phenomenol. model, in which a parameter s was introduced to describe the rigidity of polymer
matrixes, was presented to simulate the photoisomerization and orientation of the azo chromophores in polymeric
matrixes with different rigidity. The influence of the matrix rigidity parameter s on the photoinduced anisotropy of the
azo dye contg. samples was studied by numerical calcn. Large rigidity samples present small birefringence effect,
and the exptl. results could be explained qual. by the theor. simulation results.
~1 Citing
46. Photochromic and Optical Birefringence Properties of Azo-Dye-Doped Polymer-Grafted Lipid-Based Complex
Fluids
By Haralampus-Grynaviski, Nicole M.; Johnson, Lindsay J.; Firestone, Millicent A.
From Macromolecules (2005), 38(22), 8971-8974. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI:10.1021/ma051650w
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Photochromic and optical birefringence of the title complex
fluids as novel media suitable for optical information
processing and storage is evaluated. The complex fluid
comprises quaternary mixts. of a phospholipid
(dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine), a polymer-grafted
phospholipid (PEGylated-
dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine), and a cosurfactant
(N,N-dimethyldodecylamine N-oxide) dispersed in water.
~1 Citing
47. Light-induced patterning of azopolymer films: observation of Wood's anomalies

By Hubert, Christophe; Fiorini-Debuisschert, Celine; Rocha, Licinio; Raimond, Paul; Nunzi, Jean-Michel
From Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering (2004), 5508, 167-174. Language:
English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI:10.1117/12.560923
It is now well established that, in azo-dye polymers repeated trans-cis-trans isomerization cycles induces mol.
reorientation leading to quasi-permanent birefringence and dichroism. More recently, it has been shown that irradn. of
an azo-polymer thin film with an interference pattern between polarized laser beams can lead to a direct and
reversible topog. modification of the polymer film surface resulting in the induction of surface relief gratings in
conjunction with the light interference pattern. Here, we provide exptl. evidence of an original spontaneous light-
assisted submicrometer patterning process. We show that uniform irradn. of an azo-dye polymer using a single
collimated laser beam with normal incidence leads to the formation of organized hexagonal patterns. These structures
geometry depends on the laser beam polarization : their period is about the irradn. wavelength and their modulation
amplitude can reach one hundred nanometers. Possible origin of such process is discussed. Although showing
similar features with models or expts. already described in the literature, the origin of light-assisted spontaneous
patterning in azo-polymers is still unclear and further complementary investigations are needed. Indeed, accurate
detn. of the relevant parameters at the origin of such process should enable a full control of the process together with
further possible generation of more complex structures.
~0 Citings
48. Photoinduced birefringence in an azo-dye-doped polymer

By Qi, Sheng-Wen; Yang, Xiu-Qin; Chen, Kuan; Zhang, Chun-Ping; Zhang, Lian-Shun; Wang, Xin-Yu; Xu, Tang; Liu,
Yong-Liang; Zhang, Guang-Yin
From Wuli Xuebao (2005), 54(7), 3189-3193. Language: Chinese, Database: CAPLUS
Under varying intensities and polarization of the exciting light, the photoinduced birefringence of azo dye polymer film
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placed between a pair of orthogonal polarizers is studied by measuring the transmitted intensity. It is concluded that
the satn. and stable values of the transmitted intensity are all proportional to the intensity of the exciting light. Both
values are also related to the polarization direction of the exciting light, and when the angle θ between the polarization
directions of the probe intensity and the exciting light is lager than 10°, the satn. and stable values of the transmitted
light are all proportional to sin22θ. In addn., the differences in birefringences of the sample were measured accurately
by using a compensator and 1.11 × 10-3 (before excited) and 3.57 × 10-3 (after excited) are obtained.
~3 Citings
49. Supramolecular order following binding of the dichroic birefringent sulfonic dye ponceau SS to collagen fibers
By Vidal, B. C.; Mello, M. L. S.
From Biopolymers (2005), 78(3), 121-128. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI:10.1002/bip.20274
The optical anisotropies (linear dichroism or LD and birefringence) of cryst. aggregates of the sulfonic azo-dye
Ponceau SS and of dye complexed with chicken tendon collagen fibers were investigated in order to assess their
polarizing properties and similarity to liq. crystals. In some expts., the staining was preceded by treatment with picric
acid. Cryst. fibrous aggregates of the dye had a neg. LD, and their electronic transitions were oriented perpendicular
to the filamentary structures. The binding of Ponceau SS mols. to the collagen fibers altered the LD signal, with
variations in the fiber orientation affecting the resulting dichroic ratios. The long axis of the rod-like dye mol. was
assumed to be bound in register, parallel to the collagen fiber. Picric acid did not affect the oriented binding of the azo
dye to collagen fibers. There were differences in the optical anisotropy of Ponceau SS-stained tendons from 21-day-
old and 41-day-old chickens, indicating that Ponceau SS was able to distinguish between different ordered states of
macromol. aggregation in chicken tendon collagen fibers. In the presence of dichroic rod-like azo-dye mols. such as
Ponceau SS, collagen also formed structures with a much higher degree of orientation. The presence of LD in the
Ponceau SS-collagen complex even in unpolarized light indicated that this complex can act as a polarizer.
~7 Citings
50. Polarization holograms in azo dye-doped polymer dissolved liquid crystal composites
By Ono, Hiroshi; Takahashi, Fumihiro; Emoto, Akira; Kawatsuki, Nobuhiro
From Journal of Applied Physics (2005), 97(5), 053508/1-053508/8. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1063/1.1858063
The authors have investigated holog. recordings in azobenzene-contg. amorphous polymers (AP) and polymer-
dissolved liq.-cryst. composites (PDLCC) with two waves that have orthogonal linear polarizations. The AP consists of
Disperse Red 1 dopant and PMMA matrix. The PDLCC included Disperse Red 1 dopant, liq. crystal mixt. E7, and
side-chain liq. cryst. polymer matrix. Only linear photoinduced birefringence was induced in AP, while both linear and
circular photobirefringences were induced in PDLCC. The value of the photoinduced linear and circular birefringences
had an effect on the diffraction properties in the polarization holog. gratings. The diffraction properties in AP and
PDLCC samples were well explained by theor. calcn. on the basis of the Jones anal.
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51. Experimental study of photoinduced birefringence in azo-dye-doped polymer

By Qi, Shengwen; Zhang, Chunping; Yang, Xiuqin; Chen, Kuan; Zhang, Lianshun; Wang, Xinyu; Xu, Tang; Tian,
Jianguo; Zhang, Guangyin
From Optik (Jena, Germany) (2004), 115(6), 253-256. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI:10.1078/0030-
4026-00354
Under varying intensities and polarization of the exciting light, resp., the photoinduced birefringence of azo dye
polymer film placed between a pair of orthogonal polarizers was studied by measuring the transmitted intensity. The
satn. and stable values of the transmitted intensity are all proportional to the intensity of exciting light. Both values
also relate to the polarization direction of the exciting light, and when the angle θ between the polarization directions of
the probe intensity and the exciting light is lager than 10°, the satn. and stable values of the transmitted light are all
proportional to sin2 2θ. The birefringence of the sample was measured accurately by using a compensator.
~4 Citings
52. Measurements of nonlinear absorption in azo dye doped liquids

By Behring, A.; Benkler, E.; Tschudi, T.
DOI:10.1080/15421400490502580
The authors present a simple exptl. method for the detn. of several parameters characterizing the photoisomerization
of an azo dye dopant in a liq. host. A combination of intensity-dependent transmission measurements and the
relaxation of the transmission after illumination yields the sought-after parameters. These parameters are needed for
a quant. anal. of light-induced birefringence and dichroism within the framework of a dynamical mean-field model.
~0 Citings
53. Generation of second harmonics and photoinduced birefringence in comb-like polymers with nonlinear optical
(NLO) chromophores in side chains
By Smirnov, Nicolay N.; Ivanov, S. A.; Ivanova, V. N.; Lebedeva, G. K.; Hohlova, L. V.; Lukoshkin, V. A.; Sokolova, I.
M.; Kudryavtsev, V. V.
From Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering (2004), 5506(Nonresonant Laser-Matter
Interaction (NLMI-11)), 21-27. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI:10.1117/12.579983
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Comblike(co)polymers of esters and methacrylic acid esters with photochromic chromophores exhibiting nonlinear
optical activity in the side chain were synthesized. The processes taking place in polymer films due to the effect of
external fields (laser beam and elec. field) and nonlinear optical activity of these films were studied. The chem.
structure and compn. ofpolymers are related to the processes of increase and decrease in photoinduced birefringence
as well as to the stability of signal of 2nd harmonic generation. The polymers differ in the structure of the 2nd
comonomer alkyl-(CP3 and CP6) or fluoroalkyl (CP2, CP4, and CP5) side chain, by the introduction of the 3rd
comonomer increasing the free vol. (CP2 -CP6), by changing the structure of the NLO fragment introducing into the
conjugation chain the azo (CP5 and CP6) or azomethene (P1, CP2-CP4) group or a heterocyclic fragment:
benzothiazole (CP6), or by the structure of the spacer binding the chromophore to the main chain (side chain is the
sequence of -CH2 (CP2-CP6) or -CF2(P1) groups). The change in azo dye structure by introducing into the
conjugation chain a thiazole ring with 2 heteroatoms resulted in complete birefringence suppression.
~0 Citings
54. Diffusion model of photoaligning in azo-dye layers

By Chigrinov, Vladimir; Pikin, Sergey; Verevochnikov, Andrey; Kozenkov, Vladimir; Khazimullin, Maxim; Ho, Jacob;
Huang, Dan Ding; Kwok, Hoi-Sing
From Physical Review E: Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics (2004), 69(6-1), 061713/1-061713/10.
Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI:10.1103/PhysRevE.69.061713
The model of the rotational diffusion of the azo-dye mols. under the action of polarized UV light was used to explain
the formation of the photoinduced order in azo-dye layers. The authors consider both the approxns. of negligible and
strong mol. interaction during the process of the reorientation under the field of a polarized light. The authors
constructed an exptl. setup, based on a photoelastic modulator, that allows accurate in situ measurements of the
phase retardation δ of thin film as a function of the exposure time texp and exposure power W (W/cm2). A good
agreement with expt. was obsd. Fitting the exptl. curves δ(texp) for different power values W, we can est. the coeff. of
rotational diffusion D, azo-dye order parameter S(texp), and other parameters of the rotational diffusion model.
~0 Citings
55. Azo dyes as photoalignment materials for liquid crystals

By Umanskii, Boris A.; Novoseletskii, Nikolai V.; Torgova, Sofia I.; Dorozhkina, Galina N.
DOI:10.1080/15421400490440048
The photogeneration of optical anisotropy by irradn. of linearly polarized light was investigated for spin-coated films of
individual insol. in liq. crystals (LC) azo dyes and the same dyes incorporated in polymer matrix. The different sol. in
LC azo dyes were also investigated as orienting agents. The photoalignment of azo dyes was studied in the bulk of
guest-host LC samples in the cells with different surfaces of glass plates.
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~0 Citings
56. Photosensitive optical properties of zeolitic nanocomposites

By Hoffmann, Katrin; Resch-Genger, Ute; Marlow, Frank
Edited By:Laeri, Franco
From Host-Guest-Systems based on Nanoporous Crystals (2003), 501-520. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS
A review describes the postsynthetic encapsulation and microspectroscopic characterization of large mol. sieve-based
composite crystals. It focuses on materials for photosensitive birefringence switching caused by intra-zeolitic
isomerization of azo dye-contg. nanocomposites. It also describes the efficient reversible optical switching process,
and discusses the influence of host-guest compn. on switching parameters.
~4 Citings
57. Photoinduced molecular orientation in bulk azo dye-doped polymer by nonresonant femtosecond laser pulses
By Si, Jinhai; Qiu, Jianrong; Hirao, Kazuyuki
From Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering (2004), 5280(Pt. 2, Materials, Active
Devices, and Optical Amplifiers), 682-689. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI:10.1117/12.516686
Two kinds of photoinduced mol. orientations are demonstrated in bulk azo dye-doped polymers: photoinduced mol.
orientation with centrosymmetry and photoinduced mol. orientation with noncentrosymmetry. For the photoinduced
mol. orientation with centrosymmetry, the samples were irradiated with a linearly polarized femtosecond laser whose
wavelength (800 nm) was out of the absorption range of the azo dye mols. This photoinduced mol. orientation with
centrosymmetry resulted in a birefringence in the sample, based on which an optical image storage was
demonstrated. The probe transmittance for the induced birefringence was estd. to be 92%. For the photoinduced
mol. orientation with noncentrosymmetry, the sample was irradiated simultaneously by coherent superposition of the
1500-nm fundamental and 750-nm second-harmonic light of a femtosecond laser. The second-harmonic generation
(SHG) conversion efficiency of a 105-μm thick film was estd. to be about 2%.
~0 Citings
58. All optical switch with response time in millisecond magnitude based on azo-doped polymer films
By Luo, Duan-bin; Yan, Kun; She, Wei-long; Wu, Shui-zhu
From Zhongguo Jiguang (2004), 31(1), 92-96. Language: Chinese, Database: CAPLUS
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A simple all-optical switch based on the photoinduced birefringence is demonstrated in azo dye (DRI) doped polymer
(PMMA) thin film. The all optical switching effect of the sample is studied at different control beam modulating
frequency, different control beam power and different temp. of the sample. With the control beam power of milliwatt
magnitude, response time in several milliseconds and the depth of modulation > 50 % of the all optical switch are
obtained.
~2 Citings
59. All-optical switching effect based on azodye-doped polymer thin films

By Luo, Duanbin; She, Weilong; Wu, Shuizhu; Zeng, Fang; Tang, Tian; Yao, Shenglan
From Chinese Optics Letters (2003), 1(4), 243-245. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS
A simple all-optical switch based on photoinduced birefringence effect is demonstrated in azo dye (DR1, Disperse Red
1) doped polymer (PMMA) thin films. The all-optical switching effect has been studied at different control beam power
and different temps. of the sample. With a control power of 30.7 mW and at 56 °C, the response time of the switching
is less than 5 ms, and the depth of the modulation reaches 80%.
~9 Citings
60. Photoinduced birefringence of azo dye-doped materials by a femtosecond laser

By Si, Jinhai; Qiu, Jianrong; Guo, Jiayu; Qian, Guodong; Wang, Minquan; Hirao, Kazuyuki
From Applied Optics (2003), 42(36), 7170-7173. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI:10.1364/AO.42.007170
Birefringence in azo-dye-doped polymethylmethacrylate and azo-dye-doped SiO2 hybrid materials was induced by the
two-photon excitation of a femtosecond laser. The growth and the relaxation characteristics of the photoinduced
birefringence in the two types of material were studied, and the probe transmittance for the induced birefringence is
92%. Also, an optical image storage based on this photoinduced birefringence was demonstrated.
~15 Citings
61. Synthesis and photo-induced birefringence of pyrazoline substituted azo-dyes in PMMA films
By Jin, Ming; Yang, Qing Xin; Lu, Ran; Pan, Ling Yun; Xue, Peng Chong; Zhao, Ying Ying
DOI:10.1016/S0925-3467(03)00026-0
Three push-pull type azo dyes, 4'-{[(2-hydroxylethyl)methyl]amino}-4-nitroazobenzene (I), 1-[4-(4'-nitrophenyl)-

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azophenyl]-3,5-biphenyl-2-pyrazoline (II) and 1-[4-(4'-nitrophenyl)-azophenyl]-3-(3'-trifluoromethyl)-phenyl-5-phenyl-2-
pyrazoline (III) were synthesized. The cis-trans isomerization process and polarized photoinduced birefringence of
PMMA films doped with I-III. The rise and relaxation process of birefringence signals were fit with biexponential
functions and the mol. structures effect their photo-induced birefringence. This suggests that the 3 films have similar
storage speed when the laser intensity is high enough. III, which has the biggest substituent, has the largest long-
term storage ability and can even keep 90% of its satd. birefringence.
~5 Citings
62. Optical storage properties in cast films of an azopolymer

By Martins das Neves, Ubaldo; Sotero dos Santos Junior, David; Giacometti, Jose Alberto; Zilio, Sergio Carlos;
Misoguti, Lino; Balogh, Debora Terezia; Novais de Oliveira Junior, Osvaldo; Mendonca, Cleber Renato
From Materials Research (Sao Carlos, Brazil) (2003), 6(3), 409-414. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS
In this paper the authors discuss the properties of optically induced birefringence in DR19-MDI cast films that may be
used in optical storage applications. The selection of DR19-MDI cast films was based on a comparative study of
optical storage properties of Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films from various azo-polymers. DR19-MDI possesses a high
residual fraction of optical birefringence and good environmental stability, which was corroborated by the data from
optical storage expts. DR19-MDI cast films maintain a reasonable level of birefringence after the initial decay due to
chromophore relaxation, thus making them promising candidates for optical storage devices.
~0 Citings
63. Photoinduced birefringence in bulk azo dye-doped hybrid inorganic-organic materials by a femtosecond laser
By Guo, Jiayu; Si, Jinhai; Qian, Guodong; Qiu, Jianrong; Wang, Minquan; Hirao, Kazuyuki
From Chemical Physics Letters (2003), 378(5,6), 553-558. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1016/j.cplett.2003.07.018
The photoinduced birefringence induced by a femtosecond laser through two-photon absorption was studied in bulk
azo dye-doped hybrid inorg.-org. materials. The probe transmittance for the induced birefringence was estd. to be
92% after irradiating Disperse red 1-doped silica materials with the femtosecond writing beam. The relaxation
characteristic of the induced birefringence was also investigated. Although the signal decay process was fast, these
photoinduced birefringence materials might have wide applications in optical image storage.
~7 Citings
64. Light-Induced Storage in Layer-by-Layer Films of Chitosan and an Azo Dye

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By dos Santos, D. S., Jr.; Bassi, A.; Rodrigues, J. J., Jr.; Misoguti, L.; Oliveira, O. N., Jr.; Mendonca, C. R.
From Biomacromolecules (2003), 4(6), 1502-1505. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI:10.1021/bm025754f
The buildup of layer-by-layer (LBL) films from chitosan and the azo dye Ponceau-S (PS) was investigated under
various exptl. conditions, and the resulting films were used in optical storage expts. The kinetics for the writing
process in optical storage was faster for LBL films prepd. at low pHs, probably because the films had a larger free vol.
for isomerization of the chromophores. The nanostructured nature of the LBL films also affected the crystallinity of
chitosan, which was considerably decreased in this type of film as chitosan became protonated because of the
electrostatic interactions between adjacent layers.
~33 Citings
65. The photoinduced birefringence in thick films of chiral azodye copolymers

By Kozlovsky, Mikhail V.; Lazarev, Vladimir V.
From Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics (2003), 204(9), 1226-1233. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1002/macp.200390099
The photoinduced birefringence of 19-35 μm thick films was studied for two series of chiral photochromic liq. cryst.
side chain copolymers. The. The birefringence measured was induced by excitation of the n-π* band only. The
birefringence induced in 10 min varied linearly with concn. of dye moieties and reached satn. with increasing
illumination intensity. The evolution of the birefringence is described by double exponent growth; the faster exponent
is the same for both copolymers and relates to the photo-selection process, while the slower exponent relates mainly
to photo-orientation and is strongly dependent on chem. structure of photochromic groups. The different response of
the two copolymer series governed by the second exponent is interpreted in terms of the frictional model. Due to high
thickness of the films, rather moderate birefringence results in huge phase retardation up to 270°. The materials are
promising for holog. applications.
~7 Citings
66. Light-induced dichroism and birefringence in dye-doped glycerin

By Janossy, I.; Benkler, E.
From Europhysics Letters (2003), 62(5), 698-704. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI:10.1209/epl/i2003-
00429-5
In this paper continuous-wave laser-induced dichroism and birefringence measurements are reported in azo-dye-
doped glycerin at temps. <-40°. The presence of the dye, in combination with the slow rotational mobility of the mols.,
leads to a huge enhancement of the optical Kerr effect, compared to what is obsd. in pure transparent liqs. In the
expts., significant optical anisotropy could be generated at pump intensities ≥10 mW/mm2. Evidence is presented that
the birefringence signal originates in a large part from the ordering of the host mols. The orientational order of the
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solvent mols. is attributed to the guest-host interaction between the azo dye and the glycerin mols.
~4 Citings
67. Preparation of azophenyl-substituted pyrazoline derivatives and studies on photoinduced birefringence of doped
PMMA films
By Jin, Ming; Yang, Qing-Xin; Lu, Ran; Pan, Ling-Yun; Zhao, Ying-Ying
From Gaodeng Xuexiao Huaxue Xuebao (2003), 24(1), 143-145. Language: Chinese, Database: CAPLUS
Three azo-dyes, 4'-{[(2-hydroxyethyl)methyl]amino}-4-nitroazobenzene (1), 1-[4-(4'-nitrophenyl)azophenyl]-3,5-

biphenyl-2-pyrazoline (2) and 1-[4-(4'-nitrophenyl)-azophenyl]-5-(4'-hydroxylphenyl)-3-phenyl-2-pyrazoline (3) were
synthesized. The polarized photo-induced birefringence and relaxation process of those azo-dyes doped with PMMA
films were investigated under polarized laser intensity. Compds. with pyrazoline group have a high storage rate and
thermal stability. The birefringence signals decrease with the increase in temp., but the effect of temp. is different for
the three compds. Compds. 2 and 3, with pyrazoline groups have a good thermal stability at room temp., and compd.
3 can even keep 30% of its max. birefringence at 90°C.
~0 Citings
68. Cumulative birefringence effects of nanosecond laser pulses in dye-doped planar nematic liquid crystal
layersCumulative birefringence effects of nanosecond laser pulses in dye-doped planar nematic liquid crystal layers
By Lukishova, Svetlana G.; Boyd, Robert W.; Lepeshkin, Nick; Marshall, Kenneth L.
From Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials (2002), 11(4), 341-350. Language: English, Database:
CAPLUS
New cumulative effects, in laser-induced birefringence were obsd. under 10-Hz-pulse-repetition-rate, nanosecond-
duration laser irradn. of azo-dye-doped planar-nematic liq. crystal layers at incident intensities I ∼ 1-10 MW/cm2. An
irradn. geometry with the incident polarization parallel to the nematic director was used. This geometry does not
permit a 1st-order elec. field induced reorientation of the nematic mols., allowing one to exclude its contribution to the
nonlinear response. New laser-induced birefringence effects with a buildup time of several seconds to minutes
manifest themselves in: • the appearance of a polarization component perpendicular to the nematic director, • 2
different modes of spatial pattern formation with different patterns for parallel and perpendicular polarization: (1) At I ∼
1-5 MW/cm2, the perpendicular polarization component forms a 4-leaf-clover (a Maltese-like cross) spatial pattern in
the far-field from the initial Gaussian spatial intensity distribution. The incident, parallel polarization component forms
a round spot with a single ring spatial pattern. (2) At higher incident intensities (I ∼ 5-10 MW/cm2), a 2nd regime of
pattern formation is obsd. as high definition patterns and only for the polarization component parallel to the nematic
director.
~4 Citings

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69. Measurement of permanent vectorial photoinduced anisotropy in azo-dye-doped photoresist using polarization
holography
By Cloutier, S. G.; Peyrot, D. A.; Galstian, T. V.; Lessard, R. A.
From Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics (2002), 4(6), S228-S234. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1088/1464-4258/4/6/358
In this paper, we revealed properties of a new optical material, which consists of a lab. photoresist doped with
Disperse Red 1 azo-dye mols. First, we describe briefly the material that we developed and its phys. behavior. Then,
we give the empirical results that we obtained on the photoinduced anisotropy (dichroism and birefringence) of the
material. We obsd. a reorientation of azo-dye centers and, then, a permanent and non-reversible fixing of the optically
induced orientation of the dyes by the crosslinking of the photopolymer. Finally, we measured a permanent vectorial
photoinduced anisotropy persisting over more than 65 days, by using a holog. polarization grating generated from the
interference between two orthogonal left and right circularly polarized beams.
~17 Citings
70. Spontaneous birefringence in layer-by-layer films of chitosan and azo dye Sunset Yellow
By Sotero Dos Santos, David, Jr.; Bassi, Alex; Misoguti, Lino; Ginani, Marconi Floripe; Novais De Oliveira, Osvaldo,
Jr.; Mendonca, Cleber Renato
From Macromolecular Rapid Communications (2002), 23(16), 975-977. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS
Layer-by-layer (LBL) films consisting of layers of the azo dye Sunset Yellow alternated with chitosan display
spontaneous birefringence, which is attributed to the film anisotropy imparted by the LBL method. This is unusual for
azobenzene-contg. materials as they normally form films with randomly oriented mols., presenting birefringence only
because of photo-induced isomerization cycles. Spontaneous birefringence does not appear in cast films, but occurs
for LBL films obtained under various exptl. conditions.
~0 Citings
71. Temperature dependence of photoinduced birefringence in polystyrene doped with disperse red-1
By Dall'Agnol, Fernando; Silva, Josmary R.; Zilio, Sergio C.; Oliveira, Osvaldo N., Jr.; Giacometti, Jose A.
From Macromolecular Rapid Communications (2002), 23(16), 948-951. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1002/1521-3927(200211)23:16<948::AID-MARC948>3.0.CO;2-W
A theor. model on the basis of the free-vol. concept is presented explaining the temp. dependence of photoinduced
birefringence in polystyrene films that contain C.I. Disperse Red 1. Birefringence increases with temp. up to 180 K as
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the free vol. for the dye cis-trans isomerization increases, and then decreases as thermally activated processes
dominate. The fast process of birefringence decay has a time const. that increases with temp. at low temps., due to
the change in azo dye photoisomerization.
~3 Citings
72. Optical bit stability and relaxation processes in a liquid crystal polymer with a photosensitive azo dye molecule as
side group
By Andreozzi, Laura; Camorani, Paolo; Faetti, Massimo; Palazzuoli, Diego
From Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology, Section A: Molecular Crystals and Liquid
Crystals (2002), 375, 129-142. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI:10.1080/10587250210560
A study of optically-induced mol. relaxation and optical writing processes in a photosensitive liq. cryst. polymer, contg.
the azobenzene moiety in the side chain is presented. Linear and non linear ESR spectroscopies, thermal anal. and
rheol. investigations carried on azo polymethacrylate (PMA) samples subjected to different thermal treatments have
allowed to single out a suitable procedure to get stable, homogeneous substrates. Optical studies on micrometer
length scale, adopting the selected procedure, have confirmed the stability conditions in both unaligned and aligned
samples. The temp. dependence of the bit stability has been detd. The writing threshold power and writing rate have
been measured. The results are discussed within the perspective of extension to the nanometer length scale.
~8 Citings
73. High-efficiency holographic volume index gratings in DR1-dye-doped poly(methyl methacrylate)

By Zhang, Weiya; Bian, Shaoping; Kim, Sun Il; Kuzyk, Mark G.
From Optics Letters (2002), 27(13), 1105-1107. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI:10.1364/OL.27.001105
Holog. vol. index gratings with high diffraction efficiency (>80%) are recorded in a thick sample of Disperse Red 1-
doped poly(Me methacrylate) with red light (647 nm), which is far away from the absorption peak (488 nm) of the
material. Measurements of photoinduced birefringence and polarization holog. recording confirm that the azo-dye
reorientation mechanism is responsible for the grating formation. Energy coupling between the two writing beams is
obsd. even when the incident beams have equal intensity.
~30 Citings
74. Thermoassisted photorecording in chiral smectic azo dye copolymers

By Kozlovsky, Mikhail V.; Haase, Wolfgang; Rehahn, Matthias
From Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (2002), 709(Advances in Liquid Crystalline Materials and
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Technologies), 15-20. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS
Illumination of photochromic liq.-cryst. (PCLC) copolymer films with polarized light during the mesophase formation
has been studied. Both thick pressed and thin spin-coated, the films show prominent increase in photoinduced
orientation, as compared with conventional isothermal photorecording. Two methods of the thermoassisted recording
have been suggested, one of those with simultaneous cooling of the film and another one after a shock heating and
quenching. The photoinduced birefringence, Δnind, and the order parameter of photochromic groups, Sazo, have
been measured. The thermally assisted recording produces holog. gratings with high diffraction efficiency, η, up to 20-
30%.
~4 Citings
75. Photoinduced optical anisotropy in azo-dye doped polyimide films

By Miniewicz, A.; Komorowska, K.; Sek, D.; Schab-Balcerzak, E.; Solyga, M.
From Polish Journal of Chemistry (2002), 76(2-3), 395-407. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS
A two-wave mixing technique supplemented by a second laser was used to study the dynamics of the photoinduced
anisotropy in free-standing films of polyimide/azo dye contg. one or two N=N bonds. The characteristics of grating
recording were measured using a He-Ne laser source (λ = 632.8 nm) under light from a CW (continuous wave) YAG
laser doubled in frequency (λ = 532 nm). The data on trimellitic anhydride acid chloride-4,4'-methylene-bis(2,6-
dimethylaniline), and 2,4-diaminophenol dichloride polyimide-Disperse Red 1 (4-[N-ethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)]amino-4'-
nitro-azobenzene) system revealed complex kinetics of photoinduced birefringence leading to grating recording and
light self-diffraction. The two main processes were identified during the grating build-up in the high Tg polymer matrix.
Preliminary results on possibility of dynamic color [photochromism] and polarization holog. recording in a polyimide
contg. 1,3-diamino-4-azo(4'-nitroazobenzene)benzene are also presented.
~8 Citings
76. Photoinduced fabrication of surface relief gratings in alternate self-assembled films containing azo dye and
alignments of LC molecules
By Kaneko, Futao; Kato, Takashi; Baba, Akira; Shinbo, Kazunari; Kato, Keizo; Advincula, Rigoberto C.
From Colloids and Surfaces, A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects (2002), 198-200, 805-810. Language:
English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI:10.1016/S0927-7757(01)01005-6
Photoinduced surface relief gratings of alternate layer-by-layer self-assembled films contg. azobenzene dyes were
fabricated. The alignment properties of nematic liq. crystal (LC) mols. on these films were studied in a hybrid LC cell
configuration. Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) and Direct Red 80 (DR80, azobenzene dye) were
deposited using the alternate layer-by-layer self-assembly method. The gratings of the PDADMAC/DR80 films were
fabricated by exposure to interference patterns of Ar+ laser light at 488 nm. The formation of the gratings on the films
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was obsd. using at. force microscopy. Also, the alignment properties of LC mols., 5CB, on the films were studied by
monitoring the change in birefringence of the LC cell in situ. This in-plane alignment was obsd. after ∼30 min
exposure with the laser, simultaneous with the formation of the interference patterns.
~17 Citings
77. Azo dye gelatin films for polarization holographic recording

By Ivanov, Mario; Eiju, Tomoaki
From Optical Review (2001), 8(5), 315-317. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI:10.1007/s10043-001-0315-
y
Mordant pure yellow azo dye in a matrix of gelatin is proposed as a medium for stable polarization recording.
Relatively high values of birefringence are measured (over Δn = 0.02). Polarization diffraction gratings are recorded
with 2 circularly polarized waves and diffraction efficiency of 67% is achieved at 633 nm. Protected from the humidity,
the recording is stable. Long-term radiation by a 633 nm probe beam is harmless as well. Unusual behavior is obsd.
when acting on the recorded grating alternatively with 1 of the recording beams. The left circularly polarized beam
erases the grating sharply, while the right circularly polarized beam, before erasure, initially increases the diffraction
efficiency.
~1 Citing
78. Holographic grating generation in thick polymer films containing azo dye molecules
By Ono, H.; Kowatari, N.; Kawatsuki, N.
DOI:10.1016/S0925-3467(01)00066-0
The relationship between laser-induced birefringence in azo-dye-doped polymer films and the diffraction properties
from holog. gratings were investigated under several exptl. conditions. The diffraction properties, including writing
power and film thickness dependence, were well-explained by estg. the diffraction efficiencies from characteristics of
laser-induced birefringence and Fraunhofer's diffraction theory.
~17 Citings
79. Interferometric studies on thin photoactive polymer films

By Nasr, A. M.; Sadik, A. M.
From Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics (2001), 3(3), 200-203. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1088/1464-4258/3/3/309
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Due to the importance of measuring the refractive index of optical waveguides, it is very important to find an accurate
method to model the operating characteristics properly. The optical properties of thin photoactive polymer films are
studied interferometrically using two different techniques, two and multiple beam. It is shown that the refractive index
and birefringence of Disperse Red 1 doped with poly(Me methacrylate) are independent of either the thickness of the
film or the type of solvent used. A comparison between the two- and multiple-beam interferometric techniques for the
detn. of refractive index and birefringence is given. Both methods are evaluated and microinterferograms are given
for illustration. Another comparison between the interferometric techniques and prism coupling technique is also
given.
~7 Citings
80. Polymer thin films containing azo dye for rewritable media
By Kim, Jin-Hong; Hong, Ki-Myung; Na, Hai-Sub; Han, Yang-Kyoo
From Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Part 1: Regular Papers, Short Notes & Review Papers (2001), 40(3B),
1585-1587. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI:10.1143/JJAP.40.1585
The writing and erasing properties of azo-dye-doped polymer thin films at a blue wavelength were investigated. The
optically induced birefringence in the polymer film due to a linearly polarized light can be utilized for digital optical data
storage. The dependence of the contrast of a stored pattern on temp. was examd. to est. the thermal stability of the
polymer films. Bits could be written and erased by irradn. of the linearly and circularly polarized laser beam, resp.
~6 Citings
81. Birefringence and dichroism of oriented epoxy thermoset films

By Tan, Chibing; Fung, B. M.
From Journal of Polymer Science, Part B: Polymer Physics (2001), 39(9), 915-919. Language: English, Database:
CAPLUS, DOI:10.1002/polb.1066
A series of oriented liq.-cryst. epoxy thin films were prepd. by the in situ polymn. of a liq.-cryst. diepoxide, 1,4-
phenylene bis[4-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)benzoate], with an arom. diamine, 4,4'-diaminobiphenyl, in a 7.0-T magnetic field.
The birefringent measurements of the oriented films were made from 543.5-830 nm. In this range, the values of
birefringence (Δn) range from 0.155-0.130. When they are extrapolated to the microwave region, Δn = 0.105. The
dichroism of a guest azo dye, 4-(4-nitrophenylazo)-3-hexyloxyaniline, in the oriented thin films was examd. in the
visible region. From the results, the order parameter of the polymer was calcd. to 0.65 by extrapolating the concn. of
the guest azo dye to zero. The guest azo dye compd. does not affect the birefringence.
~1 Citing

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82. Photoactive polyamideimides synthesized by the polycondensation of azo-dye diamines and rosin derivative
By Kim, Seung Ju; Kim, Beom Jun; Jang, Dong Wook; Kim, Se Hun; Park, Soo Young; Lee, Ju-Hyun; Lee, Sin-Doo;
Choi, Dong Hoon
From Journal of Applied Polymer Science (2000), 79(4), 687-695. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1002/1097-4628(20010124)79:4<687::AID-APP130>3.0.CO;2-9
New rosin-based photoactive polyamideimides (PAI-a and PAI-b) with a large second-order nonlinear optical coeff.
and photoinduced birefringence were synthesized by the polycondensation of rosin-maleic anhydride adduct (RMA)
with azo-dye diamines, 2-(2-ethyl-[4-(4-nitrophenylazo)phenyl]aminoethoxy)benzene-1,4-diamine (I) or 2-(2-{ethyl-[4-
(4-methylsulfonylphenylazo)phenyl]amino}ethoxy)benzene-1,4-diamine (II). Due to the bulky alicyclic structure of the
rosin, these polymers were highly sol. in org. solvents and could easily be processed by spin-coating into thin films of
high optical quality. Fabricated polymer films were very smooth, tough, adhesive to the substrate, and optically clear.
Second-order nonlinear optical coeffs. (d33) of the corona-poled films were 83 and 54 pm/V, resp., at the fundamental
wavelength of 1064 nm. Birefringences as high as 0.072 for PAI-I and 0.035 for PAI-II could be induced and erased
repeatedly by the irradn. of linearly polarized and circularly polarized 532-nm light, resp.
~3 Citings
83. Polarization holography reveals the nature of the grating in polymers containing azo-dye
By Blanche, P.-A.; Lemaire, P. C.; Maertens, C.; Dubois, P.; Jerome, R.
From Optics Communications (2000), 185(1-3), 1-12. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI:10.1016/S0030-
4018(00)00975-5
To study the origin of reversible holog. recording in three polymers contg. the same azo-dye, the authors measured
the diffraction efficiency and analyzed the gratings characteristics for various writing beams polarizations. The
amplitude of the holog. grating, as well as the ratio between index and absorption modulations, have been
investigated by gratings shifting. The total amt. of diffracted power and the diffraction efficiency vs. the reading beam
polarization has been measured by non-degenerated four waves mixing. These expts. have revealed that the mol.
mechanisms of holog. recording in the studied compds. are different. The photoinduced orientation of the
chromophores is predominant for C6-C11-DMNPAA; so, in C11-C6-DMNPAA (DMNPAA: 2,5-dimethyl-4-(p-
nitrophenylazoanisole)), the refractive index variation comes from the presence of both trans- and cis populations
generated by photoisomerization. The behavior of the PVK:DMNPAA is included between these extreme cases since
both phenomena act.
~48 Citings
84. Photoinduced dichroism as a tool for understanding orientational mobility of photoisomerizable dyes in amorphous
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matrixes
By Fischer, M.; El Osman, A.; Blanche, P.-A.; Dumont, M.
From Synthetic Metals (2000), 115(1-3), 139-144. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI:10.1016/S0379-
6779(00)00335-0
In amorphous materials, the excitation of photoisomerizable dye mols. (most often azo dyes) by polarized light
induces a more or less permanent anisotropy (dichroism and birefringence). Photoinduced anisotropy (PIA) is the
result of the competition of three processes: (1) angular hole burning (AHB) by polarized light; (2) angular
redistribution (AR) during the photoisomerization, the lifetime of the photoisomer and the (spontaneous or
photoinduced) return to the stable isomeric structure; (3) thermal diffusion in the ground state. Photoassisted elec.
poling (PAEP) and all-optical poling (AOP) proceed from the same mechanisms, but with different symmetries. In
order to study optical ordering mechanisms and to characterize materials for photonic applications, a multiple
wavelength exptl. setup is used for recording the dynamics of the growing and of the relaxation of photoinduced
dichroism. Results are interpreted with the help of a simple phenomenol. model based on diffusion and pumping
rates. Several examples are presented which illustrate the ability of this method for characterizing the orientational
behavior of dye mols.
~13 Citings
85. Large photoinduced birefringence in azo dye/polyion films assembled by electrostatic sequential adsorption
By Bian, Shaoping; He, Jin-An; Li, Lian; Kumar, Jayant; Tripathy, Sukant K.
From Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2000), 12(16), 1202-1205. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1002/1521-4095(200008)12:16<1202::AID-ADMA1202>3.0.CO;2-C
A large photoinduced birefringence (PIB) (Δn ∼10-1) in thin films fabricated by electrostatic sequential adsorption of
Congo red (CR)/poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) films was reported. The PIB in this composite assembly does
not show any relaxation. The formation of this large birefringence is attributed to the polarization selective
photodegrdn. of the azo dyes, a photochem. reaction that occurs at visible wavelength within the matrix of the
polyelectrolyte. The investigations on photoinduced absorption change, dichroism, Raman and IR spectra adsorption
support the conclusion. Photoinduced alignment of azobenzene chromophores results in only a small contribution to
the birefringence.
~34 Citings
86. Study on dynamics of laser-induced birefringence in azo dye doped polymer films
By Ono, H.; Kowatari, N.; Kawatsuki, N.
From Optical Materials (Amsterdam) (2000), 15(1), 33-39. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1016/S0925-3467(00)00016-1
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Dynamics of laser-induced birefringence in azo dye doped polymer films were investigated with high accuracy. There
were three kinds of response time in both rise and decay curves. The three-step process originating in photochem.
and photothermal properties in the azo dye doped polymer was presented and the exptl. results were discussed on
the basis of the three-step mechanism. The response characteristics were strongly dependent on the glass transition
temps. (Tg) of the azo dye doped polymers although the glass transition temps. were considerably higher than the
measured temp. These exptl. results also support the three-step mechanism qual.
~14 Citings
87. Enhanced photoinduced nematic reorientation in mixture with azo-dye-substituted polymer

By Parfenov, A.; Chrzanowska, A.
From Los Alamos National Laboratory, Preprint Archive, Physics (2000), 1-11, arXiv:physics/0002052. Language:
English, Database: CAPLUS
The optically induced reorientation of nematic liq. crystal doped with azo-dye-substituted polymer is studied measuring
photoinduced birefringence. These measurement reveal the value (Δn∼0.1) of induced birefringence of liq. crystal
with dye polymer which significantly exceeds the value of birefringence previously obtained in nematic mixt. with the
low mol. wt. dye. >1 order of enhancement is connected with lower diffusivity of polymer.
~0 Citings
88. Enhanced photoinduced nematic reorientation in mixture with azo-dye-substituted polymer

By Parfenov, Alexander V.; Chrzanowska, Agneshka
From Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering (2000), 3955(Liquid Crystal Materials,
Devices, and Flat Panel Displays), 26-32. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS
The optically induced reorientation of nematic liq. crystal doped with azo-dye substituted polymer is studied measuring
photoinduced birefringence. These measurement reveal the value (Δn ∼ 0.1) of induced birefringence of liq. crystal
with dye polymer which significantly exceeds the value of birefringence previously obtained in nematic mixt. with the
low mol. wt. dye. More than 1 order of enhancement is connected with lower diffusivity of polymer. Applications for
fiber all-optical switch and nonlinear filtering are suggested.
~1 Citing
89. Photoinduced birefringence and diffraction efficiency in azo dye doped or grafted polymers: theory versus
experiment of the temperature influence
By Blanche, P.-A.; Lemaire, Ph. C.; Maertens, C.; Dubois, P.; Jerome, R.
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From Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical Physics (2000), 17(5), 729-740. Language: English,
Database: CAPLUS, DOI:10.1364/JOSAB.17.000729
The effect was studied of temp. on photoinduced birefringence and on the diffraction efficiency of poly(N-
vinylcarbazole) contg. azo dye 2,5-dimethyl-4-(p-nitrophenylazoanisole) (DMNPAA) as dopant (15%) or polyacrylates
with both N-vinylcarbazole and DMNPAA as side chains. Two theor. models are outlined to explain the increase in
birefringence and diffraction efficiency when temp. decreased. The models are based on the statistical angular
distribution of the chromophores, that depends on the intensity of the polarized laser beam, counteracted by thermal
agitation.
~23 Citings
90. Phenomenon of oversaturation of induced birefringence in solid polymeric solutions of azo dyes
By Ermakov, V. M.; Trofimov, O. S.
From Ukrains'kii Fizichnii Zhurnal (1999), 44(10), 1207-1210. Language: Ukrainian, Database: CAPLUS
The theory explaining the phenomenon of oversatn. of induced double refraction is proposed. According to it, the
effect is stimulated by retardation of the induction of local deformation of film near azo-dye mols. The local
deformation induces the opposite transition of azo dye mols. from cis-form to trans-form. The nonlinear equations
describing the kinetics of induction and relaxation of double refraction were obtained. The theory also explains other
exptl. results.
~0 Citings
91. Phase polarization holographic diffraction gratings in azodye-doped gelatine thin films
By Naydenova, I.; Todorov, T.; Petrova, Tz.; Tomova, N.; Dragostinova, V.
Edited By:Marshall, Joe M
From Thin Film Materials and Devices--Developments in Science and Technology, Proceedings of the International
School on Condensed Matter Physics, 10th, Varna, Bulg., Sept. 1-4, 1998 (1999), 509-512. Language: English,
Database: CAPLUS
Azodye-polymers (guest-host systems and copolymers) are known for their large photoinduced birefringences.
Guest-host systems, however, cannot be used for holog. optical elements, because of their limited memory time. In
the copolymers, the appearance of surface relief, in addn. to the anisotropic gratings, disturbs the specific polarization
properties. In this paper, we present the results of an investigation of phase pure polarization holog. diffraction
gratings, recorded in thin gelatine films doped with the azodye pure mordant yellow (PMY). The grating area was 1
cm2, the spectral range was 500-1500 nm and the diffraction efficiency in the spectral max. was up to 50%. For
humidities less than 40%, the gratings were stable for more than 6 mo. We believe that the stability is due to stable
metal complexes formed between the mordant dye and Cr+3 used for hardening the gelatine.
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~0 Citings
92. Quantitative characteristics of light-induced anisotropy in media based on azo dyes with orientational cis-trans
isomerization
By Shatalin, I. D.
From Optika i Spektroskopiya (1998), 85(5), 844-847. Language: Russian, Database: CAPLUS
Photoinduced anisotropy was studied in dyes with orientational cis-trans isomerization. Anomalous dispersion of
photoinduced birefringence was obsd. A dependence of absorption coeff. change on the angle of elliptically polarized
incident light was studied in three orthogonal directions. A relationship was found of conservation of vol. of the
absorption indicatrix during exposure with actinic radiation wavelength.
~0 Citings
93. Temperature variation of the photoinduced birefringence of an azo dye doped polymer
From Polymer Engineering and Science (1999), 39(3), 406-412. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1002/pen.11429
The influence of the temp. on the photoinduced birefringence on an azo dye doped polymer film has been studied.
Sample is composed of a polymer matrix PVK (Poly(N-vinylcarbazole)), doped with 10 wt. percent (wt%) of the
birefringent mol. DMNPAA (2,5-dimethyl-4-(p-nitrophenylazo)anisole) and 30 wt% of ECZ (N-ethylcarbazole) which
acts as a plasticizer. Theor. results can explain the behavior of the amplitude of the photoinduced birefringence vs.
temp. Exptl. and theor. results are compared. Holog. recording expts. based on photoinduced birefringence have
been carried out. Based on the effect of temp., we have been able to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency of
our sample.
~7 Citings
94. Integrated optical polarization splitter based on photobleaching-induced birefringence in azo dye polymers
By Lee, Sang-Shin; Garner, Sean; Steier, William H.; Shin, Sang-Yung
An integrated optical polarization splitter was fabricated by using the photobleaching-induced birefringence in an azo
dye polymer. It consists of a Y-branch waveguide formed by the reactive ion etching with one of the two arms
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photobleached. The refractive index of the photobleached arm is decreased for the TE mode and increased for the
TM mode. The performance of the splitter was measured as a function of the energy of the photobleaching beam and
compared to a wave propagation simulation of the device. The measured cross talks are <-28 dB for the TM mode
and -24 dB for the TE mode at a wavelength of 1310 nm. The measured excess losses for the TE and TM modes,
which measure the effect of the Y branch and the photobleaching, are 0.3 and 0.4 dB, resp. The insertion loss was 5
dB, which includes the input fiber to waveguide coupling loss. The device used polymer PMMA-DR1 (IBM Almaden),
with poly(Me methacrylate) backbone and Disperse Red 1 sidechain moieties, on a silicon substrate and a cladding
layer of UV-15LV UV-curable epoxy (Master Bond Inc.).
~14 Citings
95. Lightfast optical recording medium including cationic azo dye and showing low jitter
By Shinkai, Masahiro; Kobe, Emiko
From Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho (1999), JP 11028865 A 19990202, Language: Japanese, Database: CAPLUS
The recording medium comprises a recording layer contg. an azo dye I (Q1 = 5- or 6-membered arom. azacycle; Q2 =
arom. ring; R1 = alkyl; X- = counter anion) whose birefringence at 635 nm has a real part (n) 2.0-2.8 and imaginary
part (k) ≤0.4.
~3 Citings
96. Spectroscopic investigation of matrix-macromolecule interaction: azo dyes in hybrid polymers

By Materny, A.; Bohm, N.; Kiefer, W.
From Recent Research Developments in Macromolecules Research (1997), 2, 61-79. Language: English, Database:
CAPLUS
We report results of the investigation of thermal as well as photoactivated cis-trans isomerization of C.I. Disperse Red
1 (DR1) in hybrid polymers. In order to investigate the influence of the matrix-chromophore interaction, we employ
DR1-doped and DR1 methacrylate-functionalized systems using three kinds of matrixes with different rigidity.
Transient absorption spectroscopy is employed in order to measure the reaction kinetics of the thermal isomerization
for the different matrixes. In most of the cases the thermal decay of the cis-isomers can be fitted by a sum of two first-
order reactions, a slow and a fast one, which are interpreted on the basis of rotational and translational relaxation
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processes of chain segments. It can be shown that the rate consts. of the two processes increase and the fraction of
the fast reacting cis isomers (xb) decreases with increasing rigidity of the matrix. The apparent influence of the matrix
rigidity on xb (which is assocd. with the cooperative translational movement of chain segments) is greater in the doped
systems than in the functionalized ones due to a more rigid org. network. Chromophores which are freely distributed
in a polymer can be more easily enclosed in the synthesis, thus being less disturbing in the build-up process of the
org. polymer. The polymer around the chromophore is more regular and a cooperative translational motion of
adjacent chain segments is more likely. By means of dichroism and birefringence measurements on DR1 in hybrid
polymers, writing, erasing, and rewriting processes are performed on the polymer films at temps. ranging from 50 to
300 K. Two processes are recognized, the photochem. cis-trans isomerization of the dye mols. and a thermal motion
of the photoactive chromophore inside the surrounding matrix. By comparing results obtained from the different
network systems we find that the main parameter correlated with the extent of induced anisotropy is the degree of
mobility of the chromophore within the surrounding matrix.
~0 Citings
97. Kinetic characteristics of light induced anisotropy and mechanisms of the molecular alignment in azo dye
containing polymer films
By Puchkovs'ka, G. A.; Reshetnyak, V. Yu.; Tereshchenko, A. G.; Yaroshchuk, O. V.; Lindau, J.
From Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology, Section A: Molecular Crystals and Liquid
Crystals (1998), 321, 475-487. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS
Induction and relaxation of optical anisotropy in azobenzene contg. polymer films under the action of polarized UV-
light irradn. are studied by polarization UV and IR spectroscopy methods. The dependence of anisotropy relaxation
on the exposure conditions is established. The results are interpreted supposing the partial ordering of main-chains
fragments in irradiated films. A theor. model explaining exptl. results is developed.
~0 Citings
98. Limiting factor of the diffraction efficiency in azo dye doped polymers
From Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering (1998), 3417(Photopolymer Device
Physics, Chemistry and Applications IV), 131-140. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS
Theor. models were used to study the photoinduced reorientation of azo-dye mols. in polymers and the related
macroscopic effects on diffraction efficiency and photoinduced birefringence. Measurements were carried out for
three 2,5-dimethyl-4-(p-nitrophenylazo)anisole (DMNPAA)-doped poly(N-vinyl carbazole), and copolymers of ω-(N-
carbazolyl)alkyl methacrylate and [4-(11-methacryloyl alkyl-oxy)-2,5-dimethylphenyl](4-nitrophenyl)diazene, where the
spacers are n = 6, 11, which show different behavior according to writing beam intensity and sample temp. The
limiting factor for the amplitude of the diffraction efficiency is the temp. of the sample, whereas the sensitivity of the
compds. seems to be only driven by the nature of the dye.
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~4 Citings
99. Investigation of the photoinduced optical anisotropy of azo dye mesophases

By Hahn, Ch.; Spring, I.; Thunig, C.; Platz, G.; Wokaun, A.
From Langmuir (1998), 14(24), 6871-6878. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI:10.1021/LA980480W
The photoinduced optical anisotropy of novel aq. azo dye systems which form chromonic mesophases upon addn. of
methanol or sodium chloride was investigated. The phases were characterized between crossed polarizers. For
further characterization rheol. and holog. transient relaxation expts. were carried out. Distinctive differences in the
hologram formation and decay were found for phases which exhibit the same texture in polarization microscopy. The
generated holog. gratings could be assigned to either photoinduced phase transitions or an alignment of optical axes.
In the present study we conc. on a comparison of phases with the same macroscopic birefringence; results are
discussed in comparison with models in the literature.
~9 Citings
100. Simultaneous measurements of complex birefringence in azo dye doped polymer films induced by linearly
polarized light
By Ono, Hiroshi; Kowatari, Nozomu
From Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics (1998), 31(13), 1511-1515. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1088/0022-3727/31/13/003
A complex birefringence originating in a photoinduced alignment of azo dye (4-[N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-Et]amino-4'-

nitroazobenzene (disperse red 1)) mols. in the polymer matrix poly(Me methacrylate) (PMMA) was detd. with a Mach-
Zehnder interferometric method. The complex birefringence was proportional to the intensity of the pump beam. The
abs. value of the imaginary part was about half as large as the real part, although the imaginary part of the linear
refractive index is negligibly small. Probably the contributions of the real and imaginary parts of the complex
birefringence should be obsd. sep. even in the off-resonant case.
~3 Citings
101. Excitation transfer from azo dye to nematic host during photoisomerization
By Galstyan, T. V.; Saad, B.; Denariez-Roberge, M. M.
From Journal of Chemical Physics (1997), 107(22), 9319-9325. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1063/1.475228
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Dynamic holog. and polarimetric techniques are used to study the photoisomerization kinetics of D2 bisazo dye and
the excitation transfer from dye to nematic liq. crystal host. As a result of this transfer, transient modulation of the
orientational order parameter, three-dimensional long-scale mol. transient rotation and equilibrated two-dimensional
mol. rotations are identified in the host. Amplified rotation of nematic mols. is obsd. which is much more efficient for
the dye photoexcitation with a wavelength in the red rather than in the blue side of its absorption band. The possible
role of dye photoisomerization mechanism in these processes is discussed. The dynamic character of the dye
induced torque and the presence of long-living intermediate states during photoisomerization and their diffusion are
suggested.
~39 Citings
102. Polarized light-induced birefringence in azo dye doped polymer: a new model and polarized holographic
experiments
From Optics Communications (1997), 139(1,2,3), 92-98. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1016/S0030-4018(96)00773-0
The photoinduced birefringence of azo dye DMNPAA (2,5-dimethyl-4-(p-nitrophenylazo)anisole) in thin-film PVK

(poly(N-vinylcarbazole)) was reported. A two-layer model of the film was proposed to take into account the different
results obtained in photoinduced birefringence expts. According to the model, the sample exhibits intrinsic
birefringence but the absorbed light can induce orientation of the optically active mols. contained in the first layer of
the film, leading to photoinduced birefringence. Holog. expts. were carried out in this media with recording at 514 nm
and readout at 633 nm. Diffraction efficiency vs. polarization showed that these polymers can record polarization
states as well as intensity patterns.
~27 Citings
103. Light-induced birefringence modulation in dye-doped liquid crystals

By Kato, Jun-ichi; Yamaguchi, Ichirou
From Reza Kagaku Kenkyu (1996), 18, 116-118. Language: Japanese, Database: CAPLUS
Light-induced birefringence modulation in dye-doped liq. crystals was studied for improving its performance in
nonlinear spatial filtering. The dependence of the polarization state of the transmitted light on the input beam power
was exptl. studied with the rotating analyzer method for the cells of different thickness. Thinner cells show better
performances in the suppression of higher power component and the response time.
~0 Citings

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104. Study on photoinduced birefringence in acceptor-donor azo dye doped in polymer

By Bao, Xinxian; Li, Chunfei
From Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering (1996), 2852(Nonlinear Optical
Properties of Organic Materials IX), 89-96. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS
Nonresonant photoinduced birefringence of an acceptor-donor azo dye doped in poly(Me methacrylate) film was
studied by degenerate four-wave mixing and Z-scan methods with a He-Ne laser. The sample has appreciable large
third-order nonlinear susceptibility and polarization sensitivity. The nonlinear mechanism of the material originates
from photoinduced birefringence of polar azo mol.
~0 Citings
105. Photoinduced dichroism and birefringence in azo-dye/polymer materials

By Ivanov, M.; Nikolova, L.; Todorov, T.; Tomova, N.; Dragostinova, V.
From Electronic & Electrical Engineering Research Studies, Electronic Materials Series (1995), 1(Electronic,
Optoelectronic and Magnetic Thin Films), 307-310. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS
The photoinduced anisotropy in films of the azo-dye Mordant Pure Yellow, introduced in a poly(vinyl alc.) matrix is
investigated. The photodichroism and photoinduced birefringence are measured in real time for two wavelengths -
488nm (in the absorption band) and 633nm (aside from it), on excitation with an Ar laser beam. It is shown that strong
dichroism is induced without changing the av. optical d. of the film, and the change kinetics of birefringence differs
substantially from the change in dichroism. The conclusion is made that the photoprocesses, taking place in the dye
result in restructuring of the matrix.
~1 Citing
106. Photoinduced optical anisotropy of a polymer solution of azo-dye methyl red

By Gaididei, Yu. B.; Trofimov, A. S.; Prikhot'ko, A. F.; Pavloshchuk, V. A.; Tereshchenko, A. G.; Shansky, L. I.
From Ukrains'kii Fizichnii Zhurnal (1995), 40(1-2), 37-42. Language: Ukrainian, Database: CAPLUS
A study is made of guidance and relaxation of an optical anisotropy (dichroic splitting and birefringence) in a polymer
soln. of azo-dye methyl red (MR) in polyvinylcynnamate (PVC) under excitation by polarized light in the MR color
band. Photoresponse of the optical d. of a specimen in the trans-mols. color band is divided into an isotropic
component (clearance) and anisotropic (dichroic splitting) one related to decreasing the no. of trans-mols. and their
reorientation, resp. Observation time of the quasi-stationary response values is inversely proportional to the intensity
of the inducing beam. The quasi-stationary value of the anisotropic part of photoresponse is linear at low intensities of
the inducing beam and reveals satn. at high intensities. The rate of a dark relaxation of the guided photoresponse
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increases with a growth of the intensity of the inducing beam.
~1 Citing
107. Stability of photoinduced orientation of an azo compound into a high-Tg polymer

By Natansohn, A.; Rochon, P.; Barrett, C.; Hay, A.
From Chemistry of Materials (1995), 7(9), 1612-15. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1021/cm00057a006
Optically induced birefringence on films contg. Disperse Red 1 (DR1) doped into poly(Me methacrylate) (pMMA) and
into a very high-glass-temp. (Tg) polyether-polyketone (pASH) is compared with birefringence induced in films of a
copolymer and a blend contg. a similar azo moiety in the side chain. The level of the induced birefringence depends
mainly on the film absorbance, as expected. The stability of the induced birefringence in the absence of illumination
depends on the difference between room temp. (at which the expt. is performed) and the Tg of the material. Doping
DR1 in a polymer depress the material Tg, producing a material that loses the birefringence very fast when the matrix
is pMMA. All other materials, including pASH doped with DR1, show the usual high stability of the induced
birefringence. Hence, doped high-Tg polymers may be as suitable for reversible optical storage materials as the
previously reported copolymers and blends, which had the azo moiety bound on the side chain.
~44 Citings
108. Photoinduced optical anisotropy in molecular structures on the basis of azo dyes
By Prikhot'ko, A. F.; Tereshchenko, A. G.; Shanskii, L. I.
From Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii (1995), 62(1), 72-6. Language: Russian, Database: CAPLUS
An investigation is performed into specific features of induction by polarized light of optical anisotropy in polymer
solns. and azo dye films on the basis of the consideration of the dichroism and birefringence phenomenon.
Azobenzene and 4-amino-4'-nonylaminoazobenzene were studied in poly(Me methacrylate) or in the form of
Langmuir-Blodgett films. Kinetics of such processes is studied and and attempt is made for refining possible
mechanisms of this phenomenon.
~1 Citing
109. Photoinduced dichroism and birefringence in films of Mordant Pure Yellow/poly(vinyl alcohol): simultaneous real-
time investigations at two wavelengths
By Ivanov, M.; Nikolova, L.; Todorov, T.; Tomova, N.; Dragostinova, V.
From Optical and Quantum Electronics (1994), 26(11), 1013-18. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
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DOI:10.1007/BF00305001
Photoinduced anisotropy in films of azo dye Mordant Pure Yellow dissolved in poly(vinyl alc.) matrix was studied. The
photodichroism and photoinduced birefringence are measured in real time for 2 wavelengths, 488 nm (in the
absorption band) and 633 nm (outside it), on excitation with an Ar+ laser beam. Strong dichroism is induced without
changing the av. absorbance of the film, and the kinetic curves of the birefringence and the dichroism are substantially
different. The photoprocesses of the dye mols. cause a reconstruction of the matrix.
~14 Citings
110. Room-Temperature Photoinduced Poling and Thermal Poling of a Rigid Main-Chain Polymer with Polar Azo Dyes
in the Side Chain
By Sekkat, Z.; Kang, C.-S.; Aust, E. F.; Wegner, G.; Knoll, W.
From Chemistry of Materials (1995), 7(1), 142-7. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI:10.1021/cm00049a022
We report on room-temp. photoinduced poling (PIP) and thermal poling (TP) of a new arom. polyester based on
terephthaloyl chloride, 2,5-bis(hexadecyloxy)terephthaloyl chloride, and a C.I. Disperse Red 1-based ester of 3,5-
dihydroxybenzoic acid (DR1-polyester). The exptl. findings are discussed within the framework of our phenomenol.
theory of the PIP process. The mol. order created by TP is more efficient and more stable than that created by PIP
and shows that PIP cannot induce a conformational change in the rigid main chains of this DR1-polyester. This may
originate from the importance of the free vol. in the DR1-polyester or from the inability of the main chains to move with
the photoinduced movement of the azo chromophores they are covalently linked to. The evolution of the polar
orientation during PIP is probed by the electrooptic Pockels effect using an attenuated total reflection setup.
~42 Citings
111. Yellow functional dyes derived from 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethanes

By Zhenyi, Mu; Mingshi, Dai; Yuhai, Chen
From Dyes and Pigments (1994), 25(3), 241-8. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI:10.1016/0143-
7208(94)85013-5
A series of yellow dyes derived from 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane and acetoacetanilide derivs. was synthesized. The
flow birefringent properties of the dyes are studied. The chem. structure of the dyes, and the concn., viscosity, and
temp. of dye solns. all influenced the flow birefringent properties. New birefringent compds. are obtained.
~1 Citing

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112. Liquid crystal dyes with high solubility and large dielectric anisotropy
By Wu, Shintson; Margerum, J. David; Ho, Meising; Fung, Bing M.
From Applied Physics Letters (1994), 64(17), 2191-3. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI:10.1063/1.111669
Several new liq.-cryst. dyes (p-CnH2n+1NHC6H4N:NC6H4NO2-p, n = 4-14) were synthesized and their phys.
properties characterized. These dyes exhibit an excellent soly. in nematic liq. crystals, high birefringence, and huge
dielec. anisotropy. High soly. results from their small enthalpy of fusion and relatively low m.p., high birefringence from
their long mol. conjugation, and huge dielec. anisotropy from their large dipole moment. Potential use of these dyes in
IR and millimeter wave liq. crystal modulators is emphasized.
~8 Citings
113. Enhanced optical modulation using azo-dye polymers

By Yacoubian, Araz; Aye, Tin M.
The performance of the conventional azo-dye polymer modulation system is compared with that of the recently
developed attenuated-total-reflection (ATR) dye-polymer modulation techniques. Expts. based on Fabry-Perot
resonance shifting in ATR geometry indicate that the modulation parameters, namely, speed, contrast, and efficiency,
are enhanced. Although the dye-polymer response still remains fairly slow, ATR methods provide substantial
improvement over the existing system. An all-optic long-range surface-plasmon azo-dye polymer modulation system
is also proposed. Computer simulation of the reflectance and the photoinduced resonance shifting suggest that the
proposed system can be used effectively for all-optic modulation. Some of the limitations of both systems and a
practical application of the ATR modulation methods are discussed.
~30 Citings
114. Alignment control of a liquid crystal on a photosensitive poly(vinyl alcohol) film

By Imura, Yasufumi; Kusano, Junichi; Kobayashi, Shunsuke; Aoyagi, Yoshinobu; Sugano, Takuo
From Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Part 2: Letters (1993), 32(1A-B), L93-L96. Language: English, Database:
CAPLUS
The photoinduced optical anisotropy of an azo dye-doped poly(vinyl alc.) film was used for controlling the azimuthal
alignment of a liq. crystal. The dynamic behaviors of the optical transmission of the film and of a liq. crystal layer
aligned on the film are studied using linearly polarized pumping (Ar+ laser) and probing (He-Ne laser) beams. The
azo dye-doped poly(vinyl alc.) film memorizes the information on the polarization direction of the exciting laser beam
and the resulting anisotropy induced in the film causes adjacent liq. crystal mols. on the film to rotate azimuthally.
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~2 Citings
115. Polarization photoimaging at partially polarized light beams (photopolarimetry)

By Vardosanidze, Z. V.
From Pis'ma v Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki (1992), 18(2), 52-6. Language: Russian, Database: CAPLUS
Polarization sensitivity was studied of Mordant Pure Yellow in gelatin film. A dependence was obtained of
photoinduced birefringence and photoinduced dichroism of the dye on polarization degree of the actinic light.
Photoimages of some objects emitting partially polarized light were produced on these films.
~0 Citings
116. Photoinduced refractive index changes and birefringence in an optically nonlinear polyester
By Shi, Yongqiang; Steier, William H.; Yu, Luping; Chen, Mai; Dalton, Larry R.
From Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering (1991), 1559(Photopolym. Device Phys.,
Chem., Appl. 2), 118-26. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS
Photoinduced refractive index change and birefringence were studied in a nonlinear polyester with Disperse Red 19
side groups. This material showed sizable second-order nonlinear optical properties when poled under an intense
elec. field. In addn., under UV or short wavelength visible light illumination, large photoinduced refractive index
changes were measured in the near-IR region. With linearly polarized light illumination, large photoinduced
birefringence was also exhibited in the thin films of this polymer. Structures, such as birefringent gratings, thin film
waveplates, and optical waveguides, were generated by the photoexposure method. A simple theor. model is
presented to investigate the relation between the photoinduced birefringence and the refractive index change.
~0 Citings
117. Temperature dependence of photoinduced anisotropy in rigid solutions of azo dyes

By Mateev, V.; Markovskii, P.; Nikolova, L.; Todorov, T.
From Journal of Physical Chemistry (1992), 96(7), 3055-8. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1021/j100186a051
The temp. dependence of the photoinduced dichroism and birefringence in rigid solns. of azo dyes in polymer
matrixes is investigated. A specific behavior of the birefringence, resulting from the temp. gradient, is demonstrated
for the first time. The exptl. results are described qual. by numerical results from a theor. model of the
photoprocesses. The influence of the temp., changing the polymer matrix state, on the rate consts. of trans-cis and
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cis-trans photoisomerization is shown.
~18 Citings
118. Large photoinduced birefringence in an optically nonlinear polyester polymer

By Shi, Yongqiang; Steier, William H.; Yu, Luping; Chen, Mai; Dalton, Larry R.
From Applied Physics Letters (1991), 59(23), 2935-7. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI:10.1063/1.105828
A nonlinear optical polyester with Disperse Red side groups exhibited a stable photoinduced birefringence, from 0.14
at 850 nm to 0.21 at 633 nm, after exposure to linearly polarized short-wavelength visible or UV light. Thin-film wave
plates, birefringent diffraction gratings and waveguides were written in this polymer using photoexposure. Thin-film
wave plates of <1 μm thickness showed >π/4 phase delay and good temporal stability. A 9:1 diffraction efficiency ratio
of the 2 polarization eigenmodes was measured from thin birefringent gratings. This ratio is in agreement with the
theor. prediction obtained using a simple 3-level model.
~58 Citings
119. Polarization effects in photoisomerization of azo dyes in polymeric films

By Sekkat, Z.; Dumont, M.
From Applied Physics B: Photophysics and Laser Chemistry (1991), B53(2), 121-3. Language: English, Database:
CAPLUS, DOI:10.1007/BF00325543
The reversible cis-trans photoisomerization of Disperse Red 1 (DR1) in PMMA thin films is polarization sensitive. This
new property of dye-doped polymeric films could lead to practical applications in integrated optics. A simple mol.
interpretation is given. Illumination of a DR1 sample by polarization fringes produces a grating of mol. orientation
capable of diffracting a probe beam.
~5 Citings
120. Recording reversible patterns in polymer lightguides

By Lueckemeyer, T.; Kulisch, J. R.; Franke, H.
From Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering (1990), 1281(Opt. Interconnect.
Networks), 191-9. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS
Polymer lightguides of PMMA, doped with azo dyes are investigated with respect to their optoptical or all optical
properties. The trans-cis photoisomerization of the azo dye mols. leads to a reasonable polarization dependent
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birefringence. This azo dye system is taken as an example for a bifunctional dye system; by adding a UV
photorefractive material, a combination of UV-structurability and photoinduced reversible birefringence can be
obtained.
~0 Citings
121. Photoinduced phase modulation in PMMA lightguides doped with an azo dye
By Lueckemeyer, T.; Franke, H.; Frank, W. F. X.
From Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering (1990), 1213(Photopolym. Device Phys.,
Chem., Appl.), 126-36. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS
Polymer waveguides of PMMA, doped with azo dyes were investigated with respect to their optooptical or all optical
properties. The trans-cis photoisomerization of the azo dyes leads to reasonable polarization dependent optically
induced refractive index changes. These were studied in planar waveguides and in leaky guides. With light at the
absorption edge, all optical properties were studied leading to a possible application as bistable device.
~0 Citings
122. Optically-controlled photoinduced birefringence in photoanisotropic materials

By Nikolova, L.; Markovski, P.; Tomova, N.; Dragostinova, V.; Mateva, N.
From Journal of Modern Optics (1988), 35(11), 1789-99. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1080/09500348814551961
A theor. and exptl. investigation was made of the possibility of controlling the photo-induced birefringence in photo-
anisotropic materials by means of irradn. with a suitably chosen addnl. light. The applicability of the method was estd.
by a consideration of the parameters of the optically and thermally activated processes taking place in the materials.
The exptl. results obtained in layers of rigid PMMA solns. of azo dyes confirmed the practical feasibility of such optical
control.
~28 Citings
123. Photoinduced optical anisotropy in multilayer Langmuir films

By Kozenkov, V. M.; Yudin, S. G.; Katyshev, E. G.; Palto, S. P.; Lazareva, V. T.; Barachevskii, V. A.
From Pis'ma v Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki (1986), 12(20), 1267-72. Language: Russian, Database: CAPLUS
A strong photoinduced optical anisotropy (Δn = 0.23) was obsd. in 1000-2000 Å thick multilayer Langmuir-Blodgett
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films of azo dyes I (R(1) = Me(CH2)17O, Me(CH2)17NH; R(2) = CN, NO2) which were deposited on fused quartz
substrates. The optical indicatrix became biaxial upon irradn. with linearly polarized light in the region of I absorption
(400-520 nm). Relaxation studies showed that the effect is caused by the induced orientational rearrangement of the
absorption center.
~9 Citings
124. Birefringence-free plastics for liquid-crystal displays

By Claussen, Uwe; Hannes, Hellmut; Weber, Hans Leo
From U.S. (1985), US 4544583 A 19851001, Language: English, Database: CAPLUS
A birefringence-free arrangement of plastic films is used in a liq.-crystal display in which polarized light is used. Two
birefringent plastic films, having similar optical path differences and optical axes parallel to the film planes, are
arranged to form an angle between the optical axes of 90 ± 7° and bonded with a 2-component reactive adhesive
having the same refractive index as the plastic films, e.g., polyurethane. This film will pass plane polarized light. The
plastic film is preferably polycarbonate or a cast plastic contg. >10 wt.% polycarbonate having a wt. av. mol. wt. of
75,000-110,000. Surfaces are treated for scratch resistance by coating with a halogenated compds., Li-contg.
polymer, polyacrylate, or polymethacrylate or by surface crosslinking. A pleochroic dye, e.g., an azo or anthraquinone
dye, is dissolved in the liq.-crystal material. Thus, a transparent optically uniaxial 150-μm-thick coating film was
obtained from a 15% bisphenol A polycarbonate CH2Cl2 soln. Two film sections arranged as stated showed a dark
background under a polarization microscope between crossed polarizers. The indication effect from the birefringence
of a nematic phase induced by an elec. field can be obsd. without interference.
~4 Citings
125. Reversible Weigert effect

By Ebralidze, T. D.; Mumladze, A. N.; Kalandarishvili, T. V.
From Optika i Spektroskopiya (1985), 58(5), 1074-6. Language: Russian, Database: CAPLUS
Interference effects were studied in gelatin with implanted azo dyes-stilbene derivs. with photoinduced properties of
reverse birefringence. The obsd. reversible Weigert effect shows the possibility to produce a record on one and the
same part of material twice treated in different time moments by optical signals such that later it is possible to read
each signal and realized interference between them.
~1 Citing
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126. Birefringence of peroxidase and azo dye stains

By Kaplow, Leonard S.
From Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry (1970), 18(7), 515-17. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS,
DOI:10.1177/18.7.515
The final reaction product in the demonstration of myeloperoxidase activity by the oxidn. of benzidine and many azo
dyes formed in the cytochem. and histochem. localization of phosphatases and esterases is birefringent. The degree
of birefringence varied with the staining reagents used and was dependent more upon the diazonium salt than on the
substrate. These findings have potential practical application in detecting weak activity of peroxidase and other
enzymes demonstrable by azo dye techniques; it may be possible to differentiate nonspecific staining from true
enzymic staining by this approach.
~0 Citings
127. The crystal-optical constants of pigment dyes in relation to technical properties. I

By Riskin, I.; Zimatskaya, T.
From Zhurnal Prikladnoi Khimii (Sankt-Peterburg, Russian Federation) (1940), 13, 1596-1601(in French, 1601).
Language: Unavailable, Database: CAPLUS
Eleven pigments of azo, indanthrene, algol and nitro dye groups were used. All the pigments were anisotropic and
had high indexes of refraction, no. Insol. azo dye pigments had high double refraction. The detn. of optical consts.
can be used (together with other methods) for identification of the pigment. The covering power of pigments is directly
proportional to no.
~0 Citings
128. Photoinduced anisotropy: new photopolarimetric setup for real-time measurements

By Nikolova L; Todorov T; Sharlandjiev P; Stoyanov S
From Applied optics (1992), 31(31), 6698-701, Language: English, Database: MEDLINE
We describe an experimental set up that measures material optical anisotropy and its eventual evolution in real time.
The setup is based on a new photopolarimeter that measures the four Stokes parameters of quasi-monochromatic
light quickly and simultaneously. The photoinduced anisotropy in the material optical constants is determined from the
measured Stokes parameters. The features of the experimental setup are demonstrated by simultaneous
measurement of the photoinduced changes in dichroism and birefringence of layers of rigid solutions of azodyes in
polymethyl methacrylate, for which it is known that linearly polarized light orients the dye molecules.
~0 Citings
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Copyright © 2012 U.S. National Library of Medicine.
129. Integrated optical polarization splitter based on photobleaching-induced birefringence in azo dye polymers
By Lee S S; Garner S; Steier W H; Shin S Y
An integrated optical polarization splitter has been fabricated by utilizing the photobleaching-induced birefringence in
an azo dye polymer. It consists of a Y-branch waveguide formed by the reactive ion etching with one of the two arms
photobleached. The refractive index of the photobleached arm is decreased for the TE mode and increased for the
TM mode. The performance of the splitter was measured as a function of the energy of the photobleaching beam and
compared to a wave propagation simulation of the device. The measured cross talks are less than -28 dB for the TM
mode and -24 dB for the TE mode at a wavelength of 1310 nm. The measured excess losses for the TE and TM
modes, which measure the effect of the Y branch and the photobleaching, are 0.3 and 0.4 dB, respectively. The
insertion loss was 5 dB, which includes the input fiber to waveguide coupling loss.
~0 Citings
130. High-efficiency holographic volume index gratings in DR1-dye-doped poly(methyl methacrylate)

By Zhang Weiya; Bian Shaoping; Kim Sun Il; Kuzyk Mark G
From Optics letters (2002), 27(13), 1105-7, Language: English, Database: MEDLINE
Holographic volume index gratings with high diffraction efficiency (greater than 80%) are recorded in a thick sample of
Disperse Red 1-doped poly(methyl methacrylate) with red light (647 nm), which is far away from the absorption peak
(488 nm) of the material. Measurements of photoinduced birefringence and polarization holography recording confirm
that the azo-dye reorientation mechanism is responsible for the grating formation. Energy coupling between the two
writing beams is observed even when the incident beams have equal intensity.
~0 Citings
131. Supramolecular order following binding of the dichroic birefringent sulfonic dye Ponceau SS to collagen fibers
By Vidal B C; Mello M L S
From Biopolymers (2005), 78(3), 121-8, Language: English, Database: MEDLINE
The optical anisotropies (linear dichroism or LD and birefringence) of crystalline aggregates of the sulfonic azo-dye
Ponceau SS and of dye complexed with chicken tendon collagen fibers were investigated in order to assess their
polarizing properties and similarity to liquid crystals. In some experiments, the staining was preceded by treatment
with picric acid. Crystalline fibrous aggregates of the dye had a negative LD, and their electronic transitions were
oriented perpendicular to the filamentary structures. The binding of Ponceau SS molecules to the collagen fibers
altered the LD signal, with variations in the fiber orientation affecting the resulting dichroic ratios. The long axis of the
rod-like dye molecule was assumed to be bound in register, parallel to the collagen fiber. Picric acid did not affect the
oriented binding of the azo dye to collagen fibers. There were differences in the optical anisotropy of Ponceau SS-
stained tendons from 21-day-old and 41-day-old chickens, indicating that Ponceau SS was able to distinguish
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between different ordered states of macromolecular aggregation in chicken tendon collagen fibers. In the presence of
dichroic rod-like azo-dye molecules such as Ponceau SS, collagen also formed structures with a much higher degree
of orientation. The presence of LD in the Ponceau SS-collagen complex even in unpolarized light indicated that this
complex can act as a polarizer.
~0 Citings
132. Photoinduced birefringence of azodye-doped materials by a femtosecond laser

By Si Jinhai; Qiu Jianrong; Guo Jiayu; Qian Guodong; Wang Minquan; Hirao Kazuyuki
Birefringence in azodye-doped polymethylmethacrylate and azodye-doped silica hybrid materials was induced by the
two-photon excitation of a femtosecond laser. The growth and the relaxation characteristics of the photoinduced
birefringence in the two types of material were investigated, and the probe transmittance for the induced birefringence
was estimated to be 92%. Furthermore, an optical image storage based on this photoinduced birefringence was
demonstrated.
~0 Citings
133. Birefringence of peroxidase and azo dye stains

By Kaplow L S
From The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society (1970), 18(7),
515-7, Language: English, Database: MEDLINE
~0 Citings

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2. Effects of block copolymer self-assembly on optical anisotropy in azobenzene-containing PS-b-PMMA films

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7. Photoinduced birefringence in azo-dye doped polyurethane

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12. Tunable transmission using azo-dye-doped amorphous polymer films

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13. Self-phase modulation in azo-dye-doped liquid crystal films

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16. Photoisomerization in Photoaligned Azo Dyes Exhibiting Photostability

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A series of spacer-free ionic azobenzene-contg.

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18. Dynamics of photoinduced dichroism and birefringence in optically thick azopolymers

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26. Trans-cis-trans photoisomerization as an all-optical switching in azo-dye-doped polymer waveguide

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30. Reversible birefringence in microstructures fabricated by two-photon absorption polymerization

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41. Birefringence of azo-dye doped nematic liquid crystals

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47. Light-induced patterning of azopolymer films: observation of Wood's anomalies

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48. Photoinduced birefringence in an azo-dye-doped polymer

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