Report 4 Waste Disposal

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Environment and Natural Resources

Asian Development Bank
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AEA Technology In Association With GlobalWorks • CalRecovery • ENR Consultants

METRO MANILA SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT PROJECT (TA 3848-PHI)
FINAL REPORT
REPORT No: 4
WASTE DISPOSAL
Project Team
Neil Varey, AEA Technology, Project Director

Luis F. Diaz, CalRecovery, Inc., Technical Team Leader
Nick Allen, GlobalWorks, Disposal & Sector Coordinator
Levi Buenafe, GlobalWorks, Institutional
Horace Crowe, AEA Technology, Institutional
Luis Diaz, CalRecovery, Inc., Medical Waste
Linda Eggerth, CalRecovery, Inc., Community Awareness
Grace Favila, ENR Consultants, Community Awareness
Manjit Kahlon, AEA Technology, Solid Waste
Roger Lopez, ENR Consultants, Social
Agnes Palacio, GlobalWorks, Financial
Richard Pook, AEA Technology, Financial
Reynor Rollan, ENR Consultants, Disposal
Joey Sta. Ana, GlobalWorks, Solid Waste
September 2003 (Revised)

ADB TA 3848-PHI: Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Project Final Report
Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..............................................................................................................................i
1. Introduction............................................................................................................................................. 1
2. Historical Perspective ............................................................................................................................. 2
3. Current Status ........................................................................................................................................ 5

3.1 Waste Disposal ................................................................................................................................. 5
3.2 Regulatory Framework............................................................................................................... 13
3.3 Institutional Framework................................................................................................................... 15
4. Existing Issues and Impacts................................................................................................................. 16

4.1 Existing Disposal Facilities ............................................................................................................. 16
4.2 Disposal Capacity Requirements ................................................................................................... 21
4.3 Regulatory Enforcement ................................................................................................................. 24
4.4 Institutions and Management ......................................................................................................... 24
5. Improvement Strategy .......................................................................................................................... 25

5.1 Dumpsite Improvements................................................................................................................. 25
5.2 Future Disposal Initiatives............................................................................................................... 29
5.3 Regulatory Strengthening .......................................................................................................... 32
5.4 Institutional Reform......................................................................................................................... 35
6. Summary of Recommendations........................................................................................................... 37
7. Limitations............................................................................................................................................. 39
Appendix 1 Dumpsite Assessments
Appendix 2.1 Summary of Pertinent Disposal Regulations
Appendix 2.2 Controlled Dumpsite Inspection Report

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report presents the results of a solid waste disposal assessment performed for Metro Manila1. It
summarizes the current status, highlights key issues and presents practical and measurable improvement
strategies. Action is needed immediately to avert another waste disposal crisis, reduce the acute public
health, environmental and social impacts caused by the existing dumpsites, and accelerate the transition to
properly designed regional sanitary landfill facilities.
Current Status FIGURE 1: DUMPSITE LOCATIONS
Metro Manila reportedly generates over 6,700 tonnes of

solid waste per day, approximately 5,600 tonnes of which
enters the municipal collection systems of the 17 cities
and municipalities. This waste is reportedly dumped at 9
dumpsites2 throughout Metro Manila. Figure 1 shows the
locations of many active and inactive dumpsites.
Six of the cities and municipalities operate their own

exclusive dumpsites (Figure 2). These are Quezon City,
Malabon, Valenzuela, Marikina, Caloocan and Las Pinas.
The remaining eleven contract out waste disposal to the
private sector. Most of this waste is reportedly dumped at
Rodriguez, and also at Tanza in the case of Manila and
Navotas. A portion of Caloocan waste also goes to
Rodriguez. There are also illicit private sites, such as at
Lupang Arenda on the north shore of Laguna De Bay.
F IG U R E 8
IN D IC A T IV E M E T R O M A N IL A W A S T E D IS P O S A L F L O W
WASTE DISPOSAL AT A GLANCE
1 ,3 0 0 T P D
Population: 12 million Q u e z o n C it y P a y a ta s
( S it e 1 )
Waste Generated: 6,720 tonnes per day 704 TP D

C it y o f M a n ila Tanza
Nearly 2.5 million tonnes per year ( S it e 6 )
Waste In Municipal System: 5,600 tonnes per day 96 TP D

Waste Transport: Primarily dump truck N a v o ta s Tanza
( S it e 6 )
Number of Dumpsites: Nine active dumpsites

210 TP D
M a la b o n C atm o n
( S it e 5 )
Many inactive (6 evaluated) 180 TP D
Most Waste Received: Payatas (1,300 tonnes per day) V a le n z u e la L in g u n a n
( S it e 4 )
Rodriguez (1,200 tonnes per day) 160 TP D D o n a P etr a
Cities Operating Dumpsite: Six operate their own dumpsites

M a r ik in a ( S it e 7 )
(C lo s u r e in P r o c e s s )
Engineering Controls: Rodriguez only site with controls C a lo o c a n

35 TP D
B ag um bong
Environmental Impacts: Dumpsites cause acute impacts ( S it e 3 )
Compliance with RA 9003: Widespread improvements needed 200 TP D

L a s P in a s P u la n g L u p a
( S it e 3 )
Remaining Dumpsite Life: Between 3 months and 4 years M u n t in lu p a

Remaining Capacity: Combined, likely less than 2 years P a s ig C it y
P ara na q ue
1 ,2 0 0 T P D
R o d r ig u e z
Number of Landfills: None developed M a k a ti
P a s ay
M a n d a luy o n g
T a g u ig U nk now n L up a ng
P atero s Arend a
San Juan (O t h er s )
1
Performed as part of Asian Development Bank TA 3848-PHI: Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Project.
2
These are Payatas (Quezon City), Tanza (Navotas), Catmon (Malabon), Lingunan (Valenzuela), , Bagumbong Municipal
(Caloocan), Pulang Lupa (Las Pinas), Rodriguez (Montalban), Lupang Arenda on the north shore of Laguna De Bay , and
Dona Petra (Marikina), which in the process of being closed. Appendix 1 of the Waste Disposal Report contains technical
details of these facilities.
Waste Disposal Report No: 4 AEA Technology Executive Summary, Page i

Waste disposal regulations are in place3.
- 2003
- 2004
- 2006
Open dumpsites are prohibited from
early 2004, after which controlled
dumpsites are required. Controlled Uncontrolled Controlled Sanitary
Dumpsites Dumpsites Landfills
dumpsites will be prohibited from early
2006, after which sanitary landfills (SLFs)
are required. There are specific regulatory standards for controlled dumpsites and SLFs. The
NSWMC Secretariat and Environmental Management Bureau of DENR enforce the regulations.
Key Issues
This assessment has identified the following four key issues;
Issue 1: Existing Disposal Facility Deficiencies
Appendix 1 of the Waste Disposal Report provides technical

data for the nine active Metro Manila dumpsites and six of
the inactive sites. The dumpsites cause serious public
health, environmental and social impacts. They have
inadequate fencing, signage and security provisions.
Unrestricted access is prevalent. The 4,000 waste picker
operations at the dumpsites are dangerous. They are poorly
protected and at severe public health risk.
Many sites have over-steepened slopes and several are Dangerous Disposal Operations
critically unstable. Waste is largely exposed, inadequately
covered and poorly drained. Many dumpsites have visible
surface emissions of potentially contaminated and toxic
liquids (leachate), and leachate may be present at the
others. These emissions seriously impact nearby
developments and surface water resources. Leachate also
percolates through geologic materials beneath the sites and
into groundwater. Contaminant pathways from the sites to
nearby extraction wells may have already been created.
Potentially explosive landfill gas in the waste is suspected.
Waste fires burn at two sites.
Exposed, Uncovered Waste
Inactive sites are abandoned without practically any closure

or post-closure maintenance. They also cause significant
pollution. Communities have been constructed over waste at
several sites, and development is planned at others. Human
receptors within these developments are exposed to acute
public health and environmental risk.
Catastrophic waste mass failure, leachate contamination and

developments on waste piles at selected sites have severe,
potentially life-threatening consequences. Potentially Hazardous Liquid Emissions
3
Regulations include; (i) RA 9003, providing provisions for controlled dumpsites and SLFs, including siting, design,
construction, operation, closure and post closure; (ii) DENR Administrative Order Number 49, Series 1998 (DAO 98-49),
providing controlled dumpsite and SLF technical guidelines; and (iii) DAO 98-50, focusing on SLF siting criteria.
Waste Disposal Report No: 4 AEA Technology Executive Summary, Page ii

Issue 2: Disposal Capacity Requirements FIGURE 3: REMAINING DUMPSITE LIFE

Disposal Facility 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Consultant approximations of remaining life of
JAN 2006 - DUMPSITE PROHIBITION

1 Payatas, Quezon City
active dumpsites (Figure 3) infer that many will
reach capacity during 2004. Beyond this, only the 2 Rodriguez, Montalban
Rodriguez facility may be operational, based on 3 Bagumbong Munic, Caloocan
optimistic estimates of remaining capacity4. The 4 Lingunan, Valenzuela
closure of other dumpsites may force Rodriguez to 5 Catmon, Malabon
take an increased waste load thereby reducing 6 Tanza, Navotas

remaining lifespan further. Rodriguez will also 7 Dona Petra, Marikina
require closure in early 2006, as mandated by RA 8 Lupang Arenda, Taytay X CLOSE
9003. Longer-term SLF initiatives are several 9 Pulang Lupa, Las Pinas
years away from being operational. They confront
severe developmental constraints. Urgent
progress is required to develop these initiatives
and avert another disposal crisis.
Issue 3: Regulatory Enforcement
Regulatory enforcement agencies are seriously constrained by the

substantial lack of technical information relating to disposal facilities
and methodologies. They have technical and financial constraints, lack
qualified and trained personnel, and encounter difficulties in enforcing
the penal provisions of RA 9003. The transition from dumpsites to
SLFs also requires a significant infusion of technical capacity.
Issue 4: Institutions and Management

NSWMC Secretariat Regulatory Inspection
5
The six cities and municipalities operating their own dumpsites need financial and technical support to meet
the controlled dumpsite requirements of RA 9003. The remaining eleven cities and municipalities contract
out waste disposal to the private sector. Issues relating to these include; (i) closer monitoring of private
sector operations, including dumpsites and dumping practices utilized; (ii) improved record-keeping
procedures; (iii) enhanced private-sector contracting procedures and performance reviews; and (iv) improved
data access to allow data to reach target groups.
Improvement Strategy
Action 1: Dumpsite Improvements
Active and inactive dumpsites require immediate improvement to begin to mitigate acute public health,
environmental and social impacts and also to meet RA 9003 and DAO 98-49 controlled dumpsite standards.
The scale of impacts and magnitude of improvements necessary indicates that a progressive, remedial
approach is necessary, dealing with urgent measures first. Emergency actions need to be implemented
immediately. These include;
- Urgent stability assessments and mitigation for the Payatas and Rodriguez sites;
- Leachate mitigation at the Payatas and Tanza sites;
- Cessation of dumping-and-construction at Lupang Arenda and the provision of emergency
measures to protect the communities living on the waste; and
- Cessation of housing construction over waste at the Bagumbong Private site.
4
Remaining Rodriguez lifespan is less than shown (Figure 3) if the recorded remaining capacity has been over-estimated.
5
Including Quezon City, Malabon, Caloocan, Valenzuela, Las Pinas, and Marikina, although the Dona Petra dumpsite in Marikina is in the process of
being closed.
Waste Disposal Report No: 4 AEA Technology Executive Summary, Page iii
The recommended Short-Term Improvement

FIGURE 4: SUMMARY OF SHORT-TERM IMPROVEMENTS
Program should be implemented at every site in
accordance with Appendix 1 of the Waste Disposal
Report. Indicative initial capital costs for selected Site Security and Control: Site access restrictions, fencing, signage, access
gate and security.
sites are also provided in the appendix.
Slope Stability: Stable facilities with safe slope angles.
Figure 4 presents a simplified summary of the aims Site Drainage: Prevention of ponding and flooding, promotion of stability,
reduction of surface erosion, prevention of waste contact with surface waters.
of the short-term improvement program. It is
designed to provide basic engineering and Waste Encapsulation: Waste fully encapsulated with adequate soil cover.
environmental upgrades at each facility, in Waste Placement: Placement techniques properly organized, wastes covered
accordance with RA 9003 and DAO 98-49. The with soil every day.
improvements can be implemented individually, Water Resource Protection: Surface water and groundwater regularly
collectively or as a regional program. Although this monitored, prohibition of water use in areas of identified contamination and
provision of alternative water supply.
program will not fully mitigate the impacts, it will
Landfill Gas Mitigation: Secured site with access and operational restrictions,
provide significant, low-cost improvements that are investigation and mitigation of fires, and site monitoring for unusual occurrences.
achievable given the current financial and technical
Waste Picking Operations: Expeditious phasing out of dumpsite waste picking
constraints. This program should be implemented operations, and relocation to material recovery facilities. In the interim, improved
immediately. regulation of waste picker personnel, provision of protective clothing and washing
facilities, improved operational health and safety practices, formulation of
emergency response procedures, and mitigation of social impacts on adjacent
In the longer-term, every dumpsite will require communities.
closure followed by post-closure maintenance for Odor and Litter: Odor and litter control programs in place, and mitigation of
at least 10 years. At the latest, closure is impacts to adjacent communities.
scheduled to happen by early 2006. Also, since Closure and Post-Closure: Adequate closure and post-closure maintenance in
the dumpsites lack properly engineered control accordance with RA 9003 standards.
systems, they will most likely require further Facility Records: Upgrading of facility record-keeping.
remediation in the future to mitigate impacts to Facility After-Use: After-use restrictions, and development prohibited unless
public health and the environment. Figure 5 impacts thoroughly mitigated.
provides a summary of emergency, short-term, and
longer-term action for Metro Manila dumpsites.
FIGURE 5: SUMMARY OF REQUIRED ACTION
Disposal Facilities Emergency Action Short-Term Longer-Term

- Immediate Improvements Remediation
Mid 2003 2003 Onwards
Payatas Stability Assessment

Rodriguez and Mitigation; Closure,
Bagumbong Municipal Rodriguez Facility Short-Term Post Closure-
Lingunan Improvement
Dumpsites
Payatas Dumpsite Maintenance,

Catmon Program
Active
Long-term
Tanza Leachate Mitigation; (Appendix 1) Monitoring and
Dona Petra Payatas Dumpsite Remediation
Pulang Lupa Tanza Dumpsite
Cease Dumping
Lupang Arenda
IEC Campaign
Site Investigation
Cease Construction
- Bagumbong Private
Bagumbong Private
Short-Term Post Closure-
Dumpsites
Improvement Maintenance,
Inactive
Pier 18 Program Long-term

Site C4 (Appendix 1) Monitoring and
Palanyag Closure, Remediation
Carmona Post Closure
San Mateo Maintenance
Waste Disposal Report No: 4 AEA Technology Executive Summary, Page iv

Action 2: Future Disposal Initiatives FIGURE 6: SELECTED PREVIOUS DISPOSAL INITIATIVES
Engineering assessments are needed immediately for Regional Disposal System, Pililla, Rizal (Pro-Environment, 2000-03)
Status: Legal restraining order issued. Government has declined to proceed.
active dumpsites to estimate waste importation,
Bataan Ecological Waste Management Complex (WAR Inc, 2000-01)
available disposal volume and remaining facility life. Status: Curtailed due to public opposition.
Semirara Island Regional Landfill Facility (RII Builders, 2001)

Urgent development of long-term, regulatory-compliant Status: Legal restraining order issued, plus widespread public opposition.
regional sanitary landfill facilities is a top priority. Combined Inland and Offshore Facilities (JICA, 1999)
Status: Recommendations not implemented.
Figure 6 outlines previous unsuccessful ventures, and
current initiatives such as those shown on Figure 7 Waste-To-Energy Initiative (Jancom, 1996-2002)
Status: Government has declined to proceed with the project.
must adopt different developmental strategies to Incinerator Complex (R II Builders, 1996-99)
ensure successful and sustainable development. Status: Curtailed due to public opposition and enactment of the Clean Air Act.
If in the avoidance of another disposal crisis, it is

necessary to expand existing dumpsites or develop FIGURE 7: CURRENT SANITARY LANDFILL INITIATIVES
additional emergency-based, short-term controlled
dumpsites, these expansions and additions must be Rodriguez Sanitary Landfill Expansion, Montalban
properly designed with environmental protection
Clark Development Corporation Sanitary Landfill, Tarlac
systems, and be fully integrated with the proposed
short-term improvements. Quezon Province Sanitary Landfill, Quezon
Action 3: Regulatory Strengthening
A web-based waste disposal facility database should FIGURE 8: WASTE DISPOSAL DATABASE DEVELOPMENT
be developed, initiated immediately utilizing the 15

Expand With
assessed dumpsites. It should include comprehensive Additional Dumpsites
As Identified
technical documentation and be updated with ongoing
inspection reports and actions. It should also be
progressively expanded as additional sites are Initiate Utilizing 15 WASTE DISPOSAL Progressively
developed and identified, including SLFs (Figure 8). Dumpsites From ADB
Assessment
FACILITY
DATABASE
Incorporate Sanitary
Landfills As Developed
A regulatory monitoring program should be established

with measurable objectives, strategies and schedules.
FIGURE 9: INSTITUTIONAL REFORM
Personnel resources should be developed to build ACTIONS CITIES, MUNICIPALITIES

capacity to adequately enforce SLF regulations, which
Build Operational Cities, Municipalities
require a higher level of technical proficiency. Capacity to; Operating Dumpsites;
Implement Short Term Quezon City

Action 4: Institutional Reform Improvement Program Malabon
Valenzuela
Maintain Sites in Marikina
Regulatory Compliance Caloocan
Cities and Municipalities Operating Dumpsites: Build Las Pinas
operational capacity to implement short-term dumpsite

improvements and maintain sites in regulatory Build Operational Cities, Municipalities
Capacity to; Contracting Waste Disposal;
compliance (Figure 9);
Regulate Private Sector City of Manila Makati
Performance Navotas Mandaluyong
Cities and Municipalities Contracting Waste Disposal: Improve Contracting
Muntinlupa
Pasig City
Taguig
San Juan
Build operational capacity to improve contracting Procedures Paranaque Pateros
Pasay City
procedures, regulate private sector waste disposal Improve Record-Keeping
and Access to Information
performance, and improve record-keeping and access
to information.
Waste Disposal Report No: 4 AEA Technology Executive Summary, Page v

1. Introduction
This report summarizes the results of a solid waste disposal assessment performed for Metro Manila6.
It discusses the current status of waste disposal within the metropolis, including the many dumpsites,
and summarizes key sub-sector issues and deficiencies. It then presents target waste disposal
recommendations which have been carefully designed to both be achievable and implementable in the
context of the Metro Manila system, and to be consistent with RA 9003 mandates.
Section 2.0 provides a historical perspective of Metro Manila waste disposal. Section 3.0 summarizes
current waste disposal practices, facilities and regulatory and institutional operational frameworks.
Section 4.0 discusses key issues and deficiencies. Section 5.0 proposes dumpsite improvements,
future disposal capacity initiatives, regulatory strengthening and institutional reform. Section 6.0
summarizes the recommendations, and Section 7.0 outlines the limitations of the assessment.
Historically, there has been much confusion and skepticism regarding Metro Manila waste disposal, due
to a virtual absence of technical data. This report helps to rectify this by providing basic technical
information and first-level assessment, from which measurable and achievable improvement
recommendations have been developed
Existing Philippine Uncontrolled Dumpsite
Philippine Landfill Being Constructed
6
Performed as part of Asian Development Bank TA 3848-PHI: Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Project.
Waste Disposal Report No: 4 AEA Technology 1

2. Historical Perspective
The ongoing waste disposal crisis in Metro Manila represents the cumulative effects of a series of
events that have transpired over the past decade. These are summarized on Figure 1 overleaf and as
follows;
The Rise (Early 1991-Mid 1992): Early 1991 marked an important transition in Metro Manila waste
disposal. Prior to this, the metropolis had operated numerous dumpsites, including the internationally
infamous Smokey Mountain dumpsite in the City of Manila. During 1991 however, the World Bank
financed, 73-hectare San Mateo regional sanitary landfill facility (SLF) opened in Rizal. This was
shortly followed in early 1992 with the opening of the 65-hectare Carmona regional SLF in Cavite, which
also coincided with the official closure of Smokey Mountain. Reportedly, both facilities were initially
designed and constructed to international standards, and both included engineered environmental
protection systems. They were destined to provide environmentally appropriate disposal capacity for
the majority of the Metro Manila waste stream in the medium-term and represented a major
accomplishment for the government. Several large dumpsites also operated during the early 1990s,
including the Payatas (Quezon City) and Catmon (Malabon) dumpsites.
The Decline (Mid 1992-Late 1997): Although San Mateo and Carmona continued to operate
throughout the 1990s, their operations were progressively impacting local communities. Design,
construction and operation standards at both facilities declined with each operational phase, raising
concerns regarding environmental risks. Hundreds of trucks thundered through communities nightly
and the presence of informal recycling communities brought social impacts. Public opposition mounted.
Numerous dumpsites also operated through this period. These included the ever-growing Payatas and
Catmon dumpsites, plus the opening of the Dona Petra dumpsite in Marikina and the small C4 dumpsite
in Navotas. During the mid 1990s, dumping activities also reportedly commenced at the notorious
Lupang Arenda dumpsite on the north shore of Laguna De Bay. Alternative technologies were also
being evaluated. These included mass-burn thermal treatment and waste-to-energy initiatives,
including proposals for large 2,000 tonnes-per-day incinerators.
Prelude To Crisis (Late 1997-Late 1999): During early 1998, heightened public opposition forced the
suspension of operations at Carmona. This placed increasing pressure on San Mateo and the major
dumpsites to accommodate the additional waste. The impending crisis also precipitated the opening of
the major Lingunan dumpsite in Valenzuela, and also the stockpiling of waste on Pier 18 in Manila.
During 1998, waste disposal options were further constrained by the enactment of the Clean Air Act7,
which effectively stalled the ongoing mass burn thermal treatment initiatives. Technical regulations8
were also adopted in 1998, in order to provide for the regulation of controlled dumpsites and SLFs.
Two major donor-funded studies were also completed during this period9, one of which evaluated toxic
and hazardous waste, and another which developed a metro-wide masterplan for solid waste. The
recommendations of these studies were not implemented, even though one of them warned of an
impending disposal crisis.
7
Philippine Republic Act 8749: The Clean Air Act of 1999
8
DENR Administrative Order Number 49, Series 1998 (DAO 98-49), which provides technical guidelines for controlled
dumpsite and SLF design and development; and DENR Administrative Order Number 50, Series 1998 (DAO 98-50),
which focuses on SLF siting criteria.
9
The Study on Solid Waste Management For Metro Manila In The Republic of the Philippines, Japanese International
Cooperation Agency, 1999, and a European Union Study on Metro Manila Toxic and Hazardous Waste Management.

FIGURE 1
METRO MANILA WASTE DISPOSAL TIMELINE
First Sanitary Landfill Opens - Clark Landfill (Capas)

2003
Government Declines Jancom and Pro-Environment Initiatives
Tanza Dumpsite (Navotas) Opens, Pier 18 Dumping Diminishes
ADB TA 3848-PHI Commences
Rodriguez Disposal Facility (Montalban) Opens, Pulang Lupa Dumpsite (Las Pinas) Opens
2002
Effectivity of RA 9003 IRRs
Barging of Waste To Semirara, Public Opposition and Cessation

RA 9003 Enacted by Congress
2001
Payatas Dumpsite (Quezon City) Re-Opens, First Landfill Obtains ECC-Clark Landfill (Capas)
Bataan Landfill Disposal Initiative (Subsequently Curtailed)
PAYATAS (QUEZON CITY) CATASTROPHIC SLIDE KILLS 200
Pro-Environment Selected For Build-Own-Operate Regional Facility
DISPOSAL CRISIS HITS METRO MANILA
2000
San Mateo Disposal Facility Forced To Suspend Operations
Dumping At Pier 18 Commences
JICA Solid Waste Masterplan Published

1999
DAO 98-49 and DAO 98-50 Formulated
Enactment of Clean Air Act
Lingunan Dumpsite (Valenzuela) Opens
European Union Toxic and Hazardous Waste Management Study Completed
Carmona Disposal Site Forced To Suspend Operations
1998
1997
Jancom Incinerator Initiative Considered By Government
Small C4 Dumpsite (Navotas) Opens
Bagumbong Private Dumpsite (Caloocan) Opens

1996
Lupang Arenda (Laguna De Bay) Dumping Commences During Mid-1990s

1995
Dona Petra (Marikina) Dumpsite Opens
1994
Carmona Landfill Opens. Smokey Mountain Dumpsite Closes

1992
Palanyag Dumpsite (Paranaque) Opens

1991 San Mateo Landfill Opens
Operational Dumpsites: Smokey Mountain, Payatas, Catmon, Bagumbong Municipal, Others

The Crisis (Late 1999-Early 2001): The waste disposal crisis was a sudden phenomenon, marked by
the forced suspension of operations of the San Mateo SLF in late 1999 due to immense public
opposition. Within several weeks, it brought about a near-catastrophic collapse of the municipal waste
system and severe public health risks. Metro Manila was out of options for disposal, and waste went
largely uncollected. Dumping at the existing dumpsites was accelerated, and small-scale, private
dumpsites were developed.
As the government searched for immediate relief, private sector

initiatives were being hastily conceived. These included two large-
Catastrophic Slide at Payatas
scale initiatives, where waste would be barged to remote disposal
facilities in Bataan to the west of Metro Manila, and Semirara
Island to the south. Both these initiatives met with fierce public
opposition, and following the issuance of legal restraining orders,
both were curtailed. The government also sponsored a
procurement process at this time that resulted in the selection of a
private-sector consortium to develop an integrated waste
management system, including a disposal facility in Rizal. This
also encountered public opposition and a legal restraining order,
and remains stalled to this day.
During July 2000, accelerated waste importation to the Payatas

dumpsite, coupled with uncontrolled dumping practices, led to a
catastrophic waste mass failure on the southeastern slope of the
active cell. As the waste mass slid, it smothered a community at
the base of the main slope, killing over 200 people. The tragedy
signified the scale of the crisis.
Payatas was temporarily closed, only to re-open later in 2000

apparently for the exclusive use of Quezon City. Other smaller
dumpsites struggled to cope with the increased waste stream.
Waste from the City of Manila continued to pile up at Pier 18.
The Aftermath (Early 2001-Present): Since early 2001, additional controlled dumpsites have been
developed in an attempt to mitigate the crisis. These include the Rodriguez disposal facility in
Montalban, which continues to accommodate waste from many Metro Manila cities and municipalities,
and the Tanza facility in Navotas, which accepts waste from the City of Manila and Navotas. Although
outside Metro Manila, a regional SLF has also been developed within the Clark Special Economic Zone
in Central Luzon, the first SLF to be fully approved and operational since Carmona and San Mateo a
decade ago. Other positive developments have included the enactment of RA 9003, which provides
provisions and guidelines for controlled dumpsites and SLFs.
The current situation is characterized by a widespread perception that the crisis has subsided
progressively since 2000, and that waste disposal issues are solved in the long-term. As presented
later in this report however, this is far from reality. Currently, Metro Manila has probably less than two
years disposal capacity, even assuming optimistic estimates. The potential for another crisis is high
unless immediate action is taken. There is also a perception that the Payatas tragedy cannot be
repeated, and that current dumping practices are acceptable. In this regard, this report also highlights
the significant public health, environmental and social impacts associated with the current disposal
practices. Again, unless immediate action is taken, tragedy could again strike the metropolis.

3. Current Status
3.1 Waste Disposal
Metro Manila municipal waste is transported by road vehicle10, and in one case by barge11, to controlled
and uncontrolled dumpsites scattered throughout the metropolis. A total of nine currently active
dumpsites and six inactive dumpsites have been assessed during this evaluation12. The nine active
dumpsites currently accommodate most of the municipal waste stream of Metro Manila. Figure 2
shows the locations of a selection of these dumpsites.
FIGURE 2
METRO MANILA DUMPSITE FACILITIES
10
Characteristically consisting of open topped, 10-wheel dump trucks.
11
The Tanza Dumpsite in Navotas receives waste by barge from the Pier 18 transfer facility located in the City of Manila.
Refer to; (i) Appendix 1.6: Tanza Dumpsite, Navotas; and (ii) Appendix 1.12: Pier 18 Dumpsite, City of Manila.
12
The nine active dumpsites include the Dona Petra dumpsite in Marikina, which is in the process of being closed.

Figure 3 provides a summary of key data relating to each of the identified active and inactive dumpsites
within Metro Manila. Further technical data of each of these dumpsites is provided in Appendix 1.
FIGURE 3
DUMPSITE SUMMARY
Dumpsite Location Size Land Site Year Year Appendix

(Ha) Owner Operator Opened Closed Reference
Currently Active Dumpsites;
1 Payatas Quezon City 22 Private LGU 1973 Active Appendix 1.1
2 Rodriguez Montalban 14 Private Private 2002 Active Appendix 1.2
3 Babumbong Municipal Caloocan 3 Private LGU Not Known Active Appendix 1.3
4 Lingunan Valenzuela 13 Private LGU 1998 Active Appendix 1.4
5 Catmon Malabon 5 Private LGU 1986 Active Appendix 1.5
6 Tanza Navotas 11 Private Private 2002 Active Appendix 1.6
7 Dona Petra Marikina 2 LGU LGU 1994 Active Appendix 1.7
8 Lupang Arenda Taytay 80 NHA Private 1990s Active Appendix 1.8
9 Pulang Lupa Las Pinas 3 Private LGU 2002 Active Appendix 1.9
Inactive Dumpsites;
10 Site C4 Navotas 1 DPWH LGU 1996 2002 Appendix 1.10
11 Bagumbong Private Caloocan 4 Private Private 1990s 2003 Appendix 1.11
12 Pier 18 City of Manila 10 NHA Private 1999 2003 Appendix 1.12
13 Palanyag Paranaque 1 LGU LGU 1991 2002 Appendix 1.13
14 Carmona Cavite 65 MMDA MMDA 1992 1998 Appendix 1.14
15 San Mateo Rizal 50 MMDA MMDA 1991 2000 Appendix 1.15
Notes;
Dumpsite Size (Ha) is indicative only, being based on visual observations, as survey information is unavailable for most sites.
Information relating to landowner, year opened and year closed is based on verbal reports of site personnel.
Appendix 1 provides further technical information for each site.
LGU – Local Government Unit (City or Municipality)
The Dona Petra Dumpsite is in the process of being closed.
Although the Pier 18 Dumpsite is shown as an inactive site, it is utilized intermittently for the stockpiling of solid waste.
Figures 4 and 5 overleaf provide a summary narrative of both currently active sites, and inactive sites.

FIGURE 4
CURRENTLY ACTIVE DUMPSITES
Site 1 Payatas, Quezon City (Appendix 1.1)

Opened in 1973, still active, nearing closure. Located near La Mesa
Reservoir. Currently exclusive for Quezon City waste. Comprises inactive
cell (16-hectares), and southerly active cell (6-hectares). Surrounded by
residential development. Catastrophic failure of eastern slope of inactive
cell in 2000, killing 200 people. Operational improvements achieved in
recent past, although acute slope instability, and leachate and gas
contamination requires urgent mitigation.
Site 2 Rodriguez, Montalban (Appendix 1.2)

Major 14-hectare facility, located in a remote upland extremity of the
Marikina Valley. Accepts waste from many Metro Manila cities and
municipalities. Constructed in 2001, opened in 2002. Built over an
easterly-trending steep-sided valley, which drains into the Lukutan Munti
River. Dumpsite stability is a major concern, requiring urgent evaluation
and necessary mitigation.
Site 3 Bagumbong Municipal, Caloocan (Appendix 1.3)

A small 2.5-hectare facility, which has accepted Caloocan waste for many
years. Located on agricultural land. Comprises of a thin waste layer, only
2-3 meters thickness. Currently accepts around 35 tonnes per day of
waste. Scheduled for closure in late 2003. A material recovery facility is
being developed at the site. Reportedly, it processes 7 tonnes of
recyclables daily.
Site 4 Lingunan, Valenzuela (Appendix 1.4)

A large, 13-hectare facility, adjacent to the flood-prone convergence area of
three waterways, which floods frequently. Exclusively for Valenzuela
waste. Consists of an exposed waste layer, up to 4 meters thickness,
spread over a large area. Land privately owned, and surrounded by
industrial and residential development.
Site 5 Catmon, Malabon (Appendix 1.5)

Opened in 1986, reportedly filling over an area of fishponds. Area subject
to flooding, being within the Tenejeros River delta. Waste piles are
irregular in shape. Cumulative area estimated at 5-hectares. Surrounded
by high-density residential and industrial development. Exclusively for
Malabon waste. Estimated daily waste import is 190 tonnes.

FIGURE 4 (CONTINUED)
CURRENTLY ACTIVE DUMPSITES
Site 6 Tanza, Navotas (Appendix 1.6)

Recently opened 11-hectare dumpsite adjacent to the Obando River.
Constructed over a former fishpond and immediately surrounded by
fishponds. Privately owned and operated. Receives up to 800 tonnes per
day of waste from the City of Manila and Navotas. Waste is imported by
barge from the Pier 18 transfer station. Leachate impacts are an acute
concern
Site 7 Dona Petra, Marikina (Appendix 1.7)

A 2-hectare facility, adjacent to the Marikina River. Exclusively for Marikina
waste. Opened in 1994. Reported to previously be a flooded quarry.
Comprises a single waste pile, of height up to 10 meters from the existing
surface level. A southerly expansion area is currently being developed.
Surrounded by residential development to the north and east, and
agricultural areas to the west and south. Site includes a waste segregation
and recycling system, including a conveyor. The site is in the process of
being closed.
Site 8 Lupang Arenda, Taytay (Appendix 1.8)

Large, illicit dumpsite located on the north shore of Laguna De Bay. Aerial
extent unknown, reportedly between 40 and 80 hectares. Waste dumped
in a layer up to 3 meters thickness, apparently to raise the surface above
the lake flood elevation. Resettlement housing constructed directly on the
waste materials. Reported to house up to 25,000 families. Dumped waste
poses acute public health and environmental threats to these communities
and environs.
Site 9 Pulang Lupa, Las Pinas (Appendix 1.9)

A 3-hectare site, bounded to the east, north and west by the Ilog Bayan
Creek. Exclusively for Las Pinas waste. Principally surrounded by Photography Prohibited
residential development. Commenced operations in early 2002. At This Site
Reportedly imports 200 tonnes per day. Single waste pile assumed to be
approximately 4 meters thick. Site is privately owned. Site photographs
prohibited.

FIGURE 5
INACTIVE DUMPSITES
Site 10 Site C4, Navotas (Appendix 1.10)

A small-scale, 1-hectare dumpsite, immediately adjacent to Manila Bay.
Waste placed up to 2 meters thickness. Opened in 1996, and closed in late
2002. Apparently designed for the temporary storage of Navotas waste,
the majority of which has since been removed.
Site 11 Bagumbong Private, Caloocan (Appendix 1.11)

An illicit, private dumpsite, apparently utilized since the early 1990s.
Located immediately adjacent to the Sapang Saging Creek. Consists of
irregular waste piles with a cumulative area of approximately 4 hectares.
Evidence of spontaneous combustion in the waste, and fires observed
within surface areas of the waste. Surface currently being developed for
low-income housing. Dumped waste poses acute public health and
environmental threats to these communities and environs.
Site 12 Pier 18, City of Manila (Appendix 1.12)

A 10-hectare temporary dumpsite. Located on Manila North Harbor Center
reclaimed land, immediately adjacent to Manila Bay. Operated since 1999
as an emergency waste storage facility for City of Manila waste. In-place
waste volume reported as up to 0.75 million cubic meters. Adjacent
transfer station receives and processes the entire City of Manila and
Navotas waste streams for disposal at Rodriguez and Tanza. The site also
includes the Tanza barge loading facility. The site is utilized intermittently
for the stockpiling of solid waste.
Site 13 Palanyag, Paranaque (Appendix 1.13)

A small-scale, government-operated inactive dumpsite, less than 1-hectare
in size. Surrounded by high-density residential developments. Operated
between 1991 and 2002. Waste materials are progressively being
removed for re-disposal.
Site 14 Carmona, Cavite (Appendix 1.14)

A 65-hectare regional disposal facility. Operational between 1992-98.
Reportedly includes engineered environmental protection systems.
Developed in four phases. Abandoned in 1998, due primarily to local
public opposition.
Site 15 San Mateo, Rizal (Appendix 1.15)

A 50-hectare regional disposal facility. Operational in conjunction with
Carmona between 1991-2000. Reportedly accepted 17.5 million cubic
meters of waste. Also abandoned due to local public opposition.
Controlled closure of the facility is currently being assessed.

There is minimal recorded waste disposal data available for most cities and municipalities. None of the
waste entering the active disposal sites is weighed, and everything is estimated through visual
observations of the trucks entering each site. In addition, the metropolis has little regional waste
volume and characterization information, as few waste assessments have been conducted13.
In light of this however, an indicative assessment has been performed to attempt to identify the solid
waste flow of Metro Manila (Figure 6). As shown on the figure, and based on available information and
extrapolations, it is inferred that Metro Manila generates approximately 6,700 tonnes of waste per day,
of which 720 tonnes per day (TPD) is diverted and recycled, and a further 400 TPD is self disposed
through individual dumping and burning. Approximately 5,600 TPD enters the municipal collection and
disposal system, of which about 4,100 tonnes is placed in the active dumpsites, and 1,500 tonnes is
dumped in an uncontrolled manner.
Figure 6 Metro Manila Waste Disposal Flow
SELF DISPOSED
403 TPD (6 Percent)

CONTROLLED DUMPING
4,085 TPD (61 Percent)

DAILY GENERATION MUNICIPAL STREAM
6720 TPD (100 Percent) 5,597 TPD (83 Percent)

UNCONTROLLED DUMPING
1,511 TPD (22 Percent)

RECYCLED
720 TPD (11 Percent)
Notes
Population based on 10,899,361 median 2003 estimate (NSO) plus 10 percent daytime increase (MMDA), equating to 11,989,297, rounded to 12 million
Daily generation (6,720 TPD) estimated by multiplying population (12 million) by estimated 0.56kg/person/day per-capita generation rate (MMDA and JICA)
Self Disposed estimate of approximately 6 percent based on JICA estimate
Recycled amount based on ADB WACS team estimate - 500 TPD recycled by recycling associations, 20 TPD composted, and 200 TPD other activities
Municipal waste stream estimate assumes generated waste which is not self-disposed or recycled enters the municipal waste system
Controlled dumping estimate based on dumpsite staff verbal estimates of waste tonnage dumped at dumpsites - this is subject to considerable variation
Uncontrolled dumping estimate assumes that waste in the municipal stream which is not dumped in controlled facilities is dumped at uncontrolled facilities
Figure 7 provides an indication of the likely apportionment of waste being dumped at dumpsites within
Metro Manila14.
13
The most recent estimates are provided in The Study on Solid Waste Management For Metro Manila In The Republic
of the Philippines, Japanese International Cooperation Agency, 1999 (JICA Masterplan). Subsequent waste
characterization programs are being implemented for selected cities and municipalities as an integral part of this TA.
14
Figure 7 does not include the unknown amounts of waste being dumped at Lupang Arenda and other dumpsites.

FIGURE 7
DUMPSITE DAILY WASTE IMPORT
Payatas
Rodriguez
Pulang Lupa
Bagumbong
Dona Petra Tanza

Lingunan Catmon
Figure 8 summarizes the Metro Manila dumpsite waste flow, based on the above indicative
assessment. For each city and municipality, it shows the dumpsites currently utilized, plus the
estimated daily tonnage of waste received at each dumpsite. The source location of waste being
dumped at the Lupang Arenda dumpsite is unknown, although it is reported to have taken a significant
amount of waste, possibly including waste from Metro Manila.

FIGURE 8 INDICATIVE METRO MANILA DUMPSITE WASTE FLOW
1,300 TPD
Quezon City Payatas
(Site 1)
704 TPD
City of Manila Tanza
(Site 6)
96 TPD
Navotas Tanza
(Site 6)
210 TPD
Malabon Catmon
(Site 5)
180 TPD
Valenzuela Lingunan
(Site 4)
160 TPD (Closure in Process)
Marikina Dona Petra

(Site 7)
35 TPD
Caloocan Bagumbong
(Site 3)
200 TPD
Las Pinas Pulang Lupa
(Site 3)
Muntinlupa
Pasig City 1,200 TPD
Paranaque Rodriguez
Makati
Pasay
Mandaluyong
Taguig
Pateros
San Juan
Unknown
Lupang Arenda
(Site 8)
Unknown Others
(Unknown)

3.2 Regulatory Framework

Significant progress has been achieved during the past five years in the enactment of waste disposal
regulations, and particularly regarding the technical requirements for Philippine dumpsites and sanitary
landfills (SLFs). These initiatives include;
(i) RA 9003 and associated Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRRs), which provide
provisions and guidelines for controlled dumpsites and SLFs, including siting, design,
construction, operation, closure and post closure;
(ii) DENR Administrative Order Number 49, Series 1998 (DAO 98-49), which provides
technical guidelines for controlled dumpsite and SLF design and development; and
(iii) DENR Administrative Order Number 50, Series 1998 (DAO 98-50), which focuses on
SLF siting criteria.
For ease of reference, these three regulatory documents have been collated into a single regulatory
matrix, which is provided in Appendix 2.1 “Summary of Pertinent Disposal Regulations”. The matrix
greatly facilitates comprehension of the regulations pertaining to each facet of waste disposal,
especially since regulatory requirements contained in each document overlap for many of the facets.
The combined regulatory provisions provide for improved technical regulation for waste disposal. The
regulations relating to SLF siting, design, operations, closure and post-closure follow generally
accepted international standards, particularly in relation to the United States and California. The
regulations relating to controlled dumpsites appear relatively unique to the Philippines, and if properly
implemented, will provide a major first step in the basic environmental improvement of active and
inactive dumpsites15. They are specific about required actions, and also about the timelines for the
actions. Open dumpsites16 are to be prohibited after January 2004, and the operation of controlled
dumpsites prohibited after January 2006,
- 2003
- 2004
- 2006
after which time SLFs will be required.
Figure 9 overleaf provides a summary of
requirements relating to the operation and Uncontrolled Controlled Sanitary
Dumpsites Dumpsites Landfills
closure of controlled dumpsites, which is the
subject of further discussion later in this
report.
Regulatory enforcement is primarily the responsibility of the NSWMC Secretariat and the Environmental
Management Bureau (EMB) of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR).
Officers of these agencies inspect the disposal facilities and where necessary, enforce the regulations
through the issuance of Notices of Violation and Cease and Desist Orders. In practice, the enforcement
of the regulations is a difficult task. Firstly, there are an overwhelming number of dumpsites within the
metropolis, and additional sites are being developed constantly. Secondly, there is an extreme lack of
technical information relating to the dumpsites and the development of a centralized knowledge base is
only just beginning. And thirdly there are significant financial, managerial and technical resource
constraints within the regulatory agencies. Regulatory enforcement activities are often limited to
reactive tasks, such as responding to the most immediate and acute developments on a particular
dumpsite, or responding to complaints of nearby residents.
15
They do not however include environmental control systems, such as liners, and leachate and gas treatment systems.
16
An “open dump” refers to a disposal area wherein solid waste is indiscriminately thrown or disposed of without due
planning and consideration for environmental and health standards (RA 9003, Section 3(t)). A ”controlled dump”
refers to a disposal site at which solid waste is deposited in accordance with the minimum prescribed standards of site
operation (RA 9003, Section 3(e)).

FIGURE 9
SYNOPSIS OF CONTROLLED DUMPSITE REGULATIONS
Operation Restrictions: Restrictions on site operations and mitigation of impacts, particularly

relating to nighttime operations
Daily and Final Cover: Daily soil cover of minimum thickness 0.150 m placed over exposed
waste every day. Final compacted soil cover of minimum 0.600 m thickness placed over entire
waste cell surface areas once completed. Waste surfaces to be adequately graded to ensure
stability, drainage and erosion protection. Completed surface areas seeded and planted with
native species of vegetation to reduce erosion potential.
Surface Drainage: Surfaces graded and provided with drainage control features to ensure
adequate drainage, minimized surface erosion and prevention of surface water contact with
waste.
Odor Control: Odor mitigation measures.
Waste Placement: Restricted waste placement surface areas, limited layer thickness,
application of cover materials, and rationalization of waste picker operations.
Site Management: Provision of experienced managerial and operational staff.
Site Control: Fencing and caution signs around entire site perimeter, restricted site access to
authorized personnel, regulated waste picker activities and personnel, and improve health and
safety protection for site operation and waste picker personnel.
Fencing, Litter Control: Fencing installed around entire site perimeter, soil cover provided, and
litter control programs implemented.
Record Keeping: Records of waste types and volumes received, waste screening procedures,
unauthorized loads, and special occurrences at the dumpsites such as fires and accidents.
Access Road Maintenance: Construction and maintenance of adequate access roads.
Site Infrastructure: Including adequate washing facilities and toilets.
Environmental Monitoring: Monitoring and analysis of surface water and groundwater using
approved monitoring methods.
Maintenance: Maintenance of site civil infrastructure and equipment.
Protection of Local Amenities: Mitigation of impacts such as litter, odor, gaseous and liquid
emissions, noise and vermin.
Waste Picking: Control of waste picking and trading, including the regulation of (i) authorized
access; (ii) adequate personnel protection measures; (iii) improved health and safety practices
relating to areas and methods of safe working; and (iv) mitigation of social impacts on
surrounding communities.
Closure and Post-Closure: Regulatory-compliant closure, including the provision of final cover,
drainage, erosion control and other features, and 10-year post-closure maintenance of civil
infrastructure and equipment and environmental monitoring.
Hydrogeology: Dumpsites are to be located in hydrogeologically suitable areas, and mitigation

provided if they are not. Siting prohibition in floodplains and areas subject to flooding.
Prohibitions: Prohibition of the open burning of waste, squatting, unauthorized dumping, vicinity
construction and siting of dumpsites within the proximity of surface and groundwater resources.

3.3 Institutional Framework

Figure 10 shows the landowners and operators of the Metro Manila dumpsites. Marikina is apparently
the only city that owns the land on which its dumpsite is located, and this site is in the process of being
closed. Every other dumpsite is located on privately owned land. In addition, only six of the 17 cities
and municipalities operate dumpsites. These are Quezon City, Malabon, Valenzuela, Marikina,
Caloocan and Las Pinas. The remaining 11 cities and municipalities have contracted out their entire
disposal operations to the private sector, sometimes with the involvement of MMDA. Most appear to
have little involvement or control over the disposal of their wastes, apparently passing the responsibility
for collection and disposal to their private-sector contractors. Several of these cities and municipalities
even appear unaware of where their waste is actually being dumped.
FIGURE 10
CITY AND MUNICIPALITY INVOLVEMENT IN DUMPSITE OWNERSHIP AND OPERATIONS
City, Municipality Dumpsite Currently Dumpsite Landowner Dumpsite Operator

Utilized
1 Quezon City Payatas (Site 1) Private Quezon City
2 City of Manila Tanza (Site 6) Private Private
Rodriguez (Site 2) Private Private
3 Navotas Tanza (Site 6) Private Private
4 Malabon Catmon (Site 5) Private Malabon
5 Valenzuela Lingunan (Site 4) Private Valenzuela
6 Marikina Dona Petra (Site 7) Marikina Marikina
7 Caloocan Bagumbong (Site 3) Private Caloocan
8 Las Pinas Pulang Lupa (Site 9) Private Las Pinas
9 Muntinlupa Rodriguez (Site 2) Private Private
10 Pasig City Rodriguez (Site 2) Private Private
11 Paranaque Rodriguez (Site 2) Private Private
12 Makati Rodriguez (Site 2) Private Private
13 Pasay Rodriguez (Site 2) Private Private
14 Mandaluyong Rodriguez (Site 2) Private Private
15 Taguig Rodriguez (Site 2) Private Private
16 Pateros Rodriguez (Site 2) Private Private
17 San Juan Rodriguez (Site 2) Private Private
The majority of cities and municipalities (11 in total) appear to have only a distant involvement in waste
disposal, largely limited to the administrative management of private-sector collection and disposal
contracts. They are not involved in the technical aspects of waste disposal or dumpsite operations, and
have few in-house capabilities in this regard. Several of these cities and municipalities are assisted by
the MMDA, who provide an important planning, administrative and coordinative function in waste
disposal. The MMDA for example, were instrumental in facilitating the development of the Rodriguez
disposal facility, and in coordinating the disposal of wastes at this facility.
The six cities and municipalities operating their own dumpsites have mixed capabilities, and varying
levels of managerial and operational capacity. Many also contract out dumpsite operation functions,
particularly in relation to earthwork machinery.

4. Existing Issues and Impacts

The objective of this section is to clearly outline the key deficiencies relating to current waste disposal
practices. This is presented in terms of four distinct issues facing the sector, which are closely linked to
the next section, Section 5.0 “Proposed Improvements”. These four issues are as follows;
(i) Existing Disposal Facilities; A description of what is wrong with the existing
dumpsites, and what are the public health and environmental impacts;
(ii) Disposal Capacity Requirements; Preliminary approximations of existing disposal

capacity shortfalls, both in the short- and longer-term;
(iii) Regulatory Enforcement; Current regulatory enforcement constraints; and
(iv) Institutions and Management; Practical issues facing the delivery institutions in the
provision of sustainable waste disposal.
4.1 Existing Disposal Facilities

Appendix 1 “Dumpsite Assessments” provides technical information of each of the identified active and
inactive Metro Manila dumpsites. It includes geographic location plans, technical data and
photographic records of the current status of these facilities, and is hereby referenced in conjunction
with this narrative. The deficiencies at the dumpsites are summarized as follows;
(i) Site Security and Control; Due to

environmental and public health hazards,
dumpsites should be secure facilities, with
strictly enforced access procedures allowing
authorized personnel only. Fencing (such as 2-
meter high galvanized chain link fencing) should
entirely surround the facility boundary, with
lockable, gated access points and entry security.
Signs should also be placed around the site
perimeter. None of the dumpsites included in
this assessment have adequate fencing, signage
or security provision, and many allow
unrestricted access onto waste piles.
Lack of security at active dumpsite
(ii) Slope Instability; The construction of waste
piles naturally results in the development of
outer waste slopes, as does the excavation and
re-compaction of earth materials within the site.
If the waste piles are too steep, or if the base of
the waste pile interface with the natural ground
beneath is too steep and/or contains water, the
waste pile mass can fail due to the loading,
resulting in a slide. Similarly with any excavated
or re-compacted slope of earth materials within
the site. The catastrophic slide at Payatas
during mid-2000 is an example of the impacts of
slope instability.
Panoramic of the area of the catastrophic
Payatas slide, which killed over 200 people.

Many Metro Manila dumpsites assessed have over-steepened slopes. While many of
these are of limited height (most less than 15 meters), the Payatas dumpsite and
Rodriguez disposal facility currently have excessively steep slopes of significant height,
plus potentially steepened and unstable basal interfaces. The risk of future failure at
the Payatas and Rodriguez sites is significant. These sites require urgent slope
stability assessment and mitigation.
(iii) Site Drainage; Adequate site drainage is required to prevent the contact of surface
waters with waste. Site drainage measures are also needed to prevent ponding and
flooding, promote slope stability, reduce surface erosion and reduce site run-on and run-
off. This entails the grading of surface profiles and provision of drainage features. Most
dumpsites lack adequate drainage measures. In addition, the active sites of Lingunan
(Site 4), Catmon (Site 5) and Pulang Lupa (Site 9) are subject to periodic flooding,
further exacerbating impacts relating to poor drainage control.
(iv) Exposed Waste; The waste deposited is

potentially contaminated, either from hazardous
components inherently dumped within the waste,
or as a result of waste decompositional
processes. For these reasons, it is essential
that wastes be fully encapsulated to prevent the
direct contact of waste with human receptors
and the outside environment. This is normally
achieved by covering the waste daily with a soil
cover, and by placing and maintaining a final
cover system over the entire waste areas upon
completion of filling.
Exposed waste impacting the environment
None of the active or inactive dumpsites assessed have adequate final covers, and
most consist of exposed waste, practically without any cover. Apart from Rodriguez
(Site 2), Tanza (Site 6) and Pulang Lupa (Site 9), none of the sites appear to apply daily
cover soils, and large areas of fresh waste lie exposed. In addition to the heightened
contaminant risk to waste pickers and site operational personnel, the exposed areas
contribute significantly to the odor and litter impacts at these sites.
(v) Surface Leachate Migration; Leachate is a term used to describe contaminated liquids
that form within waste materials. They form as a direct result of decompositional
processes within the waste, and from the percolation of surface waters, including direct
precipitation. The toxicity of leachate can
be considerable, and the generation of
leachate can continue for many decades.
Currently, the leachate generation rate of
the Rodriguez disposal facility (Site 2),
varies between 1 liter per second (lps) and
7 lps. This equates to an annual leachate
generation rate of over 60 million liters per
year, which if not collected and treated
would be discharged directly into the
surrounding environment. Perimeter surface emission adjacent to informal
settlements

Surface leachate emissions at most of the dumpsites assessed are significant. These
include the major facilities such as Payatas (Site 1), Pier 18 (Site 12) and Tanza (Site
6), and also the smaller facilities such as the inactive Palanyag (Site 13) and C4 (Site
10) dumpsites. The impacts of surface leachate emissions are considerable, as they
pollute the surface water resources, including the esteros and river systems. There are
also concerns about the potentially acute impacts of surface leachate on areas
surrounding the sites, such as the fishponds immediately adjacent to the Tanza
dumpsite, and the agricultural areas adjacent to the Dona Petra, Catmon and
Bagumbong Municipal dumpsites.
(vi) Sub-Surface Leachate Migration; Since dumpsites are devoid of base containment
and leachate collection systems, leachate infiltrates into the geologic materials beneath
and adjacent to the dumpsites and into groundwater. Many of the Metro Manila
dumpsites are located in areas of shallow groundwater, and the potential for
groundwater contamination is considerable. The potential also exists for adjacent
groundwater wells to extract contaminated groundwater, therefore representing a direct
pathway to human receptors utilizing these wells. This is illustrated on Figure 11.
FIGURE 11
POTENTIAL CONTAMINANT PATHWAYS
Diagram showing potential leachate and landfill gas contaminant pathways
(vii) Landfill Gas Migration; Landfill gas (LFG) is formed as a direct result of waste
decomposition. Containing methane, LFG is
explosive at certain concentrations, and potentially
dangerous landfill fires have been observed at the
Bagumbong Private and the Catmon dumpsites. A
major fire has also been reported at Pier 18.
Landfill gas can also accumulate in adjacent
properties and structures, with serious
consequences. In addition, LFG potentially
contains contaminants, which can migrate either in Waste mass burning at a dumpsite in
Metro Manila
a gaseous form, or can condense to form LFG
condensate.

(viii) Waste Picking; One of the most serious concerns of the current dumpsite operations is
the presence and operations of waste pickers. From site assessments and verbal site
reports, it is conjectured that over 4,300 waste pickers operate at the dumpsites (Figure
12), working in dangerous and filthy conditions. They are poorly organized and largely
unprotected against the dangers of waste
handling. Children, as young as five years,
have been observed working at two of the sites.
Waster pickers have inadequate clothing
protection, no washing facilities and little
operational organization. They operate
dangerously close to equipment. In addition,
there are acute social and environmental
impacts on surrounding communities from the
waste picking and recycling operations at many
of the sites. Dangerous and hazardous operations
FIGURE 12
APPROXIMATIONS OF WASTE PICKERS OBSERVED AT DUMPSITES
Dumpsite Waste Picker Comments

Estimates
Currently Active Sites;
1 Payatas 3,000 Organized into 8 groups

2 Rodriguez 700 Maximum limit 200 per shift
3 Babumbong Municipal 20
4 Lingunan 80
5 Catmon 65
6 Tanza 0 Waste pickers prohibited
7 Dona Petra 100
8 Lupang Arenda Unknown
9 Pulang Lupa 50
Inactive Sites;
10 Site C4 0 None observed during site visits

11 Bagumbong Private 10 Occasional waste pickers observed
12 Pier 18 (Transfer Station) 300 Organized into 10 groups
13 Palanyag 0 None observed during site visits
14 Carmona 0 None observed during site visits
15 San Mateo 0 None observed during site visits
Number of Waste Pickers Exceeds 4,300
(ix) Odor; Odor pervades within most of the sites,

especially due to spreading thin layers of waste over
large areas, and also due to the lack of daily and
final cover over exposed waste areas. Deodorizer
spraying is commonly utilized, often with little longer-
term impact.
(x) Litter; Large areas of waste are exposed, fencing is

absent or inadequate, and there are few litter control
procedures implemented at most of the sites.
Blown litter impacts

(xi) Site Closure and Post Closure Maintenance; An important part of environmental
protection relates to the closure of dumpsites, and implementation of post closure
maintenance programs. Closure in the current Philippine regulatory sense includes
grading, final cover materials and protective vegetation cover, drainage components,
environmental monitoring (groundwater and surface water), fencing and security, access
roads, and other site infrastructure. In accordance with the regulations, post-closure
maintenance is required for a prescribed 10-year period following closure.
None of the inactive sites assessed have been

closed in accordance with the existing regulations.
Every dumpsite assessed will require adequate
closure and post-closure maintenance to conform
to the current regulations.
Closure required at every dumpsite
(xii) Facility Records; Basic truck-counts and visual inspections for volume and waste type
are implemented at most dumpsites. Recording procedures at most sites however
require enhancement, including the recording of unauthorized and rejected loads, and
the recording of special occurrences at the facilities such as fires and accidents.
(xiii) Facility After-Use; The after-use of any waste disposal facility, and especially inactive
dumpsites, is highly restrictive. This is principally due to the following; (i) the need to
fully encapsulate the waste and prevent contact with surface development and human
receptors; (ii) the mitigation of landfill gas impacting the surface development which
includes combustion, explosion and chemical contamination; (iii) the mitigation of
leachate impacts; and (iv) the impacts of differential settlement of the waste on
infrastructure. Waste encapsulation for infrastructure development requires a cover
system and long-term maintenance program which far exceeds that of the current
regulations. Landfill gas and leachate mitigation would most likely include the installation
of complex gas and leachate collection and treatment systems. And mitigation of
differential settlement normally requires special foundation structures. The combination
of these mitigation measures is complex and costly, as is the cost for long-term
maintenance. For these reasons, and the fact that risks still remain, relatively few waste
disposal facilities are ever developed with infrastructure.
In this context, there are serious concerns

regarding several of the active and inactive
dumpsites in Metro Manila. The most serious of
these is the Lupang Arenda dumpsite (Site 8), on
which entire communities have been developed.
Thousands of families are living directly on top of
the waste, and only a thin layer of soil separates
them from the potential hazards of the waste
immediately beneath. A similar residential
development is currently being constructed at the
Bagumbong Private dumpsite (Site 11), with
houses being constructed immediately on top of Community construction directly over
waste materials
waste that is still burning.
Verbal reports also indicate that the Lingunan (Site 4), Catmon (Site 5) and Pulang Lupa
(Site 9) dumpsites are being filled with waste to raise the level of the surface above the
“flood level”, and that development is then planned for each. In every one of these
cases it is critical that residential, commercial or any other development cease

immediately and be prohibited until the considerable environmental, public health and
other risks associated with the presence of the waste materials are thoroughly mitigated.
It is the combination of these deficiencies which results in the acute impacts caused by the Metro
Manila dumpsites. These deficiencies can be progressively mitigated for both active and inactive sites,
as discussed later in Section 5.1.
4.2 Disposal Capacity Requirements

There are two key issues regarding disposal capacity. Firstly, the immediate need for short-term
capacity at the dumpsites, up to their phase-out during early 2006. And secondly, the need to develop
longer-term SLFs to accommodate the residual waste following the prohibition of dumpsite operations
after 2006. These are summarized as follows;
Short-Term Dumpsite Capacity

Figure 13 overleaf provides initial approximations of the remaining life of each of the active dumpsite
facilities. These approximations are not based on scientifically-derived engineering estimates,
but based on verbal site reports and cursory visual observations. They are subject to a high degree
of inaccuracy, however, they are provided in order to at least provide a first-level planning assessment
of the overall status of short-term capacity.
Payatas is rapidly reaching completion, and only has limited remaining capacity on a small area of the
southerly active waste cell. Site staff indicate that closure is imminent, and within the next few months.
Verbal site reports indicate that the remaining capacity of Rodriguez is around 5 million cu m. Given
this scenario, and assuming a daily waste import of 1,200 tonnes per day, the site has over four years
life. However, one of the important recommendations of this assessment is to accurately re-survey the
site, and in comparison with final surface profiles, accurately determine the remaining capacity. If the
remaining volume is less than currently envisioned, then the life of the facility will be less. For
illustration purposes, Figure 13 infers that if for example the remaining volume were only 2 million cu m,
then the remaining facility life would be less than 2 years. It is also envisioned that waste importation to
Rodriguez will continue to increase, especially in light of the closure of other dumpsites. Increased
importation will result in a further reduction in facility life.
Although from a technical perspective, there is additional disposal capacity at the Bagumbong
Municipal dumpsite, reports indicate that this site is planned for closure for other reasons during late
2003. Plans for the Lingunan dumpsite include continuation of filling, which is estimated to take
another 1.5 years. There is also the potential for additional capacity at this site, by adding another
waste layer over parts of the dumpsite. The Catmon dumpsite is difficult to assess visually, but
possibly could reach capacity in late 2003. Tanza is accepting up to 800 tonnes of waste from Navotas
and the City of Manila, and if this continues, the site could reach capacity within approximately one
year. The Pulang Lupa dumpsite in Las Pinas is expanding into an adjacent area, and which is
conjectured to reach capacity within one year. The Dona Petra dumpsite in Marikina is in the process
of being closed.
The Lupang Arenda dumpsite operations are extremely dangerous practices. They should cease
immediately, and investigations commenced at the soonest possible time in order to begin to remediate
the significant public health and environmental impacts caused by these illicit operations.

FIGURE 13 INDICATIVE REMAINING LIFE OF ACTIVE DUMPSITES
Currently Active Dumpsite Dumpsite Daily Daily Capacity Estimated 2003 2004 2005 2006
Volume Importation Requirement Remaining
Remaining (Tonnes) (Cu M) Life (Years)
(Cu M)

1 Payatas, Quezon City NA NA NA NA
2 Rodriguez, Montalban 2,000,000 1,200 2,880 1.90
2 Rodriguez, Montalban 5,000,000 1,200 2,880 4.76
3 Bagumbong Munic, Caloocan NA NA NA NA
4 Lingunan, Valenzuela 240,000 180 432 1.52
5 Catmon, Malabon 90,000 210 504 0.49
6 Tanza, Navotas 750,000 800 1,920 1.07
7 Dona Petra, Marikina 65,000 160 384 0.46
8 Lupang Arenda, Taytay X X X X X CLOSE
9 Pulang Lupa, Las Pinas 40,000 200 480 0.23
Notes;
These are indicative approximations for initial planning purposes only. They are based on verbal information from dumpsite personnel, and
from cursory visual observations only. Actual quantities will vary significantly following accurate survey and engineering data collection and
analysis.
Daily Importation (Tonnes): Estimates as per Figure 6 "Indicative Metro Manila Waste Disposal Estimates"
Daily Capacity Requirement (Cu M): Calculated assuming the daily importation (tonnes), and Consultant estimates for in-place compacted
density of 0.5 tonnes/cu m and daily soil cover equal to 20 percent volume of in-place compacted waste.
Estimated Remaining Life (Years): Estimated by dividing the Dumpsite Volume Remaining (Cu M) by the Daily Capacity Requirement (Cu
M), then by 365 days to provide the Estimated Remaining Life (in Years).
Dumpsite Volume Remaining Assumptions;

Payatas, Quezon City: Site staff conjecture site closure is imminent, within 3 months.
Rodriguez, Montalban: Site staff indicate remaining volume of the order of 5 million cu m. Cursory observation of technical plans infer
possibly less volume.
Bagumbong Munic, Caloocan: Site staff indicate closure is planned by late 2003.
Lingunan, Valenzuela: Remaining capacity verbally reported to be approximately 6 hectares in area, 4 m in thickness. Infers a volume of
240,000 cu m
Catmon, Malabon: Site staff report planned continuation of dumping for an additional 3 years. Visual observations infer however that even
by raising the primary waste pile by several meters may only provide an additional 90,000 cu m.
Tanza, Navotas: Site staff indicate total volume is approximately 750,000 cu m.
Dona Petra, Marikina: Site estimates infer a volume for the southern expansion area of approximately 65,000 cu m.
Pulang Lupa, Las Pinas: Site estimates infer a volume for the expansion area of approximately 40,000 cu m.
Based on current approximations therefore, six of the eight active dumpsites in Metro Manila will reach
capacity in late 2003 or during 2004, leaving Rodriguez and possibly Lingunan as the only two active
dumpsites. The ramifications of this are potentially serious, and will most likely result in increased

reliance on Rodriguez, the hurried expansion of several of the active sites, and the hasty development
of additional controlled dumpsites throughout the metropolis.
Longer-Term Disposal Capacity

Projections of waste generation rates, recycling efficiencies and residual waste volumes continue to be
fervently debated within the waste management community. Scientific data is virtually absent, and
future projections are highly speculative. In order to highlight the significance of waste generation
however, Figure 14 provides a scenario for the future waste generation of Metro Manila over the next
thirty years. Although speculative, it assumes the following; (i) 1 percent per annum population
increase; (ii) 1 percent per annum increase in per-capita waste generation due to economic
development; (iii) an existing “recycling diversion rate” of 11 percent; and (iv) an increase in “recycling
diversion rate” to 25 percent by the year 2005, and then increasing at 1 percent per annum to the year
2032.
Based on this scenario, cumulative residual waste generation over the next thirty years will exceed 50
million tonnes. This is equivalent to 25 facilities of the size of Payatas, or many hundreds of facilities
the size of Dona Petra or Palanyag.
FIGURE 14
METRO MANILA WASTE PROJECTION SCENARIO
5,000,000
TONNES PER YEAR
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 2027 2031

Blue: Recycled Waste
Red: Residual Waste
YEARS
Longer-term disposal capacity is needed imminently. From early 2006, controlled dumpsites will be
prohibited, and sanitary landfills (SLFs) mandatory. The development of an SLF takes up to a decade,
and previous attempts to develop regional SLFs for Metro Manila have not succeeded. There is only
one regional SLF currently operational which, subject to the appropriate approvals and stakeholder
acceptability, could conceivably accommodate waste from Metro Manila17. Apart from this, other
initiatives are still in the early planning stages and their ability to receive waste is several years away.
17
The Clark Development Corporation regional SLF, located within the Clark Special Economic Zone in Central Luzon.
The recently constructed 92-hectare facility has a reported design capacity of 20 million tonnes.

Progressing to SLF technologies also has significant cost ramifications over controlled dumpsite
methodologies, and these additional costs need to be met in order for SLFs to be sustainable.
4.3 Regulatory Enforcement

The following key issues and deficiencies have been identified in relation to the regulatory enforcement
of Metro Manila waste disposal;
(i) There are significant financial, managerial and technical resource constraints within the
regulatory agencies. The magnitude of workload of the NSWMC Secretariat and the
EMB personnel is so great that they are often restricted to reactive monitoring and
enforcement at times of crises;
(ii) There is an extreme lack of technical information relating to the dumpsites and current
dumping practices, which exacerbates the difficulties of monitoring the dumpsites
effectively. Apart from Rodriguez, the sites are practically devoid of topographic,
engineering, geologic, hydrogeologic, environmental and socio-economic data;
(iii) The waste disposal monitoring and enforcement program requires further development,
including the establishment of an electronic database of sites;
(iv) The enforcement of regulations through the issuance of Notices of Violation and Cease
and Desist Orders appears largely ineffectual.
4.4 Institutions and Management

As shown on Figure 10, eleven of the cities and municipalities of Metro Manila have contracted out their
entire waste disposal operations to the private sector. Many of these appear to have only a distant
involvement in waste disposal, being limited to the administrative management of private sector
collection and disposal contracts. Waste disposal issues relating to these cities and municipalities
include;
(i) The need for each city and municipality to recognize that it is directly responsible for the
proper disposal of waste in compliance with existing laws, and the need to closely
monitor private sector operators, including their dumping practices, to ensure
compliance with these objectives;
(ii) Improved record-keeping procedures for waste disposal, including waste volumes (and
tonnages), methods of disposal, and the disposal sites utilized;
(iii) Enhanced private-sector contracting procedures, including technical and financial

performance reviews;
(iv) Improved data access for regulatory agencies, waste management stakeholders and the
general public relating to waste generation and disposal data, waste disposal practices
and dumpsites utilized, and collection and disposal contracts and subsequent
performance reviews.
The remaining six cities and municipalities operate their own dumpsites. These are Quezon City,
Malabon, Valenzuela, Marikina, Caloocan and Las Pinas. In addition to financial constraints, identified
constraints relating to these cities and municipalities focus on the need for technical support in the

design, construction, operation, closure and post-closure of their dumpsite facilities, including
assistance in complying with existing regulations.
5. Improvement Strategy
This section summarizes target recommendations for the waste disposal sector. The recommendations
have been carefully designed to both be fully consistent with RA 9003 mandates, and achievable and
implementable in the context of the Metro Manila system. For clarity, they are grouped in accordance
with the format of the preceding Section 4.0 “Existing Issues and Impacts” and include the following;
(v) Dumpsite Improvements; A presentation of the proposed “Short Term Improvement

Program”, which has been formulated for immediate implementation;
(vi) Future Disposal Initiatives; Further discussion of disposal capacity shortfalls and
disposal initiatives;
(vii) Regulatory Strengthening; Recommendations to strengthen regulatory enforcement in

the short- and medium-term; and
(viii) Institutional Reform; Suggestions to improve the operational performance of waste

disposal implementing institutions.
5.1 Dumpsite Improvements

As highlighted in Section 4.1 “Disposal Facilities” there are significant issues associated with the active
and inactive dumpsites of Metro Manila. These issues are serious, and some of them are potentially
life-threatening. For this reason, the waste disposal assessment of the TA has focused considerable
resources on identifying and analyzing the major dumpsites. Working closely with the staff of the
NSWMC Secretariat, this has culminated in the development of a Short-Term Improvement Program
(Program) for the dumpsites in order to begin to mitigate the acute public health, environmental and
social impacts caused by these sites.
The Program includes every one of the identified active and inactive dumpsites. For each site, it
includes a series of basic engineering and environmental improvements which can be implemented
immediately, utilizing resources locally available in the Philippines. These improvements are also
designed to conform to the specific requirements for controlled dumpsites specified in RA 9003 and
supporting IRRs, and also the requirements of DAO 98-49. Successful implementation of the program
should therefore result in compliance with RA 9003 and DAO 98-49 for controlled dumpsites.
Program recommendations for each dumpsite are provided in the respective appendices attached to
this report18. These provide specific recommendations for each site, whether active or inactive. For
some of the sites, initial cost indications are also provided in order to approximate the likely costs
involved to implement the short-term improvements. In addition, a matrix is provided for most sites19
which outlines; (i) the major impacts caused by the site; (ii) the first level mitigation provided by the
short-term improvements; and (iii) additional mitigation which may be required in order to further
mitigate the impacts in the longer-term.
18
Refer to “Short-Term Improvements (RA 9003 Controlled Dumpsites)” in each appendix relating to each dumpsite
(Appendices 1.1 to 1.15).
19
Refer to “Remediation Strategy: Short-term and Longer-term” for each dumpsite (Appendix 1.1 to 1.15).

While the short-term improvement program will not fully mitigate the acute public health, environmental
and social impacts of these sites, within the constraints of the existing situation, it will provide for
significant low-cost, basic improvements of the sites and represent an important first step in addressing
the impacts. Figure 15 summarizes the objectives of the short-term improvement program.
FIGURE 15
SHORT-TERM IMPROVEMENT OBJECTIVES
Site Security and Control Site access restricted to authorized personnel only, secured with fencing
and caution signs around the entire perimeter and with lockable, gated
access points and entry security.
Slope Stability The entire facility is stable, with safe slope angles.
Site Drainage Facility drainage prevents ponding and flooding, promotes slope stability,
reduces surface erosion, reduces site run-on and run-off, and prevents the
contact of surface waters with waste.
Waste Encapsulation The waste is fully encapsulated with cover to prevent contact with human
receptors and the outside environment.
Waste Placement Waste placement techniques are properly organized, and wastes are
covered over with soil every day.
Water Resource Protection Adjacent surface water and groundwater are regularly monitored to identify
areas of contamination, surface and groundwater usage in areas of
contamination are prohibited, and affected water users are provided with
alternative, clean water supplies. These are considered temporary
measures, until full-scale remediation is achievable.
Landfill Gas Mitigation Potential landfill gas impacts are expeditiously identified and mitigated.
Waste Picking Operations Dumpsite waste picking operations are phased out at the soonest possible
time, and waste picker personnel are successfully relocated to material
recovery facilities. In the interim, waste picker operations are better
regulated, protective clothing and washing facilities are provided, emergency
response procedures are formalized, health and safety practices for safe
working are improved, and social impacts to surrounding communities are
mitigated.
Odor and Litter Odor and litter are properly controlled, and impacts to adjacent communities
are adequately mitigated.
Closure and Post Closure Dumpsites are properly closed in accordance with the regulations, including
grading, final cover materials and protective vegetation cover, drainage
components, environmental monitoring (groundwater and surface water),
fencing and security, access roads, and other site infrastructure. Post-
closure maintenance is maintained for at least 10-years following closure.
Facility Records Records of facility operations are progressively upgraded.
Facility After-Use After-use is restricted and infrastructure development prohibited, unless

impacts are thoroughly mitigated.
Figure 16 highlights the short-term improvement actions recommended for each of the active and
inactive dumpsites.

FIGURE 16
SUMARY OF SHORT-TERM IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM
Dumpsite Required Action
1 Payatas, Quezon City Urgent implementation of stability assessment and mitigation

Urgent mitigation of surface leachate impacts
Implement short-term improvements (Appendix 1.1)
2 Rodriguez, Montalban Urgent implementation of stability assessment and mitigation

3 Bagumbong Municipal, Caloocan Implement short-term improvements (Appendix 1.3)

Short term improvement indicative initial capital cost: PhP 14 Million
4 Lingunan, Valenzuela Implement short-term improvements (Appendix 1.4)

5 Catmon, Malabon Implement short-term improvements (Appendix 1.5)

6 Tanza, Navotas Urgent mitigation of potential leachate impacts

7 Dona Petra, Marikina Implement short-term improvements (Appendix 1.7)

8 Lupang Arenda, Taytay Immediate cessation of dumping operations (Appendix 1.8)

IEC campaign to inform communities of potential dangers
Initiation of detailed site investigation
9 Pulang Lupa, Las Pinas Implement short-term improvements (Appendix 1.9)

10 Site C4, Navotas Remove waste and adjacent contaminated materials (Appendix 1.10)
Remedial indicative initial capital cost: PhP 11 Million
11 Bagumbong Private, Caloocan Immediate cessation of construction over waste

12 Pier 18, City of Manila Implement short-term improvements (Appendix 1.12)

Future removal of remaining waste and adjacent contaminated materials
13 Palanyag, Paranaque Remove waste and adjacent contaminated materials (Appendix 1.13)
Remedial indicative initial capital cost: PhP 12 Million
14 Carmona, Cavite Implement full-scale closure and post-closure maintenance (Appendix 1.14)
15 San Mateo, Rizal Implement full-scale closure and post-closure maintenance (Appendix 1.15)
Qualified professionals should implement the short-term improvements for each site at the soonest
possible time. The improvements can be implemented on an individual site basis, as a cluster of sites,
or as a region-wide program. In addition, there are critical issues which have been identified at several
of the sites, which require urgent attention, and should be given the highest priority by responsible
agencies. These issues are summarized on Figure 17.

FIGURE 17 URGENT ACTIONS
Payatas Dumpsite: Detailed stability assessment and mitigation of impacts

Collection and treatment of surface leachate emissions
Rodriguez Dumpsite: Detailed stability assessment and mitigation of impacts
Lupang Arenda Dumpsite: Immediate cessation of dumping operations

IEC campaign to inform communities of potential dangers
Initiation of detailed site investigation
Bagumbong Private Dumpsite: Immediate cessation of construction over waste
Tanza Dumpsite: Collection and treatment of leachate emissions
Further description of issues requiring urgent action is provided as follows;
(i) Stability Assessments: Detailed stability assessments are required immediately at both
the Payatas dumpsite and Rodriguez disposal facility. Payatas, which has already
suffered a catastrophic failure, has large and steeply inclined outer waste slopes,
particularly along the eastern, southern and western sides of the inactive waste cell, and
around the currently active cell. The overall gross stability of the inactive cell also
requires investigation. Rodriguez has been constructed over an inclined valley, and the
stability of basal interface areas of the waste with the valley floor is of key concern.
Visual observations also indicate that the waste outer slopes and other cut and fill slopes
are excessively steep.
Slope stability assessments should be conducted immediately at these facilities to identify

areas of potential instability, and such areas should be remediated at the soonest
possible time. Continued filling at these facilities may further reduce their overall stability
and precipitate catastrophic slope failure. The stability analysis should be performed by
specialist geotechnical and civil engineers who have extensive experience with waste
mass stability. The analyses should evaluate the stability integrity of the entire facility,
including its foundation, intermediate and final slopes, and containment systems under
both static and dynamic conditions throughout the facility life, closure period, and post-
closure maintenance period. It should address all portions of the facility and its immediate
surroundings.
(ii) Prohibition and Remediation of Construction Over Dumpsites: The Lupang Arenda
dumpsite on the north shore of Laguna De Bay is also a critical issue. The illicit dumping
of waste over this government-owned 80-hectare resettlement site, followed by the
development of communities immediately over the waste materials has led to an
intractable and dangerous situation, where the communities and environment are at
potentially severe public health and environmental risk from the presence of the waste.
Reportedly, the site is or will be home to 25,000 urban poor families.
As described in Section 4.0 “Existing Issues and Impacts”, development over dumpsites
requires stringent mitigation measures, including complete encapsulation of the waste.
Since the communities are already constructed directly over the waste, remedial options
are severely constrained. It is recommended that (i) dumping cease immediately at this
site; (ii) that an IEC campaign be carefully devised and implemented to inform the
communities of the dangers, provide interim protection guidelines, and establish a health
and safety monitoring program; and (iii) conduct a comprehensive site investigation to
devise remedial mitigation measures. The construction of the low-income community at

the Bagumbong Private dumpsite in Caloocan should also cease immediately, and
remedial measures implemented, as recommended in this report.
(iii) Leachate Remediation: Surface leachate emissions have been observed at a majority of
the dumpsites, requiring immediate attention. However the mitigation of leachate
emission at two of the sites is of the highest priority. These are the Payatas dumpsite,
where literally a river of leachate flows out of the site, and the Tanza dumpsite, which is
immediately adjacent to active fishponds and has leachate actually building up in the
base of the cells being filled with waste. These two sites need urgent attention.
5.2 Future Disposal Initiatives

Shorter-Term Disposal
There are two primary constraints relating to shorter-term disposal capacity. Firstly, most of the
dumpsites are likely to reach capacity during 2004, leaving only the Rodriguez and possibly the
Lingunan dumpsites operative. Another disposal crisis could therefore occur in the short-term.
Secondly, RA 9003 mandates the closure of every controlled dumpsite by early 2006, and the diversion
of the entire residual waste stream to SLFs.
Figure 18 provides an estimate of the existing situation regarding Metro Manila disposal capacity. It
shows the estimated remaining life of the existing dumpsites, up to their mandated closure date in early
2006. As shown however, most dumpsites will reach capacity long before this date.
FIGURE 18
METRO MANILA WASTE DISPOSAL INITIATIVES
Disposal Facility 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
CURRENT STATUS;
1 Payatas, Quezon City

2 Rodriguez, Montalban
3 Bagumbong Munic, Caloocan
4 Lingunan, Valenzuela
5 Catmon, Malabon
6 Tanza, Navotas
7 Dona Petra, Marikina
8 Lupang Arenda, Taytay X CLOSE
9 Pulang Lupa, Las Pinas
It is probable that in order to avert another waste disposal crisis in the short-term, the emergency
expansion of existing dumpsites will be inevitable. In addition, the development of additional
emergency-based, short-term controlled dumpsites may be unavoidable. In this event, it is critical that
any future expansion or additional controlled dumpsite development must be properly designed with
environmental protection systems, and be fully integrated with the proposed short-term improvements.
It is also recommended that a detailed engineering assessment of the existing dumpsites be performed
immediately to ascertain accurate waste importation volumes, remaining disposal volumes, and
calculate facility lifespan for the remaining dumpsites. Following this, a strategy can be developed to
plan for the short-term capacity needs. It is recommended that this be a high-priority task for the Metro

Manila Solid Waste Management Board. These actions are urgent. Additional capacity must be
secured immediately in order to avert another waste disposal crisis.
Longer-Term Disposal
The longer-term disposal demands appear over-whelming. As summarized on Figure 19, there have
been many attempts over the past decade to develop longer-term solutions, including regional SLFs. In
addition, the forced closure of the San Mateo and Carmona facilities due to public opposition in the late
1990s is testament to the risks of facility operations, even following successful development.
Properly engineered regional facilities are required urgently, yet they take up to a decade to develop
during which time they will face significant legal, community and political opposition. And even if they
are successful and proceed to operation, they will be subject to considerable risks at any time in the
future, as in the case of San Mateo and Carmona.
FIGURE 19
SELECTED PREVIOUS DISPOSAL INITIATIVES
Regional Disposal System, Pililla, Rizal (Pro-Environment, 2000-03): Winners

of an MMDA-sponsored bidding process, and including the development of an
integrated recycling, processing and disposal system to accommodate up to
2,000 tons-per-day.
Status: Legal restraining order issued. Government has declined to proceed.
Bataan Ecological Waste Management Complex (Waste Action Recycling

Inc, 2000-01): Proposed development of a regional waste processing and
disposal complex in Bataan. Status: Curtailed due to public opposition.
Semirara Island Regional Landfill Facility (RII Builders, 2001): Development

of a major waste transfer, barging and disposal system, including the barging of
waste to a landfill facility on the remote Semirara Island.
Status: Legal restraining order issued, plus widespread public opposition.
Combined Inland and Offshore Facilities (JICA, 1999): Formulation of a solid

waste management masterplan for Metro Manila, which included proposals for an
integrated disposal system comprising an inland disposal complex, an offshore
disposal facility and five transfer stations.
Status: Recommendations not implemented.
Waste-To-Energy Initiative (Jancom, 1996-2002): Proposed development of a

3,000 ton-per-day waste-to-energy complex.
Status: Government has declined to proceed with the project.
Incinerator Complex (R II Builders, 1996-97): Proposals to site a major

incinerator complex at the former Smokey Mountain dumpsite in Manila, in order
to process Smokey Mountain waste and waste from the city.
Status: Curtailed due to public opposition and enactment of the Clean Air Act.
Figure 20 summarizes several initiatives that are currently being developed. Although these initiatives
have the technical potential to mitigate future Metro Manila waste disposal deficiencies, they are also
confronting developmental constraints.

The development of an SLF at Rodriguez would require

extensive technical evaluation and environmental
processing, a potentially complex design, and considerable
public consultation. Cursory review of the CDC facility
indicates that although the facility can meet acceptable
SLF design standards with minor modification, there is a
potential that it may require permit modifications to receive
waste from Metro Manila. Furthermore, it would need the
strong support of affected communities and stakeholders
to import waste from Metro Manila. It is believed that the
Quezon Province SLF initiative is still in the planning
stages, and that other initiatives are only at the concept
stage.
Construction of the Clark Development Corporation
Sanitary Landfill Facility
FIGURE 20
EXISTING WASTE DISPOSAL INITIATIVES
Proposed Rodriguez Sanitary Landfill Facility: An initial feasibility assessment is reportedly

being conducted to evaluate the potential to develop an international-standard SLF as a
separate expansion to the existing Rodriguez disposal facility.
Status: Initial planning and feasibility stage.
Clark Development Corporation Regional Sanitary Landfill Facility: Construction of a 92-

hectare regional SLF within the Clark Special Economic Zone (CSEZ), 5 km west of Capas,
Central Luzon. Development is through a 25-year service contract with a private sector
corporation. The reported design capacity of the facility 20 million tons. An Environmental
Compliance Certificate (ECC) has been issued for the facility, and an initial 3-hectare waste
cell has been constructed. Cursory technical review20 indicates that the facility design
objectives are to meet the Philippine standards for SLF development.
Status: SLF is operational.
Sanitary Landfill Facility Development, Quezon Province: Ongoing MMDA evaluation of

potential SLF sites in Quezon Province, 150 km south of Metro Manila, including sites in
Pagbilao and Tagkawayan. Proposals include development of a regional “waste to rail”
disposal system, where waste would be exported to the regional facilities using the South Rail
system, once operational.
Status: Initial planning stages.
Other Initiatives: There are many SLF and other initiatives being considered at any one time
in order to cater to the future treatment and disposal of Metro Manila waste. These include
additional dumpsites and SLFs both within and outside of the Metro Manila region, plus other
treatment systems and technologies. The San Mateo and Carmona disposal facilities are also
being considered in the medium term as possible sites that could again be re-opened for the
disposal of waste.
Status: Concept stage.
Even assuming these initiatives were to proceed without major issues, it will most likely be several
years before they can be developed sufficiently to accept waste from Metro Manila. Figure 21 provides
an illustration of the earliest conceivable timeframe of the development of these facilities.
20
A cursory technical review of the CDC facility has been conducted as an integral part of this assessment.

FIGURE 21
METRO MANILA WASTE DISPOSAL INITIATIVES
Disposal Facility 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
MEDIUM-TERM INITIATIVES;
Rodriguez SLF
Clark Development Corporation SLF
Quezon Province SLF
Other Initiatives
It is recommended that the development of these and other regionally-based initiatives be fully
supported by interested cities and municipalities, and that the coordination of regional facility
development be a high priority task of the Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Board.
5.3 Regulatory Strengthening

The NSWMC Secretariat and DENR Environmental Management Bureau have a clear mandate and
responsibility for the enforcement of waste disposal regulations. As discussed previously, regulations
relating to both controlled dumpsites and SLFs are in place. Subsequent emphasis is therefore being
placed by these agencies on establishing and improving enforcement procedures and systems. In the
short-term, this necessitates the regulatory enforcement of controlled dumpsites, and in the medium
term, the regulation of SLFs.
Enforcement in the Short-Term

The monitoring and regulation of Metro Manila dumpsites has been greatly assisted by this technical
assistance initiative. Working alongside the NSWMC Secretariat, the TA has identified and evaluated
fifteen of the major active and inactive dumpsites within Metro Manila21, as highlighted in Section 5.1
“Dumpsite Improvements”. This has included an initial technical assessment for each site, followed by
formulation of an integrated program of short-term improvements, which is recommended for immediate
implementation22. It is also emphasized that the improvement program is based directly on the current
dumpsite regulatory requirements in RA 9003 and DAO 98-4923. Successful completion of the short-
term improvement program for a given dumpsite therefore should render the site compliant with the
existing controlled dumpsite regulations.
The value of the short-term improvement initiative to the sector is two-fold. Firstly, if implemented, it will
provide urgently needed improvements to 15 of the major dumpsites in Metro Manila, bringing them in
compliance with current regulations. And secondly, and as importantly, it provides an actual
methodology for initial dumpsite assessment and improvement, which can be replicated by regulatory
agencies at other dumpsites in Metro Manila and throughout the Philippines.
21
This initiative also supports DENR to develop and publish an inventory of disposal facilities in accordance with RA
9003, Article 6, Waste Management Facilities, Section 36: Inventory of Waste Disposal Facilities.
22
Initial technical assessments and short-term improvement recommendations are provided for each site in Appendix 1.
23
For ease of reference, existing regulations pertaining to controlled dumpsites have been collated into a single
regulatory matrix provided in Appendix 2.1 “Summary of Pertinent Disposal Regulations”.

Another joint NSWMC Secretariat and TA initiative

has been to develop a standardized controlled
dumpsite inspection report, a copy of which is
attached to this report24. As shown, the inspection
report has been developed in a simple, easy-to-
follow format. It contains an appendix that
summarizes the current regulations in relation to
controlled dumpsites, and the main body of the form
is dedicated to recording compliance requirement
deficiencies, required actions, and the compliance
date for required actions. The form is designed to
facilitate regulatory site inspections and has been
successfully pilot-tested on several of the dumpsites.
It is of great assistance to regulatory inspection
personnel, and also to dumpsite operation staff,
Site inspection of an existing Metro Manila dumpsite.
many of who were not even familiar with the current
regulations prior to reviewing the form.
In summary, through the implementation of this TA, the NSWMC Secretariat and TA team have jointly
developed a methodology for the initial technical assessment of dumpsites, formulated a short-term
improvement program to provide basic improvements and regulatory compliance for many Metro Manila
dumpsites, and developed a standardized site inspection report format for the ongoing inspection and
regulation of dumpsites. The entire documents for these initiatives are electronic, and can be easily
databased and as appropriate, placed on the NSWMC website. This forms the foundation and tools of
an effective regulatory compliance and enforcement system for the dumpsites of Metro Manila.
It is recommended that the NSWMC Secretariat continue with this process. This should include the
ongoing development of a disposal site database, which can be housed on an appropriate server, to be
accessed by authorized NSWMC and DENR personnel. The database should be organized by
individual dumpsite, and include information such as the initial site assessment, short-term
improvement initiative requirements and accomplishments, and ongoing regulatory site inspections and
assessments. The precise locations of dumpsites can also be included, as it has been for the fifteen
evaluated dumpsites utilizing a GIS during the site inspection missions. As additional sites are
developed, these too can be added to the database, along with additional inactive sites as they are
identified.
Development of a detailed technical database would give credibility to the regulation of dumping
practices. It would provide a strong technical foundation for the issuance of violation notices, and would
ultimately provide technical support for legal prosecution of persistent offenders. Selective information
from the database could also be readily available for other audiences, such as other government
agencies, non-governmental groups and others interested in waste disposal. Information can be placed
on various websites.
Another recommendation is for the NSWMC Secretariat and EMB to establish a definitive, integrated
monitoring program for the various dumpsites, planned out several months in advance. This would
provide monitoring personnel with measurable and achievable medium-term targets, while striving to
reduce ad-hoc, emergency-based and rushed inspections.
Ultimately, the enforcement of the controlled dumpsite regulations is possible in Metro Manila, as
evidenced by the progress of the NSWMC Secretariat and TA team during the TA. The basic
monitoring tools are in place, and it just requires further development of a carefully planned monitoring
and compliance system, centered on a simple and effective monitoring program and properly organized
24
Appendix 2.2 “NSWMC Controlled Dumpsite Inspection Report Template”.

database. Also, it can be fully implemented by the current NSWMC Secretariat and EMB technical
staff, possibly with targeted technical external assistance from environmental and engineering
professionals who are readily available in the Philippines.
Enforcement in the Longer-Term

By 2006, controlled dumpsites should be phased out, and SLFs
phased in. SLF regulation requires a markedly higher level of
technical proficiency. This requires specialist capabilities in
engineering, geologic, hydrogeologic and environmental
assessment, and specific knowledge of SLF design systems.
The regulatory processes are also more complex and have
longer duration. SLF regulatory processes include detailed
technical assessment at the Environmental Compliance
Certificate (ECC) stage, and ongoing monitoring and
enforcement throughout the design, construction, operation,
closure and post-closure maintenance phases. Regional SLF Ongoing Construction at a Philippine SLF
development typically takes 10 years, operations may be planned for fifty years or more, and post-
closure maintenance if often 25 years or longer. Regulatory enforcement of a large regional facility
could therefore exceed one century, during which time constant monitoring is required.
Phasing in regional SLFs will also markedly change the number of sites to be monitored. Instead of the
current system of many small controlled dumpsites, regional SLF development should result in the need
for regulatory monitoring and enforcement of only several large-scale facilities. Over the next few years
therefore, the regulatory enforcement capabilities needed for the enforcement agencies will dramatically
increase, while the actual number of sites to monitor should decrease. This will ultimately result in the
focusing of highly specialized resources on a smaller number of sites
The recent ECC approval for the CDC landfill facility in central Luzon marks the start of this regulatory
transition. This included a comprehensive review by DENR and other affected agencies of the entire
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the facility, and the ultimate approval of the ECC. Included
in the ECC is the requirement for ongoing monitoring of facility components and processes throughout
the operational life of the facility, which has a design life of approximately 20 years. Subsequently,
monitoring will also be required during post closure maintenance, which may extend for 25 or more
years following closure.
It is therefore recommended that the NSWMC Secretariat and EMB progressively develop the
necessary technical capacities in order to comprehensively monitor and regulate SLFs, from original
siting through to post-closure maintenance. This can include both the development of in-house
technical resources, and also the formulation of arrangements to bring in outside specialist consultant
resources on an as-needed basis. As the number of regional SLFs in the future will most likely be
limited, regulatory enforcement actions can be carefully focused. It is therefore envisioned that effective
regulation in the future will require a small, highly specialized team of professionals, with instant access
to additional resources on an as-needed basis. This should be the medium-term “resource-
improvement” focus of the NSWMC Secretariat and EMB.
It is also envisioned that SLF monitoring can be progressively incorporated into the disposal facility
database discussed above. This can include the necessary documentation for each SLF relating to; (i)
initial siting and feasibility assessment; (ii) environmental impact and ECC compliance documentation;
(iii) design documents and permit information; (iv) operation records and compliance monitoring
information; (v) closure and post-closure maintenance documentation; and (vi) specific regulatory
compliance information, including violation actions and remedies. Using modern information
technology, entire design documents can be uploaded onto the database, providing instant access to

authorized personnel. This can commence immediately with the CDC landfill information, including the
EIA, ECC and other pertinent technical information.
Regulatory enforcement will also be required for the closed dumpsites throughout the post-closure
maintenance period. Also, since additional remediation will most likely be required, the NSWMC and
EMB need to build specific technical capacity to adequate regulate environmental remediation.
5.4 Institutional Reform

In order to compliment other TA institutional and organizational analyses, this section recommends
practical initiatives to enhance the operational aspects of the waste disposal delivery institutions.
As highlighted in Section 5.2 “Disposal Initiatives”, in the short-term, waste disposal will inevitably
include the continuation of the eight major dumpsites until they either reach capacity or are closed in
early 2006 due to regulatory requirements. During this time, the six cities and municipalities of Quezon
City, Malabon, Valenzuela, Marikina25, Caloocan and Las Pinas will continue to operate their own
dumpsites, and the remaining 11 cities and municipalities will continue to outsource their disposal
operations to the private sector. In addition, Quezon City and Makati are reportedly considering the
development of additional facilities, to be operated either as short-term controlled dumpsites, or as
longer-term SLFs.
Short-Term Initiatives
In the short-term, the six cities and municipalities operating their own dumpsites must mobilize the
necessary resources to implement the short-term improvement program at their sites, as recommended
in this report. This should be a key objective in their respective LGU 10-Year Solid Waste Management
Plans. They must also improve and maintain the necessary on-site management and operational
resources to meet the requirements of the controlled dumpsite regulations until site closure, and be
capable of implementing the closure and post-closure maintenance requirements. Any additional
resources required to achieve and maintain the short-term improvements are readily available in the
Metro Manila private sector consulting and contracting industry. These resources should be utilized as
necessary.
There is a critical need for the remaining eleven cities and municipalities to be more engaged in the
waste disposal process. It is considered operationally inappropriate and highly questionable whether
any city or municipality can “entirely outsource” their waste disposal responsibilities to the private sector
without strict, ongoing monitoring and recording of private sector operational performance, including
detailed knowledge of the dumpsites being utilized. It is therefore recommended that each city and
municipality establish an appropriate waste disposal monitoring program26, and that this be included as
an integral part of their LGU 10-Year Solid Waste Management Plans. Also, this information should be
submitted to the NSWMC Secretariat on a regular basis in order to update and embellish their disposal
facility database.
Longer-Term Initiatives
Moving to SLFs most likely means moving to large regional facilities, shared by many cities and
municipalities, possibly both within and outside Metro Manila. The CDC landfill facility is an example of
this, which is designed to cater to the needs of the surrounding cities and municipalities within the
region. It is most likely that this SLF transition will significantly transform waste disposal operations,
25
The Dona Petra dumpsite in Marikina is in the process of closure.
26
Including waste disposal contracts, contract performance reviews and information on waste types and volumes,
methods of disposal, and disposal sites utilized.

and therefore the institutional arrangements of individual cities and municipalities. It is probable that
most Metro Manila cities and municipalities will contract directly with the operators of regional SLFs in
the future, and most unlikely that they will continue to operate their own exclusive SLFs.
In this event, it will be necessary for Metro Manila cities and municipalities to formalize disposal
contracts with SLF operators, while maintaining an appropriate waste disposal monitoring program to
ensure adequate performance. It is emphasized though, that this will require only a small, specialized
monitoring team within each city or municipality, and not a full compliment of in-house resources
relating to waste technologies. This appears to be the most likely trend, and should be planned for in
the medium-term.

6. Summary of Recommendations
Figure 22 provides a summary of waste disposal recommendations developed as a result of this TA
assessment. For clarity, the recommendations include the entity primarily responsible for
implementation, and the recommended timeframe for implementation.
FIGURE 22
SUMMARY OF WASTE DISPOSAL RECOMMENDATIONS
Recommendation Summary Implementing Timeframe

Entity
1 Dumpsite Improvements (Section 5.1)
Implementation of recommended dumpsite short-term improvement program for the NSWMC

identified 15 active and inactive Metro Manila dumpsites. This should be directed by the Secretariat
NSWMC Secretariat and DENR Environmental Management Bureau, including the EMB
following interventions;
1 Payatas Urgent stability assessment and mitigation Quezon City LGU IMMEDIATE
Urgent mitigation of surface leachate impacts Quezon City LGU IMMEDIATE
Implementation of short-term improvements (Appendix 1.1) Quezon City LGU Mid 2003
2 Rodriguez Urgent stability assessment and mitigation Private Operator IMMEDIATE

Implementation of short-term improvements (Appendix 1.2) Private Operator Mid 2003
3 Bagumbong Implementation of short-term improvements (Appendix 1.3) Caloocan LGU Mid 2003
Municipal
4 Lingunan Implementation of short-term improvements (Appendix 1.4) Valenzuela LGU Mid 2003
5 Catmon Implementation of short-term improvements (Appendix 1.5) Malabon LGU Mid 2003
6 Tanza Urgent mitigation of potential leachate impacts Private Operator IMMEDIATE

Implementation of short-term improvements (Appendix 1.6) Private Operator Mid 2003
7 Dona Petra Implementation of short-term improvements (Appendix 1.7) Marikina LGU Mid 2003
8 Lupang Arenda Immediate cessation of dumping operations NSWMC, DENR IMMEDIATE

IEC campaign to inform communities of potential dangers NSWMC, DENR IMMEDIATE
Initiation of detailed site investigation NSWMC, DENR IMMEDIATE
9 Pulang Lupa Implementation of short-term improvements (Appendix 1.9) Las Pinas LGU Mid 2003
10 Site C4 Remove waste and contaminated materials (Appendix 1.10) Navotas LGU Mid 2003
11 Bagumbong Immediate cessation of construction over waste NSWMC, DENR IMMEDIATE

Private Implementation of short-term improvements (Appendix 1.11) NSWMC, DENR Mid 2003
12 Pier 18 Implementation of short-term improvements (Appendix 1.12) Manila LGU Mid 2003
Future removal of waste and contaminated materials Manila LGU Unknown
13 Palanyag Remove waste and contaminated materials (Appendix 1.13) Paranaque LGU Mid 2003
14 Carmona Implement full-scale closure and post-closure (Appendix 1.14) MMDA, NSWMC Mid 2003
15 San Mateo Implement full-scale closure and post-closure (Appendix 1.15) MMDA, NSWMC Mid 2003
Expand dumpsite short-term improvement program to include future active dumpsites NSWMC 2003
and other inactive dumpsites when identified. Secretariat Onwards
EMB

FIGURE 22
SUMMARY OF WASTE DISPOSAL RECOMMENDATIONS (CONTINUED)
Recommendation Summary Implementing Timeframe

Entity
2 Future Disposal Initiatives (Section 5.2)
Implement the following actions in order to mitigate disposal capacity deficiencies in the MMSWMB 2003-06
short- and medium-term. This should be directed and coordinated by the Metro Manila MMDA
Solid Waste Management Board (MMSWMB), and specifically the MMDA, in conjunction
with the NSWMC Secretariat, DENR and Metro Manila cities and municipalities.
1 Dumpsite Disposal Capacity Assessment: Perform a detailed engineering MMSWMB Mid 2003
assessment of active dumpsites to ascertain accurate waste importation volumes, MMDA
remaining disposal volumes and facility life.
Accurate assessment of remaining Rodriguez disposal volume is urgent. IMMEDIATE
2 SLF Development Initiatives; In conjunction with Metro Manila cities and MMSWMB 2003-06
municipalities, expedite the development of regional SLFs for Metro Manila. MMDA
3 Regulatory Strengthening (Section 5.3)
Implement the following regulatory development initiatives in order to improve the NSWMC 2003
regulation of Metro Manila dumpsites in the short-term, and SLFs in the longer-term. Secretariat Onwards
This is primarily a function of the NSWMC Secretariat and EMB. EMB
1 Disposal Facility Database: Formulate and maintain a comprehensive web-based NSWMC Mid 2003
technical database for every active and inactive dumpsite identified in Metro Secretariat
Manila. Initiate with the 15 identified dumpsites, and progressively add EMB
dumpsites as they are developed or identified. The database can also
progressively incorporate SLFs as they are developed and included in the Metro
Manila monitoring program.
2 Integrated Monitoring Program: Develop an integrated regulatory monitoring NSWMC Mid 2003
program for the effective monitoring and compliance of Metro Manila dumpsites Secretariat
and SLFs. EMB
3 SLF Regulation Capacity: Progressively develop technical resources for the NSWMC 2003-06
effective monitoring, regulation and enforcement of SLFs, and for the regulation Secretariat
of environmental remediation and post closure maintenance of dumpsites. EMB
4 Institutional Reform (Section 5.4)
1 Cities and Municipalities Operating Dumpsites: Mobilize necessary resources, Cities and 2003-06
including external resources, to implement short-term improvement program at Municipalities
respective dumpsites, and improve and maintain necessary managerial and Operating
operational on-site resources to meet the controlled dumpsite regulations. Dumpsites
Includes Quezon City, Malabon, Valenzuela, Marikina, Caloocan, and Las Pinas.
2 Cities and Municipalities Contracting Waste Disposal: Build operational capacity Cities and 2003-06
to improve contracting procedures, regulate private sector waste disposal Municipalities
performance, and improve record-keeping and access to information. Includes Contracting Waste
Manila, Navotas, Muntinlupa, Pasig City, Paranaque, Makati, Pasay, Disposal
Mandaluyong, Taguig, Pateros and San Juan.

7. Limitations
Although this report focuses on waste disposal, residual waste minimization through effective waste
reduction and recycling is fully recognized and supported. In this context, the report strives to
recommend practical and achievable waste disposal improvements in order to reduce the acute public
health, environmental and social impacts caused by the existing dumping practices. Waste disposal is
a necessary part of an integrated system, one in which waste minimization and recycling initiatives
should be prioritized.
Accurate engineering and other technical data are virtually absent for existing disposal facilities and
practices, and this first-level assessment has been prepared largely from cursory visual site
observations and verbal site reports. Technical data, measurements, quantities and costs contained in
this report are subject to a high degree of inaccuracy, and should be verified through more detailed
technical assessment prior to further use.
Metro Manila must act immediately to improve waste disposal practices and establish sanitary landfill
facilities in accordance with RA 9003. Until this is achieved, waste dumping will continue to cause
acute public health, environmental and social damage. In this context, the dumpsite short-term
improvements recommended in this report are designed as an initial attempt to reduce these impacts
within the current limitations of sector. However, it is emphasized that significant impacts will remain
following these short-term measures, which will require significant additional mitigation in the future.

ADB TA 3848-PHI: Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Project SITE 1: PAYATAS DUMPSITE, QUEZON CITY Final Report
APPENDIX 1.1
SITE 1: PAYATAS DUMPSITE, QUEZON CITY
DUMPSITE ASSESSMENT
CONTENTS PAGE
Site Location Plan 1

Remediation Strategy: Short-Term and Longer-Term 2
Short-Term Improvements (RA 9003 Controlled Dumpsites) 6
Initial Desk Review 11
Initial Site Survey 13
Photographic Record 16
Waste Disposal AEA Technology Appendix 1.1: Site 1

SITE LOCATION PLAN

IMMEDIATE ACTION
Slope Stability Future site activities will require strict
SLOPE STABILITY ASSESSMENT: The outer A SLOPE STABILITY ASSESSMENT SHOULD BE
Assessment conformance with the slope stability
waste fill slopes of both the abandoned cell and CONDUCTED IMMEDIATELY AT THIS FACILITY TO
requirements.
active cell appear excessively steep. The IDENTIFY AREAS OF POTENTIAL INSTABILITY, AND
potential for failure, including catastrophic failure SUCH AREAS SHOULD BE REMEDIATED AT THE
is high, as evidenced by the failure in 2000 on SOONEST POSSIBLE TIME. CONTINUED FILLING AT
the eastern slope of the abandoned cell. In THIS FACILITY MAY FURTHER REDUCE OVERALL
addition, the gross stability of both cells is STABILITY AND PRECIPITATE SLOPE FAILURE.
questionable due to the potential for failure along
the base interface. Another failure at this facility
could be catastrophic
Surface Leachate The system should be designed to operate on

SURFACE LEACHATE MITIGATION: There are A LEACHATE COLLECTION AND TREATMENT
Mitigation a continuous, long-term basis, and include
significant surface leachate emissions from this SYSTEM SHOULD BE INSTALLED AT THIS FACILITY
continuous monitoring and testing to ensure
facility into the adjacent surface drainage AT THE SOONEST POSSIBLE TIME TO MITIGATE
system efficacy. Future remediation will also
channels and creeks, which lead directly into the SURFACE LEACHATE EMISSION IMPACTS
most likely be required to reduce site
Marikina River.
contamination impacts to adjacent
groundwater resources.
GENERAL
Restricted Access The site is unfenced and the potential for Provision of fencing and signage around the entire facility, Continuation of short-term improvements
unauthorized access is high. improved access control procedures, and increased should mitigate site access issues in the
regulation and expeditious relocation of waste pickers. longer term.
Noise, Dust, Odors Although the impacts of site activities appear to Application of daily soil cover on exposed waste and Installation of additional soil and protective
be significant for local communities, they are not provision of soil and protective vegetation final cover over vegetation final cover over remaining site
perceived as an issue by operational staff. completed waste cell areas. Interviews with local residents areas on completion, and adequate ongoing
Foul odor pervades within the site and immediate to ascertain potential impacts, and implementation of long-term maintenance of cover.
vicinity affecting the waste pickers, operations additional measures as necessary to mitigate site
staff and informal dwellers. Loose upper soil operation impacts, particularly relating to nighttime
creates local dusty conditions when stirred and operations
blown away by winds.

WASTE CELL AREAS
Slope Stability Future site activities will require strict

The outer waste fill slopes of both the A slope stability assessment should be conducted
conformance with the slope stability
abandoned cell and active cell appear immediately at this facility to identify areas of potential
requirements.
excessively steep. The potential for failure, instability, and such areas should be remediated at the
including catastrophic failure is high, as soonest possible time. Continued filling at this facility may
evidenced by the failure in 2000 on the eastern further reduce stability and precipitate slope failure.
slope of the abandoned cell. In addition, the
gross stability of both cells is questionable due to
the potential for failure along the base interface.
Another failure at this facility could be
catastrophic
Waste Encapsulation The majority of waste cell surface areas are Modification of waste placement techniques to minimize The lack of basal containment systems is
entirely exposed with waste, and without soil and exposed waste areas during placement. Application of resulting in leachate migration into surface
protective vegetation final cover. Waste pickers daily cover. Application of soil and protective vegetation water resources and most likely into
and other site operatives are in direct contact final cover over completed waste cell areas. Provision of underlying geologic materials and
with waste. The surface configuration of many drainage and erosion protection. groundwater. These represent potentially
areas of the cells is not conducive to promoting serious environmental and public health risks.
drainage or erosion protection. Remediation of these impacts would
necessitate extensive surface and subsurface
evaluation, followed by implementation of
complex and costly surface water and
groundwater remediation.
Current operational practice for final surface

covers includes a higher design standard than
that currently required in existing regulations
(0.600 m thickness of soil cover). A standard
cover normally includes several layers,
including a foundation layer, low permeability
layer (normally utilizing a geomembrane) and
protection layer/s. In the future, it may be
appropriate to modify and enhance the
currently proposed cover to meet these higher
standards.

Surface Drainage Practically the entire surface areas of both waste Regrading of waste cell surface areas to provide adequate Installation of additional drainage features as
cells will require grading to promote drainage drainage. Grading of outer sideslopes of waste cell areas necessary in the future, and long-term
and stabilize outer surface slopes, and also will to improve stability. Provision of erosion control measures. maintenance of drainage features.
require erosion control measures. Installation of additional drainage features, as required.
Leachate: There are significant surface leachate emissions A leachate collection and treatment system should be The system should be designed to operate on
Surface Emissions from this facility into the adjacent surface installed at this facility at the soonest possible time to a continuous, long-term basis, and include
drainage channels and creeks, which lead mitigate surface leachate emission impacts. continuous monitoring and testing to ensure
directly into the Marikina River. system efficacy. Future remediation will also
most likely be required to reduce site
contamination impacts to adjacent
groundwater resources.
Leachate: Inadequately covered (exposed) waste, and Short-term measures of improved waste placement The short-term improvement will not prevent
Sub-Surface inadequate drainage increase the potential for methodologies, application of daily and final cover and the generation of leachate, or provide
Emissions leachate generation. Recent observations improved surface drainage may reduce surface water adequate containment, and therefore the risk
indicate that significant surface leachate infiltration, and therefore have a minor impact on the of sub-surface emission will continue to exist.
emission exists at the site, and the risk of sub- amount of leachate being generated. Short-term Additional measures should be considered to
surface emission into surrounding geologic recommendations also include the establishment of a basic mitigate sub-surface leachate contamination
materials and the groundwater aquifer is high. groundwater monitoring program, in order to provide initial including; (i) detailed groundwater evaluation
This potentially represents a direct contaminant assessment of the level and extent of contamination and to further ascertain the level and extent of
pathway to nearby groundwater extraction wells. prohibit the use of groundwater in affected areas. groundwater contamination; (ii) design and
installation of a leachate collection, recovery
and treatment system; and (iii) design and
installation of a groundwater “barrier” system
to contain the extent of contamination.
Landfill Gas Waste decompositional processes will result in Short-term improvement includes; (i) access restriction to Short-term improvement focuses on the
the generation of landfill gas (LFG) within the authorized personnel only; (ii) restricted site activities reduction of impacts of LFG to human
waste mass, which has the potential to permeate throughout the active life of the site; (iii) restrictions on the receptors (site access and activity restrictions,
out of the site and into and through the use of the facility following closure; (iv) monitoring of the and monitoring), and not on the actual control
surrounding atmosphere and sub-surface site and immediate vicinity for unusual occurrences such and management of LFG generation. LFG
materials. Since LFG potentially contains as spontaneous combustion, and adverse effects of LFG impacts will most likely require further
contaminants, and also since it is potentially on vegetation which can indicate potential issues; and (v) mitigation, including for example; (i)
explosive at certain concentrations, it therefore implementation of corrective action when necessary. installation of an “industry standard” cover
represents an environmental and public health system (ii) installation of an LFG collection and
threat to adjacent areas. In addition, the treatment system; and (iii) ongoing surface
moisture-laden LFG can condense to create LFG and sub-surface monitoring and testing.
condensate, which, similar to leachate, can
contain contaminants. LFG emissions have
been reported at the site, both from reports of
fires and explosions, and from the ongoing field
assessment being conducted by the Philippine
National Oil Corporation.
Post Closure The site will need to conform to existing closure Short-term improvement includes the implementation of Additional measures, over and above those
Maintenance and and post closure maintenance requirements regulatory-based closure and post closure maintenance prescribed in existing regulations, will most
Environmental following completion of filling activities. activities on completion of site activities, as specified in likely be required to adequately mitigate the

Remediation Subsequent environmental remediation existing regulations. This includes grading, cover potentially significant impacts caused by the
requirements may also necessitate additional materials, drainage components, vegetation cover, dumpsite. These include for example; (i)
closure and post-closure maintenance environmental monitoring (groundwater and surface installation of an “industry standard” cover
requirements. water), fencing and security, access roads, and other site system; (ii) design and installation of a
infrastructure. In accordance with the regulations, post- leachate collection, recovery and treatment
closure maintenance is required for a prescribed 10-year system (as recommended above); (iii) design
period following closure. and installation of a groundwater “barrier”
system; (iv) installation of an LFG collection
and treatment system; and (v) enhanced
surface and sub-surface monitoring and
testing programs. It may also be necessary to
extend post closure maintenance beyond the
10-year timeframe

IMMEDIATE ACTION Although the following matrix provides guidance to implement short-term
improvements at the site, there are two highly critical issues which REQUIRE
IMMEDIATE ACTION at this dumpsite. These are described as follows;
1) SLOPE STABILITY ASSESSMENT: The outer waste fill slopes
of both the abandoned cell and active cell appear excessively
steep. The potential for failure, including catastrophic failure is
high, as evidenced by the failure in 2000 on the eastern slope of
the abandoned cell. In addition, the gross stability of both cells
is questionable due to the potential for failure along the base
interface. Another failure at this facility could be catastrophic.
A SLOPE STABILITY ASSESSMENT SHOULD BE

CONDUCTED IMMEDIATELY AT THIS FACILITY TO
IDENTIFY AREAS OF POTENTIAL INSTABILITY, AND SUCH
AREAS SHOULD BE REMEDIATED AT THE SOONEST
POSSIBLE TIME. CONTINUED FILLING AT THIS FACILITY
MAY FURTHER REDUCE OVERALL STABILITY AND
PRECIPITATE SLOPE FAILURE.
The stability analysis should evaluate the stability integrity of

the facility, including its foundation, intermediate and final
slopes, and containment systems under both static and
dynamic conditions throughout the facility life, closure period,
and post-closure maintenance period. It should address all
portions of the facility and its immediate surroundings.
2) SURFACE LEACHATE MITIGATION: There are significant

surface leachate emissions from this facility into the adjacent
surface drainage channels and creeks, which lead directly into
the Marikina River.
A LEACHATE COLLECTION AND TREATMENT SYSTEM

SHOULD BE INSTALLED AT THIS FACILITY AT THE
SOONEST POSSIBLE TIME TO MITIGATE SURFACE
LEACHATE EMISSION IMPACTS
The system should be designed to intercept and treat surface

leachate emissions on a continuous, long-term basis, and
include continuous monitoring and testing to ensure system
efficacy.
1 Site Availability The site operates over a 24-hour period, with a scheduled cessation of waste
importation between 4 am and 10 am. Although the impacts of site activities
appear to be significant for local communities, they are not perceived as an
issue by operational staff.
Short-Term Improvements;
Interview local residents to ascertain potential impacts.
Implement additional measures as necessary to mitigate site
operation impacts, particularly relating to nighttime operations.
2 Cover The completed waste surface areas of both the abandoned and active cells
appear to be practically devoid of final soil cover over their entire areas, and
waste is largely exposed.
Grade outer slopes of both waste cells to stable profiles.
Grade waste cell surfaces to ensure adequate surface run-off and
drainage.
Apply compacted soil cover of minimum 0.600 m thickness over
entire completed waste cell surface areas.
Seed and plant completed surface areas with native species of
vegetation to reduce erosion potential.
During remaining waste filling activities, apply daily soil cover of
minimum thickness 0.150 m over exposed waste at the completion
of every day.

3 Site Drainage Perimeter drains are installed and maintained for parts of the facility. The
existing surfaces of both the abandoned and active waste cells are irregular
and not graded to promote surface drainage. Sideslope areas are subject to
excessive erosion.
In conjunction with (Item 2 - Cover) ensure grading of entire surface
areas to promote adequate drainage and reduce erosion potential,
particularly on sideslope areas.
Maintain existing perimeter drains and install additional drains along
site perimeter as necessary to improve surface drainage and reduce
flooding potential.
4 Odor Control Odor pervades within the site area, especially within the vicinity of the exposed
waste areas. Attempts to reduce odor impacts include sporadic spraying of
exposed waste areas with deodorizer.
Improve waste placement techniques to reduce exposed waste
areas (Item 5 - Waste Placement).
Ensure adequate daily covering of exposed waste (Item 2 – Cover)
5 Waste Placement Dumping practices on the active cell result in large areas of waste being
exposed. The placement method utilized appears to include the dumping and
spreading of waste in thin layers over a relatively large area. Bulldozers
perform the waste spreading operations. Waste pickers are scattered
throughout the area of exposed waste, operating dangerously close to the
bulldozers.
Modify dumping, spreading and compaction operations to conform to
the maximum permitted waste placement area as required in RA
9003.
Apply daily cover.
Relocate waste pickers at the soonest time. In the interim, improve
waste picker operations and provide adequate public health and
safety protection to waste pickers and other site personnel.
6 Site Management Site operational staff appear experienced in dumpsite operations, and are
receptive to proposals to develop and implement site improvements.
7 Site Control The site is not fenced, and although the site operations are highly controlled,
the potential for unauthorized access to the site is high.
Install fencing around entire site perimeter.
Restrict site access to authorized personnel.
Install signs around site perimeter, providing information, which at a
minimum should include site name, site owner and operator contact
details, emergency contact information, and notification that the site
is a restricted area and that unauthorized site entry is prohibited.
8 Fencing, Litter Control The site is not fenced. Litter is evident across both waste cells, in perimeter
areas and also in the waste picker and recycling communities surrounding the
site.
Provide soil cover (Item 2 – Cover).
Establish and implement a litter control program, particularly
focusing on communities surrounding the site area.

9 Record Keeping Site operations are relatively highly controlled and records are kept of
incoming loads, in terms of waste volume and waste type. Waste is screened
by visual observation of waste in each and every truck upon entry.
Reportedly, records are kept of special occurrences such as fires, accidents
and spills, and of the occurrences of unauthorized and rejected loads to the
facility.
10 Access Road Maintenance Observations of on-site access road conditions indicate they are adequately
maintained.
11 Other Site Infrastructure Infrastructure includes site offices at the site entrance and at the entrance to
the active cell. Basic washing and sanitary facilities are provided for site staff,
and waste pickers appear to utilize the support of the surrounding informal
communities for washing and sanitation.
12 Environmental Monitoring Adequate groundwater monitoring wells are not installed at the site. There are
several water samples, which have been taken in connection with the site, and
these show significant contamination. Apart from these, records of surface
water and groundwater quality are not available. Hydrogeologic information is
also absent.
Establish a groundwater and surface water monitoring program,
including the installation of a minimum of six (6) groundwater
monitoring wells.
Conduct a hydrogeologic assessment.
Implement an ongoing groundwater and surface water sampling and
testing program, including quarterly sampling and testing of
groundwater and surface water monitoring points and any adjacent
extraction wells.
From the groundwater sampling and testing program, delineate the
plan area of any potential groundwater contaminant plume from the
facility and prohibit the use of groundwater within this area.
Further evaluate surface leachate release and contaminant
pathways, develop mitigation measures to attempt to reduce this
contamination, delineate the plan area of potential surface water
contamination, and prohibit the use of surface water within this area.
For this site, and due to the acute nature of surface leachate release,
consideration should be afforded to the installation at the soonest
possible time of a leachate collection and treatment system to treat
surface leachate effluent emanating from the facility.
Provide communities and other groundwater and surface water
users within affected areas with an alternative water supply.
Conduct an Information Education and Communication (IEC)
program in order to; (i) inform communities of the potential presence
of contaminated groundwater and surface water resources; (ii)
explain the need to prohibit the use of contaminated surface water
and groundwater for public uses; and (iii) confirm alternative water
supply arrangements.
Continue to monitor surface water and groundwater within affected
areas to ascertain changes in the level and plan extent of
contamination.
13 Maintenance Site access roads appear to be adequately maintained. Mechanical

equipment appears to function adequately. Perimeter drains are well
maintained, however, overall drainage of existing surface of the waste cells
area is irregular and not graded to promote surface drainage.
Once site components are installed, such as waste cell cover,
drainage features, groundwater monitoring system and fencing,
develop and implement maintenance program to ensure long-term
efficacy.
14 Protection of Local Amenities Residential communities immediately surround the site.

15 Waste Picking The 3,000 waste pickers appear to be organized, although they are poorly
protected against the dangers of waste handling. Waster pickers have
inadequate clothing protection, no convenient washing facilities, and operate
dangerously close to operational equipment.
Relocate waste pickers to material recovery facilities at the soonest
possible time.
In the interim, improve waste picker operations including; (i) the
regulation of authorized personnel; (ii) provision and regulation of
adequate personnel protection measures including for example the
provision of protective clothing, convenient washing facilities,
emergency response procedures; and (iii) improved health and
safety practices relating to areas and methods of safe working.
Identify and mitigate social impacts of the site recycling operations
on surrounding communities.
16 Post Closure and Restoration The abandoned cell can be closed in accordance with existing regulations,
and the active cell will soon reach completion and can also be closed.
Effect closure of the abandoned cell.
Plan for the future closure and post-closure maintenance for the
entire facility.
17 Hydrogeology Groundwater is conjectured at shallow depth below the surface. Leachate

contamination from the site into the groundwater is highly likely.
Immediately implement short-term improvement outlined in (12 –
Environmental Monitoring).
18 Open Burning It is reported that the open burning of waste materials is prohibited at the site.
19 Squatting Informal settlements are present around the site perimeter.
Identify and mitigate impacts relating to the presence and operations
of informal settlers within these areas.
20 Unauthorized Dumping Verbal discussions indicate that municipal waste collection and transfer is
adequately controlled, and the collection and disposal of industrial wastes
prohibited. Waste loads are reportedly screened upon entry to the facility.
21 Vicinity Development The site is surrounded by residential communities.
22 Surface Water, Groundwater Resource Groundwater most likely exists at shallow depth beneath the site. Leachate
Proximity emanates directly into adjacent creeks and drainage channels, which lead
directly to the Marikina River.
Short-term improvement outlined in (Item 12 – Environmental
Monitoring) should be implemented at the soonest possible time.
A leachate collection and treatment system should be implemented
at the site to treat surface leachate emissions.

Site Name Payatas Dumpsite

LGU Jurisdiction Quezon City
Name, Contact Personnel Manager, Environmental Protection and Waste
Management Department
Barangay Jurisdiction Barangay Payatas
Contact Personnel Barangay Captain
Location Barangay Payatas. Quezon City
o o
Geographic Coordinates of Approximate Center 14 15’ 24” N, 121 01’ 40” E
(Abandoned Cell)
o o
Geographic Coordinates of Approximate Center (Active 14 43’ 00” N, 121 06’ 20” E
Cell)
Facility Size (Hectare) Abandoned cell approximately 16 hectares, active
cell approximately 6 hectares
Surrounding Land Use Primarily residential
Surrounding Surface Features Generally surrounded by residential development.
La Mesa Reservoir to the northwest. Marikina Valley
to the east. Scattered informal dwellers within
immediate edge of dumpsites.
Nearby Human Receptors Informal dwellers living alongside the two dumpsites.
Residents live in adjacent subdivisions
Principal Access Routes Commonwealth Avenue, located to the west
Geologic Setting Site reportedly underlain by pyroclastic layers of the
Guadalupe Formation
Hydrogeologic Setting Well records within the vicinity indicate groundwater
at shallow depth, and perched conditions are likely.
Groundwater flow is estimated to the southeast
towards Marikina Valley
Hydrologic Setting Abandoned and active cells are bounded by creeks,
which drain into the Marikina River. These drainage
features have been modified as an integral part of
the dumpsite construction operations. They appear
to be heavily laden with leachate, and represent an
acute environmental and public health threat.
Flooding of existing waterways is apparently
experienced during heavy rains. The La Mesa
Reservoir is located north of the abandoned
dumpsite.
Groundwater Well Data Not available for the immediate dumpsite facility.
Wells records for the general area are available.
Landowner – Previous and Current Reportedly, the site is privately owned by several
individual landowners.
Site Operator – Previous MMDA
Site Operator – Current Quezon City government (1991 to present)
Commencement Date The site has operated continuously since 1973,
apart from temporary closure in 2000 due to a
catastrophic slide.
Closure Date Site active since 1973, with temporary closure from
July to October 2000 as a result of a slide at the
abandoned dump. Closure of the site is planned for
2004, although the site may reach capacity prior to
this date.
Site Surveys, Investigations Topographic surveys in 1977, 1996 and
2000. Quarterly topographic surveys from
2001 to present.
Exploration for methane gas from June
2002 by PNOC with 8 boreholes at the
abandoned dumpsite and 6 boreholes at
the active dumpsite.
Aerial Photography by UCDC in 1995 and
by Certeza, October, 2000
Leachate Pollution from Open Dumping
Sites in Metro Manila by VBB Viak (1996)

A Study of the Effects of the Payatas Open

Dumping to the Novaliches (La Mesa)
Reservoir by U.P. Engineering Research
and Development Foundation Inc., National
Hydraulic Research Center (2002)
Types of Wastes Accepted Reported as municipal waste
Total Waste Volume Accurate survey data and calculations are not
available. It is inferred that the total facility volume
may be in excess of 1.5 million cu m.
Monitoring Records None available.
Facility Closure Records Site active
Facility Post Closure Use None identified
Site Location and Site Access Plan Scanned NAMRIA topographic map enlarged to a
scale of 1:10,000
Geologic Map Regional geologic map of Metro Manila
Groundwater Well Location Plan None available
Site Surface Layout Site layout plan currently being prepared by PNOC
Construction Records None available
Operation / Monitoring Records Not currently available at facility for this preliminary
assessment
Closure, Post Closure Records Site active
Surveys, Site Investigation Records Refer to Site Survey information
Groundwater Well Data None available for immediate vicinity
References VBB Viak, 1996, Leachate Pollution from
Open Dumping Sites in Metro Manila, Main
Study, Monitoring Programme Report,
Swedish International Development
Cooperation Agency, DENR – EMB.
U.P. Engineering Research and

Development Foundation Inc., - National
Hydraulic Research Center, 2002, Final
Report, A Study of the Effects of the
Payatas Open Dumping to the Novaliches
(La Mesa) Reservoir Report No. 121.

Contact Personnel - SWM Department Manager, Environmental Protection and Waste

Management Department
Contact Personnel – Facility Facility Manager
Date of Site Survey Sep-02 and follow up visits and activities
Access Road Suitability – Width, Condition Four lane concrete road without shoulder, narrows
to two lanes at bridge crossings, essentially good
condition. Suitable for commercial vehicles.
Average Drive Time From Major Highway Approximately 30 minutes from Mariano Marcos
Highway
Access Procedures Only Quezon City authorized trucks are allowed
entry to the site, and a gate pass system is strictly
enforced. Truck movements are heavily monitored
and regulated. A one-way road system is
implemented through the surrounding barangay
roads.
Authorized Personnel WMO personnel, authorized contractors and waste
pickers
Fencing Provision, Condition, Adequacy The site is not fenced, and there are few restrictions
to prohibit unauthorized access.
Emergency Response Procedures Organized fire brigade located nearby, water trucks
and pump available in case of emergency
Personnel Protective Equipment Masks, water boots, gloves and safety helmets are
available for site personnel. The waste pickers are
poorly equipped, with many without any protective
equipment.
Fire Protection Equipment and Procedures Site has fire brigade nearby, water trucks and
generator powered pump also available to get water
from the creeks bounding the dumpsites.
Site Safety Procedures, Safety Awareness Several warning and restrictive signs are posted at
strategic areas, and the use of protective equipment
is required for selected WMO personnel.
Restricted Working Area Procedures Truck movements and waste dumping procedures
are highly controlled, although waste pickers are
allowed to traverse the dumpsite.
Site Area – Total Approximately 22 hectares, consisting of abandoned
cell 16 hectares, and active cell 6 hectares
Waste Pile Plan Dimensions Active site has an approximately circular base of
about 6 hectares and an active top of approximately
2.5 hectares. The abandoned cell covers a plan
area of approximately 16 hectares. The waste cells
cover practically the entire site plan area.
Waste Pile Thickness The abandoned cell has an inferred maximum
thickness of approximately 30 meters, and the active
cell approximately 25 meters. It is reported that both
waste piles have been constructed on the original
ground surface level.
Sideslope Configuration The abandoned and active cells exhibit excessively
steep sideslopes, which are potentially unstable and
require urgent remediation. Recent earthwork
activities at the site have included the benching of
certain sideslopes, particularly in relation to the
sideslopes of the active cell. However, the overall
slope angles of both cells remain excessively steep
and there is a high potential for future failure of
waste pile slopes if they are not remediated.
A catastrophic slide occurred during 2000 on the

eastern face of the abandoned cell. Preliminary
assessment infers that the slide was caused in part
by the over-steepening of the outer waste slopes,
possibly exacerbated by the basal configuration of
the waste/sub-surface interface, and by the

presence of water within the waste cell basal areas.

Waste Pile Volume Filled Accurate survey data and calculations are not
currently available. It is inferred that the currently
filled facility volume may be in excess of 1.5 million
cu m.
Waste Pile Volume Remaining Accurate survey data and calculations are not
currently available. From recent observations, it is
reported that the remaining volume at the active cell
may cover an area of approximately 2 hectares,
which infers a remaining volume of approximately
0.1 million cu m.
However, the sideslopes of the waste cells are

excessively steep, and most likely require regrading
to shallower grades. This will significantly impact the
remaining volume estimate, as it will reduce the plan
area (and therefore volume) of the remaining active
cell, and result in the need to re-dispose of waste
removed from the sideslopes, which will use up
remaining volume.
Surface Drainage The surface areas of the waste cells are poorly
graded and lack soil cover, resulting in ponding and
infiltration. There is evidence of erosion, particularly
on sideslope areas.
Site Boundary Protection The site lacks fencing, and the potential for
unauthorized access is high.
Site Sub-Subsurface The site is reportedly underlain by weathered
pyroclastics of the Guadalupe Formation
Adjacent Land Use Primarily residential
Human, Economic Activity The site is surrounded primarily by residential
communities. The site perimeter is dominated by
the operations of the dumpsite and associated
recycling activities, including waste picking,
segregation, junkyard operations, and small scale
retailing of basic food items and construction
materials
Operation Personnel and Functions Approximately 80 personnel are involved in
operations and management
Waste Checking and Screening Procedures Reportedly, the waste trucks are inspected visually
upon entry to the site. Only waste from Quezon City
is reportedly accepted at the dumpsite.
Waste Disposal Operation Procedures Waste is unloaded at designated areas at the active
dumping area, followed by the sorting and removal
of recyclable items by the designated waste picker
groups. The remaining waste is then spread and
compacted. Disposal operations continue over a 24-
hour period, apart from a break between 4 am to 10
am which is utilized for grading and compacting.
Waste Types Reported as municipal waste
Number / Type of Vehicles Daily Verbal reports indicate that there are approximately
550 trucks per day, reportedly equating to
approximately 2,200 tonnes, or 8,200 cu m of
uncompacted, imported waste per day.
Waste Segregation / Waste Picking Approximately 3000 waste pickers, who have been
organized into 8 groups, perform waste picking and
segregation.
Daily, Intermediate Cover and Procedures Reportedly, limited amounts of soil and crushed rock
are used for soil cover. However, practically the
entire surface areas of the abandoned and active
cells consist of exposed waste materials.
Litter Control Procedures None identified
Facility Design and Construction Engineering plans and specifications are not
available for the facility.
Facility Equipment Includes 16 bulldozers, 5 backhoes and 2 pay

loaders
Site Excavation and Maintenance Earthwork operations are currently ongoing at the
facility, including the benching of active cell
sideslope areas.
Surface Drainage Significant surface areas of the abandoned and
active cells are subject to ponding and infiltration,
and the sideslopes are subject to surface erosion.
Abandoned and active cells are bounded by creeks,
which drain into the Marikina River. These drainage
features have been modified as an integral part of
the dumpsite earthwork operations. They appear to
be heavily laden with leachate, and represent an
acute environmental and public health threat.
Flooding of existing waterways is apparently
experienced during heavy rains.
Landfill Components – Liner, LCRS, LFG Systems Not installed
Leachate, LFG and Surface Water Treatment Not installed
Waste Segregation, Treatment and Recycling Performed manually by 3000 waste pickers
Operation Methodology organized into 8 groups.
Surface Leachate There is evidence of significant surface leachate
emission on the waste cell sideslopes and in the
perimeter creeks.
Subsurface Leachate None identified, but highly suspected, and reported
in previous studies
Landfill Gas, Spontaneous Combustion There are verbal reports of explosions and
combustion events associated with both waste cells.
The Philippine National Oil Corporation is currently
performing a site assessment and pilot scheme to
ascertain the viability of commercial extraction of
landfill gas from the site.
Exposed Waste Both the inactive and active dumpsites have
excessive areas of exposed waste.
Odor Odor is evident at both waste cells.
Photographic Records Photographs of access road, site area, waste cells,
site facilities, equipment, waste pile working face,
recycling activities, adjacent land use, contaminant
concerns

Waste picking atop the active dumpsite, old dump at Contaminated surface water east of old dump
the background
Pool of contaminated water on the eastern slope of View of failed slope at old dump
old dump
Smoke emission from old dump Contaminated water exposed by trench through old
dump

Southerly view of the active dumpsite A closer view of the active dumpsite
Waste pickers along the access road to the active Informal dwellings southwest of the active dump
dump
Waste picking atop the active dump Drainage canal at the southern edge of the active
dump

Active dump viewed from the old dump Steep southern section of the active dump
Northwestern benched section of active dump Creek conveying contaminated water from Payatas
designated for dumping to Marikina River
Northern lower level of active dump designated for Waste picking on top of the active dump
future dumping

Benched southern section of active dump Dumping, waste picking atop active dump
designated for additional dumping

ADB TA 3848-PHI: Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Project SITE 2: RODRIGUEZ DISPOSAL FACILITY, RIZAL Final Report
APPENDIX 1.2
SITE 2: RODRIGUEZ DISPOSAL FACILITY, RIZAL
DISPOSAL FACILITY ASSESSMENT
CONTENTS PAGE

Waste Disposal Report No: 4 AEA Technology Appendix 1.2: Site 2

SITE LOCATION PLAN

IMMEDIATE ACTION
Future site activities will require strict
SLOPE STABILITY ASSESSMENT: The base A SLOPE STABILITY ASSESSMENT SHOULD BE
conformance with the slope stability
configuration of the disposal area is inclined, and CONDUCTED IMMEDIATELY AT THIS FACILITY TO
requirements.
the excavated slopes and the outer slopes of soil IDENTIFY AREAS OF POTENTIAL INSTABILITY, AND
and waste fill are steep. For these reasons, the SUCH AREAS SHOULD BE REMEDIATED AT THE
overall gross stability of the waste mass is of SOONEST POSSIBLE TIME. CONTINUED FILLING AT
concern, as is the stability of excavated areas THIS FACILITY MAY FURTHER REDUCE OVERALL
and outer fill slopes. Seismicity impacts may STABILITY AND PRECIPITATE SLOPE FAILURE.
further reduce stability. Stability may also be
compromised due to potential hydrostatic pore
pressure build-up in basal areas of the waste
mass and also due to the geotechnical properties
of the waste/soil basal interface. A failure at this
facility could be catastrophic.
GENERAL
Restricted Access Although the site area is relatively remote, it is Provision of fencing and signage around the entire facility. Short-term improvements should mitigate site
unfenced, resulting in the potential for access issues in the longer term.
unauthorized access along a large proportion of
the site boundary.
Noise, Dust, Odors Noise generated by onsite movement of trucks Application of daily soil cover on exposed waste, Installation of final cover system over
and equipment does not appear to be an issue. continuation of spraying program, and provision of interim completed waste cell areas, and adequate
Traffic impacts along the access roads are a cover materials to reduce odor impacts. Identification and ongoing long-term maintenance of cover.
possible issue. Odors are restricted generally to mitigation of access road impacts to adjacent communities. Implementation of adequate closure and post-
the waste placement areas, where waste is closure maintenance programs. Continuation
exposed. of road impact mitigation measures.
Record-Keeping Record keeping currently limited to type, number Improvement of procedures for screening of waste and As per short-term improvement.
of truck trips, visual volume estimates and recording of special occurrences such as fires, accidents
cursory waste screening. and spills. Installation of a weighbridge to more accurately
record the imported wastes.
Surface Drainage Purposefully constructed surface drainage Grading of entire surface areas to promote adequate Installation of additional drainage features as
features are not apparent at the site to control drainage and reduce erosion potential, particularly on necessary, and long-term maintenance of
drainage around the site perimeter or within the sideslope areas. Review of drainage requirements and drainage features.
site area. installation of necessary features to enhance drainage and
reduce erosion.
Slope Stability The base configuration of the disposal area is Future site activities will require strict
A slope stability assessment should be conducted
inclined, and the excavated slopes and the outer conformance with the slope stability
immediately at this facility to identify areas of potential
slopes of soil and waste fill are steep. For these requirements.
instability, and such areas should be remediated at the
reasons, the overall gross stability of the waste
soonest possible time. Continued filling at this facility may

mass is of concern, as is the stability of further reduce overall stability and precipitate slope failure.
excavated areas and outer fill slopes. Seismicity
impacts may further reduce stability. Stability
may also be compromised due to potential
hydrostatic pore pressure build-up in basal areas
of the waste mass and also due to the
geotechnical properties of the waste/soil basal
interface. A failure at this facility could be
catastrophic.
Waste Encapsulation Limited areas of waste are exposed. Waste Modify waste placement techniques to minimize exposed Installation of final cover system over
pickers and other site operatives are in direct waste areas during placement. Apply daily cover. Apply completed waste cell areas, and adequate
contact with waste. Daily cover is not regularly interim soil and protective vegetation cover. Apply final ongoing long-term maintenance of cover.
applied. Parts of the interim cover are cover system over completed waste cell areas. Improve
inadequate or absent. A base containment placement methodology of remaining liner system.
(liner) system has apparently been installed over
the waste mass base, although visible sections
of the liner indicate that it has not been installed
adequately, increasing the potential for leakage.
Leachate Emissions A leachate collection and treatment system is Operation of the leachate collection and treatment system, Long-term, continuous operation of the
apparently installed. Leachate is being removed plus the presence of the liner system will reduce leachate leachate collection and treatment system,
and treated from the waste mass at a reported impacts to surface water and groundwater resources. including necessary upgrades is essential to
rate of between 1 and 7 liters per second. ensure system effectiveness. The system will
Leachate seeps from the waste mass most likely require continued operation for an
sideslopes, but apparently it is intercepted by the extended time period beyond both the closure
liner and leachate collection system installed of the facility and the currently stipulated 10-
beneath these areas. year post closure maintenance period. Any
future Leachate contamination will require
remediation.
Landfill Gas An LFG collection and treatment system is Installation and operation of the LFG collection and Long-term operation of the LFG collection and
proposed for the facility, and the vertical LFG treatment system, plus the installation of the liner system treatment system, including necessary
collection pipes are currently being installed. and final cover system will reduce LFG emission impacts. upgrades is essential to ensure system
effectiveness. The system will require
continued operation for an extended time
period beyond both the closure of the facility
and the currently stipulated 10-year post
closure maintenance period. Any future LFG
contamination will require remediation.
Post Closure Site will need to conform to existing closure and The facility design includes several key environmental Additional measures, over and above those
Maintenance and post closure maintenance requirements following control systems, over and above the current requirements prescribed in existing regulations, are included
Environmental completion of filling activities. This also includes for controlled dumpsites. These include the subdrain in the facility design, including the subdrain
Remediation installation of the proposed composite final cover system, liner system, leachate and LFG collection and system, liner system, leachate and LFG

system, continued operation and maintenance of treatment systems, and final cover system. In addition, collection and treatment systems, and final
the leachate and LFG collection and treatment current regulations require closure and post closure cover system. Subsequent environmental
systems and environmental monitoring. Any maintenance activities on completion of site activities, remediation requirements in the event of a
subsequent environmental remediation including grading, drainage components, environmental surface or sub-surface contaminant release
requirements may also necessitate additional monitoring (groundwater and surface water), fencing and may also necessitate additional closure and
closure and post-closure maintenance security, access roads, and other site infrastructure. In post-closure maintenance requirements, and
requirements. accordance with the regulations, post-closure maintenance the necessity to extend post closure
is required for a prescribed 10-year period following maintenance beyond the 10-year timeframe.
closure.

IMMEDIATE ACTION Although the following matrix provides guidance to implement short-term
improvements at the site, there is a highly critical issue which REQUIRES
IMMEDIATE ACTION at this dumpsite. This is described as follows;
SLOPE STABILITY ASSESSMENT: The base configuration of the
disposal area is inclined, and the excavated slopes and the outer
slopes of soil and waste fill are steep. For these reasons, the overall
gross stability of the waste mass is of concern, as is the stability of
excavated areas and outer fill slopes. Seismicity impacts may
further reduce stability. Stability may also be compromised due to
potential hydrostatic pore pressure build-up in basal areas of the
waste mass and also due to the geotechnical properties of the
waste/soil basal interface. A failure at this facility could be
catastrophic.
A SLOPE STABILITY ASSESSMENT SHOULD BE CONDUCTED

IMMEDIATELY AT THIS FACILITY TO IDENTIFY AREAS OF
POTENTIAL INSTABILITY, AND SUCH AREAS SHOULD BE
REMEDIATED AT THE SOONEST POSSIBLE TIME.
CONTINUED FILLING AT THIS FACILITY MAY FURTHER
REDUCE OVERALL STABILITY AND PRECIPITATE SLOPE
FAILURE.
The stability analysis should evaluate the stability integrity of the

facility, including its foundation, intermediate and final slopes, and
containment systems under both static and dynamic conditions
throughout the facility life, closure period, and post-closure
maintenance period. It should address all portions of the facility and
its immediate surroundings, including all portions of the facility that
incorporate geomembranes as part of the facility foundation or
containment system (including the final cover).
1 Site Availability Site operates over a 24 hour period. Operational constraints of nighttime
activities and potential community impacts are not perceived as an issue by
operational staff.
Interview local residents to ascertain potential impacts, particularly
next to the access road.
Implement additional measures as necessary to mitigate vehicle
access and site operation impacts, particularly relating to nighttime
operations.
2 Cover Interim soil cover materials of limited thickness have been placed over parts of
the surface of completed waste cell areas. The current area utilized for waste
placement is completely exposed.
Ensure successful completion of the recommended slope stability
assessment (above) and any necessary stability mitigation
measures, which will include the grading of waste cell surfaces to
safe profiles.
Apply daily soil cover of minimum thickness 0.150 m over exposed
waste at the completion of every day.

3 Site Drainage The site surface profile slopes generally towards the east, and consists of
inclined outer slopes of the waste mass, surrounded by sloped natural
superficial and bedrock materials. Purposefully constructed surface drainage
features are not apparent at the site to control drainage around the site
perimeter or within the site area. The area of the equipment yard and support
infrastructure is generally level.
Review drainage requirements and install necessary features to
enhance drainage and reduce erosion.
Continue to implement odor control spraying program.
5 Waste Placement Observations of dumping practices indicate that waste is placed within a
relatively confined area, and spread and tracked over with a bulldozer. The
operations of waste pickers are relatively well controlled compared to other
sites, although they do operate dangerously close to the bulldozers. Daily
cover does not appear to be regularly applied.
Continue to improve dumping, spreading and compaction operations
to conform to the maximum permitted waste placement area as
required in RA 9003.
Apply daily cover.
Relocate waste pickers at the soonest time. In the interim,
rationalize the operations of waste pickers and provide adequate
public health and safety protection to waste pickers and other site
personnel.
7 Site Control Site operations appear relatively well controlled, and the site is relatively
remote. Access is restricted to one primary entrance which is well controlled.
The site is not fenced, and although it is relatively remote, there is a potential
for unauthorized access along a large proportion of the site boundary. The
waste pickers are apparently organized into four separate groups, and operate
on a rotating shift basis.
Install fencing around the entire site perimeter to enhance site
security and safety.
Continue to restrict site access to authorized personnel.
Install signs around the site perimeter, providing information which at
a minimum should include site name, site owner and operator
contact details, emergency contact information, and notification that
the site is a restricted area and that unauthorized site entry is
prohibited.

8 Fencing, Litter Control The site is unfenced and litter control procedures are not implemented for the
site. A litter control program is apparently implemented for the access roads.
Establish and implement a litter control program for the site.
Continue to implement the litter control program for the access
roads.
9 Record Keeping Records are kept of incoming loads, in terms of waste volume and waste type.
Improve procedures for the screening of waste.
Institute record keeping program to record special occurrences such
as fires, accidents and spills.
Institute record keeping program to record the occurrences of
unauthorized and rejected loads to the facility, including the names
and addresses of waste generators and waste operators responsible
for the loads.
Installation of a weighbridge to more accurately record waste
imports.
10 Access Road Maintenance The site access road from the Montalban Road is a purposefully constructed
two lane unpaved haul road, which traverses through hilly terrain. The road is
excessively steep along several sections, apparently resulting in access
difficulties for loaded waste trucks. Several sections also appear potentially
unstable from a slope stability perspective. The road has also has been
constructed within the immediate vicinity of existing dwellings and areas of
small-scale agriculture. Access roads within the site area are also
excessively steep and potentially unstable along certain sections.
Perform a slope stability assessment of the access road to the site
and internal access roads, and implement mitigation measures to
stabilize roads and adjacent slopes.
Reduce the gradient of over-steepened road sections to suitable
gradients.
Interview local residents to identify potential access road impacts.
Implement additional measures as necessary to mitigate access
road impacts.
11 Other Site Infrastructure Infrastructure at the site reportedly includes offices, storage areas, motor pool,
truck wash, electrical room, guardhouse and a basic toilet. A materials
recovery facility is currently being constructed at the site.

12 Environmental Monitoring Appropriate groundwater monitoring wells are not installed at the site, and
records of wells within the vicinity are unavailable. Several natural springs
have been reported within and adjacent to the site area. Hydrogeologic
information is not available for the site.
Continue to operate the leachate collection and treatment system on
a continuous, permanent basis, and provide system upgrades where
necessary.
Implement the LFG collection and treatment system on a continuous,
permanent basis to reduce the potential effects from LFG and LFG
condensate.
including the installation of a minimum of four (4) groundwater
monitoring wells and four (4) surface water monitoring stations.
Groundwater monitoring should include as a minimum one
upgradient and three downgradient monitoring wells. Water
sampling stations should include as a minimum; (i) leachate effluent
prior to treatment; (ii) treated effluent discharge; (iii) Lucutang Munti
River upgradient location; and (iv) Lucutang Munti River
downgradient location, immediately downgradient of the point of
treated effluent discharge to the river.
groundwater and surface water monitoring points and any identified
adjacent groundwater extraction wells.
From the groundwater sampling and testing program, identify and
investigate groundwater contamination resulting from the facility, and
develop remediation measures to remediate this contamination.
From the surface water monitoring program and overall site
inspections, identify and investigate any surface leachate releases
and contaminant pathways and develop remediation measures to
remediate this contamination.
explain the need to prohibit the use of surface water and
groundwater for public uses; and (iii) confirm alternative water supply
arrangements.
areas to ascertain changes in the level and aerial extent of
contamination.
13 Maintenance Infrastructure at the site reportedly includes offices, storage areas, motor pool,
truck wash, electrical room, guardhouse and a basic toilet. A materials
recovery facility is currently being constructed at the site.
Implement maintenance programs for site infrastructure.
14 Protection of Local Amenities The site is relatively remote. Surrounding land is largely unused.

15 Waste Picking Reportedly, the site has 700 waste pickers, organized into four groups who
operate on a rotating shift basis at the site. The waste pickers are limited to a
maximum of 200 per shift, and there are two shifts per day. The waste pickers
are poorly protected against the dangers of waste handling. They have
inadequate clothing protection and there are no washing facilities.
possible time.
In the interim, waste picker operations require significant
improvement, including; (i) the provision of adequate personnel
protection measures including for example the provision of protective
clothing, washing facilities, and emergency response procedures;
and (iii) improved health and safety practices relating to areas and
methods of safe working.
16 Post Closure and Restoration Engineering design plans for the site indicate that there are specific provisions
for facility closure and post closure maintenance, over and above those
required in controlled dumpsite existing regulations. These include installation
of a composite final cover for the entire waste mass, and continued long-term
operation of the leachate and LFG collection and treatment systems.
On completion, implement closure and post closure maintenance
requirements as proposed in the design documentation and in
accordance with the regulations.
17 Hydrogeology Although geologic and hydrogeologic information for the site vicinity is not
available, it is possible that groundwater, or perched groundwater, is at
shallow depth beneath the surface.
Implement the measures outlined in (12 – Environmental
Monitoring).
19 Squatting Informal settlers and settlements are prohibited in connection with the site and
access roads. There are several waste picker building structures adjacent to
the site perimeter, which apparently are utilized for the segregation,
processing and storage of recyclable materials. Settlements are however
prohibited.
20 Unauthorized Dumping Verbal discussions indicate that waste loads are reportedly screened upon
entry to the facility to prevent unauthorized dumping.
Refer to (Item 9 – Record Keeping)
21 Vicinity Development The site is relatively remote, and few amenities are present within the
immediate vicinity of the site. A quarry exists to the east, located in the valley
of the Lucutan Munti River.
22 Surface Water, Groundwater Resource Groundwater, or perched groundwater, possibly exists at shallow depth
Proximity beneath the site. The site drains directly into the Lucutan Munti River.
Groundwater and surface water resources are therefore present in the
immediate vicinity.
Interim monitoring measures outlined in (Item 12 – Environmental
Monitoring) should be implemented at the soonest possible time
Surface water protection measures, including operation of the
leachate and LFG collection and treatment systems, and measures
outlined in (Item 3 – Site Drainage) should also be implemented at
the soonest possible time.

Site Name Rodriguez Solid Waste Disposal Facility

LGU Jurisdiction Rodriguez (Montalban), Rizal
Name, Contact Personnel Site Manager
Barangay Jurisdiction Barangay San Isidro
Location Barangay San Isidro, Rodriguez
Facility Size (Hectare) 14 hectares
Geographic Coordinates of Approximate Center 14o 46’ 44” N, 121o 09’ 06” E
Surrounding Land Use Grass/shrub land
Surrounding Surface Features Marikina Valley to the south, main channel of
Lucutan Munti River to the east
Nearby Human Receptors Barangay residents downstream of Lucutan Munti
River
Principal Access Routes Access from Quezon City via Commonwealth
Avenue then through Litex Road, then along a by-
pass road through the La Mesa Reservoir
reservation, then along the Montalban Road. This
connects to a purposefully constructed site access
road which is an unpaved winding hillside road, and
excessively steep in places.
Geologic Setting Site underlain by fractured and highly weathered
volcanic-sedimentary suite. The trace of the West
Marikina Valley fault is recorded to be about 1
kilometer to the west
Hydrogeologic Setting Groundwater reported to occur within fractures
traversing the volcanic sedimentary suite and crops
out as springs. Some of these springs were
reportedly noted along the channel of the river
during the site preparatory works in 2001. In
addition, a spring has been reported directly beneath
the existing waste mass. A subdrain system has
reportedly been installed beneath the waste mass to
facilitate the drainage of percolating groundwater.
Hydrologic Setting The site is located in a drainage valley, which
interconnects with, and is directly upgradient of the
Lucutan Munti River. This river is perennial on its
downstream section and interconnects with the main
channel of the Marikina River farther south
Groundwater Well Data A 30-meter deep observation well has reportedly
been constructed downstream of the waste facility,
near the proposed treatment pond. Water quality
monitoring data is unavailable.
Landowner – Previous Not applicable
Landowner – Current Private
Site Operator – Previous Not applicable
Site Operator – Current The site has apparently been developed through a
joint venture arrangement between the LGU and a
private sector entity.
Commencement Date Initial operations commenced in January 2002.
Official operations started in March 2002.
Closure Date Site active
Site Surveys, Investigations Engineering design plans are available for the
facility.
Types of Wastes Reported as municipal waste
Daily Waste Volume Reportedly 300 trucks per day, equating to
approximately 4,500 cu m (1,200 tonnes) per day.
Total Waste Volume Waste volume calculations based on accurate
survey information is currently unavailable. The site
developer has indicated that the total estimated
waste volume (imported, uncompacted in-truck
waste) is in excess of 5 million cu m, and that

approximately 1.5 million cu m has already been

disposed of at the facility (February 2003).
Compliance, Violation Records None available
Monitoring Records Site monitoring reportedly includes the number of
trucks, volume of waste and the visual screening of
waste.
scale of 1:10,000
Site Surface Layout Engineering design plans available at the site
Construction Records As-built construction plans and records are
unavailable

Contact Personnel Private Sector Operations Manager

Rodriguez LGU Representative
Contact Personnel – Facility As Above
Date of Site Survey 12-Sep-02 and follow up activities
Distance from Major Highway About 15 road kilometers from Commonwealth
Avenue
Access Road Suitability – Width, Condition From the Montalban Road, the site is accessed
along a purposefully constructed two lane unpaved
haul road, which traverses through hilly terrain. The
road is excessively steep along several sections,
apparently resulting in access difficulties for loaded
waste trucks. Several sections also appear
potentially unstable from a slope stability
perspective. Access roads within the site area are
also excessively steep along certain sections.
Access Road Suitability – Adjacent Developments The unpaved haul road from the highway to the site
has been constructed within the immediate vicinity of
existing dwellings and areas of small-scale
agriculture.
Average Drive Time From Major Highway Approximately 30 minutes from the Litex Road.
Access Procedures Only trucks authorized by MMDA allowed into site,
other vehicles need clearance from private operator
and the local administrative officer of Rodriguez
municipality. A trip ticket system is adopted, and the
MMDA, municipality, barangay and private sector
operator jointly monitor and record data relating to
the entering waste trucks.
Authorized Personnel Site personnel include approximately 100 private
operator personnel, plus LGU (Rodriguez)
representatives, MMDA personnel and private
consulting staff. There are also 700 waste pickers
operating at the site on a rotation basis, with a
maximum of 200 waste pickers allowed at any one
time.
Fencing Provision, Condition, Adequacy None
Emergency Response Procedures Site staff reportedly trained to respond to emergency
situations
Personnel Protective Equipment Reportedly, masks, boots, gloves and safety
helmets are available to site staff. Waste pickers
have little protection.
Fire Protection Equipment and Procedures The site has its own water truck. A fire truck from
the Rodriguez municipality is also apparently
available to respond to fires.
Site Safety Procedures, Safety Awareness Site staff reportedly trained on safety procedures
and safety awareness
Site Area – Total Approximately 14 hectares
Waste Pile Configuration The waste pile is being constructed on the inclined
easterly facing natural slopes of a valley, which has
a complex base geometry. Accurate survey details
of the plan area, outer surface profile and depth of
the waste mass are currently unavailable.
Side Slope Configuration From available engineering plans, the base
configuration of the site and waste mass is generally
inclined to the east. The base gradients are
variable, but several areas of the base appear to be
excessively steep. In addition, areas of the outer
side slopes of the waste mass, and excavated and
filled natural slopes, appear to be over-steepened.
Waste Pile Volume Filled Reportedly, the site has accepted approximately 1.5
million cu m of uncompacted waste (February 2003)
Waste Pile Volume Remaining The site developer has indicated that the total

estimated waste volume (imported, uncompacted in-

truck waste) is in excess of 5 million cu m, and that
approximately 1.5 million cu m has already been
disposed of at the facility (February 2003).
Surface Drainage The site is located in an inclined valley which drains
into the Lukutan Munti River, and which drains into
the Marikina River to the south. The catchment area
of the site is relatively limited. The natural inclination
of the site facilitates rapid run-off during times of
precipitation. The potential for flooding is low,
however, the potential for erosion is high. Additional
drainage features are not installed at the site.
Site Boundary Protection The site is unfenced.
Physical, Topographical, Notable Features Steep slopes bound the site to the north, west and
south, and the Lukutan Munti River is immediately to
the east
Human, Economic Activity The site is located in a relatively remote area. A
quarry exists to the east in the Lukutan Munti River
valley. Onsite activities include waste picking and
segregation.
Operation Personnel and Functions Approximately 100 staff are engaged in checking,
monitoring, supervision and operations.
Additionally, up to 200 waste pickers operate at the
site on a rotating shift basis.
Waste Checking and Screening Procedures The MMDA, municipality, barangay and private
sector representatives implement waste checking
functions. These apparently include waste truck
counts, waste volume estimates and screening of
the wastes.
Incoming Waste Volume Assessment Visual
Number / Type of Vehicles Daily Reportedly 300 trucks per day, equating to
approximately 4,500 cu m (1,200 tonnes) per day.
Waste Segregation / Waste Picking Approximately 700 waste pickers operate at the site
on a rotation basis, with a maximum of 200 waste
pickers allowed at any one time.
Daily, Intermediate Cover and Procedures Waste is reportedly covered daily. Interim cover is
evident over portions of completed areas, although
there are areas where the cover is of inadequate
thickness or absent.
Litter Control Procedures Litter is observed across the site. A litter control
program is apparently implemented along the haul
road.
Facility Design and Construction The site was designed by a private sector consulting
firm in conjunction with the Philippine Society of
Sanitary Engineers (PSSE). Although it is classified
as a controlled dumpsite, it includes certain
engineered components and systems. The site was
constructed and is being operated by a private
sector contractor.
Facility Equipment 4 backhoes, 8 bulldozers (5 active), 4 dump trucks,
1 water truck, 1 grader, 1 road roller
Landfill Components: Subdrain A subdrain system has reportedly been installed
across the excavated base of the waste mass,
immediately beneath the liner system. It consists of
an interconnecting network of drainage pipes, which
are designed to drain percolating groundwater out of
the base of the waste mass. The drain exits to the
east of the waste mass, towards the Lukutan Munti
River. The subdrain system is completely buried,
and surface observation is not possible.
Landfill Components: Liner System A high density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembrane

liner has reportedly been installed across the entire

base of the waste mass. Visual observations of the
only areas of exposed liner, immediately above the
current working area, indicate that the liner is placed
without any protection above or beneath the liner,
and that the liner is placed on excessively steep
slopes. Tearing and ripping of the liner materials is
evident.
Landfill Components: Leachate Collection and A leachate collection, recovery and treatment
Treatment System system has apparently been installed. This
reportedly consists of a network of interconnecting
perforated pipes within a high permeability layer
installed directly above the liner. Intercepted
leachate is transported out of the base of the waste
mass, and through a series of cascading manholes
to a collection pond for treatment. The treatment
plant was currently being constructed at the time of
observation. Leachate was observed emanating
from the waste mass. Reportedly, the volume of
leachate fluctuates between 1 liter per second (lps)
and up to 7 lps during times of high precipitation. It
is proposed that the treated effluent will be
discharged to the Lucutan Munti River.
Landfill Components: Landfill Gas Collection and A landfill gas (LFG) collection and treatment system
Treatment System is also planned, consisting of a series of vertical
interconnecting LFG collection wells within the waste
mass, leading to surface collectors and to an LFG
treatment facility. Several vertical LFG wells were
observed protruding from the waste mass.
Landfill Components: Final Cover System A final cover is proposed, to consist of a; (i)
foundation layer; (ii) gravel LFG collection layer,
protected by a geotextile filter on the upper and
lower surfaces; (iii) compacted clay liner; (iv) sand
drainage layer protected on the upper surface by a
filter layer; and (v) a vegetative soil cover layer. The
cover system is not yet installed.
Landfill Components: Groundwater Monitoring The site operator does not appear to monitor
groundwater or surface water.
Waste Picking and Segregation Waste picking is performed manually by the waste
pickers.
Contaminant Evidence: Surface Leachate The leachate collection and treatment system aims
to intercept and treat leachate generated within the
waste mass. Areas of leachate seepage were noted
at basal areas of the outer waste mass slopes,
although the liner and leachate collection system
apparently has been placed beneath these areas to
intercept this leachate.
Contaminant Evidence: Subsurface Leachate The leachate collection and treatment system aims
to intercept and treat leachate generated within the
waste mass. Evidence of subsurface leachate
emission has not been reported.
Landfill Gas, Spontaneous Combustion The LFG collection and treatment system aims to
intercept and treat LFG generated within the waste
mass. This system is currently being installed. LFG
emissions have not been reported at the site.
Exposed Waste Approximately 2 hectares has been observed as
entirely exposed.
Odor Odor pervades areas adjacent to exposed waste
within the site.
Photographic Records Photographs of access road, site entrance, site
area, waste pile area, site facility, equipment,
equipment yard, recycling activities.

Access road to disposal facility On going construction of proposed MRF
Active cell viewed from the west Northwest view of waste pile on active cell
Tributary of Lucutan Munti River viewed Section of leachate pipe system

from northern edge of dumpsite

Northerly view of treatment pond Steep slopes bounding edge of active cell
Waste picking at active cell Internal access road east of the active cell
Northern section of active cell showing liner Facility equipment at northeastern edge of facility

Filled up cell Active

cell
Rodriguez dumpsite viewed from the northeast Leachate treatment facility
HDPE liner over steep southern slope Gas vents constructed on filled up cell
View of active cell and partially built MRF Rock quarry operations north of the facility

Cluster of junkyards east of the facility Potentially unstable slope at quarry area
Waste pickers along the road leading to leachate Vertically emplaced culverts of the leachate
treatment facility collection system
Leachate seepage
Leachate seeping out of active cell Northern edge of dumpsite leading to

Lucutan Munti River

ADB TA 3848-PHI: Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Project SITE 3: BAGUMBONG MUNICIPAL DUMPSITE, CALOOCAN Final Report
APPENDIX 1.3
SITE 3: BAGUMBONG MUNICIPAL DUMPSITE, CALOOCAN
DUMPSITE ASSESSMENT
CONTENTS PAGE


SITE LOCATION PLAN

GENERAL
Restricted Access The site area is largely unfenced. There is one Provision of signage and fencing around the entire facility, Continuation of short-term improvements
primary access gate, which appears to be continued access control procedures, and increased should mitigate site access issues in the
suitably controlled. regulation and expeditious relocation of waste pickers. longer term.
Noise, Dust, Odors Noise generated by onsite movement of trucks Application of daily soil cover on exposed waste, and Installation of additional final cover over
and equipment does not appear to be an issue. provision of final cover over completed waste areas. remaining site areas on completion, and
Foul odor pervades the waste placement area adequate ongoing long-term maintenance of
and immediate vicinity affecting the waste cover.
pickers and operations staff. Loose upper soil
creates local dusty conditions when stirred and
Record-Keeping Record keeping is currently limited to waste type, Improvement of procedures for screening of waste and As per short-term improvement.
number of truck trips, visual volume estimates recording of special occurrences such as fires, accidents
and cursory waste screening. and spills.
Surface Drainage The waste pile areas have a relatively flat Grading of waste pile and perimeter areas and installation The short-term improvements will reduce
surface, which is uncovered and not graded to of surface drainage features. drainage impacts, however, additional
promote drainage. The surrounding perimeter is mitigation may be required in the future.
gently undulating. Purposefully constructed
drainage features are not evident at the site.
Slope Stability The dumpsite apparently consists of a layer of Grading of outer sideslopes of waste areas to stable Construction of remaining waste outer slopes
waste up to 3 m thickness. Some of the outer fill profiles. to safe profiles
sideslopes appear over-steepened.
Waste Encapsulation Large surface areas of waste are exposed. Modification of waste placement techniques to minimize The lack of basal containment systems will
Waste pickers and other site operatives are in exposed waste areas during placement. Application of most likely result in leachate migration into
direct contact with waste. Base containment daily cover. Application of final cover over completed surface water resources and underlying
(liner) systems are absent. waste cell areas. geologic materials and groundwater. This
represents a potentially serious environmental
and public health risk. Remediation of these
impacts would necessitate extensive surface
and subsurface evaluation, followed by
implementation of complex and costly surface
water and groundwater remediation.
The relatively large, flat surface area of the

completed dumpsite will require an extensive
cover and surface drainage systems in order
to prevent ponding and infiltration of
precipitation into the waste mass.

Leachate: Leachate generation is anticipated within the Application of final cover and adequate grading of the The short-term improvement will not prevent
Surface Emissions waste mass and the potential of emission of surface should reduce surface water infiltration, improve the generation of leachate or emission of
leachate into surface waters is high. surface encapsulation of waste and reduce the potential of leachate into surface water and groundwater.
leachate surface emission. Short-term measures also To mitigate these impacts, additional
include the establishment of a basic surface water and measures will be necessary, which could
groundwater monitoring program, in order to provide initial include for example; (i) installation of a
assessment of the level and extent of contamination and leachate collection, recovery and treatment
prohibition of the use of surface water and groundwater in system; (ii) installation of an “industry
affected areas. standard” cover system; (iii) further
improvements to surface drainage; (iv)
installation of surface water diversion,
containment, extraction and treatment
systems; and (v) an enhanced monitoring
program.
Sub-Surface waste mass and the potential for infiltration of surface should reduce surface water infiltration, improve the generation of leachate or emission of
Emissions leachate into groundwater is high. surface encapsulation of waste and reduce the potential of leachate into groundwater. To mitigate these
leachate infiltration to groundwater. Short-term measures impacts, additional measures will be
also include the establishment of a basic groundwater necessary, which could include for example;
monitoring program, in order to provide initial assessment (i) detailed groundwater evaluation to further
of the level and extent of contamination and prohibition of ascertain the level and extent of groundwater
the use of groundwater in affected areas. contamination; (ii) design and installation of a
. leachate collection, recovery and treatment
system; and (iii) design and installation of a
groundwater “barrier” system to attempt to
contain the extent of contamination.
represents a potential environmental and public system (ii) installation of an LFG collection and
health threat to adjacent areas. In addition, the treatment system; and (iii) ongoing surface
contain contaminants.
Post Closure The site will need to conform to existing closure Short-term improvement includes the implementation of Additional measures, over and above those
Maintenance and and post closure maintenance requirements regulatory based closure and post closure maintenance prescribed in existing regulations, will most
Environmental following completion of filling activities. activities on completion of site activities, as specified in likely be required to adequately mitigate the
Remediation Subsequent environmental remediation existing regulations. This includes grading, cover potentially significant impacts caused by the
requirements may also necessitate additional materials, drainage components, vegetation cover, dumpsite. These include for example; (i)

closure and post-closure maintenance environmental monitoring (groundwater and surface installation of an “industry standard” cover
requirements. water), fencing and security, access roads, and other site system; (ii) design and installation of a
closure maintenance is required for a prescribed 10-year system; (iii) design and installation of a
period following closure. groundwater “barrier” system; (iv) installation
of an LFG collection and treatment system; (v)
systems; and (vi) enhanced surface and sub-
surface monitoring and testing programs. It
may also be necessary to extend post closure
maintenance beyond the 10-year timeframe.

1 Site Availability Reportedly, the site does not operate at night.
2 Cover Soil cover is not present over practically the entire site.
Grade outer slopes of waste mass to stable profiles.
Grade waste cell surface to ensure adequate surface run-off and
drainage.
3 Site Drainage The waste pile areas have a relatively flat surface, which is uncovered
and not graded to promote drainage. The surrounding perimeter is gently
undulating. Purposefully constructed drainage features are not evident at
the site.
Improve perimeter drainage.
4 Odor Control Odor pervades within the site area, especially within the vicinity of exposed
waste.
5 Waste Placement Dumping practices in the waste placement areas result in areas of waste
being exposed. The placement method utilized appears to include the
dumping and spreading of waste in thin layers over a limited area. Bulldozers
perform the waste spreading operations.
9003.
Apply daily cover.
6 Site Management Site operational staff appears experienced in dumpsite operations, and are
7 Site Control The site appears to be suitably controlled, although it is largely unfenced.
Install adequate fencing around the entire site perimeter.
Continue to restrict site access to authorized personnel.
prohibited.

8 Fencing, Litter Control The site perimeter is largely unfenced. Although relatively controlled, litter is
evident at the site.
Establish and implement a litter control program.
and addresses of waste generators and waste operators.
maintained.
11 Other Site Infrastructure Infrastructure includes site offices and recycling equipment and structures
utilized in the MRF. Washing facilities are provided.
12 Environmental Monitoring Groundwater monitoring wells are not installed at the site. Records of
groundwater quality from groundwater extraction wells adjacent to the site are
not available, and it is unknown whether water quality analysis has been or is
performed on these wells. Hydrogeologic information is not available for the
site.
monitoring wells.
groundwater and surface water monitoring points and adjacent
extraction wells.
plan area of any potential groundwater contamination from the
From the surface water testing program, identify areas of surface
leachate release and potential surface water contaminant pathways,
develop mitigation measures to attempt to reduce this contamination,
delineate the plan area of potential surface water contamination, and
prohibit the use of surface water within this area.
contamination.


equipment appears to function adequately. Purposefully constructed drainage
features are not installed and overall drainage of existing surface of the waste
mass is not graded to promote surface drainage.
Once site components are installed, such as waste cover, drainage
features, groundwater monitoring system and fencing, develop and
implement maintenance program to ensure long-term efficacy.
14 Protection of Local Amenities The site is bounded by agricultural land, and residential developments are
within the vicinity.
15 Waste Picking There are a limited number of waste pickers operating at the site. Although
they appear to be adequately controlled, they have inadequate clothing
protection, and little operational organization.
possible time.
In the interim, waste picker operations require improvement,
including; (i) the regulation of authorized personnel; (ii) provision and
regulation of adequate personnel protection measures including for
example the provision of protective clothing and emergency
response procedures; and (iii) improved health and safety practices
relating to areas and methods of safe working.
16 Post Closure and Restoration Closure of the dumpsite is proposed later in 2003.
Effect closure of the completed waste areas.
entire facility.
Prohibit commercial development or any other development of the
dumpsite until the considerable environmental, public health and
other risks associated with the presence of the waste materials have
been thoroughly mitigated. These risks include; (i) potential of waste
contact with human receptors; (ii) the effects of LFG on the surface
development; (iii) impacts of leachate migration; and (iv) differential
settlement of the waste mass.
17 Hydrogeology Groundwater is suspected at relatively shallow depths beneath the dumpsite,

and the risk of contamination of groundwater is considered to be high.
19 Squatting Although waste pickers are active at the site, informal settlements are not
present.
controlled, and the collection and disposal of industrial wastes prohibited.
21 Vicinity Development There are numerous activities surrounding the site area.

22 Surface Water, Groundwater Resource Groundwater most likely exists at shallow depth beneath the site.
Proximity
Water monitoring outlined in (Item 12 – Environmental Monitoring)
should be implemented at the soonest possible time.

Item Total
INTERIM DUMPSITE IMPROVEMENTS
A: Disposal Site (General)

Fencing 1,400,000
Access Gate -
Access Road (Install Gravel Road) -
Access Road (Grade Existing Road) -
Surface Drainage 60,000
Signage 20,000
Subtotal (A) 1,480,000
B: Waste Cell/s
Surface Grading (Leveling): Onsite Re- Deposition 1,000,000
Surface Grading (Leveling): OffsiteTransport / Disposal -
Surface Cover: Onsite Source -
Surface Cover: Offsite Source 5,300,000
Protective Vegetation Cover 1,200,000
Subtotal (B) 7,500,000
C: Contaminant Plume
Public Awareness 100,000
Subtotal (C ) 100,000
SUBTOTAL (A+B+C) 9,080,000
D: Site Investigation, Design, Construction Management
Estab of Groundwater and Surface Water Monitoring Points 1,500,000

Site Invest, Eng Design 900,000
Construction Management 450,000
TOTAL 11,930,000
Contingency 1,800,000
TOTAL - DUMPSITE INTERIM IMPROVEMENTS 13,730,000
ANNUAL MONITORING AND MAINTENANCE
Civil Works Maintenance 700,000

Ongoing Groundwater and Surface Water Monitoring 700,000
TOTAL 1,400,000
Contingency 210,000
TOTAL - MONITORING AND MAINTENANCE 1,610,000

Notes
1 LIMITATI0NS: Cost estimates are for initial planning purposes only. They have been derived from visual observations of site
conditions only. A thorough technical evaluation should be conducted at this site and the short-term improvement design
developed by qualified professionals. Quantities, rates and costs are subject to considerable variation following subsequent
design development. These cost items relate to basic short-term remedial costs and do not include other associated costs such
as, informal settlement relocations, ongoing dumpsite operations, the provision of alternative water supplies or ultimate closure
and post-closure maintenance of the site.
2 CURRENCY: Costs are provided in Philippine Pesos (PHP) as of March - April 2003.
3
RATE ESTIMATES (A: DISPOSAL SITE - GENERAL): Rates have been estimated by utilizing unit costs from the development of
a provincial sanitary landfill facility within the Philippines (2000), together with general experience from the Metro Manila area.
4 RATE ESTIMATES (B: WASTE CELL/S): Apart from Protective Vegetation Cover, rates have been estimated by utilizing unit
costs from the development of a provincial sanitary landfill facility within the Philippines (2000), together with general experience
from the Metro Manila area. Unit costs for Protective Vegetation Cover have been estimated from landscaping contractors located
in Metro Manila.
5 RATE ESTIMATES (C: CONTAMINANT PLUME): An estimate of PHP 100,000 has been utilized as a likely indicative cost to fund
an Information, Education Communication campaign for surrounding communities in order to; (i) inform communities of the
possibility of contaminated surface water and groundwater resources within the vicinity; (ii) explain the need to prohibit the use of
contaminated water for public uses; and (iii) confirm alternative water supply arrangements. Costs associated with the provision
of alternative water supply arrangements have not been estimated. This requires detailed assessment and coordination among
agencies including DOH and DENR.
6 RATE ESTIMATES (D: SITE INVESTIGATION, DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT): Rate estimates for the
establishment of groundwater and surface water monitoring points have been derived from information provided by an accredited
well drilling company. Chemical laboratory testing has been estimated from information provided by an accredited environmental
laboratory. Site Investigation and Design, and Construction Management estimates have been estimated as a total percentage of
the total of costs (A+B+C), in general accordance with engineering practice.
7 RATE ESTIMATES (ANNUAL MONITORING AND MAINTENANCE): Annual Civil Works Maintenance relate principally to costs
for the maintenance of short-term improvements of completed dumpsite portions only and not to other areas being developed
currently or in the future. Rate estimates for chemical laboratory testing of groundwater and surface water samples have been
estimated from information provided by an accredited environmental laboratory.

COST ESTIMATE – SHORT-TERM IMPROVEMENTS

FOR INITIAL PLANNING PURPOSES ONLY – NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION
Site Name Bagumbong Municipal Dumpsite, Caloocan

LGU Jurisdiction Caloocan City
Name, Contact Personnel Caloocan Solid Waste Management Department
Barangay Jurisdiction Barangay Bagumbong
o o
Facility Size Accurate survey unavailable. Visual observation
infers that the waste pile plan area is of the order of
2.5 hectares
Surrounding Land Use Agricultural
Surrounding Surface Features Bagumbong Road to the west
Nearby Human Receptors Surrounded primarily by agricultural land, and
residential development is within the vicinity.
Principal Access Routes Camarin Road, then Bagumbong Road. Camarin
Road links with the North Expressway to the east
Geologic Setting Site conjectured to be underlain by weathered
pyroclastics belonging to the Guadalupe Formation
Hydrogeologic Setting Groundwater inferred within the underlying
pyroclastics
Hydrologic Setting Site situated on gently undulating agricultural land
Groundwater Well Data Not available
Site Operator – Current Caloocan Solid Waste Management Department
Commencement Date Unknown, although it is verbally reported that the
site has been operational for “many years”
Closure Date The site is active. It currently receives
approximately 10 trucks per day of municipal waste,
the remaining waste from Caloocan being directed
to the Rodriguez dumpsite. Since mid 2002, a
material recovery facility has been developed at the
site, and the waste import volume to the dumpsite is
progressively being reduced in order to phase out
the dumpsite by late 2003.
Site Surveys, Investigations Not available
Daily Waste Volume Reported as 10 trucks per day, equating to
approximately 35 tonnes per day.
Total Waste Volume Accurate survey data unavailable. Cursory visual
observations infer that the waste volume at the site
could be approximately 100,000 cu m.
Monitoring Records Not available
scale of 1:10,000
Groundwater Well Location Plan Not available
Operation / Monitoring Records Not available
Surveys, Site Investigation Records Not available


Contact Personnel Manager, Caloocan Solid Waste Management

Department
Date of Site Survey March 2003
Distance from Major Highway Approximately 200 m from Bagumbong Road
Access Road Suitability Two-lane concrete road, good condition, suitable for
ordinary vehicles
Average Drive Time From Major Highway Less than 5 minutes
Authorized Personnel The site is restricted to authorized personnel. Only
Caloocan permitted waste trucks are allowed.
Fencing Provision, Condition, Adequacy The site is largely unfenced, and the potential for
unauthorized access is high.
Emergency Response Procedures Site personnel appear organized in terms of site
Personnel Protective Equipment safety and response procedures.
Fire Protection Equipment and Procedures
Site Safety Procedures, Safety Awareness
Site Area Accurate survey unavailable. Visual observation
infers a waste pile plan area of approximately 2.5
hectares.
Waste Pile Thickness Conjectured to be between 2 to 3 m
Sideslope Configuration Variable and including steep slopes
Surface Drainage The waste pile areas have a relatively flat surface,
which is uncovered and not graded to promote
drainage. The surrounding perimeter is gently
undulating. Purposefully constructed drainage
features are not evident at the site.
Site Sub-Subsurface Conjectured to be underlain by weathered
pyroclastics
Operation Personnel and Functions The site appears highly organized, including site
management personnel and site operatives.
Waste Checking and Screening Procedures Visual
Waste Disposal Operation Procedures Waste trucks enter the main gate, where they are
checked. They then proceed to the main dumping
area, dump and leave. Bulldozers spread and
compact the waste.
Incoming Waste Volume Assessment Reported as 10 trucks per day
Waste Types Reported as municipal waste exclusively from
Caloocan
Waste Segregation / Waste Picking Since mid 2002, emphasis has been placed on
establishing a material recovery facility (MRF) at the
site. This currently includes the processing of
approximately 2 trucks per day (estimated as 7
tonnes per day) of segregated, biodegradable
waste. Site objectives include the expansion of the
MRF to 40 trucks per day of segregated waste. A
limited number of waste pickers have been observed
at the facility.
Waste Checking and Screening Procedures Reportedly, waste checking procedures include
truck counts, waste volume estimates and screening
of the wastes.
Daily, Final Cover Practically the entire surface areas of waste appears
to be completely exposed, and without cover.
Litter Control Procedures Practically the entire surface areas of waste are
exposed, and waste blows across the site. The
majority of the site is unfenced.
Facility Design and Construction Not available
Surface Covers Practically the entire surface area of the waste is
exposed, and covers are not applied.



Surface Leachate Not identified, but suspected
Subsurface Leachate Not identified, but suspected
Landfill Gas, Spontaneous Combustion Not identified, but suspected
Odor Odor pervades the site, particularly within areas of
exposed waste
Photographic Record Photographs of access road, site area, waste pile
area, and adjacent land use


Main waste pile at western part of facility Small pile of sorted garbage at southeastern part of
facility
Easterly view of central section of facility Northeastern part of MRF


Northern boundary of the Caloocan "MRF"
View of the main entrance to the Caloocan MRF
Main gate of Caloocan MRF Equipment yard at eastern end of facility


Stockpile of sorted waste at southeastern part of Stockpile of sorted waste at northeastern part of
facility facility
View of exposed waste pile at the northwestern part Exposed waste pile partially filling up an excavation
of facility

ADB TA 3848-PHI: Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Project SITE 4: LINGUNAN DUMPSITE, VALENZUELA Final Report
APPENDIX 1.4
SITE 4: LINGUNAN DUMPSITE, VALENZUELA
DUMPSITE ASSESSMENT
CONTENTS PAGE


SITE LOCATION PLAN

GENERAL
Restricted Access Parts of the site perimeter are unfenced. A Provision of signage and fencing or walling around the Continuation of short-term improvements
concrete wall is currently being constructed entire facility, and improved access control procedures. should mitigate site access issues in the
along the northern and northeastern site longer term.
perimeter adjacent to the Maysan Creek. There
are numerous waste pickers at the site, and
there is a high potential for unauthorized access.
Noise, Dust, Odors Noise generated by onsite movement of trucks Application of daily soil cover on exposed waste, Installation of soil and protective vegetation
and equipment does not appear to be an issue. continuation of spraying program, and provision of soil and final cover over the entire waste cell areas on
Foul odor pervades within site and immediate protective vegetation final cover over completed waste cell site completion, and adequate ongoing long-
vicinity affecting the waste pickers and areas. term maintenance of cover during post-closure
operations staff. Loose upper soil creates local maintenance.
dusty conditions when stirred and blown away by
winds.
Record-Keeping Record keeping currently limited to waste type, Improvement of procedures for screening of waste and As per short-term improvement.
Surface Drainage The apparently “completed” surface of the waste Grading of waste pile and perimeter areas and installation The site is located adjacent to a river channel
pile is a relatively large horizontal (level) area, of surface drainage features to improve surface drainage. and historically is subjected to flooding. The
which requires adequate covering and the waste at the dumpsite has apparently been
provision of a drainage system. placed in order to raise the surface level to an
elevation above the flood level. Waste will
therefore be in direct contact with surface
waters at times of flooding, representing a
significant surface water contamination threat.
Furthermore, since the site surface level is a
relatively large flat area, it is subject to
significant infiltration unless a properly
designed cover and surface drainage system
is installed. In summary, the site represents a
significant threat to the natural surface water
drainage system. This will most likely require
extensive mitigation in the future, which will be
complex and costly.
Slope Stability The dumpsite consists of a layer of waste up to Grading of outer sideslopes of waste cell areas to stable Construction of remaining waste outer slopes
several meters thickness, placed over a largely profiles. to safe profiles
flat area. Apart from the outer slopes of the
waste mass, which are of limited height, the risk
of slope instability at the site is low.

Waste Encapsulation Large areas of waste are exposed. Waste Modification of waste placement techniques to minimize The lack of basal containment systems will
pickers and other site operatives are in direct exposed waste areas during placement. Apply daily cover. most likely result in leachate migration into
contact with waste. Daily cover is not applied. Apply soil and protective vegetation final cover over surface water resources and underlying
Cover over the completed main waste cell areas completed waste cell areas. geologic materials and groundwater. Periodic
is of inadequate thickness or absent. Surface flooding of the area will result in direct contact
drainage is inadequate. Base containment (liner) of waste with surface waters, exacerbating the
systems are absent. movement of waste contaminants into surface
waters. These are potentially serious
environmental and public health risks.
Remediation of these impacts would

It has been verbally reported that commercial

development is planned to be built
immediately on top of the waste pile. There
are significant issues relating to such a
proposal, and any planned development on
the site should be prohibited until the issues
have been thoroughly evaluated and
mitigated. Firstly, there are considerable
public health risks due to the lack of adequate
waste encapsulation, and the actual potential
of waste contact with human receptors.
Developments of this nature over waste piles
would require installation of a properly
designed protective cover system, intended to
ensure complete waste encapsulation. Such a
cover would by far exceed the specifications
required in current regulations. Secondly, the
effects of LFG would need to be mitigated
through the installation of an LFG extraction
and treatment system. And thirdly, the
impacts of leachate migration as discussed
above require adequate mitigation. In
addition, the effects of differential settlement of
the waste mass would require foundation
modifications to proposed structures. These
impacts need to be thoroughly mitigated prior
to any development at the dumpsite.

Leachate: The site is located in a flood prone area of an Improved waste placement methodologies, application of The short-term improvement will not prevent
Surface Emissions existing river channel, and waste has reportedly daily and final cover, and adequate grading of the surface the generation of leachate or emission of
been placed below the flood elevation level. should reduce surface water infiltration, improve surface leachate into surface water and groundwater.
Periodic saturation of waste materials with encapsulation of waste and reduce the potential of It will also not prevent the direct release of
floodwater is therefore anticipated, representing leachate surface emission. Ongoing monitoring is also waste contaminants into the surface waters at
a direct pathway for the release of waste required. Short-term measures also include the times of surface water saturation of the waste
contaminants into the surface waters. Leachate establishment of a basic surface water and groundwater materials. To mitigate these impacts,
generation is also anticipated within the waste monitoring program, in order to provide initial assessment additional measures will be necessary, which
mass and therefore the continued emission of of the level and extent of contamination and prohibition of could include for example; (i) installation of a
leachate into surface waters. the use of surface water and groundwater in affected leachate collection, recovery and treatment
areas. system; (ii) installation of an “industry
standard” cover system; (iii) improved surface
drainage; (iv) installation of surface water
diversion, containment, extraction and
treatment systems; and (v) an enhanced
monitoring program.
Leachate: As discussed above, leachate generation within Short-term measures of improved waste placement The short-term improvement will not prevent
Sub-Surface the waste mass, and surface water saturation of methodologies, application of daily and final cover and the generation of leachate or emission of
Emissions the waste mass at times of flooding, will most improved surface drainage may reduce surface water leachate into surface water and groundwater.
likely result in leachate migration into surface infiltration, and therefore have a minor impact on the It will also not prevent the direct release of
water and groundwater. amount of leachate being generated. Short-term waste contaminants into the surface waters
measures also include the establishment of a basic surface and possibly groundwater at times of surface
water and groundwater monitoring program, in order to water saturation of the waste materials. To
provide initial assessment of the level and extent of mitigate these impacts, additional measures
contamination and prohibition of the use of surface water will be necessary, which could include for
and groundwater in affected areas. example; (i) detailed groundwater evaluation
to further ascertain the level and extent of
groundwater contamination; (ii) design and
to attempt to contain the extent of
contamination.
explosive at certain concentrations, it therefore implementation of corrective action when necessary. It is installation of an “industry standard” cover
represents a potential environmental and public also critical that no development of the completed system (ii) installation of an LFG collection and
health threat to adjacent areas. In addition, the dumpsite proceed without thorough mitigation of LFG treatment system; and (iii) ongoing surface
moisture-laden LFG can condense to create LFG impacts and other impacts as discussed herein. and sub-surface monitoring and testing.

contain contaminants. Although LFG emissions

have not been reported at the site, there is and
will continue to be a high potential that LFG is
being generated within the waste mass.

Post Closure Site will need to conform to existing closure and Short-term improvement includes the implementation of Additional measures, over and above those
Maintenance and post closure maintenance requirements following regulatory-based closure and post closure maintenance prescribed in existing regulations, will most
Environmental completion of filling activities. Subsequent activities on completion of site activities, as specified in likely be required to adequately mitigate the
Remediation environmental remediation requirements may existing regulations. This includes grading, cover potentially significant impacts caused by the
also necessitate additional closure and post- materials, drainage components, vegetation cover, dumpsite. These include for example; (i)
closure maintenance requirements. environmental monitoring (groundwater and surface installation of an “industry standard” cover
water), fencing and security, access roads, and other site system; (ii) design and installation of a
It is also critical that no commercial or other development installation of surface water diversion,
of the completed dumpsite proceed without thorough containment, extraction and treatment
mitigation of the considerable environmental, public health systems; and (vi) enhanced surface and sub-
and other risks associated with the presence of the waste surface monitoring and testing programs. It
materials. These risks include; (i) potential of waste may also be necessary to extend post closure
contact with human receptors; (ii) the effects of LFG on maintenance beyond the 10-year timeframe.
surface development; (iii) impacts of leachate migration;
and (iv) differential settlement of the waste mass.

2 Cover Interim soil cover materials of limited thickness have been placed over parts of
the completed waste mass surface area. Furthermore, an area of
approximately 3 hectares is largely uncovered.
drainage.
of every day.
3 Site Drainage The relatively large and flat dumpsite surface is irregular and not graded to
promote surface drainage. The potential for ponding and infiltration is high.
Drainage features are not evident.
Install compacted soil perimeter drain around the site perimeter.
5 Waste Placement Dumping practices result in large areas of waste being exposed. The
placement method utilized appears to include the dumping and spreading of
waste in thin layers over a relatively large area. Bulldozers perform the waste
spreading operations. Waste pickers are scattered throughout the area of
exposed waste. Daily cover is apparently not applied.
9003.
Apply daily cover.
Relocate waste pickers at the soonest possible time. In the interim,
personnel.

7 Site Control The site is largely unfenced, apart from the site entrance area and a northern
perimeter wall which is currently being constructed. Waste picker operations
are largely uncontrolled.
Install fencing or walling around the entire site perimeter, including
the proposed expansion area.
8 Fencing, Litter Control Portions of the site perimeter are unfenced, allowing unrestricted,
unauthorized access. Litter blows across the site.
Install fencing or walling around entire site perimeter, including
expansion area.
maintained.
11 Other Site Infrastructure Infrastructure includes a small site office plus recycling sheds utilized by the
waste pickers. Washing facilities and lavatories are not provided at the site.
Provide basic washing facilities and lavatories.

12 Environmental Monitoring Although there are reportedly two groundwater wells installed at the site,
records of groundwater quality or hydrogeologic conditions are not available.
Establish an appropriate groundwater and surface water monitoring
program, including the installation of a minimum of four (4)
groundwater monitoring wells.
extraction wells.
plan area of the potential groundwater contaminant plume from the
facility and prohibit the use of groundwater extraction wells within
this area.
Identify areas of surface leachate release and potential surface
water contaminant pathways, develop mitigation measures to
attempt to reduce this contamination, delineate the plan area of
potential surface water contamination, and prohibit the use of
surface water within this area.
and extracted groundwater for public uses; and (iii) confirm
alternative water supply arrangements.
contamination.
13 Maintenance Site access roads appear to be adequately maintained. Perimeter drains are
not installed and overall drainage of existing surface of the main waste cell
implement a maintenance program to ensure long-term efficacy.
14 Protection of Local Amenities The site is bounded on the north by the Maysan Creek and to the east, south
and west by industrial developments. There are also areas of unused land to
the immediate east and south of the site.
15 Waste Picking Reportedly, the site has around 80 waste pickers, who are poorly protected
against the dangers of waste handling. Waste pickers have inadequate
clothing protection, no washing facilities and little operational organization.
They operate dangerously close to operational equipment.
possible time.
provision of protective clothing, washing facilities, emergency

16 Post Closure and Restoration The site is currently being expanded to the south, and it is therefore likely
that the facility will remain active in the short to medium term. In the
meantime, implementation of this interim improvement strategy should
include interim closure and maintenance of the completed waste areas.
Plan for the future closure and post-closure maintenance of the
entire facility.
Prohibit commercial development or any other development of
the dumpsite until the considerable environmental, public health
and other risks associated with the presence of the waste
materials have been thoroughly mitigated. These risks include;
(i) potential of waste contact with human receptors; (ii) the effects
of LFG on the surface development; (iii) impacts of leachate
migration; and (iv) differential settlement of the waste mass.

Immediately implement groundwater monitoring outlined in (12 –
19 Squatting Although waste pickers are active at the site, informal settlements are
reportedly not present.
controlled, and the collection of industrial wastes prohibited. Waste loads are
reportedly screened upon entry to the facility.
22 Surface Water, Groundwater Resource Groundwater most likely exists at shallow depth beneath the site. The site is
Proximity adjacent to surface water resources, and subject to flooding.
Measures to reduce surface water inundation into the waste mass
should be implemented.

Item Total

Fencing 2,000,000
Access Gate -
Signage 20,000
B: W aste Cell/s
Subtotal (B) 23,450,000
Estab of Groundwater and Surface W ater Monitoring Points 1,500,000

Site Invest, Eng Design 2,500,000
Construction Management 1,300,000
TOTAL 31,130,000
Civil W orks Maintenance 1,800,000

Ongoing Groundwater and Surface W ater Monitoring 670,000
TOTAL 2,470,000
Contingency 370,000

Notes
3
in Metro Manila.

Site Name Lingunan Dumpsite, Valenzuela

LGU Jurisdiction Valenzuela City, Metro Manila
Name, Contact Personnel Site Manager
Barangay Jurisdiction Barangay Lingunan
Location Barangay Lingunan, Valenzuela
o o
Facility Size 13 hectares
Surrounding Land Use Primarily industrial
Surrounding Surface Features Maysan - Kaingin Creek (Paso de Blas River) to the
north. Industrial areas surround the site to the east,
south and west.
Nearby Human Receptors Industrial areas surround the site to the east, south
and west.
Principal Access Routes North express way then through a two-lane, 3 km
asphalt road without shoulder through San Diego,
Lazaro and Santiago streets and finally Rubber
Master Road which leads directly to the site.
Geologic Setting Underlain by pyroclastics of the Guadalupe
Formation
Hydrogeologic Setting Groundwater is suspected at relatively shallow
depths within the underlying pyroclastics
Hydrologic Setting Site occupies a swampy area south of the Maysan -
Kaingin Creek, a westerly flowing tributary of the
Meycauayan River. The site is traversed near its
center by the Lingunan Creek, which links up with
the Maysan Creek - Kaingin Creek to the north. The
northeastern perimeter is bounded by an unnamed
creek which also links up with the Maysan - Kaingin
Creek. The site is reportedly heavily flooded during
heavy rains.
Groundwater Well Data Two monitoring wells have been drilled at the
eastern and western edge of the site, although
hydrogeologic and water quality data is not
available.
Site Operator – Current Valenzuela City Government
Commencement Date 1998
Site Surveys, Investigations Cadastral survey
Daily Waste Volume Verbal site reports indicate that approximately 500
cu m is imported to the site daily through 50 truck
trips.
Total Waste Volume Accurate survey calculations are not available.
Visual estimates infer that the total site has an
indicative volume of approximately 520,000 cu m,
assuming a plan area of 13 hectares and average
waste thickness of 4 m. Currently, the plan area of
the filled area is approximately 7 hectares, inferring
an indicative filled volume of approximately 280,000
cu m.
Compliance, Violation Records Currently not available at facility for this assessment
scale of 1:10,000
Groundwater Well Location Plan Currently unavailable
Site Surface Layout Currently unavailable
Construction Records Currently unavailable

References Site Inspection Report covering the period August

17, 1999 and September 15, 1999 by the
Presidential Task Force on Waste Management
Office, Project Management Office
Initial Site Assessment Report on January 14, 1999

by the Presidential Task Force on Waste
Management Office, Project Management Office
Investigation Report conducted by a team from the

NSWMC on February 8, 2002 following a report at
"Today" newspaper dated Feb. 4, 2002

Contact Personnel - SWM Department Site Manager

Contact Personnel – Facility Site Manager
Date of Site Survey 3-Sep-02 and follow up activities
Distance from Major Highway Three km west of North Expressway
Access Road Suitability – Width, Condition Two-lane asphalt/concrete road, suitable for ordinary
vehicles. Flooded during heavy rains
Average Drive Time From Major Highway About 30 to 45 minutes
Access Procedures Incoming waste trucks enter through the main gate
for inspection. Trucks with unauthorized waste are
reportedly not allowed inside the site.
Authorized Personnel Valenzuela solid waste management staff
Emergency Response Procedures Site staff reportedly trained for firefighting and
emergency management
Personnel Protective Equipment Boots, masks and helmets are reportedly issued to
site staff.
Fire Protection Equipment and Procedures Site has own water tanker and pump, and soil
stockpile
Site Safety Procedures, Safety Awareness Site staff reportedly trained regarding safe operating
procedures
Site Area – Total Approximately 13 hectares
Site Area – Waste Pile Approximately 7 hectares
Waste Pile Dimensions The dumpsite consists of one cell, with a thickness
up to approximately 4 m and proposed total plan
area of up to 13 hectares.
Waste Pile Volume Remaining Accurate survey calculations are not available.
Visual estimates infer an indicative remaining
volume of 240,000 cu m, assuming a plan area of 6
hectares and average thickness of 4 m.
Surface Drainage The relatively large and flat dumpsite surface is
irregular and not graded to promote surface
drainage. Purposefully constructed drainage
features are not evident.
Physical, Topographical, Notable Features Maysan - Kaingin Creek and unnamed creek to the
north and northeast, respectively, and Lingunan
Creek through the site center.
Human, Economic Activity Primarily industrial
Operation Personnel and Functions The department reportedly has 279 waste
management staff, including the Solid Waste
Manager, Operations Officer, monitoring staff
(incoming waste volume/type assessment, number
of trips), mechanics for maintenance, drivers,
paleros, spotter and dispatchers
Waste Disposal Operation Procedures Incoming waste is visually checked and then
dumped at active face. Waste is then subjected to
sorting by waste pickers before being subsequently
graded and either covered with soil or left exposed.
Number / Type of Vehicles Daily Reportedly, 50 truck loads per day
Waste Segregation / Waste Picking Performed by approximately 80 waste pickers,
divided into 4 groups. Waste picking is allowed for
12 hours daily
Facility Equipment Includes 2 backhoes, 1 pay loader, 2 bulldozers, 1
roller, 32 compactor trucks of which 22 are
operational
Landfill Components – Liner, LCRS, LFG System None identified
Leachate, LFG and Surface Water Treatment None identified
Recyclable Material Operation Methodology Manual segregation.
Contaminant Evidence - Surface Leachate Leachate is apparent in the Lingunan Creek, which
traverses the central section of the site. The surface
contamination potential from the dumpsite is high

due to the proximity of surface water resources and

periodic flooding of the area.
Contaminant Evidence - Subsurface Leachate None identified, but suspected
Contaminant Evidence - Landfill Gas None identified, but suspected
Exposed Waste There are large areas of exposed waste at the site
Odor Odor pervades the site area. Site spraying is
reportedly performed by a private contractor
Site Operation Documents Limited truck volume and other data is kept on file at
the site office
Photographic Records Photographs of access road, site entrance, fencing,
site area, waste pile area, site facilities, equipment
yard, equipment, waste pile working face, waste pile
cover materials, adjacent land use, contaminant
concerns

Access Road Facility main gate
Internal access road Facility office
Lingunan Creek through section of facility Part of Lingunan Creek within dumpsite

Fenced southern section of facility Dump trucks used at facility
Stockpile of waste cover Secondary gate to active section of dump
Active section of dump View of stockpile of recycled materials

ADB TA 3848-PHI: Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Project SITE 5: CATMON DUMPSITE, MALABON Final Report
APPENDIX 1.5
SITE 5: CATMON DUMPSITE, MALABON
DUMPSITE ASSESSMENT
CONTENTS PAGE


SITE LOCATION PLAN

GENERAL
Restricted Access Much of the site area is unfenced, and fencing Provision of signage and fencing around the entire facility, Continuation of short-term improvements
around other areas is inadequate. Parts of the improved access control procedures, and increased should mitigate site access issues in the
site are walled. There are numerous waste regulation and expeditious relocation of waste picker longer term.
pickers. Access appears largely uncontrolled. activities.
Noise, Dust, Odors Noise generated by onsite movement of trucks Application of daily soil cover on exposed waste, and Installation of soil and protective vegetation
and equipment does not appear to be an issue. provision of soil and protective vegetation final cover over final cover over the entire waste areas on site
Foul odor pervades within site and immediate completed waste cell areas. completion, and adequate ongoing long-term
vicinity affecting the waste pickers, operations maintenance of cover during post-closure
staff and possibly nearby residents. Loose upper maintenance.
soil creates local dusty conditions when stirred
and blown away by winds.
Record-Keeping Record keeping currently limited to waste type, Improvement of procedures for screening of waste and As per short-term improvement.
and cursory waste screning. and spills.
Surface Drainage The existing surfaces of waste areas are Grading of waste pile and perimeter areas and installation The site is historically subject to flooding. The
irregular and not graded to promote surface of surface drainage features to improve surface drainage. waste at the dumpsite has apparently been
drainage. Surface water (possibly including placed in order to raise the surface level to an
leachate) is evident along the southern elevation above the flood level. Waste will
perimeter. Perimeter drains are not installed. therefore be in direct contact with surface
waters at times of flooding, representing a
significant surface water contamination threat.
Furthermore, the site surface is subject to
significant infiltration unless a properly
designed cover and surface drainage system
is installed. In summary, the site represents a
significant threat to the natural surface water
drainage system. This will most likely require
extensive mitigation in the future, possibly
over and above the mitigation afforded by the
short-term improvements.

Slope Stability The sideslopes are variable, but include Grading of outer sideslopes of waste cell areas to stable Construction of remaining waste outer slopes
relatively steep sideslopes, which require profiles. to safe profiles
regrading to stable profiles.
Waste Encapsulation Practically the entire surface area of the waste is Modification of waste placement techniques to minimize The lack of basal containment systems will
exposed and cover is not applied over completed exposed waste areas during placement. Application of most likely result in leachate migration into
areas. Waste pickers and other site operatives daily cover. Application of soil and protective vegetation surface water resources and underlying
are in direct contact with waste. Daily cover is final cover over completed waste cell areas. Provision of geologic materials and groundwater. Periodic
not applied. Surface drainage is inadequate. improved drainage. flooding of the area will result in direct contact
Base containment (liner) systems are absent. of waste with surface waters, exacerbating the
Waste is potentially subject to surface water movement of waste contaminants into surface
inundation at times of flooding. waters. These are potentially serious
environmental and public health risks.
Remediation of these impacts will necessitate
extensive surface and subsurface evaluation,
followed by implementation of complex and
costly surface water and groundwater
remediation.
The surface areas of the completed dumpsite

will require an extensive cover and surface
drainage systems in order to prevent ponding
and infiltration of precipitation into the waste
mass.
It has been verbally reported that residential or

commercial development is planned to be built
immediately on top of waste pile areas. There
mitigated.
Firstly, there are considerable public health

risks due to the lack of adequate waste
encapsulation, and the actual potential of
waste contact with human receptors.


require adequate mitigation. In addition, the
effects of differential settlement of the waste
mass would require foundation modifications
to proposed structures. These impacts need
to be thoroughly mitigated prior to any
development at the dumpsite.
Leachate: The site is located in a flood prone area, and Improved waste placement methodologies, application of The short-term improvement will not prevent
Surface Emissions waste has reportedly been placed below the daily and final cover, and adequate grading of the surface the generation of leachate or emission of
flood elevation level. Periodic saturation of should reduce surface water infiltration, improve surface leachate into surface water and groundwater.
waste materials with floodwater is therefore encapsulation of waste and reduce the potential of It will also not prevent the direct release of
anticipated, representing a direct pathway for the leachate surface emission. Short-term measures also waste contaminants into the surface waters at
release of waste contaminants into the surface include the establishment of a basic surface water and times of surface water saturation of the waste
waters. Leachate generation is also anticipated groundwater monitoring program, in order to provide initial materials. To mitigate these impacts,
within the waste mass and therefore the assessment of the level and extent of contamination and additional measures will be necessary, which
continued emission of leachate into surface prohibition of the use of surface water and groundwater in could include for example; (i) installation of a
waters. Surface leachate release is suspected affected areas. leachate collection, recovery and treatment
along the southern site perimeter. system; (ii) installation of an “industry
standard” cover system; (iii) further
program.
Emissions the waste mass at times of flooding, will most improved surface drainage may reduce surface water leachate into groundwater. It will also not
likely result in leachate migration into surface infiltration, and therefore have an impact on the amount of prevent the direct release of waste
water and groundwater. leachate being generated. Short-term measures also contaminants into the surface waters and
include the establishment of a basic surface water and possibly groundwater at times of surface water
groundwater monitoring program, in order to provide initial saturation of the waste materials. To mitigate
assessment of the level and extent of contamination and these impacts, additional measures will be
prohibition of the use of surface water and groundwater in necessary, which could include for example;
affected areas. (i) detailed groundwater evaluation to further
ascertain the level and extent of groundwater
contamination; (ii) design and installation of a
leachate collection, recovery and treatment
Landfill Gas Waste decompositional processes will result in Short-term improvement includes; (i) access restriction to Short-term improvement requires the
the generation of landfill gas (LFG) within the authorized personnel only; (ii) restricted site activities investigation and remediation of fires which
waste mass, which has the potential to permeate throughout the active life of the site; (iii) restrictions on the have been identified at the site. Future LFG
out of the site and into and through the use of the facility following closure; (iv) investigation of impacts will also most likely require further
surrounding atmosphere and sub-surface existing fires, development of mitigation measures and mitigation, including for example; (i)
materials. Since LFG potentially contains monitoring of the site and immediate vicinity for unusual installation of an “industry standard” cover

contaminants, and also since it is potentially occurrences such as spontaneous combustion, and system (ii) installation of an LFG collection and
explosive at certain concentrations, it therefore adverse effects of LFG on vegetation which can indicate treatment system; and (iii) ongoing surface
represents a potential environmental and public further issues; and (v) ongoing implementation of and sub-surface monitoring and testing.
health threat to adjacent areas. In addition, the corrective action when necessary. It is also critical that no
moisture-laden LFG can condense to create LFG development of the completed dumpsite proceed without
condensate which, similar to leachate, can thorough mitigation of LFG impacts and other impacts as
contain contaminants. Fires are evident at the discussed herein.
site, and there will continue to be a high potential
that LFG is being generated within the waste
mass.
Maintenance and post closure maintenance requirements following regulatory based closure and post closure maintenance prescribed in existing regulations, will most
It is also critical that no commercial, residential or other installation of surface water diversion,
development of the completed dumpsite proceed without containment, extraction and treatment
thorough mitigation of the considerable environmental, systems; and (vi) enhanced surface and sub-
public health and other risks associated with the presence surface monitoring and testing programs. It
of the waste materials. These risks include; (i) potential of may also be necessary to extend post closure
waste contact with human receptors; (ii) the effects of LFG maintenance beyond the 10-year timeframe.
on surface development; (iii) impacts of leachate migration;

1 Site Availability The site operates over a 24-hour period, although trucks are prevented access
between 1 am and 6 am. Operational constraints of nighttime activities and
potential community impacts are not perceived as an issue by operational
staff.
2 Cover Daily cover is not applied. Practically the entire surface of the waste at the
dumpsite is exposed.
Grade waste surfaces to ensure adequate surface run-off and
drainage.
of every day.
3 Site Drainage The existing surfaces of waste areas are irregular and not graded to promote
surface drainage. Surface water (possibly including leachate) is evident along
the southern perimeter. Perimeter drains are not installed at the facility.
Install additional drainage features to improve surface drainage.
4 Odor Control Odor pervades within the site area, especially within and adjacent to areas of
waste dumping.
5 Waste Placement Dumping practices have resulted in practically the entire waste surface area
dumping and spreading of waste in thin layers over a relatively large area.
Bulldozers perform the waste spreading operations. Waste pickers are
scattered throughout the area of exposed waste, operating dangerously close
to the bulldozers. Daily cover is not applied.
9003.
Apply daily cover.
personnel.

7 Site Control Fencing is absent around much of the site perimeter, and existing fencing is
inadequate to prevent unauthorized access. Waste picker operations are
largely uncontrolled and public health and safety provisions are unacceptable.
Children actively work as waste pickers. There are informal settlements
adjacent to the western perimeter.
Install adequate fencing around the entire site perimeter.
Install an access gate.
Install signs around site perimeter, providing information which at a
8 Fencing, Litter Control Fencing is absent around much of the site perimeter, and existing fencing is
inadequate to control litter.
Install fencing around the entire site perimeter.
maintained.
11 Other Site Infrastructure Infrastructure includes a small site office at the site entrance and a disused
recycling shed along the eastern perimeter. Washing facilities and lavatories
are not provided at the site.

performed. Hydrogeologic information is not available for the site.
monitoring wells.
extraction wells.
contamination.
not installed and overall drainage of the existing surface of the waste cell
areas are irregular and not graded to promote surface drainage.
efficacy.
14 Protection of Local Amenities There are residential communities in the vicinity of the dumpsite, informal
settlements immediately adjacent to the site perimeter, and the site is
inadequately fenced. To the immediate east of the facility, the land is utilized
for agriculture, and there are concerns regarding the impacts of any surface or
shallow sub-surface release of contaminants impacting these agricultural
areas. Pests and vermin most likely pervade the site and immediate vicinity,
especially due to the presence of exposed waste.

15 Waste Picking Reportedly, the site has 65 waste pickers, who are poorly organized and
poorly protected against the dangers of waste handling. There are children
working at the site. Waster pickers have inadequate clothing protection, no
washing facilities and little operational organization. They operate
dangerously close to operational equipment.
possible time.
regulation of authorized personnel and prohibition children; (ii)
provision and regulation of adequate personnel protection measures
including for example the provision of protective clothing, washing
facilities, emergency response procedures; and (iii) improved health
and safety practices relating to areas and methods of safe working.
16 Post Closure and Restoration It has been reported by site staff that the site will be utilized for another 3 to 4
years.
Effect closure of completed areas.
entire facility.
17 Hydrogeology Although geologic and hydrogeologic information for the site and vicinity is not
available, it is possible that groundwater is at shallow depth beneath the
surface. Furthermore, the site area is reportedly subject to flooding at times of
high precipitation, indicating that surface water may actually be in direct
contact with the waste.
Immediately implement short-term improvements outlined in (12 –
However, small fires have been identified along the eastern extremities of the
waste, indicating possible spontaneous combustion of the waste materials.
In conjunction with appropriate fire protection specialists from the
local or national government, conduct an investigation into the
presence of fires at the site, and develop and implement appropriate
mitigation.
19 Squatting There are informal settlements immediately adjacent to the western site
perimeter.
adequately controlled, and the collection of industrial wastes prohibited.
Waste loads are reportedly screened upon entry to the facility.

22 Surface Water, Groundwater Resource Groundwater most likely exists at shallow depth beneath the site. The site
Proximity reportedly occupies a former fishpond within the Tenejeros River delta,
and is approximately 300 meters from the river channel. The site is
subject to flooding at times of high precipitation.
Short-term improvement measures outlined in (Item 12 –
Environmental Monitoring) should be implemented at the soonest
possible time.
Conduct flood studies to ascertain surface flood potential impacts
and mitigation.

Item Total

Fencing 2,800,000
Access Gate -
Signage 20,000
B: Waste Cell/s

TOTAL 14,670,000

TOTAL 1,600,000
Contingency 250,000

Notes
3
in Metro Manila.

Site Name Catmon Dumpsite, Malabon

LGU Jurisdiction Malabon, Metro Manila
Name, Contact Personnel Site Foreman
Barangay Jurisdiction Barangay Catmon
Location Barangay Catmon, Malabon
o o
Geographic Coordinates of Approximate Center 14 39’ 57” N, 120 57’ 45”E
Facility Size Area of waste pile approximately 5 hectares
Surrounding Land Use Primarily residential communities to the north and
west, including informal settlements. Primarily
industrial to the south and east. To the immediate
east of the dumpsite is a scale agricultural area.
Surrounding Surface Features Residential units and commercial establishments
Nearby Human Receptors High-density residential areas bound the site area.
The agricultural area includes a local workforce.
Principal Access Routes Site accessed through Governor Pascual Road.
Geologic Setting Recorded to consist of alluvial sediments underlain
by pyroclastics of the Guadalupe Formation.
Hydrogeologic Setting Data unavailable, although groundwater is
conjectured to exist at shallow depths.
Hydrologic Setting The site reportedly occupies a former fishpond
within the Tenejeros River delta, and is
approximately 300 meters from the river channel.
Reportedly, the site is subject to flooding at times of
heavy rains.
Groundwater Well Data Not available. The water supply for the surrounding
developments is provided by MWSS.
Site Operator – Current Malabon City Government
Commencement Date Reportedly, site operations commenced in 1986
Closure Date Site is active.
Site Surveys, Investigations None identified
Daily Waste Volume Reported as approximately 60 trucks per day,
equating to approximately 700 cu m of loose,
uncompacted waste, or approximately 190 tonnes
per day
Visual estimates infer an indicative in-place volume
in excess of 250,000 cu m.
Monitoring Records None available
scale of 1:10,000
Groundwater Well Location Plan and Data Not available
Site Surface Layout Not available
Construction Records Not available
Surveys, Site Investigation Records None available
Reference Solid Waste Management Plan of the City of
Malabon, 2002 -2004

Contact Personnel - SWM Department Manager, Solid Waste Management Department

Contact Personnel – Facility Site Foreman
Site Access Site accessed through Governor Pascual Road
Access Road Suitability Two-lane concrete road, suitable for ordinary
vehicles
Average Drive Time From Major Highway Less than 30 minutes from Road R10
Access Procedures Site is restricted to allow only waste trucks and
vehicles from Malabon. A truck trip ticket system is
implemented. There is one entrance, which is
guarded.
Authorized Personnel The site is reportedly restricted to Malabon waste
management staff and other authorized personnel.
However, the site is largely unfenced, and waste
pickers access the site at will.
Fencing Provision, Condition, Adequacy Bamboo and barbed wire fencing is present along
the eastern access road area, although this fence is
incapable of preventing unauthorized access. Parts
of the eastern and southern perimeter are walled.
The remaining site area is largely unfenced.
Emergency Response Procedures Unknown
Personnel Protective Equipment Site operatives are poorly equipped.
Fire Protection Equipment and Procedures A water pump is apparently on site, and the site can
reportedly be supported by the Malabon fire
department if needed.
Site Safety Procedures, Safety Awareness Site staff reportedly aware of safe operating
procedures
Restricted Working Area Procedures The active dumping area is poorly organized, and
largely unrestricted to waste pickers.
Site Area – Total The waste appears to have been placed over
practically the entire site area, which is inferred to be
approximately 5 hectares.
Waste Pile Plan Dimensions The site area is an irregular shape. From visual
observation, the site extends from the entrance as a
narrow band, opening out into the primary
rectangular shaped waste pile. There is also a
narrow, southeasterly extension of the dumpsite.
Surveys, and engineering drawings are not available
for the site.
Waste Pile Thickness The waste appears to be between 2 – 4 m thick in
the areas of the narrow band extending from the site
entrance and the southeasterly extension area. The
primary waste pile appears to be up to 10 m in
thickness. This is based on cursory observation
only.
Sideslope Configuration The sideslopes of the narrow band extending from
the site entrance and the southeasterly extension
area are steep, although they are of limited height.
Sideslopes of the main waste pile are variable, but
include relatively steep sideslopes.
Waste Pile Volume Remaining Not known. Site staff indicate that it is planned to
utilize the site for an additional 3 to 4 years.
Surface Drainage Practically the entire surface area of the waste
appears exposed, with soil and rock cover only
being applied to the haul roads. The main waste
pile is not graded to promote drainage. The area is
reportedly subject to flooding at times of high
precipitation. Purposefully constructed drainage
features were not observed.
Human, Economic Activity Waste picker and recycling operations. Charcoal
pits evident adjacent to the western perimeter.
Agricultural activities to the immediate east.
Commercial and industrial development to the south

and east. Residential development to the north and

west.
Operation Personnel There are 17 site staff
Waste Disposal Operation Procedures Waste trucks enter the main gate, where they are
checked. They then proceed to the main dumping
area, dump and leave. Bulldozers spread the waste
at the same time as the waste pickers remove
recyclables.
Number / Type of Vehicles Daily Reportedly consists of nine units of 10 wheeler
trucks, 8 units of 6 wheeler trucks and one mini
dump truck, collectively making an average of
approximately 60 trips daily.
Waste Segregation / Waste Picking Reportedly, there are 65 waste pickers operating at
the site. The waste pickers are poorly organized
and poorly equipped, operating throughout the
waste dumping area of the main waste pile. There
appear to be many informal settlements adjacent to
the western perimeter of the site.
A currently inactive recycling shed is present along

the eastern perimeter. It supported recycling
operations at the site during 1999 and 2000
following which recycling operations ceased.
Waste Cover Practically the entire surface of the waste is
exposed, and neither daily cover or final cover is
applied.
Litter Control Procedures The waste surface is largely exposed and litter
blows across the site. The site lacks litter control
procedures.
Facility Equipment Pay loader, backhoe, bulldozer (1 unit each)
Landfill Components – Liner, LCRS, LFG Systems None installed
Surface Covers Practically the entire surface of the waste is exposed
Leachate, LFG and Surface Water Treatment None installed
Surface Leachate Discolored liquids are evident in ditches along the
southern extremity of the site.
Subsurface Leachate None identified, but suspected
Landfill Gas, Spontaneous Combustion Small fires are evident along the eastern sideslopes
Exposed Waste Practically the entire surface of the waste is exposed
Odor Odor pervades the site
Photographic Record Photographs of access road, site entrance, interior
access road, waste pile, adjacent land use, and
active cell.

Main access road Site entrance
Internal access road Informal dwellings alongside internal access road
Waste alongside internal access road Exposed waste pile south of active waste dump

Old waste pile at southern end of site Waste pile adjacent to residential developments
Windblown litter and dust obscuring old dump Windblown litter at eastern side of dumpsite
Simultaneous unloading and sorting of garbage at Waste compaction adjacent to waste pickers at
active section of dump active section of dump

Makeshift shacks atop old dump Industrial facility and informal dwellings at the
southern active end of dumpsite
Proposed expansion area corresponding to present Contaminated water at the southern boundary of the
location of informal dwellings dumpsite
Abandoned composting facility at the eastern Charcoal making at the western side of the dumpsite
side of dumpsite

ADB TA 3848-PHI: Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Project SITE 6: TANZA DUMPSITE, NAVOTAS Final Report
APPENDIX 1.6
SITE 6: TANZA DUMPSITE, NAVOTAS
DUMPSITE ASSESSMENT
CONTENTS PAGE


SITE LOCATION PLAN

GENERAL
Restricted Access Site is a remote area, immediately surrounded by Provision of fencing along the northern, eastern and Continuation of short-term improvements
fishponds and watercourses. The site is fenced western perimeter, access gate for the eastern barge basin should mitigate site access issues in the
along southern perimeter. Site personnel area and signs along the entire perimeter of the site. longer term.
prohibit unauthorized access.
Noise, Dust, Odors The site is remote, with the presence of only More effective application of daily soil cover on exposed Installation of additional soil and protective
several dwellings within the vicinity. Several of waste, continuation of spraying program, and provision of vegetation final cover over remaining site
the occupants of these dwellings are employed final soil and protective vegetation cover over completed areas on completion, and adequate ongoing
by, or in some way connected with the site waste cell areas. long-term maintenance of cover.
operations. Noise generated by the onsite
movement of trucks and equipment does not
appear to be an issue. Foul odor pervades
within site and immediate vicinity, affecting the
operations staff and possibly several of the
nearby residents.
Record-Keeping Records are kept of truck movements during the Improvement of inspection and recording procedures Continuation of established record keeping
transfer of waste materials at the Pier 18 relating to; (i) waste volumes processed at the facility; (ii) procedures.
Transfer Station, City of Manila. This includes waste screening to prevent the disposal of prohibited
the number of trucks and visual volume wastes at the facility; and (iii) special occurrences at the
estimates. Waste screening procedures do not facility such as fires, accidents and spills.
appear to be employed during either the barge-
loading operations (Pier 18), or at the dumpsite.
Records of the barge movements are kept at the
dumpsite.
SITE PERIMETER AREAS
Surface Drainage The proposed waste cell footprint practically Grading of perimeter areas and installation of compacted Installation of additional drainage features as
covers the entire dumpsite plan area, effectively soil perimeter drain. necessary, and long-term maintenance of
reducing the perimeter areas to a narrow buffer drainage features.
zone of width of only several meters. These
areas will apparently be graded to provide
perimeter drainage for the site.
WASTE CELL AREAS
Slope Stability The site is in an initial stage of filling, which has Outer slope surfaces of waste cells must be constructed to Maintenance of outer slopes to sustain
included the filling of two disposal cells back to maintain stability. stability and mitigate potential erosion impacts.
the existing level of the perimeter ground
surface.
Waste Encapsulation Waste is covered soon after placement with Modification of waste placement techniques to fully Improvements in waste placement and daily
and Leachate excavated marine sediments, presumably encapsulate wastes each day with suitable soil cover of covering techniques will improve site
Emissions excavated from nearby watercourses. The appropriate moisture content and thickness. Grading of operations and reduce water infiltration into

temporary sideslopes of the advancing waste interim and completed waste mass areas to promote the waste mass.
face are left exposed. The sediments utilized for drainage. Also, the provision of surface water and
daily cover appear to have excessive moisture groundwater monitoring is recommended. However, the lack of engineered containment
content. Also, daily cover appears to be less systems and leachate and LFG collection,
than the minimum required thickness. Urgent consideration is needed of improvements to the removal and treatment systems results in the
facility design to include; (i) adequately engineered basal site significantly threatening adjacent surface
The facility is being constructed without basal containment (liner) systems to enhance waste water and groundwater resources, including
containment (liner) systems, or leachate encapsulation; (ii) installation of leachate and LFG watercourses and aquatic resources. Since
collection and removal systems, and there collection, removal and treatment systems; and (iii) this facility has only recently commenced
apparently is reliance on the engineering enhanced surface water and groundwater monitoring. operations, it is critical that additional
properties of the natural soils surrounding the engineering measures be instituted at the
facility to provide adequate long-term soonest possible time in order to reduce these
containment of leachate and landfill gas (LFG). impacts.
Due to the immediate proximity of the dumpsite
to the adjacent fishponds, the impacts of any This should include urgent consideration of
surface or subsurface contaminant emissions improvements to the facility design to include;
into these aquatic resources is potentially (i) adequately engineered basal containment
severe. Discolored liquids are already visible in (liner) systems to enhance waste
the excavated base of the currently active encapsulation; (ii) installation of leachate and
disposal cell. LFG collection, removal and treatment
systems; and (iii) enhanced surface water and
groundwater monitoring.
In addition, current international practice for

final surface covers includes a higher design
standard than that currently required in
existing regulations (0.600 m thickness of soil
cover). A standard cover normally includes
several layers, including a foundation layer,
low permeability layer (normally utilizing a
geomembrane) and protection layer/s. In the
future therefore, it may be appropriate to
modify and enhance the currently prescribed
interim cover to meet these higher standards.

1 Site Availability Site operates over 24 hours in three shifts. Operational constraints of
nighttime activities and potential community impacts are not perceived as an
issue by operational staff.
2 Cover Waste is covered soon after placement with excavated marine sediments,
presumably excavated from nearby watercourses. The temporary sideslopes
of the advancing waste face are left exposed. The sediments utilized for daily
cover appear to have excessive moisture content, increasing the potential for
leachate generation due to moisture percolation. Also, daily cover appears to
be less than the minimum required thickness.
Continue to apply daily soil cover of appropriate moisture content
and of minimum thickness 0.150 m over exposed waste at the
completion of every day, including the advancing waste face.
drainage.
Apply compacted soil final cover of minimum 0.600 m thickness over
entire waste cell surface areas once completed;
3 Site Drainage The proposed waste cell footprint practically covers the entire dumpsite plan
area, effectively reducing the perimeter areas to a narrow buffer zone of width
of only several meters.
Install compacted soil perimeter drain along site perimeter.
4 Odor Control Foul odor pervades within site and immediate vicinity, affecting the operations
staff and possibly several of the nearby residents.
More effective daily covering of exposed waste (Item 2 – Cover)
Continuation of spraying program;
5 Waste Placement Dumping practices include the placement of waste by truck into the waste cell
up to the perimeter surface elevation, followed by spraying and covering with
dredged marine sediments. The cover appears moisture laden, and is not
placed on the advancing active face.
9003.
Daily cover to fully encapsulate entire exposed surface waste areas,
including the advancing active face;
Utilization of suitable soil cover of appropriate moisture content and
thickness.

7 Site Control The site appears to be adequately controlled and waste pickers are prohibited.
The site is relatively remote, and immediately surrounded by fishponds and
watercourses. It is fenced along the southern perimeter.
Improve the site entrance, including the provision of an access gate
for the eastern barge basin area.
Continue to restrict site access.
Install signs around the site perimeter, providing information, which
at a minimum should include site name, site owner and operator
contact details, short-term contact information, and notification that
prohibited.
8 Fencing, Litter Control The site is fenced along the southern perimeter only. Litter is evident adjacent
to the active face.
Improve daily soil cover (Item 2 – Cover).
9 Record Keeping Records are kept of truck movements during the transfer of waste materials at
the Pier 18 Transfer Station, City of Manila. This includes the number of
trucks and visual volume estimates. Waste screening procedures do not
appear to be employed during either the barge-loading operations (Pier 18), or
at the dumpsite. Records of the barge movements are kept at the dumpsite.
Improve waste volume recording procedures.
Institute record keeping program at the Pier 18 transfer station to
record the occurrences of unauthorized and rejected loads to the
facility, including the names and addresses of waste generators and
waste operators.
maintained.
11 Other Site Infrastructure Infrastructure includes a small site office. Basic washing facilities and
lavatories are provided at the site.

12 Environmental Monitoring Groundwater monitoring wells are not installed at the site. Records of surface
water and groundwater quality (from groundwater extraction wells) adjacent to
the site are not available, and it is unknown whether water quality analysis has
been or is performed. Detailed hydrogeologic information is not available for
the site.
monitoring wells.
extraction wells.
water contaminant pathways, develop mitigation measures to reduce
this contamination, delineate the plan area of potential surface water
contamination, and prohibit the use of surface water within this area.
contamination.

equipment appears to function adequately. Perimeter drains are not installed
and overall drainage of existing surface of the waste cells area is not graded to
promote surface drainage.
efficacy.
14 Protection of Local Amenities The site is relatively remote, although there are several dwellings within the
vicinity of the site perimeter. Fishponds and watercourses surround the site,
and there are significant concerns regarding the impacts of any surface or
sub-surface release of contaminants impacting these areas.
15 Waste Picking Waste pickers are prohibited.
16 Post Closure and Restoration The site only recently commenced operations, although there are already
proposals for the ultimate closure of the site.

17 Hydrogeology The site is located in a flooded delta, which is utilized as a major fishpond
area. The site perimeter elevation is only several meters above the natural
water level, and the excavated waste cells are at an elevation several meters
below this level. The waste is therefore being placed in the immediate
proximity of adjacent water resources.
Immediate implementation of short-term improvement requirements
outlined in (12 – Environmental Monitoring).
Urgent consideration of improvements to the facility design to
include; (i) adequately engineered basal containment (liner) systems
to enhance waste encapsulation; (ii) installation of leachate and LFG
collection, removal and treatment systems; and (iii) enhanced
surface water and groundwater monitoring.
19 Squatting Unauthorized personnel and informal dwellers are prohibited within the site
and vicinity.
20 Unauthorized Dumping Waste loads are reportedly screened at the Pier 18 transfer station.
21 Vicinity Development The site is relatively remote, and surrounded by fishponds.
22 Surface Water, Groundwater Resource Surface water exists immediately adjacent to and within the excavated cells
Proximity within the site. There might be a surface flood potential at times of high
precipitation and tide levels.
Immediate implementation of short-term improvement requirements
outlined in (12 – Environmental Monitoring).
Urgent consideration of improvements to the facility design to
include; (i) adequately engineered basal containment (liner) systems
to enhance the encapsulation of leachate LFG; (ii) installation of
leachate and LFG collection, removal and treatment systems; and
(iii) enhanced surface water and groundwater monitoring.

Site Name Tanza Waste Disposal Facility

LGU Jurisdiction Navotas, Metro Manila
Name, Contact Personnel Private Sector Operator
Barangay Jurisdiction Barangay Tanza
Name, Contact Personnel Barangay Captain
Location Former fishpond at Barangay Tanza
o o
Geographic Coordinates at Approximate Center 14 42’ 30” N, 120 55’ 13” E
Facility Size 11 hectares
Surrounding Land Use Fish ponds
Surrounding Surface Features Obando River to the immediate east, fish ponds to
the north and south
Nearby Human Receptors Several dwellings within the vicinity
Principal Access Routes By boat from Obando or from Pier 18, City of Manila
Geologic Setting Site reportedly underlain by deltaic clays, silts, and
sands.
Hydrogeologic Setting Conjectured as shallow unconfined aquifer with
possible hydraulic connection to Obando River
Hydrologic Setting Entire area of fishponds, and site adjacent to
Obando River which discharges to Manila Bay
Groundwater Well Data Wells not currently identified in vicinity
Landowner – Previous Private
Site Operator – Current Private
Commencement Date October 2002
Closure Date Currently active.
Operation Records Records are kept of truck movements during the
transfer of waste materials at the Pier 18 Transfer
Station, City of Manila. This includes the number of
trucks and visual volume estimates. Records of the
barge movements are also kept at the dumpsite.
Other operational records are not available.
Site Surveys, Investigations Basic topographic plan is available
Daily Waste Volume Estimated by site staff as 3,000 cu m per day,
reportedly equivalent to 800 tonnes per day
Total Waste Volume Although accurate survey calculations are currently
unavailable, it is inferred that the facility volume may
be of the order of 750,000 cu m.
Compliance, Violation Records Not currently available
Monitoring Records Not currently available
Facility Post Closure Use Site active
Facility Post Closure Maintenance Site active
scale of 1:10,000
Groundwater Well Location Plan Not currently available
Site Surface Layout Basic topographic plan is available
Construction Records Not currently available
Closure, Post Closure Records Not applicable
Surveys, Site Investigation Records Not currently available
Groundwater Well Data Not currently available
Reference Project Description and Environmental Management
Plan, Navotas Waste Disposal Facility

Contact Personnel - SWM Department Private Sector Operator

Contact Personnel – Facility Site Manager, Private Sector Operator
Date of Site Survey 17-Sep-02 and follow up visits and activities
Site Access By boat from Pier 18 or from Obando Via Obando
River
Distance from Major Highway Accessed by boat.
Access Procedures Clearance from Philippine Ports Authority and Coast
Guard needed to permit barge to travel from Pier 18
to Navotas, MMDA clearance needed by trucks
bringing in waste to the Pier 18 transfer station
Authorized Personnel Restricted to private sector operations personnel,
MMDA staff and Navotas and Manila LGU staff
Fencing Provision, Condition, Adequacy Fencing is present along southern perimeter, and
the remaining site area is unfenced.
Emergency Response Procedures Site staff reportedly trained in emergency response
procedures.
Personnel Protective Equipment Reportedly, helmet, boots, gloves, masks and
raincoats are available
Fire Protection Equipment and Procedures Stand by water pump available for use in case of fire
Site Safety Procedures, Safety Awareness Site staff reportedly trained in site safety and
awareness.
Site Area – Total 11 hectares
Site Area – Waste Pile Although accurate survey calculations are currently
unavailable, it is estimated that the proposed total
waste pile plan area will be of approximate average
dimensions 560 m by 160 m. The total waste mass
is estimated to extend from approximately 2 m below
the perimeter surface elevation, up to an assumed
maximum elevation of 15 m above the perimeter
surface level.
Side Slope Configuration It is assumed that the side slopes will be constructed
to maintain safe outer slope profiles. Currently,
waste has only been placed below the perimeter
surface elevation.
Waste Pile Volume Filled Although accurate survey calculations are currently
unavailable, the waste filled volume is estimated to
be of the order to 50,000 cu m.
Site Capacity Although accurate survey calculations are currently
unavailable, it is considered that the facility volume
may be of the order of 750,000 cu m.
Surface Drainage The site currently consists of rectangular excavated
waste cells, which contain surface water. Several of
the cells have been, or continue to be filled with
waste up to the perimeter surface elevation.
Site Boundary Protection The southern perimeter is fenced, and practically the
entire site area is surrounded by fishponds and
watercourses.
Site Sub-surface Site reportedly underlain by deltaic clays, silts, and
sands.
Adjacent Land Use Fishponds
Physical, Topographical, Notable Features Fishponds surround the site, and the Obando River
is located to the east
Human, Economic Activity Primarily related to the adjacent fishponds, including
several nearby dwellings.
Operation Personnel and Functions Seven private sector operation staff onsite plus six
equipment operators
Waste Disposal Operation Procedures Barged waste is unloaded by excavator from the
barge and into awaiting dump trucks, which dump
the waste into active cells. The waste is then
compacted and covered with soil.
Incoming Waste Volume Assessment Reportedly, the two barges import approximately
3,000 cu m of uncompacted waste (reportedly
equating to approximately 800 tonnes) daily to the
site.
Number / Type of Barges Daily Reportedly, two barges per day, including; (i) the
“Betina” with a capacity of 80 truckloads; and (ii) the
“Elvie” with a capacity of 120 truckloads.
Waste Segregation / Waste Picking Prohibited at the facility
Daily, Intermediate Cover and Procedures Reportedly, the waste is covered with dredged
marine sediments daily.
Facility Equipment 1 backhoe, 2 dump trucks, 1 loader, 1 roller, 1
dozer, 1 generator set and water pumps
Site Clearing None
Site Excavation Ongoing for the construction of the waste cells and
intermediate dikes.
Landfill Components – Liner, LCRS, LFG System Not currently planned for the facility.
Leachate, LFG and Surface Water Treatment Not currently planned for the facility
Waste Segregation, Treatment and Recycling Only residual waste is imported to the facility, as
recycling operations are performed at the Pier 18
transfer facility. Additional recycling activities are
prohibited at the disposal site.
Contaminant Evidence – Surface Leachate Discolored liquids are visible in the excavated base
of the currently active waste disposal cell.
Contaminant Evidence - Subsurface Leachate Not identified, but suspected.
Landfill Gas (LFG), Spontaneous Combustion Not identified, but suspected
Exposed Waste Waste cells have soil cover, although the active face
is exposed.
Odor Foul odor pervades within site and immediate
vicinity, affecting the operations staff and possibly
several of the nearby residents.
Site Operation Documents Not currently identified
Photographic Records Photographs of site entrance, fencing, site area, site
facilities, equipment yard, equipment, waste pile
cover materials, and adjacent land use

ADB TA 3848-PHI: Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Project SITE 6: TANZA DUMPSITE, NAVOTAS
PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORD
Westerly general view of facility and adjacent Site dewatering at eastern side of facility
Obando River
Partially built barge basin Completed barge basin
Partially filled Cell # 1 bounded by litter fence Filled up Cell # 1

ADB TA 3848-PHI: Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Project SITE 6: TANZA DUMPSITE, NAVOTAS
PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORD
Easterly view of facility Soil cover and site equipment
Western edge of partially filled Cell # 3 Discolored liquid at western end of Cell # 3
Fish pond immediately north of Cell # 3 Spraying at Cell # 3

ADB TA 3848-PHI: Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Project SITE 7: DONA PETRA DUMPSITE, MARIKINA Final Report
APPENDIX 1.7
SITE 7: DONA PETRA DUMPSITE, MARIKINA
DUMPSITE ASSESSMENT
CONTENTS PAGE


SITE LOCATION PLAN
Waste Disposal Report No: 4 AEA Technology Appendix D1.7: Site 7, Page I
REMEDIATION STRATEGY: SHORT-TERM AND LONGER-TERM
CRITERIA CURRENT STATUS SHORT-TERM IMPROVEMENTS LONGER-TERM REMEDIATION
GENERAL
Restricted Access Parts of the site perimeter are unfenced and Provision of fencing and signage around the entire facility, Continuation of short-term improvements
access largely uncontrolled. improved access control procedures, and increased should mitigate site access issues in the
regulation and expeditious relocation of waste picker longer term.
activities.
Noise, Dust, Odors Noise generated by onsite movement of trucks Application of daily soil cover on exposed waste, Installation of additional soil and protective
and equipment does not appear to be an issue. continuation of spraying program, and provision of soil and vegetation final cover over remaining site
Foul odor pervades within the site and immediate protective vegetation final cover over completed waste cell areas on completion, and adequate ongoing
vicinity affecting the waste pickers, operations areas. long-term maintenance of cover.
staff and informal dwellers. Loose upper soil
Record-Keeping Record keeping is currently limited to type, Improvement of procedures for screening of waste and As per short-term improvement.
SITE PERIMETER AREAS
Surface Drainage Perimeter site areas outside of main waste cells Grading of perimeter areas and installation of compacted Installation of additional drainage features as
require drainage improvements to reduce soil perimeter drain. necessary, and long-term maintenance of
ponding and flooding. drainage features.
WASTE CELL AREAS
Slope Stability Outer fill slopes appear to be over-steepened, Grading of outer sideslopes of main waste cell areas to Construction of remaining waste outer slopes
and the potential for slope instability exists. stable profiles. to safe profiles
Waste Encapsulation Large areas of waste are exposed. Waste Modifications to waste placement techniques to minimize Current international practice for final surface
pickers and other site operatives are in direct exposed waste areas during placement. Apply daily cover. covers includes a higher design standard than
contact with waste. Daily cover is not applied. Apply soil and protective vegetation final cover over that currently required in existing regulations
Final cover over the completed waste cell areas completed waste cell areas. (0.600 m thickness of soil cover). A standard
is inadequate or absent. Base containment cover normally includes several layers,
(liner) systems are absent. including a foundation layer, low permeability
layer (normally utilizing a geomembrane) and
Waste Disposal Report No: 4 AEA Technology Appendix 1.7: Site 7, Page 2
protection layer/s. In the future therefore, it

may be appropriate to modify and enhance the
cover to meet these higher standards.
Surface Drainage Main waste cell areas require grading to promote Regrading of main waste cell area to provide adequate Installation of additional drainage features as
drainage and stabilize outer surface slopes. drainage. Grading of outer sideslopes of main waste cell necessary, and long-term maintenance of
area to improve stability. drainage features.
Leachate: Leachate release onto surrounding surface areas Improved waste placement methodologies, application of The short-term improvement will not prevent
Surface Emissions and into surface water resources is a significant daily and final cover, and adequate grading of the surface the generation of leachate, or provide
threat at this site. Residential areas exist to the should reduce surface water infiltration, improve adequate containment, and therefore the risk
east and north, and agricultural areas to the west encapsulation of waste and reduce the potential of of surface emission will continue to exist.
and south. The presence of surface leachate leachate surface emission. Short-term measures also Additional measures should be considered to
has been reported adjacent to the northern include the establishment of a basic surface water and further reduce this potential including; (i)
perimeter of the site. Leachate surface groundwater monitoring program, in order to provide initial installation of a leachate collection, recovery
emissions may result in significant environmental assessment of the level and extent of contamination and and treatment system; (ii) installation of an
degradation and represent a considerable public prohibit the use of water and groundwater in affected “industry standard” cover system; (iii)
health risk to human receptors. areas. improved surface drainage, and installation of
sub-surface interception trenches; and (iv) an
enhanced monitoring program.
Leachate: Inadequately covered (exposed) waste, and Short-term measures of improved waste placement The short-term improvement will not prevent
Sub-Surface inadequate drainage increase the potential for methodologies, application of daily and final cover and the generation of leachate, or provide
Emissions leachate generation. In addition, verbal reports improved surface drainage may reduce surface water adequate containment, and therefore the risk
indicate that the base of the waste cell may infiltration, and therefore have a minor impact on the of surface emission will continue to exist.
actually be below the groundwater surface, and amount of leachate being generated. Short-term Also, verbal reports indicate direct contact of
within the groundwater saturation zone. The risk measures also include the establishment of a basic surface groundwater with the waste. Additional
of leachate contamination into surrounding water and groundwater monitoring program, in order to measures should be considered to mitigate
geologic materials and the groundwater aquifer provide initial assessment of the level and extent of sub-surface leachate contamination include; (i)
is therefore high, and potentially represents a contamination and prohibit the use of groundwater in detailed groundwater evaluation to further
direct contaminant pathway to nearby affected areas. ascertain the level and extent of groundwater
groundwater extraction wells. contaminant plume/s; (ii) design and
to contain the extent of contamination.
represents a potential environmental and public system (ii) installation of an LFG collection and
health threat to adjacent areas. In addition, the treatment system; and (iii) ongoing surface
systems; and (vi) enhanced surface and sub-
surface monitoring and testing programs. It
may also be necessary to extend post closure
maintenance beyond the 10-year timeframe.
SHORT-TERM IMPROVEMENTS (RA 9003 CONTROLLED DUMPSITES)
1 Site Availability Operational constraints and potential community impacts are not perceived as
an issue by operational staff.
2 Cover Soil cover materials of limited thickness have been placed over completed
waste surface areas of the main waste cell. These materials cover areas of
the cell top, and eastern, northern and northwestern sideslope areas. The
westerly sideslope consists largely of exposed waste. The southerly extension
of the waste fill area is completely exposed.
Grade outer slopes of waste cell areas to safe profiles.
drainage.
3 Site Drainage Perimeter drains are not installed at the facility. The existing surface of the
main waste cell area is irregular and not graded to promote surface drainage.
Surface water (possibly including leachate) is reported to collect along the
northern perimeter.
Install compacted soil perimeter drain along site perimeter to
improve surface drainage and reduce flooding potential.
5 Waste Placement Dumping practices in the southern extension area result in large areas of
waste being exposed. The placement method utilized appears to include the
dumping and spreading of waste in thin layers over a relatively large area.
Bulldozers perform the waste spreading operations. Waste pickers are
scattered throughout the area of exposed waste, operating dangerously close
to the bulldozers. Daily cover is apparently not applied.
9003.
Apply daily cover.
personnel.
7 Site Control Site is fenced with adequate security provisions at the formal site entrance
located within the northeastern portion of the site. However, the western,
southern and southeastern perimeter of the site is entirely unfenced, allowing
unrestricted, unauthorized access. Waste picker operations are largely
uncontrolled and public health and safety provisions are unacceptable.
Children actively work as waste pickers.
Install fencing around entire site perimeter, including expansion area.
8 Fencing, Litter Control The western, southern and southeastern perimeter of the site is entirely
unfenced, allowing unrestricted, unauthorized access. Litter blows across the
site.
Install fencing around entire site perimeter, including expansion area.
maintained.
11 Other Site Infrastructure Infrastructure includes a small site office and recycling conveyor system.
Washing facilities and lavatories not provided at the site.
performed. Hydrogeologic information is not available for the site.
monitoring wells.
extraction wells.
contamination.
not installed and overall drainage of existing surface of the main waste cell
efficacy.
14 Protection of Local Amenities There are dwellings within the immediate vicinity of the eastern and northern
site perimeter. Parts of this area are fenced, although other parts are either
unfenced or the fence is broken. There is no view-shed barrier between these
communities and the site. The remaining site area is unfenced.
To the immediate west and south of the facility, the land is utilized for
agriculture, and there are concerns regarding the impacts of any surface or
shallow sub-surface release of contaminants impacting these agricultural
areas. Pests and vermin most likely pervade the site and immediate vicinity,
especially due to the presence of exposed waste.
15 Waste Picking Reportedly, the site has 100 waste pickers, who appear to be poorly organized
and poorly protected against the dangers of waste handling. There are
children working at the site. Waster pickers have inadequate clothing
protection, no washing facilities and little operational organization. They
operate dangerously close to operational equipment.
possible time.
In the interim, improve waste picker operations, including; (i) the
regulation of authorized personnel and prohibition children; (ii)
16 Post Closure and Restoration The site is currently in the process of being closed.
Effect closure of the main waste cell as described herein.
entire facility.
17 Hydrogeology Although geologic and hydrogeologic information for the site vicinity is not
available, it is possible that groundwater is at shallow depth beneath the
surface. This is based on verbal reports at the facility, which indicate that the
plan area of the main cell was previously an excavation (quarry) area, utilized
for the extraction of sand and gravel. Verbal reports indicate that the depth of
the excavation was up to 15 m, and that water was present in the quarry at a
depth of approximately 6 m below the surface. If this account is accurate,
groundwater may actually be in direct contact with the waste, as the entire
excavation has been filled with waste. The site also is recorded to be located
within the ancient alluvial channel of the Marikina River, which exists to the
west of the site.
19 Squatting Informal settlers reportedly have settled immediately adjacent to the eastern
and northern site perimeter.
22 Surface Water, Groundwater Resource Groundwater most likely exists at shallow depth beneath the site. There might
Proximity be a surface flood potential due to the proximity of the Marikina River.
Interim improvement measures outlined in (Item 12 – Environmental
Conduct flood studies to ascertain surface flood potential impacts
and mitigation.
Item Total

Fencing 1,200,000
Access Gate -
Signage 12,000
B: Waste Cell/s
Surface Grading (Leveling): Onsite Re- Deposition 600,000
Protective Vegetation Cover 675,000
Estab of Groundwater and Surface Water Monitoring Points 950,000

TOTAL 6,047,000
Contingency 900,000

TOTAL 1,100,000
Contingency 200,000
Notes
3
in Metro Manila.
Site Name Dona Petra Dumpsite, Marikina

LGU Jurisdiction Marikina City
Name, Contact Personnel Manager, Waste Management Department
Barangay Jurisdiction Barangay Concepcion 1, Marikina City
Location Road 1, Dona Petra, Barangay Concepcion, Marikina
City. Approximately 3 km northwest of transfer station
o o
Facility Size (Hectare) 1.7 hectares. Reportedly, a one-hectare expansion
towards the south is proposed
Surrounding Land Use Residential to the east and north, agricultural to the south
and west
Transfer Station Location Tuazon, 3 kilometers southeast of dumpsite
2
Size of Transfer Station Approximately 800 m
Surrounding Surface Features Marikina River approximately 100 meters to the west
Nearby Human Receptors Twinville Village to the north, residential settlements to
the immediate north, east and south.
Principal Access Routes Katipunan Avenue then Tumana and JP Rizal Street
from the west, Batasan Bridge then San Mateo and JP
Rizal from the north, Sumulong Highway then JP Rizal
Street from the south
Geologic Setting Set on Alluvial Terrace Deposits of Marikina River, about
600 meters east of the projected trace of the West
Marikina Valley Fault
Hydrogeologic Setting Set on permeable alluvial deposits corresponding to
possible shallow groundwater conditions
Hydrologic Setting Approximately 100 meters east of Marikina River,
elevated relative to the adjacent lots, runoff from
cemented lot occupied by conveyor belt system partially
drains to the east in the direction of the residential units,
susceptible to flooding, site reportedly has been flooded
three times since 1999.
Groundwater Well Data Wells not currently identified within immediate vicinity,
drinking water reportedly comes from MWSS
Site Operator – Current Marikina City Waste Management Office
Commencement Date August 1994 until September 1995, then continuously
since late 1999 following closure of the San Mateo
landfill
Closure Date Dumping of waste stopped from October 1995 until 1999.
Currently in the process of being closed.
Operation Records Data on volume of waste, number of trips and type of
waste are recorded in a standard waste transfer sheet at
the site.
3
Daily Waste Volume 700 to 800 m /day from Monday to Wednesday,
3
500 to 600 m /day from Thursday to Saturday
Waste collected on Sunday limited to market waste and
kuyagot (green waste).
Total Waste Volume Unknown due to lack of survey data. Visual
approximation infers the currently filled volume could
exceed 150,000 cubic meters of compacted waste.
Compliance, Violation Records Notices of Violation issued in November 1995 and in
October 2002

Facility Post Closure Use Site active
Facility Post Closure Maintenance Site active
Site Location and Site Access Plan Scanned NAMRIA topographic map enlarged to a scale
of 1:10,000
Vicinity Groundwater Well Location Plan Not currently available
Site Surface Layout Basic survey plan exists, but needs updating. Detailed
topographic survey needs to be undertaken by WMO
Vicinity Groundwater Well Data Not currently available
Contact Personnel - SWM Department Manager, Waste Management Department

Contact Personnel – Facility Site Operations Manager
Date of Site Survey July 25, 2002 and follow-up visits and activities
Distance from Major Highway Approximately 3 kilometers north of Sumulong Highway
Access Road Suitability – Width, Condition Two-lane concrete road, 6 meters wide, good condition
Access Road Suitability – Adjacent Developments Suitable for current size of trucks
Average Drive Time From Major Highway Approximately 30 minutes to 1 hour from Sumulong Highway
Access Procedures Only waste trucks of Marikina WMO and those of the local
barangays allowed. Site is unfenced along the western,
southern and southeastern perimeter resulting in unauthorized
personnel access.
Fencing Provision, Condition, Adequacy Site is fenced with adequate security provisions at the formal
site entrance located within the northeastern portion of the site.
However, the western, southern and southeastern perimeter of
the site entirely unfenced, allowing unrestricted, unauthorized
access.
Personnel Protective Equipment Waste pickers are poorly protected against the dangers of waste
handling. There are children working as waste pickers at the
site. Waster pickers have inadequate clothing protection, no
washing facilities and little operational organization. Waste
pickers are poorly controlled and operate dangerously close to
operational equipment.
Fire Protection Equipment and Procedures Not apparent during site observations
Restricted Working Area Procedures Dumping practices include the dumping and spreading of waste
in thin layers over a relatively large area. Bulldozers perform the
waste spreading operations. Daily cover is apparently not
applied. Waste pickers are poorly controlled.
Site Area – Total Approximately 1.7 hectares, plus 1 hectare expansion to the
immediate south
Site Area – Waste Pile Approximately 1 hectare
Waste Pile Plan Dimensions Main completed waste cell area is quadrangular in shape of
approximate dimensions 100 m x 100 m. The southerly
expansion area is proposed to be of approximately equal
dimensions.
Waste Pile Depth – Maximum, Average Verbal reports indicate the main completed waste cell area was
previously a quarry, up to a depth of 15 m below the surface.
Waste Pile Height Unknown due to lack of survey data. Visual approximation
infers a maximum height of approximately 10 m
Sideslope Configuration Appears over-steepened, particularly along the southwestern
sideslope areas.
Waste Pile Volume Remaining The proposed southerly expansion area is reported to be of
approximate plan dimension of one hectare (100 m by 100m).
Assuming a maximum height of 10 m above the surrounding
surface level, this expansion area could accommodate a
combined compacted waste and soil cover volume of
approximately 65,000 cu m. In addition, excavation of the basal
areas of the expansion area (for example to provide soil cover
material) could result in additional volume.
Surface Drainage Perimeter drains are not installed at the facility. The existing
surface of the main waste cell area is irregular and not graded to
promote surface drainage.
Site Boundary Protection The north and east perimeter is fenced, although the remaining
perimeter is open.
Site Sub-Subsurface Substrate of alluvial materials of undetermined thickness
Adjacent Land Use Residential to the north and east, agricultural to the west and
south
Topographical, Notable Features Marikina River to the west
Operation Personnel and Functions Facility supervisor, waste checkers, sorters, truck drivers,
bulldozer operators, sprayers. Reportedly, up to 100 waste

pickers.
Waste Checking and Screening Procedures Use of checklist to record waste type, number of trips, and
volume of each truck
Incoming Waste Volume Assessment Visual
Number / Type of Vehicles Daily Approximately 50 trucks/day from Monday to Wednesday
Approximately 35 to 40 trucks from Thursday to Saturday
Daily, Intermediate Cover and Procedures Cover material has been applied over a portion of the main
waste areas. Daily cover is not applied. Large areas are
exposed.
Litter Control Procedures Parts of the site are unfenced. There is not a litter control
program.
Facility Design and Construction The site area reportedly used to be a depression produced by
quarrying of sand and gravel. Quarrying reportedly formed a
depression 15 m deep, which was eventually filled up with waste
to its current configuration.
Facility Equipment 2 bulldozers,
1 washer truck,
3 super trucks,
28 compactors,
7 mini dump trucks,
4 10-wheeler dump trucks,
2 arm roll trucks
20 bins (green trucks for biodegradable waste, pink trucks for
non biodegradable waste).
1 chipper machine
1 conveyor belt system for non biodegradable waste
Newest equipment acquired in 1999, started acquiring
reconditioned equipment in 1993, From 1991 to 1993, WMO
utilized the equipment from MMDA.
Landfill Components – Liner, LCRS, LFG System Not installed
Leachate, LFG, Surface Water and Groundwater Not installed
Treatment
Operation Methodology Waste is collected daily by two separate trucks (green for
biodegradable and pink for non-biodegradable) whose load is
placed at the transfer station located at Tuazon. From the
transfer station, trucks of the Marikina WMO bring the waste to
the Dona Petra dumpsite. Regular spraying is undertaken to
reduce odor. WMO uses three pails of spray daily. Each of the
14 barangays can dump kuyagots from their respective localities
directly at the site using their own small trucks/trailers
Personnel – Number, Working Arrangements The WMO has 278 staff, including 14 on-site staff.
Surface Leachate None identified during observations, although surface leachate
has been reported to exist along the northern extremity of the
site.
Landfill Gas, Spontaneous Combustion None identified, but suspected. Occasional fires reportedly have
taken place but these occurrences are not documented
Exposed Waste Waste is partially exposed
Odor Odor detected within vicinity
Site Operation Documents Data on volume of waste, number of trips and type of waste are
recorded in a standard waste transfer sheet.
Photographic Record Photographs of access road, site entrance, fencing, site area,
waste pile area, site facilities, equipment yard, equipment, waste
pile working face and adjacent land use
Eastern side of the Marikina dumpsite
Site access road Residential developments at eastern side of facility
Waste collection trucks Active southeastern section of dumpsite
Residential developments at northern edge of facility Partially built waste conveyor belt
Loading at the Dona Petra conveyor system Residential units at the northern end of the dumpsite
Partially exposed waste at the western side of the Internal access road leading to the active section of
dumpsite the dumpsite
Simultaneous unloading and waste picking at the Steep and exposed waste pile at the southwestern
southern end of the dumpsite side of the dumpsite
Temporary food shacks adjacent to exposed waste Informal dwellings adjacent to active part of the
dumpsite
Residential units and agricultural land southwest of Section of Marikina River south of the dumpsite
the dumpsite
ADB TA 3848-PHI: Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Project SITE 8: LUPANG ARENDA DUMPSITE, TAYTAY Final Report
APPENDIX 1.8
SITE 8: LUPANG ARENDA DUMPSITE, TAYTAY
DUMPSITE ASSESSMENT
CONTENTS PAGE

Site Remediation Strategy 2

SITE LOCATION PLAN

OVERVIEW
The Lupang Arenda dumpsite consists of a layer of waste materials, approximately 2.5 meters thick, placed over an area of
the northern shores of Laguna De Bay. Verbal reports indicate this area to be between 40 and 80 hectares, indicating that
waste materials of volume between 1 and 2 million cubic meters have been dumped at the site. The site surface of the
waste has been developed into a low-cost housing development, reportedly accommodating up to 25,000 families.
Although a thin layer of soil has been placed over most of the waste materials, the presence of the waste represents an
acute and immediate public health and environmental threat to the community inhabitants and surrounding environs. These
impacts include the following;
(i) Health risks of direct human contact with the waste;
(ii) Potential contamination, combustion and explosion due to build up of gases within the waste;
(iii) The impacts of leachate emissions on the surrounding environment; and
(iv) The effects of differential settlement on structures overlying the waste.
The waste represents a serious threat. Conventional mitigation is inappropriate and would be difficult due to the constraints
imposed by the physical presence of the communities and the financial, social and political considerations.
RECOMMENDATIONS
It is recommended that;
(i) CEASE WASTE DUMPING IMMEDIATELY AND PERMANENTLY, and that future waste is diverted to
a controlled dumpsite;
(ii) CONDUCT AN IEC CAMPAIGN in order to; (i) inform communities of the public health and
environmental threats due to the presence of the waste; (ii) provide guidelines regarding interim
protection measures; (iii) establish a health and safety monitoring program; and (iv) involve residents in
the necessary environmental remediation of their communities.
(iii) CONDUCT A COMPREHENSIVE SITE INVESTIGATION in order to complete an environmental

assessment, and develop innovative concepts for site remediation. The investigation should include;
(a) Detailed topographic survey of the site and environs;

(b) Desk review of available environmental, geologic, hydrogeologic, geotechnical and other
information, including evaluation of the planned lake shore dyke;
(c) Site exploration, including sampling and testing of the waste materials, surface waters and
groundwater;
(d) Social and economic survey of the communities;
(e) Civil and structural engineering reviews of existing and planned development;
(f) Engineering and environmental analyses;
(g) Development of alternative remediation concepts and associated costs and schedule.

Site Name Lupang Arenda Dumpsite

LGU Jurisdiction Sitio Lupang Arenda, Barangay Sta. Ana, Taytay,
Rizal
Name, Contact Personnel The entities dumping at the site are not known. Site
access is through the local barangay security
officials.
Barangay Jurisdiction Barangay Sta. Ana
Location Sitio Lupang Arenda, Barangay Sta. Ana, Taytay,
Rizal
o o
Facility Size Unknown, and accurate survey information is not
available. Verbal site reports are conflicting,
indicating that the waste dumping area ranges
between 40 and 80 hectares.
Surrounding Land Use The site is located on the northern shore of Laguna
De Bay. Surrounding land use is primarily
agricultural. The site includes an 80-hectare land
parcel of undeveloped lakeshore land, which is
being progressively developed for residential
communities. The land was provided by the national
government as a low-cost housing project for the
relocation of low-income urban communities.
Surrounding Surface Features Laguna de Bay to the south, Pasig River to the west,
and the Mangahan Floodway to the east.
Nearby Human Receptors Residents of Sitio Lupang Arenda currently live on
the dumpsite, which reportedly includes up to 25,000
families, and the San Lorenzo Ruiz community is
immediately to the north.
Principal Access Routes Accessed along a road, which is parallel to the
Mangahan Floodway to the east, or through the
Mercedes Avenue to the north.
Geologic Setting Conjectured to be underlain by unconsolidated
sediments deposited by the Antipolo and Pasig
Rivers and the lacustrine deposits of Laguna de
Bay. Pyroclastics of the Guadalupe Formation are
inferred to occur below the sediments
Hydrogeologic Setting Groundwater is at shallow depths beneath the site.
Hydrologic Setting The site is located at the edge of Laguna de Bay,
bounded on the west by the Antipolo River and
farther west by the Pasig River. It is characterized
by ponding, and reportedly flooded up to eight
months per year prior to the dumping of waste.
Groundwater Well Data Existing 6 m deep tube wells reportedly tap the
shallow water table.
Landowner The land is Government owned, provided by
Presidential Decree to be developed into low cost
housing communities for relocated urban dwellers.
Site Operator Unknown, although verbal reports indicate that the
dumping has been performed by private sector
contractors.
Commencement Date Dumping reportedly began in the early 1990' s.
Closure Date Officially, the site has been closed, although verbal
reports indicate that dumping continues.
Operation Records Not available
Types of Wastes Unknown
Daily Waste Volume Verbal reports indicate that up to 50 trucks of waste
per day dump at the site.
Based on the verbal reports that the dumping area is

40 hectares, and assuming an average waste

thickness of 2.5 meters, the total waste volume is of
the order of 1 million cu m.
Alternatively, based on the verbal reports that the

dumping area is 80 hectares, and assuming an
average waste thickness of 2.5 meters, the total
waste volume is of the order of 2 million cu m.
Compliance, Violation Records Ex Party Notice of Violation issued by LLDA
against private sector hauler on August 10,
2002
Cease and Desist Order issued by LLDA on
September 9, 2001
Notice of Violation issued by DENR on
August 29, 2002
Facility Closure Records Not available
Facility Post Closure Use Residential housing communities for a reported
25,000 families have been constructed directly over
the dumpsite waste materials. The foundations of
the housing units extend directly into the waste
materials.
scale of 1:10,000
Site Surface Layout
Construction Records
Operation / Monitoring Records
Surveys, Site Investigation Records
Groundwater Well Data

Contact Personnel The entities dumping at the site are not known. Site
access is through the local barangay security
officials.
Site Access Access from the east via the road parallel to the
Mangahan Floodway then through a 1.2 km road
which leads to the ERAP Pabahay project, then
southward through a two-lane dirt road which leads
to the northern edge of the site. Access from the
west through the two-lane, concreted Mercedes
highway which connects farther west to C5
Distance from Major Highway Approximately 1.2 km from Mangahan flood way
road to the east, 5 km east of Road C5
Access Road Suitability Access roads are largely unsuitable for vehicle
movements, consisting of two-lane dirt track roads,
which are frequently flooded.
Average Drive Time From Major Highway 30 to 45 minutes from C5, less than 15 minutes from
the Mangahan floodway road
Access Procedures Verbal reports indicate that waste and soil trucks
from Cainta and Taytay are allowed to enter site
from the east and trucks from Pasig from the north.
Authorized Personnel Barangay security personnel heavily control the
area.
Fencing Provision, Condition, Adequacy The dumpsite consists of an approximately 2.5 m
thick layer of waste spread over the entire residential
community area. Residents are therefore in
immediate contact with waste materials. The
communities are not fenced.
Emergency Response Procedures Unknown
Personnel Protective Equipment Unknown. Since residents live directly on the
dumpsite waste, they are continually exposed to the
health and safety risks of waste contact.
Fire Protection Equipment and Procedures Unknown
Restricted Working Area Procedures
Site Area Verbal reports are conflicting, between 40 and 80
hectares.
Waste Pile Thickness Visually estimated to be 2.5 m average thickness.
Sideslope Configuration Sideslopes are only several meters in height,
although some are over-steepened.
Surface Drainage The surrounding shore area is subject to frequent
flooding. The elevated surface of the site is also
subject to extensive flooding.
Site Sub-Subsurface Conjectured to include alluvial and lake sediments
Physical, Topographical, Notable Features Laguna de Bay to the south, Pasig River and
Antipolo River to the west, San Lorenzo Ruiz
housing project to the north
Human, Economic Activity Small scale retailing within the community, fishing
and agriculture.
Operation Personnel and Functions Unknown
Waste Checking and Screening Procedures Unknown
Waste Disposal Operation Procedures Apparently, waste trucks entered the site and
dumped in a systematic manner to elevate the site
surface. Soil cover was reportedly placed over the
dumped waste, however visual observations indicate
that the soil cover is eroded over areas of the
current surface, and waste materials are protruding
from the surface.
Total Waste Volume Assessment As inferred above, the waste volume at the site
could be between 1 to 2 million cu m.
Waste Types Unknown

Waste Segregation / Waste Picking Reportedly, waste pickers operated at the site.
Cover and Procedures Soil cover was reportedly placed over the dumped
waste, however visual observations indicate that the
soil cover is eroded over areas of the current
surface, and waste materials are protruding from the
surface.
Litter Control Procedures Unknown
Facility Design and Construction None identified
Facility Equipment Unknown
Landfill Components – Liner, LCRS, LFG System None
Leachate, LFG and Surface Water Treatment None
Surface Leachate Discolored liquids are present with surface ponds.
Subsurface Leachate Not identified, but highly suspected
Landfill Gas, Spontaneous Combustion Not identified, but highly suspected
Odor Odor pervades across the site area.
Site Operation Documents None
Photographic Records Photographs of access road, site entrance, selected
areas of the site, selected waste pile areas, adjacent
land use, contamination concerns

ADB TA 3848-PHI: Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Project SITE 8: LUPANG ARENDA DUMPSITE, TAYTAY
PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORD
Lupang Arenda
Laguna de
Bay
Aerial photo of Lupang Arenda area prior to dumping Flooded access road
Flooded roadway, waste pile, informal dwellings Exposed waste adjacent to informal dwellings
Exposed waste around residences Waste dumped at flooded access tracks

PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORD
Exposed garbage at the Pasig side of Lupang Recently dumped garbage along the edge of Laguna
Arenda de Bay
Agricultural lands south of Lupang Arenda House being built on top of waste
Residential developments on the dumpsite Soil and garbage dike at the southern side of
dumpsite

PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORD
Lupang Arenda dumpsite viewed from the east
Recently developed road on top of dumped garbage Residential units built on top of garbage
Ponding at the edge of exposed waste Operational shallow tube well within dumpsite

ADB TA 3848-PHI: Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Project SITE 9: PULANG LUPA DUMPSITE, LAS PINAS Final Report
APPENDIX 1.9
SITE 9: PULANG LUPA DUMPSITE, LAS PINAS
DUMPSITE ASSESSMENT
CONTENTS PAGE


SITE LOCATION PLAN

GENERAL
Restricted Access The site area is largely unfenced. The eastern, Provision of signage and fencing around the entire facility, Continuation of short-term improvements
northern and western perimeter is immediately improved access control procedures, and increased should mitigate site access issues in the
bounded by the Ilog Bayan Creek. There is one regulation and expeditious relocation of waste picker longer term.
primary access gate, which appears to be well activities.
controlled.
Noise, Dust, Odors Noise generated by onsite movement of trucks Application of daily soil cover on exposed waste, Installation of additional soil and protective
and equipment does not appear to be an issue. continuation of spraying program, and provision of soil and vegetation final cover over remaining site
Foul odor pervades the waste placement area protective vegetation final cover over completed waste cell areas on completion, and adequate ongoing
and immediate vicinity affecting the waste areas. long-term maintenance of cover.
pickers and operations staff. Loose upper soil
Record-Keeping Record keeping procedures are unknown. As necessary, adoption or improvement of procedures for As per short-term improvement.
recording; (i) waste volumes and truck movements; (ii)
screening of waste and prohibition of and reporting
procedures for unacceptable materials; and (iii) recording
of special occurrences such as fires, accidents and spills.
Surface Drainage The completed waste mass surface is irregular Grading of waste pile and perimeter areas and installation The short-term improvements will reduce
and lacks adequate drainage features. The site of surface drainage features. drainage impacts, however, additional
historically is subject to flooding. The waste at mitigation may be required in the future.
the dumpsite has apparently been placed in
order to raise the surface level to an elevation
above the flood level. Waste will therefore most
likely be in direct contact with surface waters at
times of flooding. The site surface is subject to
infiltration unless a properly designed cover and
surface drainage system is installed.
Slope Stability The dumpsite reportedly consists of a layer of Grading of outer sideslopes of waste cell areas to stable Construction of remaining waste outer slopes
waste up to several meters thickness, placed profiles. to safe profiles
over a largely flat area. The outer fill sideslopes
appear over-steepened.

Waste Encapsulation Exposed waste is present over the active waste Modification of waste placement techniques to minimize The lack of basal containment systems will
dumping areas. Waste pickers and other site exposed waste areas during placement. Application of most likely result in leachate migration into
operatives are in direct contact with waste. daily cover and suitable soil and protective vegetation final surface water resources and underlying
Cover is placed over the completed main waste cover over completed waste cell areas. geologic materials and groundwater. Periodic
cell areas although the adequacy and thickness flooding of the area will result in direct contact
of the cover is unknown. Site observations of waste with surface waters, exacerbating the
indicate that areas of cover contain moisture- movement of waste contaminants into surface
laden sediments, which appear to have waters. These are potentially serious
excessive moisture content. Surface drainage is environmental and public health risks.
inadequate. Base containment (liner) systems Remediation of these impacts would
are absent. necessitate extensive surface and subsurface

It has been verbally reported that commercial

development is planned to be built
immediately on top of the waste pile. There
mitigated. Firstly, there are considerable
public health risks due to the lack of adequate
waste encapsulation, and the actual potential
of waste contact with human receptors.


above require adequate mitigation. In
Leachate: The site is located in a flood prone area, and Improved waste placement methodologies, application of The short-term improvement will not prevent
Surface Emissions waste has reportedly been placed close to the daily and final cover, and adequate grading of the surface the generation of leachate or emission of
flood elevation level. Periodic saturation of should reduce surface water infiltration, improve surface leachate into surface water and groundwater.
waste materials with floodwater is therefore encapsulation of waste and reduce the potential of It will also not prevent the direct release of
anticipated, representing a direct pathway for the leachate surface emission. Ongoing monitoring is also waste contaminants into the surface waters at
release of waste contaminants into the surface required. Short-term measures also include the times of surface water saturation of the waste
waters. Leachate generation is also anticipated, establishment of a basic surface water and groundwater materials. To mitigate these impacts,
together with the continued emission of leachate monitoring program, in order to provide initial assessment additional measures will be necessary, which
into surface waters. of the level and extent of contamination and prohibition of could include for example; (i) installation of a
the use of surface water and groundwater in affected leachate collection, recovery and treatment
areas. system; (ii) installation of an “industry
standard” cover system; (iii) improved surface
drainage; (iv) installation of surface water
diversion, containment, extraction and
treatment systems; and (v) an enhanced
monitoring program.
Emissions the waste mass at times of flooding will most improved surface drainage may reduce surface water leachate into surface water and groundwater.
likely result in leachate migration into the infiltration, and therefore have a minor impact on the It will also not prevent the direct release of
groundwater. amount of leachate being generated. Short-term waste contaminants into the surface waters
measures also include the establishment of a basic surface and possibly groundwater at times of surface
water and groundwater monitoring program, in order to water saturation of the waste materials. To
provide initial assessment of the level and extent of mitigate these impacts, additional measures
contamination and prohibition of the use of surface water will be necessary, which could include for
and groundwater in affected areas. example; (i) detailed groundwater evaluation
to further ascertain the level and extent of
groundwater contamination; (ii) design and


to attempt to contain the extent of
contamination.


2 Cover Soil cover materials of unknown thickness have been placed over parts of the
completed waste mass surface area. However, the waste placement areas
are largely exposed.
drainage.
3 Site Drainage The dumpsite surface is irregular and not graded to promote surface drainage.
The potential for ponding and infiltration is high. Drainage features are not
evident.
Improve perimeter drainage.
5 Waste Placement Dumping practices in the waste placement areas result in areas of waste
dumping and spreading of waste in thin layers over a limited area. Bulldozers
perform the waste spreading operations. Waste pickers are scattered
throughout the area of exposed waste.
9003.
Apply daily cover.
personnel.

7 Site Control The site is largely unfenced, being bounded on the eastern, northern and
western perimeter by the Ilog Bayan Creek. Waste picker operations appear
largely uncontrolled and there is little public health and safety provision for
waste pickers.
prohibited.
8 Fencing, Litter Control The site perimeter is largely unfenced. Although relatively controlled, litter is
evident at the site.
9 Record Keeping Record keeping activities are not known.
Short-Term Improvements (where necessary);

Institute or improve waste volume recording procedures.
Institute or improve procedures for the screening of waste.
Institute or improve recording of special occurrences such as fires,
accidents and spills.
Institute or improve record keeping program to record the
occurrences of unauthorized and rejected loads to the facility,
including the names and addresses of waste generators and waste
operators.
maintained.
11 Other Site Infrastructure Infrastructure includes recycling sheds utilized by the waste pickers. Washing
facilities and lavatories are not provided at the site.

site.
monitoring wells.
extraction wells.
From the surface water testing program, identify areas of surface
leachate release and potential surface water contaminant pathways,
develop mitigation measures to attempt to reduce this contamination,
delineate the plan area of potential surface water contamination, and
prohibit the use of surface water within this area.
contamination.

equipment appears to function adequately. Perimeter drains are not installed
and overall drainage of existing surface of the main waste mass is irregular
and not graded to promote surface drainage.
implement maintenance program to ensure long-term efficacy.
14 Protection of Local Amenities The site is bounded by primarily residential areas, and the Ilog Bayan Creek is
present immediately to the east, north and west.

15 Waste Picking Reportedly, the site has over 50 waste pickers, who are poorly protected
against the dangers of waste handling. Waste pickers have inadequate
clothing protection, no washing facilities and little operational organization.
They operate dangerously close to operational equipment.
possible time.
regulation of authorized personnel and prohibition of children; (ii)
16 Post Closure and Restoration The site is currently being expanded to the south, and it is therefore likely that
the facility will remain active in the short to medium term. In the meantime,
implementation of this short-term improvement strategy should include interim
closure and maintenance of the completed waste areas.
entire facility.
Prohibit commercial development or any other development of the
dumpsite until the considerable environmental, public health and
other risks associated with the presence of the waste materials have
been thoroughly mitigated. These risks include; (i) potential of waste
contact with human receptors; (ii) the effects of LFG on the surface
development; (iii) impacts of leachate migration; and (iv) differential
settlement of the waste mass.

19 Squatting Although waste pickers are active at the site, informal settlements are
reportedly not present.
controlled, and the collection and disposal of industrial wastes prohibited.
22 Surface Water, Groundwater Resource Groundwater most likely exists at shallow depth beneath the site. The site is
Proximity immediately adjacent to the Ilog Bayan Creek, and is susceptible to flooding.
Measures to attempt to reduce surface water inundation into the
waste mass should be implemented.

Item Total

Fencing 1,600,000
Access Gate 20,000
Signage 12,000
B: Waste Cell/s
Surface Grading (Leveling): Onsite Re- Deposition 720,000
Protective Vegetation Cover 800,000

TOTAL 9,262,000
Civil W orks Maintenance 600,000

TOTAL 1,300,000
Contingency 200,000

Notes
3
in Metro Manila.

INITIAL DESK REVIEW
Site Name Pulang Lupa Dumpsite, Las Pinas

LGU Jurisdiction Las Pinas
Name, Contact Personnel Manager, Las Pinas Solid Waste Management Office
Barangay Jurisdiction Barangay Pulang Lupa, Las Pinas
Contact Personnel Not Applicable
Location Located east of the main coastal road, Barangay Pulang
Lupa, Las Pinas
Facility Size (Hectare) Unknown. Site observations infer an indicative area of 3
hectares
Surrounding Land Use The site is surrounded on the western, northern and eastern
perimeter by the Ilog Bayan Creek, which drains to Manila
Bay. Residential dwellings exist on the opposite bank of the
creek. Dwellings also exist to the south of the site
perimeter.
Surrounding Surface Features The Ilog Bayan Creek circumvents the eastern, northern
and western perimeter of the site.
Nearby Human Receptors Residential dwellings are present on the opposite bank of
the Ilog Bayan Creek, and within 50 meters of the site
perimeter.
Principal Access Routes Quirino Highway to the east, and the Coastal Road to the
west. The site is accessed through a subdivision road
network.
Geologic Setting Conjectured to be underlain by marine sediments. The site
is reportedly located on salt beds.
Hydrogeologic Setting Shallow groundwater is suspected due to the proximity to
sea level.
Hydrologic Setting The Ilog Bayan Creek circumvents the eastern, northern
and western site perimeter.
Groundwater Well Data Groundwater data is currently unavailable
Landowner – Current Reportedly a private landowner
Site Operator – Current Las Pinas Solid Waste Management Office
Commencement Date Early 2002
Operation Records None available
Site Surveys, Investigations None available
Types of Wastes Reportedly municipal, non hazardous waste
Daily Waste Volume 60 to 80 trucks per day. This equates to an approximate
volume of 600 to 800 cu m per day (inferred as possibly 170
to 230 tonnes per day)
Total Waste Volume From visual observations, a total of 2 hectares has been
filled at an assumed thickness of approximately 4 m. This
equates to a indicative volume of 80,000 cu m.
Compliance, Violation Records A Cease and Desist Order has apparently been issued for
the site by the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources during mid 2002.
Monitoring Records Not available.
Site Location and Site Access Plan Not available
Geologic Map Regional Geologic Map of Metro Manila
Vicinity Groundwater Well Location Plan Not available

INITIAL DESK REVIEW
Contact Personnel - SWM Department Site Manager, Las Pinas Solid Waste Management Office
Contact Personnel – Facility Site Manager, Las Pinas Solid Waste Management Office
Date of Site Survey March 2003
Distance from Major Highway 1 km
Access Road Suitability – Width, Condition The site is accessed through well-paved concrete roads.
The principal access route traverses through subdivisions
Average Drive Time From Major Highway 20 minutes
Access Procedures Trucks were observed to enter the site, traverse to the
dumping area, dispose of waste and leave the site.
Actual truck recording procedures and waste screening
procedures are unknown due to the limited availability for
observations at the site.
Fencing Provision, Condition, Adequacy There is no fencing along the eastern, northern or western
perimeter areas. These areas are bounded by the Ilog
Bayan Creek.
Personnel Protective Equipment Unknown.
Fire Protection Equipment and Procedures Unknown
Site Area – Total Accurate survey calculations are not available. From
visual observation, the total site area is estimated to be 3
hectares, or which 2 hectares has been filled. The
conjectured thickness of the waste mass is approximately
4 m.
Sideslope Configuration Observed outer waste mass sideslopes are over-
steepened, and lack adequate protection from potential
instability impacts caused by the adjacent Ilog Bayan
Creek.
Waste Pile Volume Remaining Accurate survey calculations are not available. Visual
observations infer that the remaining site area is of the
order of 1 hectare. Assuming an average waste thickness
of 4 m, this equates to a remaining volume of 40,000 cu
m.
Surface Drainage The waste mass encompasses practically the entire site
area. Soil cover has been placed over the completed
waste mass areas, although these surfaces are irregular
and lack drainage features. The thickness of soil cover is
unknown. Perimeter drains are not provided neither is the
control of surface water flows into the adjacent Ilog Bayan
Creek.
Site Boundary Protection The Ilog Bayan Creek bounds the eastern, northern and
western site area, and fencing is absent.
Site Sub-Subsurface Conjectured to include marine sediments.
Adjacent Land Use Primarily residential.
Topographical, Notable Features The Ilog Bayan Creek to the immediate east, north and
west of the site perimeter.
Operation Personnel and Functions Site Manager, Site Foreman and several machine drivers
and operatives were identified during the limited site
observations.
Waste Checking and Screening Procedures Unknown.
Incoming Waste Volume Assessment Verbally reported as 60 to 80 trucks per day. This
equates to an approximate volume of 600 to 800 cu m per
day (inferred as possibly 170 to 230 tonnes per day). The
recording procedures for waste trucks are not known.
Waste Types Reportedly municipal non hazardous solid waste.
Number / Type of Vehicles Daily 60 to 80 trucks per day.
Daily, Intermediate Cover and Procedures Site observations indicate that cover is applied to waste
cell areas on completion of filling. The use of daily cover
is not known.
Litter Control Procedures The completed waste mass surface areas were relatively
free of litter and blowing waste, although large sections of

INITIAL DESK REVIEW
the current waste placement areas were essentially

exposed.
Facility Equipment One bulldozer was observed to place and compact the
waste.
Landfill Components – Liner, LCRS, LFG System None
Leachate, LFG, Surface Water and Groundwater None
Treatment
Waste Pickers There are over 50 waste pickers operating at the site,
including children.
Surface Leachate Surface leachate was not observed or reported, but is
expected.
Landfill Gas, Spontaneous Combustion None identified, but suspected
Exposed Waste Waste is exposed in the current southerly waste
placement area
Odor Odor pervades the southerly waste placement area. Site
spraying is reportedly performed.
Site Operation Documents None
Photographic Record Prohibited

ADB TA 3848-PHI: Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Project SITE 10: C4 DUMPSITE, NAVOTAS Final Report
APPENDIX 1.10
SITE 10: C4 DUMPSITE, NAVOTAS
DUMPSITE ASSESSMENT
CONTENTS PAGE

Site Remediation and Closure 2
Waste Disposal Report No:4 AEA Technology Appendix 1.10: Site 10

SITE LOCATION PLAN

This is a relatively small dumpsite (approximately 0.7 hectares) and has recently been subjected to the removal of waste
materials, which have been re-disposed of at other sites. Only a relatively small amount of waste is remaining at the site.
It is recommended that the remaining wastes, plus contaminated sediments immediately beneath and adjacent to the former
waste areas, be completely removed from the site and re-disposed of at other disposal facilities. Resulting excavation areas
should then be filled with clean, inert materials. Environmental sampling and testing will be required to ensure that the
contaminated sediments beneath the site have been fully removed, and specific health and safety precautions will be required to
ensure the safe handling, transportation and disposal of excavated wastes and contaminated materials.

Item Total

Fencing -
Access Gate -
Surface Drainage Channel -
Signage 10,000
Subtotal (A) 10,000
B: Waste Cell/s
Surface Grading (Leveling): Onsite Re- Deposition -
Site Excavation: OffsiteTransport / Disposal 5,000,000
Backfill: Offsite Source 3,500,000
Protective Vegetation Cover -
Environmental Monitoring 100,000
Estab of Groundwater and Surface Water Monitoring Points 900,000

TOTAL 9,810,000
Civil Works Maintenance -

TOTAL 450,000
Contingency 70,000
TOTAL - MONITORING AND MAINTENANCE 520,000

Notes
3
in Metro Manila.

Site Name Site C4 Dumpsite, Navotas

LGU Jurisdiction Navotas
Name, Contact Personnel Site Foreman
Barangay Jurisdiction Bagumbayan North
Location Naval Street, Bagumbayan North, Navotas
Facility Size Approximately 0.7 hectare
Surrounding Land Use The relatively small site is located immediately
adjacent to Manila Bay, which is located to the west
and south. Naval Street is located to the east.
Principal Access Routes Naval Street and C4 Road
Geologic Setting The site is conjectured to be underlain by
unconsolidated marine sediments
Hydrogeologic Setting Immediately adjacent to Manila Bay, and oceanic
waters are conjectured immediately below the site.
Hydrologic Setting Bounded to the south and west by Manila Bay.
Shallow pools located on the western, central; and
southern edge of the site.
Landowner – Current Reported as Department of Public Works and
Highways
Site Operator – Current Navotas City
Closure Date Closed as of October 2002, and most of the waste
materials have been removed from the site.
Daily Waste Volume Not available
Total Waste Volume Waste practically removed. Remaining waste
volume conjectured to be approximately 4,000 cu m.
Compliance, Violation Records Unknown
scale of 1:10,000


Contact Personnel – Facility Site Foreman
Date of Site Survey Oct-02 and follow up visits and activities
Site Access Along Road C4
Distance from Major Highway Alongside Naval Street
Access Road Suitability – Width, Condition Four-lane asphalted road, good condition, suitable
for trucks and ordinary vehicles.
Access Procedures Only barangay and municipal vehicles were allowed
to dump waste, other vehicles required a permit from
the municipality
Authorized Personnel Eight Navotas Waste Management Office personnel
worked at the facility
Fencing Provision, Condition, Adequacy Eastern perimeter partially fenced by barbed wire
and galvanized iron sheets, northern perimeter
bounded by galvanized iron sheets, part of southern
perimeter defined by houses of informal dwellers,
and remaining perimeter bounded by a seawall
Personnel Protective Equipment Reportedly, boots and helmets were provided to site
staff
Site Area – Total Approximately 0.7 hectares
Site Area – Waste Pile Previously 0.6 hectares, but the majority of the
waste was subsequently removed.
Waste Pile Dimensions Previously an irregular polygon covering most of the
site area.
Waste Pile Height Up to approximately 2 meters
Sideslope Configuration Shallow slopes
Surface Drainage Drainage outlets to Manila Bay at southwestern and
west central side
Site Sub-Subsurface Artificial fill materials and unconsolidated marine
sediments are conjectured beneath the site
Physical, Topographical, Notable Features Manila Bay to the west and south, Naval street to
the east
Human, Economic Activity Previously consisted of waste picking by informal
dwellers within the site.
Waste Checking and Screening Procedures The previous dumping operations included visual
screening of the waste
Waste Disposal Operation Procedures Waste was dumped at active sections of site,
subjected to waste picking and compacted and
covered.
Number / Type of Vehicles Daily (Prior to closure) 30 to 40 vehicles daily varying from 6-10 cu m
Waste Segregation / Waste Picking Performed by informal dwellers within the site
Surface Covers – Daily, Intermediate, Final Not installed
Surface Leachate Discolored and potentially contaminated liquid was
previously identified within surface ponding within
the site.
Subsurface Leachate Not identified but suspected. Sediments beneath
and adjacent to the previous dumpsite area may be
contaminated from the previous waste materials.
Landfill Gas, Spontaneous Combustion None identified
Photographic Records Photographs of access road, site entrance, fencing,
site area, waste pile area, waste pile working face,
adjacent land use, contaminant concerns

Site entrance Site access road
Recycled waste pile at northern edge of Manila Bay, contaminated water, waste
dumpsite to (prior to waste removal) (prior to waste removal)
Manila Bay and contaminated surface water Contaminated surface water draining through waste
(prior to waste removal) (prior to waste removal)

ADB TA 3848-PHI: Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Project SITE 11: BAGUMBONG PRIVATE DUMPSITE, CALOOCAN CITY Final Report
APPENDIX 1.11
SITE 11: BAGUMBONG PRIVATE DUMPSITE, CALOOCAN
DUMPSITE ASSESSMENT
CONTENTS PAGE


SITE LOCATION PLAN

THIS SITE REQUIRES IMMEDIATE CLOSURE AND REMEDIATION, AND CURRENT AND FUTURE SURFACE DEVELOPMENTS SHOULD BE PROHIBITED UNTIL IMPACTS
HAVE BEEN THOROUGHLY EVALUATED AND MITIGATED.
THE FOLLOWING MATRIX OUTLINES SHORT-TERM AND LONGER-TERM IMPROVEMENTS WHICH WILL BE PROGRESSIVELY REQUIRED IN ORDER TO MITIGATE THE
IMPACTS CAUSED BY THE DUMPSITE.
Immediate Action The surface areas of parts of this uncontrolled THIS DEVELOPMENT MUST BE STOPPED Any future development must conform to the
dumpsite are currently being developed for low- IMMEDIATELY. FURTHERMORE, THE CURRENT mitigation requirements regarding the
cost housing and other structures. AND ANY FUTURE DEVELOPMENT SHOULD BE presence of waste materials.
PROHIBITED UNLESS POTENTIAL IMPACTS
ASSOCIATED WITH THE DUMPSITE ARE
THOROUGHLY EVALUATED AND MITIGATED.
GENERAL
Restricted Access Parts of the site perimeter are unfenced, other Provision of fencing and signage around the entire facility. Continuation of short-term improvements
areas of fencing and walling are inadequate, and should mitigate site access issues in the
unauthorized access is largely uncontrolled. longer term.
Noise, Dust, Odors Foul odor pervades within site and immediate Application of soil and protective vegetation final cover Long-term post closure maintenance of final
vicinity. Loose upper soil creates local dusty over entire dumpsite. Provision of fencing around entire cover and other components.
conditions when stirred and blown away by facility.
winds.
Slope Stability Outer fill slopes appear to be over-steepened in Grading of outer sideslopes of dumpsite to stable profiles. Maintenance of outer sideslopes.
places, and the potential for slope instability
exists.
Waste Encapsulation Practically the entire surface area of the waste is Application of soil and protective vegetation final cover The lack of basal containment systems will
exposed and cover is not applied over completed over entire dumpsite. Provision of improved drainage. most likely result in leachate migration into
areas. Surface drainage is inadequate. Base surface water resources and underlying
containment (liner) systems are absent. geologic materials and groundwater. This is a
potentially serious environmental and public
health risk. Remediation of these impacts will
The surface areas of the completed dumpsite

will require an extensive cover and surface
drainage systems in order to prevent ponding
and infiltration of precipitation into the waste
mass.
A housing development is currently being

constructed over the dumpsite surface. There

are significant issues relating to this, and any

planned development on the site should be
prohibited until the issues have been
thoroughly evaluated and mitigated.
Firstly, there are considerable public health

risks due to the lack of adequate waste
encapsulation, and the actual potential of
waste contact with human receptors.
required in current regulations.
Secondly, the effects of LFG would need to be

thoroughly mitigated through the installation of
an LFG extraction and treatment system. And
thirdly, the impacts of leachate migration as
discussed require adequate mitigation. In
Surface Drainage The existing surfaces of waste areas are Grading of dumpsite and perimeter areas and installation Installation of additional drainage features as
irregular and not graded to promote surface of surface drainage features to improve surface drainage. necessary, and long-term maintenance of
drainage. Surface water (possibly including drainage features.
leachate) is evident along the western perimeter.
Purposefully constructed drainage features are
not installed.
Surface Emissions waste mass and the potential of emission of surface should reduce surface water infiltration, improve the generation of leachate or emission of
leachate into surface waters is high. Surface surface encapsulation of waste and reduce the potential of leachate into surface water and groundwater.
leachate release is suspected along the western leachate surface emission. Short-term measures also To mitigate these impacts, additional
site perimeter. include the establishment of a basic surface water and measures will be necessary, which could
groundwater monitoring program, in order to provide initial include for example; (i) installation of a
assessment of the level and extent of contamination and leachate collection, recovery and treatment
prohibition of the use of surface water and groundwater in system; (ii) installation of an “industry
affected areas. standard” cover system; (iii) further
program.

Sub-Surface waste mass and the potential for infiltration of surface should reduce surface water infiltration, improve the generation of leachate or emission of
Emissions leachate into groundwater is high. surface encapsulation of waste and reduce the potential of leachate into groundwater. To mitigate these
leachate surface emission. Short-term measures also impacts, additional measures will be
include the establishment of a basic groundwater necessary, which could include for example;
monitoring program, in order to provide initial assessment (i) detailed groundwater evaluation to further
of the level and extent of contamination and prohibition of ascertain the level and extent of groundwater
the use of groundwater in affected areas. contamination; (ii) design and installation of a
. leachate collection, recovery and treatment
Landfill Gas Waste decompositional processes will result in Short-term improvement includes; (i) access restriction to Short-term improvement requires the
the generation of landfill gas (LFG) within the authorized personnel only; (ii) investigation of existing fires, investigation and remediation of fires which
waste mass, which has the potential to permeate development of mitigation measures and monitoring of the have been identified at the site. Future LFG
out of the site and into and through the site and immediate vicinity for unusual occurrences such impacts will also most likely require further
surrounding atmosphere and sub-surface as spontaneous combustion, and adverse effects of LFG mitigation, including for example; (i)
materials. Since LFG potentially contains on vegetation which can indicate further issues; and (iii) installation of an “industry standard” cover
contaminants, and also since it is potentially ongoing implementation of corrective action when system (ii) installation of an LFG collection and
explosive at certain concentrations, it therefore necessary. It is also critical that no development of the treatment system; and (iii) ongoing surface
represents a potential environmental and public completed dumpsite proceed without thorough mitigation of and sub-surface monitoring and testing.
health threat to adjacent areas. In addition, the LFG impacts and other impacts as discussed herein.
moisture-laden LFG can condense to create LFG
contain contaminants. Fires are evident at the
site, and there will continue to be a high potential
that LFG is being generated within the waste
mass.
Post Closure The site requires closure and remediation at the Short-term improvement includes the implementation of Additional measures, over and above those
Maintenance and soonest possible time. regulatory based closure and post closure maintenance prescribed in existing regulations, will most
Environmental activities, as specified in existing regulations. This likely be required to adequately mitigate the
Remediation includes grading, cover materials, drainage components, potentially significant impacts caused by the
vegetation cover, environmental monitoring (groundwater dumpsite. These include for example; (i)
and surface water), fencing and security, access roads, installation of an “industry standard” cover
and other site infrastructure. In accordance with the system; (ii) design and installation of a
regulations, post-closure maintenance is required for a leachate collection, recovery and treatment
prescribed 10-year period following closure. system; (iii) design and installation of a
groundwater “barrier” system; (iv) installation
It is also critical that no commercial, residential or other of an LFG collection and treatment system; (v)
development of the completed dumpsite proceed without installation of surface water diversion,
thorough mitigation of the considerable environmental, containment, extraction and treatment
public health and other risks associated with the presence systems; and (vi) enhanced surface and sub-
of the waste materials. These risks include; (i) potential of surface monitoring and testing programs. It
waste contact with human receptors; (ii) the effects of LFG may also be necessary to extend post closure
on surface development; (iii) impacts of leachate migration; maintenance beyond the 10-year timeframe.


IMMEDIATE ACTION THE SURFACE AREAS OF PARTS OF THIS UNCONTROLLED DUMPSITE

ARE CURRENTLY BEING DEVELOPED FOR LOW-COST HOUSING AND
OTHER STRUCTURES. THIS DEVELOPMENT MUST BE STOPPED
IMMEDIATELY.
FURTHERMORE, THE CURRENT AND ANY FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

SHOULD BE PROHIBITED UNLESS POTENTIAL IMPACTS ASSOCIATED
WITH THE DUMPSITE ARE THOROUGHLY EVALUATED AND
MITIGATED.
Firstly, the acute effects of landfill gas (LFG), fires and explosions within the
waste at this dumpsite would need to be mitigated thoroughly.
Secondly, there are considerable public health risks due to the lack of
adequate waste encapsulation, and the actual potential of waste contact with
human receptors. Developments of this nature over waste piles would require
installation of a properly designed protective cover system, intended to ensure
complete waste encapsulation. Such a cover would by far exceed the
specifications required in current regulations.
Thirdly, the impacts of leachate migration require adequate mitigation.
Fourthly, the effects of differential settlement of the waste mass would require
foundation modifications to proposed structures.
In addition to the prohibition of development, this dumpsite should be closed and remediated at the soonest possible
time, which initially should include the following short-term improvements;
1 Site Availability Not applicable, since immediate dumpsite closure is recommended.
2 Cover Practically, the entire waste surface area is exposed, and without soil and
protective vegetation final covers.
Mitigate the waste fires at the dumpsite (see later).
Grade outer slopes of waste cell areas to safe profiles.
drainage.
3 Site Drainage The existing surfaces of waste areas are irregular and not graded to promote
surface drainage. Surface water (possibly including leachate) is evident along
the western perimeter. Purposefully constructed drainage features are not
installed at the facility.
Install additional drainage features to improve surface drainage.
4 Odor Control Odor pervades within the site area.
Ensure covering of exposed waste (Item 2 – Cover)
5 Waste Placement Not applicable, since immediate dumpsite closure is recommended.
6 Site Management Not applicable, since immediate dumpsite closure is recommended.

7 Site Control The majority of the site is unfenced, and parts of the fencing and walling
around other areas are inadequate, allowing unrestricted and unauthorized
access.
minimum should include site name, site owner details, emergency
contact information, and notification that the site is a restricted area
and that unauthorized site entry is prohibited.
8 Fencing, Litter Control The majority of the site is unfenced, and parts of the fencing and walling
around other areas are inadequate. Litter control is absent.
9 Record Keeping Not applicable, since immediate dumpsite closure is recommended.
10 Access Road Maintenance Not applicable, since immediate dumpsite closure is recommended.
11 Other Site Infrastructure Not applicable, since immediate dumpsite closure is recommended.
site.
monitoring wells.
extraction wells.
plan area of potential groundwater contamination from the facility
and prohibit the use of groundwater within this area.
contamination.
13 Maintenance Closure and post-closure maintenance will be required as discussed herein.
14 Protection of Local Amenities Site closure and remediation will improve protection of local amenities.
15 Waste Picking Not applicable, since immediate dumpsite closure and remediation, including
controlled access requirements are recommended.

16 Post Closure and Restoration Immediate closure and remediation of the dumpsite is recommended, plus the
prohibition of surface development until the significant impacts are thoroughly
mitigated.
Effect immediate closure and post closure maintenance activities.
17 Hydrogeology Groundwater likely exists at shallow depth beneath the surface.
18 Open Burning Numerous fires have been observed within the waste materials, including the
presence of actual surface burning of wastes. There is evidence of previous
and widespread waste burning in other areas.
mitigation.
19 Squatting Currently, informal settlements are not present at the site, but several waste
pickers have been observed across the site area.
Prohibit site access to unauthorized personnel, including informal
settlers.
20 Unauthorized Dumping The site requires immediate closure and remediation, and the prohibition of
the importation of any further waste.
22 Surface Water, Groundwater Resource Groundwater most likely exists at shallow depth beneath the site. The Sapang
Proximity Saging Creek traverses immediately adjacent to the southern dumpsite
perimeter, and there might be a surface flood potential due to the proximity of
the creek.
Short-term improvement outlined in (Item 12 – Environmental
Conduct flood studies to ascertain the surface flood potential and
impacts.

Item Total

Fencing 1,800,000
Access Gate 20,000
Signage 12,000
B: Waste Cell/s
Subtotal (B) 10,050,000

TOTAL 14,842,000
Civil W orks Maintenance 900,000

TOTAL 1,600,000
Contingency 250,000

Notes
3
in Metro Manila.


Site Name Bagumbong Private Dumpsite, Caloocan

LGU Jurisdiction Caloocan City
Name, Contact Personnel Site operator unknown
Barangay Jurisdiction 171 Barangay Bagumbong
Facility Size Accurate survey unavailable. Visual observation
indicates waste pile plan area of between 3 to 4
hectares.
Surrounding Land Use Residential, shrubland, industrial
Surrounding Surface Features Sapang Saging Creek to the southeast, Bagumbong
Road to the north northwest, Tierra Nova subdivision
farther north west, industrial developments to the
west southwest
Nearby Human Receptors Residential developments within site vicinity. Low
cost housing is currently being constructed on top of
the waste materials.
Principal Access Routes Camarin Road, then Bagumbong Road. Camarin
Road links with the North Expressway to the west
pyroclastics belonging to the Guadalupe Formation
Hydrogeologic Setting Groundwater inferred within the underlying
pyroclastics
Hydrologic Setting Site situated along the edge of the Sapang Saging
Creek which flows to the northwest towards
Valenzuela River which eventually drains to Manila
Bay
Groundwater Well Data Wells down gradient of dumpsite operated by nearby
subdivisions reported to extract water from the
pyroclastic aquifer. Well data unavailable.
Site Operator – Current Reportedly, dumping at the site has been conducted
by private sector entities, and without permission of
the landowner. Reports also indicate that the
landowner has requested assistance from local
authorities to prohibit dumping.
Commencement Date Early 1990s
Compliance, Violation Records Closure order issued on June 1, 1998
Notice of Violation issued on December 19,
2001 after it was reported that site was
again used as a dumping area
Closure order issued again on January 28,
2002
Closure Date The site has a history of closure notices, although it
is reported that waste is still dumped at the site.
Types of Wastes Unknown
Daily Waste Volume Unknown
Total Waste Volume Accurate survey data unavailable. Cursory visual
observations infer that the waste volume at the site
could be up to 100,000 cu m.
scale of 1:10,000


Contact Personnel The site operator is unknown and personnel were

not present at the times of observations.
Date of Site Survey Oct-02 and follow up visits and activities
Distance from Major Highway Approximately 500 meters from Camarin Road to the
southeast
Access Road Suitability Two-lane concrete road, good condition, suitable for
ordinary vehicles
Average Drive Time From Major Highway Less than 5 minutes from Camarin Road
Authorized Personnel The site operator is unknown.
Fencing Provision, Condition, Adequacy Southern perimeter fenced mainly by galvanized iron
sheets, with the southeastern edge partly bounded
by a concrete wall. The remainder of the site is
unfenced, and the potential for unauthorized access
is high.
Emergency Response Procedures The site operations and operator are unknown, and
Personnel Protective Equipment it is highly unlikely that formal procedures were
Fire Protection Equipment and Procedures adopted during the dumping activities.
Site Area Accurate survey unavailable. Visual observation
indicates waste pile plan area of between 3 to 4
hectares, which has been dumped erratically in
several waste piles.
Waste Pile Thickness Conjectured to be between 2 to 3 m
Sideslope Configuration Variable and including steep slopes
Surface Drainage Waste pile surface areas are irregular, contributing
to potential ponding and infiltration. The eastern
extremity of the site drains towards the Sapang
Saging Creek (reportedly perennial)
Site Sub-Subsurface Conjectured to be underlain by weathered
pyroclastics
Physical, Topographical, Notable Features Sapang Saging Creek to the southeast, Bagumbong
Road to the north northwest, Tierra Nova subdivision
farther north west, industrial developments to the
west southwest
Human, Economic Activity Industrial, and small-scale retailing within immediate
vicinity.
Operation Personnel and Functions The site operations and operator are unknown, and
Waste Checking and Screening Procedures it is highly unlikely that formal procedures were
Waste Disposal Operation Procedures adopted during the dumping activities.
Incoming Waste Volume Assessment
Waste Types
Number / Type of Vehicles Daily
Waste Segregation / Waste Picking
Operation Personnel and Functions
Waste Checking and Screening Procedures
Daily, Final Cover Practically the entire surface areas of waste appears
to be completely exposed, and without cover.
Litter Control Procedures Practically the entire surface areas of waste appear
to be completely exposed, and waste blows across
the site. The majority of the site is unfenced.
Facility Design and Construction The site operations and operator are unknown, and
Facility Equipment it is highly unlikely that engineering components and
Landfill Components – Liner, LCRS, LFG System systems are in place.
Surface Covers – Daily, Intermediate, Final
Leachate, LFG and Surface Water Treatment


Surface Leachate The presence of surface leachate is highly

suspected, and discolored liquids are evident within
the Saging Creek.
Subsurface Leachate Not identified, but highly suspected
Landfill Gas, Spontaneous Combustion Numerous fires have been observed within the
waste materials, including the presence of actual
surface burning of wastes. There is evidence of
previous and widespread waste burning in other
areas.
Exposed Waste Practically the entire waste surface is exposed.
Odor Odor pervades the site
Photographic Record Photographs of access road, fencing, site area,
waste pile area, adjacent land use and contaminant
concerns


Subdivision road, dumpsite, surface water Burning of exposed waste
Close up of exposed waste pile Downstream section of creek bounding dumpsite
Exposed waste adjacent to Sapang Saging Creek Industrial development adjacent to dumpsite


Partially fenced section of dumpsite Burning at main waste pile viewed from the
southeast
Quarry
Waste pile adjacent to a rock quarry On going construction of informal dwellings atop
main waste pile
Combustion of exposed garbage at main waste pile Segregated waste pile at the eastern end of
dumpsite

ADB TA 3848-PHI: Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Project SITE 12: PIER 18 DUMPSITE, CITY OF MANILA Final Report
APPENDIX 1.12
SITE 12: PIER 18 DUMPSITE, CITY OF MANILA
DUMPSITE ASSESSMENT
CONTENTS PAGE


SITE LOCATION PLAN

Site operational personnel have indicated that remedial proposals for the Pier 18 waste pile include the complete
removal of waste materials and adjacent environmentally contaminated sub-surface materials, and disposal of these
materials into a properly engineered waste disposal facility. These guidance notes outline short-term improvements
which can be implemented in the meantime to attempt to improve site conditions and comply with the controlled
dumpsite requirements of RA 9003.
1 Site Availability Site operates over a 24-hour period. Operational constraints of nighttime
activities and potential community impacts are not perceived as an issue by
operational staff.
operation impacts, particularly relating to nighttime operations and
related truck movements.
2 Cover Surface soil cover has not been applied, and the majority of the waste cell
surface is exposed with waste.
Grade waste surfaces to ensure adequate surface run-off and
drainage.
3 Site Drainage The existing surface of the waste cell is irregular and not graded to promote
surface drainage. A drainage ditch is present along the western perimeter,
which appears to contain heavily contaminated liquids.
Install additional perimeter drains and other drainage features as
considered necessary to promote drainage. Remediate existing
drainage ditch.
waste within the transfer station and barge loading facility. Attempts to reduce
odor impacts include sporadic spraying of exposed waste areas with
deodorizer.
Attempt to reduce odor impacts by reducing the area of exposed
waste within the transfer station, minimizing the time for transfer, and
covering the waste as soon as practicable in the transfer vehicles
and transfer barges.
Continue to implement spraying program.
5 Waste Transfer Operations The waste transfer method utilized includes the dumping and spreading of
waste in thin layers over a relatively large area. Bulldozers perform the waste
spreading operations, and excavators lift the waste into the transfer trucks for
transfer to the Rodriguez facility or to the barge loading area. Waste pickers
are scattered throughout the area of exposed waste, operating dangerously
close to the bulldozers.
Improve the safety and organization of the waste transfer operations.
possible time.
In the interim, rationalize the operations of waste pickers and provide
adequate public health and safety protection to waste pickers and
other site personnel.

6 Site Management Site operational staff appears experienced in waste transfer and dumpsite
operations, and are receptive to proposals to develop and implement site
improvements.
7 Site Control Parts of the site area are unfenced, and the fencing along other parts is
inadequate. The potential for unauthorized access is high. Waste picker
operations are largely uncontrolled and public health and safety provisions are
unacceptable. Children work in the waste processing operations.
8 Fencing, Litter Control Parts of the site area are unfenced, and the fencing along other parts is
inadequate. The floor of the transfer station is covered in waste, the majority
of the waste cell consists of exposed waste, and litter blows across the site.
Improve the transfer station area.
The visual screening of waste is reportedly also performed.
maintained.
11 Other Site Infrastructure Infrastructure includes site offices at the entrance gate, the transfer station and
at the barge loading facility. It is not known whether washing facilities and
lavatories are provided at the site.
Provide basic washing facilities and lavatories if not already
provided.

12 Environmental Monitoring Water quality monitoring data is not available for the facility, although the
potential for surface and sub-surface contamination from the facility is
exceptionally high. The site is immediately adjacent to Manila Bay, and
oceanic waters are conjectured immediately below the base of the waste cell.
The complete removal of the entire waste cell, as currently planned, will
necessitate extensive environmental exploration, assessment and
remediation, including the removal of contaminated sediments beneath and
surrounding the facility. In the meantime, the following short-term measures
should be implemented;
Establish a surface water and oceanic water monitoring program,
including the quarterly sampling and testing of monitoring points
adjacent to the facility.
Delineate the plan area of any potential contamination from the
facility and prohibit the use of surface water, and where practical,
oceanic water within this area.
Provide any surface water users within affected areas with an
alternative water supply.
of contaminated surface water and oceanic water resources; (ii)
explain the need to prohibit the use of the waters for public uses; and
(iii) confirm alternative water supply arrangements.
Continue to monitor surface water and oceanic water within affected
contamination.

equipment appears to function adequately. Overall drainage of existing
surface of the waste cell area is irregular and not graded to promote surface
drainage.
drainage features and fencing, develop and implement maintenance
program to ensure long-term efficacy.
14 Protection of Local Amenities There is a high potential that the waste cell is impacting adjacent amenities.
15 Waste Picking Reportedly, the transfer station has 300 waste pickers, who appear to be
poorly organized and poorly protected against the dangers of waste handling.
Waste pickers have inadequate clothing protection, no washing facilities and
little operational organization. They operate dangerously close to operational
equipment.
possible time.
provision of protective clothing, washing facilities, emergency
16 Post Closure and Restoration Site operational personnel have indicated that remedial proposals for the Pier
18 waste pile include the complete removal of waste materials and adjacent
environmentally contaminated sub-surface materials, and disposal of these
materials into a properly engineered waste disposal facility.

17 Hydrogeology Oceanic waters are conjectured immediately below the base of the waste cell.
However, fires have been reported at the site, indicating possible spontaneous
combustion of the waste materials.
mitigation.
19 Squatting Informal houses are present along the western and northern boundary.
22 Surface Water, Oceanic Water Oceanic waters most likely exist at shallow depth beneath the site. There
Resource Proximity might be a surface flood potential due to the proximity of Manila Bay.
Short-term improvements outlined in (Item 12 – Environmental
Conduct flood studies to ascertain the surface flood potential and
impacts.

Site Name Pier 18 Dumpsite

LGU Jurisdiction City of Manila
Name, Contact Personnel Manager, Department of Public Services
Barangay Jurisdiction Barangay Vista, Pier 18
Location Barangay Vista, Pier 18, Manila
Facility Size Approximately 10 hectares
Surrounding Land Use The dumpsite is located on reclaimed land owned by the
National Housing Authority (NHA). It is surrounded by
Manila Bay to the north and west, and industrial
development to the south and east. An NHA temporary
housing project is located immediately to the south of the
existing dumpsite, currently consisting of 40 families.
Immediately to the east of the dumpsite is the existing
“transfer station” for solid waste from the City of Manila and
Navotas, and to the south is the barging wharf from which
waste is transferred to the Tanza dumpsite.
Surrounding Surface Features Manila Bay to the north and west.
Nearby Human Receptors Surrounded by industrial developments, and also the NHA
temporary housing project. Informal dwellings are
scattered around the southern and western perimeter of
the dumpsite.
Principal Access Routes Accessed from Road 10 from the south and north
Geologic Setting The sub-surface materials reportedly consist of reclaimed
sediments.
Hydrogeologic Setting Oceanic waters are expected within 2 to 3 meters of the
dumpsite base. Hydrogeologic conditions will most likely
be tidally influenced.
Hydrologic Setting The reclaimed site is immediately adjacent to Manila Bay
to the north and west, the surface of which is only 2 to 3
meters above sea level.
Landowner – Previous Not applicable, site is a reclamation area
Landowner – Current National Housing Authority
Site Operator – Current City of Manila, contracted to the private sector
Commencement Date Operated since August 1999, reportedly as a result of the
closure of the San Mateo facility.
Closure Date Currently active
Daily Waste Volume Reportedly, 300 to 400 truckloads of waste are delivered to
the site daily from the City of Manila and Navotas. This
equates to approximately 1,200 tonnes per day. Originally,
the entire daily import of waste was dumped at the site due
to the unavailability of an alternative dumpsite. This
resulted in the growth of a single waste pile, which
reportedly has an in-place volume of approximately
750,000 cu m and a footprint area of approximately 10
hectares.
Subsequent development of the Rodriguez and Tanza

dumpsite facilities however has resulted in the Pier 18
facility being utilized as a transfer station. Currently, the
1,200 tonnes of waste imported to the site is dumped,
“waste picked”, compacted and re-loaded onto trucks for
removal either transfer by road to the Rodriguez facility, or
transfer by barge to the Tanza facility. Apparently, up to
400 tonnes per day is transferred to the Rodriguez facility,
and 800 tonnes to the Tanza facility. During the time of
waste export to these facilities, little waste has reportedly

been dumped on the waste pile, and in fact a portion of the

waste pile has been removed for transfer to the alternative
sites.
Total Waste Volume The Pier 18 waste pile is reported by site staff to be
completed, and awaiting removal to a suitably engineered
disposal facility.
Compliance, Violation Records EMB inspection in October 1999, recommending
the issuance of a Notice of Violation
Cease and Desist Order issued on November 8,
1999 by DENR
Cease and Desist Order issued by NHA on June
5, 2001
DENR Inspection Report dated April 15, 2002
recommending cessation of operations
Site Location and Site Access Plan Scanned NAMRIA topographic map enlarged to 1:10,000
scale
References DENR Inspection report, April 15, 2002

Contact Personnel Officer In Charge, Operations Division, Department of

Public Services
Contact Personnel – Facility Site Foreman, Satellite Office
Date of Site Survey August 2002 and follow up visits and activities
Distance from Major Highway Approximately 200 meters west of Road 10
Access Road Suitability – Width, Condition Four lane, concrete road, fair condition, grades into an
unpaved section.
Access Procedures Site entry is restricted, and waste trucks are identified and
recorded by site staff upon entry. They then proceed to
the transfer station dumping area where they dump and
then exit the site through the one-way road system.
Authorized Personnel The site is restricted, although waste pickers appear to be
poorly regulated.
Fencing Provision, Condition, Adequacy The eastern perimeter is largely defined by a concrete wall,
the southern by a galvanized iron sheet fence, the western
by both a seawall and galvanized iron sheet fence, and the
northern side defined by a sea wall. A one-way system is
adopted for truck movements through the transfer station,
which includes main entrance and exit gates. Large parts
of the fencing requires repair, and the perimeter fence
adjacent to the NHA housing project is inadequate.
Emergency Response Procedures Site personnel are reportedly experienced in emergency
response.
Personnel Protective Equipment Safety helmets, rain boots and facemasks are reportedly
available to site staff. The waste pickers are poorly
protected.
Fire Protection Equipment and Procedures Not known
Site Safety Procedures, Safety Awareness Not known
Restricted Working Area Procedures There is little activity over the dumpsite area, apart from
the presence of occasional waste pickers. The transfer
station area is relatively crowded and poorly organized,
consisting of heavily congested movements of waste
trucks dumping, bulldozers spreading and compacting, and
the operations of waste pickers.
Waste Pile Plan Area Approximately 10 hectares
Waste Pile Plan Dimensions Reported to be approximately 350 by 300 meters
Waste Pile Thickness Conjectured from visual observations to be up to 12 m
thickness near the eastern edge, averaging possibly 7 m
Sideslope Configuration Sideslopes are variable, and steep sideslopes are
apparent.
Surface Drainage The waste pile surface area is irregular, most likely
resulting in surface ponding and infiltration. Erosion
protection is absent. There is an open drainage canal
located along the western perimeter area, which appears
heavily contaminated.
Operation Personnel and Functions The City of Manila has eight monitoring staff at the facility.
The number of private sector operators and waste pickers
is not known. There is one main private sector contractor
operating the entire facility.
Waste Checking and Screening Procedures Visual inspections reportedly performed at the entrance of
the facility.
Waste Types Reported as municipal solid waste
Waste Segregation / Waste Picking Reportedly, there are 300 waste pickers operating at the
facility, organized into 10 groups. Waste picker operations
are extensive, operating across the entire dumping area at
the transfer station. There is also a small area designated
for the processing and packing of recyclables. Waste
pickers are poorly protected against the dangers of waste
handling. They have inadequate clothing protection, no
washing facilities and little operational organization. Waste
pickers are poorly controlled and operate dangerously
close to operational equipment.

Daily, Final Cover and Procedures The majority of the waste cell is without cover, and waste
is directly exposed.
Odor Control Odor pervades throughout the transfer station area and
barge loading area. Areas of the site are sprayed in an
attempt to reduce odor emission, as are the Rodriguez
transfer vehicles.
Facility Design and Construction Records are not available
Facility Equipment Equipment is owned and operated by private contractors
Surface Covers Not installed
Surface Leachate The western perimeter canal appears heavily
contaminated. Surface leachate emissions are highly
suspected.
Subsurface Leachate None identified, but suspected.
Landfill Gas, Spontaneous combustion A major fire occurred within the waste cell during early
2003. There is also evidence of other combustion. The
possibility of future combustion and explosion is high.
Exposed Waste The majority of the waste cell is exposed.
Site Operation Documents Not available
Photographic Records Photographs of access road, site entrances, fencing, site
area, waste pile area, site facilities/equipment yard,
equipment, waste pile working face, adjacent land use,
contaminant concerns

Main highway to dumpsite showing old Smokey Access road to Pier 18 dumpsite
Mountain dump
View of eastern side of dumpsite Main access gate
Fence bounding southern edge of dumpsite Contaminated surface water at the eastern
boundary of dumpsite

Southeast active face of dump Recyclable materials at southwestern side
Easterly view of main dump Part of Manila Bay at the southwestern side of
dumpsite
Informal dwellings within vicinity of dumpsite A view of southeastern section of dumpsite

Contaminated water at the northern canal boundary Loading and compacting at active section of
dumpsite
Pier 18 dumpsite viewed from the west
Waste picking at active section of dumpsite Loading of waste for transport to Tanza controlled
dumpsite

ADB TA 3848-PHI: Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Project SITE 13: PALANYAG DUMPSITE, PARANAQUE Final Report
APPENDIX 1.13
SITE 13: PALANYAG DUMPSITE, PARANAQUE
DUMPSITE ASSESSMENT
CONTENTS PAGE

Site Remediation and Closure 2

SITE LOCATION PLAN

This is a relatively small dumpsite (approximately 0.3 hectare) and has recently been subjected to the removal of waste materials,
which have been re-disposed of at other sites. Only a limited amount of waste is present at the site.
It is recommended that the remaining wastes, plus contaminated sediments immediately beneath and adjacent to the waste areas,
be completely removed from the site and re-disposed of at other disposal facilities. Resulting excavation areas should then be
filled with clean, inert materials. Environmental sampling and testing will be required to ensure that the contaminated sediments
beneath the site have been fully removed, and specific health and safety precautions will be required to ensure the safe handling,
transportation and disposal of excavated wastes and contaminated materials.

Item Total

Fencing 520,000
Access Gate 20,000
Signage 10,000
Subtotal (A) 590,000
B: Waste Cell/s
Surface Grading (Leveling): Onsite Re- Deposition -
Site Excavation: OffsiteTransport / Disposal 6,500,000
Backfill: Offsite Source 2,100,000
Protective Vegetation Cover -
Environmental Monitoring 100,000

TOTAL 10,590,000
Civil Works Maintenance -

TOTAL 700,000
Contingency 100,000
TOTAL - MONITORING AND MAINTENANCE 800,000

Notes
3
in Metro Manila.

Site Name Palanyag Dumpsite

LGU Jurisdiction Paranaque City
Contact Personnel Manager, Solid Waste Management Department
Barangay Jurisdiction Barangay San Dionisio
Location Palanyag Street, Barangay San Dionisio, Paranaque
Facility Size Approximately 0.3 hectare
Nearby Human Receptors Local residents
Principal Access Routes Imelda Avenue
Geologic Setting Conjectured as unconsolidated sediments
Hydrogeologic Setting Conjectured to be shallow groundwater
Hydrologic Setting Site located southwest of Dongalo River.
Reportedly the site is susceptible to flooding
Groundwater Well Data Well data unavailable.
Landowner Government
Site Operator – Current Paranaque City
Closure Date June 2002
Daily Waste Volume During Operation Unknown
Total Waste Volume Currently, it is estimated that the waste volume is of
the order to 7,000 cu m. Waste is reportedly being
periodically transferred to the Rodriguez dumpsite.
Compliance, Violation Records Cease and Desist Order issued January 2002
scale of 1:10,000
Construction Records (Prior to closure) Not available
Operation / Monitoring Records (Prior to closure) Not available


Contact Personnel – Facility Site Operations Supervisor
Access Road Suitability – Width, Condition Two-lane asphalt road, suitable for ordinary vehicles
Access Procedures (Prior to closure) Only Paranaque government trucks and those of the
former private sector contractor allowed into the site.
Fencing Provision, Condition, Adequacy Concrete wall at the eastern and southern perimeter,
northern perimeter defined by a nipa wall, no fence
between western side and adjacent cemetery.
Fence cannot effectively prevent entry to site as the
site is used as the access to the cemetery, the
dwellings of informal dwellers and the residential
units farther east
Emergency Response Procedures (Prior to closure) Site had a standby pump to be used in case of fire.
Personnel Protective Equipment (Prior to closure) Unknown
Fire Protection Equipment and Procedures (Prior to Site had a standby pump to be used in case of fire,
closure) and assistance of Paranaque fire department was
also available in case of fire
Site Safety Procedures, Safety Awareness (Prior to Staff of former contractor were reportedly trained
closure) regarding safety awareness and procedures
Restricted Working Area Procedures (Prior to Unknown
closure)
Site Area – Total 0.3 hectares
Site Area – Existing Waste Pile 0.3 hectares
Waste Pile Thickness Average approximately 2.5 m
Sideslope Configuration Steep slopes at southern edge of waste pile
Waste Pile Volume Remaining (Prior to closure) Approximately 7,000 cu m
Surface Drainage Canal noted at western edge of site which
discharges into another canal alongside the access
road
Site Sub-Subsurface Conjectured to be underlain by alluvial sediments
Adjacent Land Use Residential
Waste Segregation / Waste Picking Ongoing during early 2003
Landfill Components – Liner, LCRS, LFG System Not installed
Surface Covers Not installed
Waste Segregation, Treatment and Recycling Reportedly, manual segregation performed by waste
pickers at the site
Surface Leachate Seepage from waste pile evident
Subsurface Leachate Not identified but suspected
Landfill Gas, Spontaneous Combustion Evidence of previous fires exist within the waste pile
Odor Odor evident within 30 meters of the waste pile.
Site Operation Documents Not available
Photographic Record Photographs of access road, site entrance, fencing,
site area, waste pile area, adjacent land use,
contaminant concerns

Site access road Site entrance
Site access road and entrance Easterly view of waste pile prior to partial waste
removal
Contaminated surface water, informal dwellings, Cemetery alongside waste pile prior to
waste dump trucks prior to partial waste removal partial waste removal

Waste pile, contaminated surface water, informal Contaminated surface water at western edge
dwellings of site prior to partial waste removal
Informal dwellings and cemetery adjacent to General view of waste pile and cemetery prior to
dumpsite partial waste removal
Easterly view of dumpsite and adjacent informal Dumpsite viewed from the south
dwellings

Partially cleared western part of dumpsite Informal dwellings at the southern part of dumpsite
after partial waste removal
Southerly view of dumpsite and adjacent cemetery Cleared western part of daumpsite viewed from the
south

ADB TA 3848-PHI: Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Project SITE 14: CARMONA DISPOSAL FACILITY, CAVITE Final Report
APPENDIX 1.14
SITE 14: CARMONA DISPOSAL FACILITY, CAVITE
CONTENTS PAGE


SITE LOCATION PLAN

SITE REMEDIATION STRATEGY
OVERVIEW
Dumping operations at the Carmona disposal facility has been suspended since 1998. The facility has not been
properly closed, and requires adequate closure in accordance with current regulations. Impacts relating to the
presence of the site reportedly include;
(i) Surface and sub-surface leachate contamination concerns;

(ii) Inadequacy of the installed leachate collection, recovery and treatment system;
(iii) Landfill gas contamination concerns;
(iv) Slope instability concerns, with the potential of slope failures;
(v) Lack of appropriate surface cover systems;
(vi) Lack or inadequacy of surface drainage controls and surface erosion impacts, particularly on
sloped terrain;
(vii) Odor impacts on adjacent communities; and
(viii) Inadequate prevention of unauthorized access.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Develop and implement closure and post closure maintenance activities at the site in conjunction with an
environmental remediation program in order to mitigate impacts caused by the facility.

Site Name Carmona Regional Disposal Facility

LGU Jurisdiction Carmona, Cavite
Barangay Jurisdiction Barangay Trece, Lantic, Carmona
Location Sitio Paligawan
Facility Size 65 hectares, divided into 4 phases
Surrounding Land Use Agricultural, industrial, residential, grass land
Surrounding Surface Features Hilly areas to the west occupied by residential and
industrial facilities, Barangay Trece nearby the site
Nearby Human Receptors Residents of Barangay Trece
Principal Access Routes Maguyam Road which connects with Governor Drive
pyroclastics of Guadalupe Tuff
Hydrogeologic Setting UNDP reports dated 1993 indicate the presence of
an unconfined aquifer beneath the site at elevations
between 170 masl (west) and 120 masl (east).
Hydrologic Setting Bounded on the north by the Estero Pasong Creek
and on the south by the Naname River, which
ultimately drain into Laguna de Bay
Landowner – Current MMDA
Site Operator – Previous MMDA
Suspension of operations 1998
Site Surveys, Investigations Currently not available at facility for this preliminary
assessment
Types of Wastes Reported as regional municipal waste
Daily Waste Volume Not applicable as landfill operations have been
suspended since 1998
Total Waste Volume Currently not available at facility for this preliminary
assessment, Meritec Limited of New Zealand
estimated a total of 1.4 million tons has been
dumped from 1992 until 1998 based on data
provided by MMDA
Compliance, Violation Records Currently not available at facility for this preliminary
Monitoring Records assessment
Facility Closure Records
Facility Post Closure Use Grazing land
Facility Post Closure Maintenance Reportedly, there is monitoring of leachate pond
Documents
scale of 1:10,000
Groundwater Well Location Plan Not currently available at facility for this preliminary
assessment,
Operation / Monitoring Records Not currently available
Closure, Post Closure Records
Compliance, Violation Records

References Oosterbaan, et al (1993). Utilization of Philippine

Groundwater Data Bank for the Evaluation of
Groundwater Pollution Hazards from landfill
Leachates: Re-evaluation of Results of
Hydrogeological Investigation of the Carmona
Sanitary Landfill Area. Manila, United Nations
Development Programme, Local Water Utilities
Administration, United Nations Department of
Economic and Social Development & Environmental
Management Bureau
Test Consultants Inc. (1992). Environmental Impact

Statement, Proposed Sanitary Landfill at Sitio
Paligawang Bato, Bgy. Lantic, Carmona, Cavite.
Quezon City, Metro Manila Development Authority.
Meritec Limited (2001). Extraction and Utilization of

Landfill Gas in the Philippine ADAF: The Philippines:
Round 21. Manila, Metro Manila Development
Authority.
MMDA Waste Filling Data as of March 31, 1998

Contact Personnel - SWM Department Waste Management Department, MMDA

Date of Site Survey Nov-02 and follow up activities
Distance from Major Highway 14 road kilometers from South Expressway
Access Road Suitability – Width, Condition Two-lane asphalt road, good condition, clearing of
shoulder area needed
Access Road Suitability – Adjacent Developments Two-lane concreted road, suitable for ordinary and
cargo vehicles
Average Drive Time From Major Highway Approximately 30 minutes from Governor Road,
about 45 minutes from South Expressway
Access Procedures Clearance from MMDA required for entry into site
Authorized Personnel MMDA personnel
Emergency Response Procedures
Personnel Protective Equipment Not applicable as landfill operations have been
Fire Protection Equipment and Procedures suspended since 1998
Restricted Working Area Procedures
Site Area – Total 65 hectares, divided into 4 phases
Site Area – Waste Pile
Waste Pile Plan Dimensions Not currently available
Waste Pile Depth – Maximum, Average
Waste Pile Height
Sideslope Configuration
Waste Pile Volume Filled Currently not available at facility for this preliminary
assessment, Meritec Limited of New Zealand
estimated a total of 1.4 million tons has been
dumped from 1992 until 1998 based on data
provided by MMDA
Site Boundary Protection Entrance to site provided with steel gate, fence
around site not identified
Site Subsurface Conjectured as weathered pyroclastics
Adjacent Land Use Residential, agricultural, industrial
Human, Economic Activity Area basically residential, small scale farming,
retailing, and industrial
Site Operations Suspended since 1998
Waste Disposal Operation Procedures
Incoming Waste Volume Assessment Not applicable as site operations have been
Total Waste Volume Assessment suspended since 1998
Number / Type of Vehicles Daily
Daily, Intermediate Cover and Procedures Unknown
Litter Control Procedures Not applicable as site operations have been
Facility Design and Construction Not currently available at facility for this assessment
Facility Equipment Not applicable as site operations have been
Equipment Inventory, Age, Condition, Serviceability, suspended since 1998
Maintenance Procedures
Site Clearing
Site Excavation None identified
Surface Drainage

Landfill Components – Liner, LCRS, LFG System Liner, LCRS and LFG systems reportedly present,
condition and efficacy unknown
Surface Covers – Daily, Intermediate, Final Site now covered with grass, data regarding the final
cover suspension of operations not currently
available
Leachate, LFG and Surface Water Treatment Leachate treatment reportedly ongoing, presence of
gas vents noted, data regarding surface water
treatment, if any, not currently available
Waste Segregation, Treatment and Recycling
Operation Methodology Not applicable as site operations have been
Recyclable Material Types and Volumes suspended since 1998
Personnel – Number, Working Arrangements
Surface Leachate Unknown
Subsurface Leachate Unknown
Landfill Gas, Spontaneous Combustion Reportedly released through gas vents,
spontaneous combustion not identified
Exposed Waste None identified
Odor None identified
Facility Personnel / Waste Pickers Not applicable as site operations have been
Site Operation Documents Documents not currently available
Photographic Records Photographs of access road, site entrance, parts of
site area, adjacent land use

Main gate of facility Site access road
Treatment
Pond
Northerly view of part of facility and treatment pond Grassed over section of facility showing gas vents

ADB TA 3848-PHI: Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Project SITE 15: SAN MATEO DISPOSAL FACILITY, RIZAL Final Report
APPENDIX 1.15
SITE 15: SAN MATEO DISPOSAL FACILITY, RIZAL
CONTENTS PAGE


SITE LOCATION PLAN

OVERVIEW
Dumping operations at the San Mateo disposal facility has been suspended since early 2000. The facility has not
been properly closed, and requires adequate closure in accordance with current regulations. Impacts relating to
the presence of the site reportedly include;
(i) Surface and sub-surface leachate contamination concerns;

(ii) Inadequacy of the installed leachate collection, recovery and treatment system;
(iii) Landfill gas contamination concerns;
(iv) Slope instability concerns, with the potential of slope failures;
(v) Lack of appropriate surface cover systems;
(vi) Lack or inadequacy of surface drainage controls and surface erosion impacts, particularly on
sloped terrain;
(vii) Odor impacts on adjacent communities; and
(viii) Inadequate prevention of unauthorized access.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Develop and implement closure and post closure maintenance activities at the site in conjunction with an
environmental remediation program in order to mitigate impacts caused by the facility.

Site Name San Mateo Disposal Facility

LGU Jurisdiction San Mateo, Rizal
Barangay Jurisdiction Barangay Pintung Bukawe
Geographic Coordinates of Approximate Canter 14o 40' 06" N, 121o 12' 20" E
Facility Size Approximately 73 hectares with a 46 hectare fill area
Surrounding Land Use Residential, agricultural
Surrounding Surface Features Residential subdivisions along the road leading to
the site
Nearby Human Receptors Local residents downstream of landfill along the
banks of Bosoboso River
Principal Access Routes Marcos Highway from the south
Geologic Setting Conjectured to be underlain by weathered
pyroclastics belonging to the Guadalupe Tuff
Hydrogeologic Setting Unconfined aquifer located within the tuffaceous
sandstones between 10 to 21 meters below ground
surface
Hydrologic Setting Landfill located within the Bosoboso River
catchment, which is a major tributary of the Marikina
River System.
Landowner – Previous Unknown
Landowner – Current MMDA
Site Operator – Previous DPWH from 1991 to 1997
Site Operator – Current MMDA from 1997 to suspension of operations in
2000
Suspension of operations 2000
Site Surveys, Investigations Undertaken under the supervision of DPWH and
MMDA, data not currently available
Types of Wastes Reported as regional municipal waste
Total Waste Volume Reportedly 17.5 million cubic meters
Compliance, Violation Records Not currently available
Facility Closure Records Not currently available
Facility Post Closure Use None identified, landfill currently a grassland
scale of 1:10,000
Groundwater Well Location Plan/Data Not currently available
Operation / Monitoring Records Not currently available
Closure, Post Closure Records
Compliance, Violation Records

References Oosterbaan et al (1993). Demonstration of Utilization

of Groundwater Data Base for Evaluation of
Groundwater Pollution Hazards, San Mateo Pilot
Area, Technical Report No. 4: Hydrogeologic
Evaluation. Manila, United Nations Development
Programme, Local Water Utilities Administration,
United Nations Department of Economic and Social
Development & Environmental Management
Bureau.
Jaakko Poyry Infra Soil and Water Ltd. and

Electrowatt – Ekono Ltd. (2001). Feasibility Study on
the Controlled Closure of the San Mateo Sanitary
Landfill, Final Report, Main Report. Manila, Ministry
for the Foreign Affairs of Finland and Metro Manila
Development Authority

Contact Personnel Manager, Waste Management Department, MMDA

Date of Site Survey Sep-02 and follow up activities
Distance from Major Highway Approximately 7 kilometers from Marcos Highway
Access Road Suitability – Width, Condition Two lane concrete road, good condition
Access Road Suitability – Adjacent Developments Suitable for light and heavy vehicles, areas along
route developed into subdivisions
Average Drive Time From Major Highway Approximately 30 minutes from Marcos Highway
Access Procedures (After closure) Permit needed from MMDA
Authorized Personnel MMDA personnel
Emergency Response Procedures Not currently available
Personnel Protective Equipment Not applicable
Fire Protection Equipment and Procedures Not currently available
Restricted Working Area Procedures Not applicable
Site Area – Total 73 hectares
Site Area – Waste Pile 46 hectares
Waste Pile Plan Dimensions
Waste Pile Depth – Maximum, Average Not currently available
Waste Pile Height
Sideslope Configuration
Waste Pile Volume Filled Reportedly, 17.5 million cubic meters
Waste Pile Volume Remaining Not applicable
Site Sub-Subsurface Substrate recorded as tuffaceous sandstones
belonging to the Guadalupe Formation
Adjacent Land Use Agricultural and residential
Physical, Topographical, Notable Features Bosoboso River downstream of the site, well paved
road west of the landfill boundary
Human, Economic Activity Adjacent area basically residential, small scale
retailing
Waste Disposal Operation Procedures
Incoming Waste Volume Assessment Not applicable as site dumping operations have
Number / Type of Vehicles Daily been suspended since 2000
Incoming Waste Volume Assessment
Daily, Intermediate Cover and Procedures
Litter Control Procedures
Facility Design and Construction Design and construction undertaken by DPWH
during the period from 1990 to 1996, DPWH
developed the interim area including Phases I, II and
III. Later phases developed by MMDA
Facility Equipment None identified
Equipment Inventory, Age, Condition, Serviceability, Not applicable as site dumping operations have
Maintenance Procedures been suspended since 2000

Surface Drainage Peripheral canal noted

Landfill Components – Liner, LCRS, LFG System Liner present based on MMDA reports – condition
unknown, condition of LCRS not known, gas vent
system installed - condition unknown
Surface Covers – Daily, Intermediate, Final Site now covered with grass, data regarding the final
cover after suspension of operations not currently
available
Leachate, LFG and Surface Water Treatment Leachate treatment through the anaerobic and
aerobic lagoons, maturation and polishing pond
Waste Segregation, Treatment and Recycling
Operation Methodology
Recyclable Material Types and Volumes Not applicable
Personnel – Number, Working Arrangements
Surface Leachate Unknown
Subsurface Leachate Previous assessments apparently identified sub-
surface contamination
Landfill Gas, Spontaneous Combustion Gas vent system installed, condition unknown
Exposed Waste Landfill cover Phases I and II reportedly eroded and
waste partially exposed
Odor Not identified
Facility Personnel / Waste Pickers Not applicable
Photographic Records Photographs of access road, parts of site area, and
adjacent land use

General view of site from the west Residential developments to the west of the facility
Treatment ponds viewed from the northwest Close up of a part of the treatment pond
Southerly view of the facility Stabilized slopes at the southern end of facility

ADB TA 3848-PHI: Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Project Summary of Pertinent Disposal Regulations Final Report
Criteria RA 9003 RA 9003 Implementing Rules and DENR AO 98-49 DENR AO 98-50
Regulations Technical Guidelines Siting Criteria
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Definitions – Controlled Section 3 (h)

Dumpsite Controlled dump shall refer to a disposal site at
which solid waste is deposited in accordance
with the minimum prescribed standards of site
operation;
Definitions – Sanitary Landfill Section 3 (ff)

Sanitary landfill shall refer to a waste disposal
site designed, constructed, operated and
maintained in a manner that exerts engineering
control over significant potential environmental
impacts arising from the development and
operation of the facility.
INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM
NSWMC Disposal Mandate Section 5, (t) (ii)

NSWMC to study and review the following;
Criteria and guidelines for siting, design,
operation and maintenance of solid waste
management facilities.
DENR Visitorial Powers Section 9

Visitorial Powers of the Department - The
Department or its duly authorized
representative shall have access to, and the
right to copy there from, the records required to
be maintained pursuant to the provisions of this
Act. The Secretary or the duly authorized
representative shall likewise have the right to
enter the premises of any generator, recycler or
manufacturer, or other facilities any time to
question any employee or investigate any fact,
condition or matter which may be necessary to
determine any violation, or which may aid in the
effective enforcement of this Act and its
implementing rules and regulations. This
Section shall not apply to private dwelling
places unless the visitorial power is otherwise
judicially authorized.
COMPREHENSIVE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT – GENERAL PROVISIONS
Phasing Out of Dumpsites Section 14 (p)

To be included in the NSWM Status Report;
“The method and procedure for the phase out
and the eventual closure within eighteen (18)
months from effectivity of this Act in case of
existing open dumps and/or sanitary landfills
located within an aquifer, groundwater reservoir
or watershed area”.
Revised LGU Phase-Out Section 16

Schedule For LGUs which have considered solid waste
management alternatives to comply with
Section 37 of this Act, but are unable to utilize
such alternatives, a timetable or schedule of
compliance specifying the remedial measures
Waste Disposal Report No: 4 AEA Technology Appendix 2.1, Page 1

and eventual compliance shall be included in

the plan.
Staged Compliance Program Rule 18, Section 2

Specific Prohibition Against the Use of Open Dumps for
Solid Waste.
No open dumps shall be established and operated, nor
any practice or disposal of solid waste by any person,
including LGUs, which constitutes the use of open
dumps for solid waste, be allowed after the effectivity of
the Act; Provided, that within three (3) years after the
effectivity of the Act, every LGU shall convert its open
dumps into controlled dumps; Provided, further, that no
controlled dumps shall be allowed five (5) years
following effectivity of the Act. In order to facilitate the
Act’s requirement that LGUs convert their open dumps
into controlled dumps, the Commission, shall direct the
Department in collaboration with DILG, to formulate a
staged-compliance program. The staged compliance
program shall consider but not be limited to respective
LGU classification and abilities to immediately comply
with Section 41 of the Act. It shall also establish its
base line from the inventory of all open dumpsites in the
country, which must be completed not more than three
(3) months following effectivity of these Rules and
Regulations.
Internationally Accepted Section 17 (h)

Practices – Disposal Selection The selection and development of disposal
and Development sites shall be made on the basis of
internationally accepted standards and on the
guidelines set in Sections 41 and 42 of this Act.
Improvement Strategies for Section 17(h)

Existing Sites Strategies shall be included to improve said
existing sites to reduce adverse impact on
health and the environment, and to extend life
span and capacity.
Compliance Responsibilities Section 18

Responsibility for compliance with the
standards in this Act shall rest with the owner
and/or operator.
WASTE TRANSPORTATION
Waste Transfer Vehicle Section 24

Requirements For the purpose of identification, vehicles shall
bear the body number, the name, and
telephone number of the contractor/agency
collecting solid waste.

WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES – GENERAL
Disposal Facility Inventory Section 36

Inventory of Waste Disposal Facilities - Within
six (6) months from the effectivity of this Act,
the Department, in cooperation with the DOH,
DILG and other concerned agencies, shall
publish an inventory of all solid waste disposal
facilities or sites in the country.
Open Dump Prohibition Section 37 Rule 13, Section 1

Prohibition Against the Use of Open Dumps for No open dumpsites shall be established and operated
Solid Waste - No open dumps shall be by any person or entities, including the LGUs, will be
established and operated, nor any practice or allowed. Within three (3) years following the effectivity
disposal of solid waste by any person, including of the Act, all open dumpsites shall be converted to
LGUs, which constitutes the use of open controlled dumpsites to operate only within five (5)
dumps for solid waste, be allowed after the years and beyond the said period shall consider these
effectivity of this Act: Provided, That within facilities as deemed closed and phased out.
three (3) years after the effectivity of this Act,
every LGU shall convert its open dumps into
controlled dumps, in accordance with the
guidelines set in Section 41 of this Act:
Provided, further, That no controlled dumps
shall be allowed five (5) years following
effectivity of this Act.
Dumpsite Classification Rule 13, Section 1 The Commission through the

Guidelines Department shall issue subsequent guidelines that will
classify controlled dumpsites according to the following
considerations; (a) volume of wastes received; (b)
types and character of wastes received (c) cost
requirements for operating the facilities
Disposal Facility Permit Section 38 Section 5 Licenses and Permits Issued by the
Requirements Permit for Solid Waste Management Facility Department No persons, entity or company will be
Construction and Expansion - No person shall allowed to construct or operate any SWM facility until
commence operation, including site preparation the said person or entity has applied for and obtained
and construction of a new solid waste valid permits and licenses to operate. The Bureau, in
management facility or the expansion of an coordination with the relevant agencies and local
existing facility until said person obtains an government units, shall identify the specific permitting
Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) and licensing requirements under its existing regulatory
from the Department pursuant to P.D. 1586 and functions for each of the corresponding phases of the
other permits and clearances from concerned SWM. The listing of permitting and licensing
agencies. requirements shall be published within six (6) months
following the effectivity of these Rules and Regulations.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES – GUIDELINES FOR CONTROLLED DUMPSITES
Guidelines – Controlled Section 39 Rule 13, Section 2

Dumpsites Guidelines for Controlled Dumps - The The following minimum requirements shall be applied in
following shall be the minimum considerations siting, designing and operation of controlled dumpsites:
for the establishment of controlled dumps:
Site Availability Daylight hours only where feasible and

consistent with waste collection and waste
transfer operations.

Avoid nighttime hours which are the most

sensitive with respect to noise and artificial
light, unless the site is remote from sensitive
receivers.
06.00-18.00, 365 days per year.
If nighttime working required, restrict working

times to discrete periods (for example, mid
evening and around day-break).
Cover (a) Regular inert cover; a) Daily cover consisting of inert materials or soil of Cover layer - minimum thickness for public
at least 6 inches in thickness shall be applied at open space s 600 mm (300 mm for drainage
the end of the working day; where there is a lack and 300 mm for soil). Grade slopes to promote
of onsite soil material, other alternative materials surface run-off. Completed parts of the site
may be used subject to the prior written approval should be seeded and planted with native
of the enforcement authority and the Department; species of grass as soon as possible on order
to reduce the potential for soil erosion
Site Drainage (b) Surface water and peripheral site b) Drainage and runoff control shall be designed and Isolate surface water and stormwater flows
drainage control; managed such that storm water does not come in from deposited waste in order to avoid
contact with waste and that discharge of potential wash-out.
sediments into the receiving body of water is
minimized. Appropriate erosion protection shall Surface water interception ditches to drain
be installed at storm discharge outfalls; slopes upgradient of the area being filled.
Minimize size of active area.

Decomposition (c) Provision for aerobic and anaerobic c) Provision for aerobic and anaerobic
Provision decomposition; decomposition shall be instituted to control odor
Working Area (d) Restriction of waste deposition to small d) Working areas shall be minimized and kept at no Key issues in waste emplacement are as
Restriction and Waste working areas; more than a ratio of 1.5 square meter (sqm) or follows:
Placement less per ton/day (tpd) of waste received on a daily
basis, e.g. 30 sqm working area for a 20 tpd • Minimize active filling area to exert
facility; maximum environmental control;
• Minimize potential for
environmental nuisance and
impact to local amenity; and
Maximize available void space.
Supervision of waste deposition by trained

staff.
Restriction of active waste deposition area to c.

2 Ha. And two faces.
Compaction of waste by mobile plant to crush

large hollow items and a minimum number of 3
passes of mobile plant.
Limit layer thickness to a maximum of 0.75 m.
Place inert cover materials, 100 mm thick, on

exposed faces of waste daily (if available), at
the very least every 3 days.
Intermediate cover, 150 mm thick, placed on

temporarily completed areas of waste. Grade
to drain clean water.
Site Management Particular responsibilities with regard to:

• Securing resource requirements;

• Recruitment and appropriate
training of staff, and
• Enforcement of site operational
practices
Experienced Operations Manager with drive
and commitment.
Site Control Access to site regulated. Waste pickers on site

controlled by site management according to
agreed rules and procedures (e.g. no setting
fire to waste).
Fencing, Letter Control (e) Fence, including provision for litter e) Security fencing shall be provided to prevent
control; illegal entries, trespassing and large animal
entries. Large animals shall include but not limited
to adult domesticated or feral animals such as
dogs, cats, cattle, pigs, carabaos and horses.
Provisions for litter control including the use of
litter fences and daily picking of litter shall be
included;
Record Keeping (f) Basic record-keeping; f) Basic record keeping including volume of waste Forward planning of site operations and
received daily, special occurrences such as fires, efficient utilization of available void space.
accidents, spills, unauthorized loads (maintain
record of unauthorized and rejected loads, name Quantity of waste loads and types of waste to
and address of hauler and generator of such be recorded manually by a site clerk.
unauthorized waste), and daily waste inspection
logs; Information on difficult/special wastes to be
recorded, including location of waste
deposition.
Access Road (g) Provision of maintained access road; g) Provision of maintained all-weather access roads; Good access to the site off the principal
Maintenance haulage routes.
Primary access road constructed to high

standard to minimize wear and tear on delivery
vehicles and maintain trafficability of haulage
routes to waste discharge areas in wet weather
conditions.
Permanent roads surfaced supporting two-way

traffic flow.
Minimum width of road 6 m (excluding

shoulders).
Temporary roads designed to facilitate

drainage.
Protection of the public from potentially

dangerous site activities (e.g. mobile plant)
Access to site regulated. Waste pickers on site

controlled by site management according to
agreed rules and procedures (e.g. no setting
fire to waste).
Other Site Infrastructure Site support facilities to provide minimum

levels of environmental control.

Provisions may include the following:
• Services (electricity, water, etc.);

and
• Small site office
Environmental Monitoring Monitoring of the groundwater
Monitor existing water wells using approved

water quality monitoring methods to determine
and record the baseline quality of the
groundwater while open dumping was resorted
to.
Regular monitoring thereafter to establish how

controlled dump is affecting the quality of the
groundwater
Maintenance Efficient functioning of the following

components should be maintained:
• Site roads;
• Drainage works; and
• Any mobile plant.
Regular daily and weekly servicing of mobile

plant by qualified mechanic / fitter.
Supply of spare parts of key items and

components held on site.
Maintenance of drainage works in advance of

rainy season.
Maintenance of site roads as and when

required, at least quarterly. In wet weather re-
grade as required.
Protection of Local Amenities Reduce impacts of site activities upon

developments adjacent to the site to minimum
levels.
Key measures are:

• Use of litter fences;
• Daily liner patrols within and
beyond site boundary;
• Elimination of smoke from waste
on fire;
• Control of pests and vermin; and
• Reduction in persistent odors
through the application of cover.
Waste Picking (h) Controlled waste picking and trading; h) Controlled waste picking and trading, if allowed by
owner/operator, in order to facilitate daily covering
and compliance to Subsections (a) through (e)
above;
Post Closure (i) Post-closure site cover and vegetation; i) Provision of at least 0.60 m final soil cover at Public open space, recreational use, grazing
closure, and post-closure maintenance of cover, and some other forms of agriculture (with
drainage and vegetation; Post-closure suitable depth of soil) are compatible afteruses.

maintenance shall be for a period of ten (10) Building works are not recommended.
years;
Hydrogeology (j) Hydrogeological siting. j) Site shall not be located in flood plains and areas
subject to periodic flooding and it shall be hydro-
geologically suitable, i.e., adequate separation or
clearance between waste and underlying
groundwater and any surface body of water shall
be provided. Engineering controls shall be
provided otherwise.
Upon completion of the controlled dump the

site should be returned to some form of
productive use. Public open space,
recreational use, grazing and some other forms
of agriculture (with suitable depth of soil) are
compatible afteruses.
Building works are not recommended.
Restoration Site restored progressively upon completion of

filling in any particular phase.
Cover layer - minimum thickness for public

open space s 600 mm (300 mm for drainage
and 300 mm for soil).
Grade slopes to promote surface run-off.
Completed parts of the site should be seeded

and planted with native species of grass as
soon as possible on order to reduce the
potential for soil erosion
Site Management Experienced Operations Manager with drive

and commitment
Non-Compliance k) Open dumpsites that do not comply with siting
requirements of this Section shall be closed
immediately. A replacement facility shall be, at a
minimum, a controlled dump and shall meet the
requirements of Rule XIII, and other applicable
provisions of the IRR

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES – SANITARY LANDFILL SITING CRITERIA
Sanitary Landfill Siting Criteria Section 40. Criteria for Siting a Sanitary Landfill Rule 14, Section 1 This set of criteria is designed to aid the
- The following shall be the minimum criteria for The following guidelines, standards and criteria shall LGUs in identifying and screening potential
the siting of sanitary landfills: be applied in siting and designing sanitary landfills: sites for developments as landfills. In cases
where it is difficult to identify candidate sites
based on the above criteria, the conditional
criteria may be relaxed (see column 3)
although this may necessitate the use if
more expensive engineering in the design of
the landfill site to achieve adequate
environmental protection.
Section 4. Landfill Site Identification and

Screening Criteria. The following criteria
shall be used to identify and screen possible
site of Sanitary Landfill:
1. Area Capacity and Availability

2. Haul Distance and Time
3. Proximity to Sensitive
Groundwater Resources
4. Proximity to Perennial Surface
Water
5. Occurrence of Flooding
6. Proximity to Sensitive Land
Users
7. Local Ecological Conditions
8. Current and Future Land Use
9. Seismic Condition
10. Geologic Condition
11. Soil/Land Condition
12. Topography
13. Proximity to Airports
Section 5. Site Identification and Screening

Methodology. The sanitary landfill site
identification methodology shall be
composed of the following steps:
a. data acquisition
b. plotting of excluded areas,
identified on the basis of the
absolute criteria, in an
appropriate map;
c. identification of candidate areas
from the map for field survey;
d. site survey and evaluation; and
e. selection of preferred site(s).
Data can be obtained from existing maps

(1:50,000 or 1:200,000), aerial photographs,
site visits and interviews with local officials
and residents. The results of the siting
process should be presented in the form of
an acceptability matrix showing the

quantitative evaluation of each site based on

the site identification and screening criteria.
The acceptability matrix will aid the local

officials in assessing the best site for the
proposed landfill and ecological waste
management center. The final decision
should be approved by the council of elected
officials after due public consultation, taking
account of both the technical and financial
considerations.
The acceptability matrix will aid the local

officials in assessing the best site for the
proposed landfill and ecological waste
management center. Ultimately, a judgment
may need to be made based on the extent of
the conditional limitations of candidate sites,
land acquisition arrangements and the
accompanying financial considerations. The
final decision of the siting process will lie
with the LGUs.
Land Use Consistency (a) The site selected must be consistent with a)The location of the facility shall be consistent with
the overall land use plan of the LGU; the overall land use plan of the LGU.
Area Capacity & Absolute

Availability The site area should be sufficient for a
landfill with a target service life of not less
than 5 years.
Conditional
The area should be sufficient for a landfill
with a target service life of approximately 10
years (based on 2.6 ha/100,000 population,
0.5 kg/person/day, 0.7 t/m3 density and 10 m
depth).
Considerations
The minimum land area depends on the total
service population, waste characteristics and
generation rate, and expected landfill service
life. Consideration for land ownership should
also be taken into account, giving priority to
publicly-owned lands.
Haul Distance and Time Conditional

Avoid areas more than 15 to 20 kilometers
or 30 minutes travel time from the waste
generation centers (road and traffic
conditions should be considered).
Considerations
If the distance or travel time is more than the
indicated limits, investment in either larger
capacity collection vehicles or transfer
stations may be necessary (load capacity of
bridges should also be considered).
Road Access (b) The site must be accessible from major b)The site shall be accessible from major roadways
roadways or thoroughfares; and thoroughfares, provided that if it is not accessible,

the project design shall include means of access.
Cover Material (c) The site should have an adequate c)The site shall have an adequate quantity of earth
Availability quantity of earth cover material that is cover material that is easily handled and compacted;
easily handled and compacted; as an alternative, an offsite guaranteed source of
cover material shall be identified.
Proximity to Sensitive Absolute

Groundwater Resources The site should not be located in or up
gradient of shallow unconfined aquifers for
drinking water supply.
Conditional
Avoid areas considered part of a 10-year
recharge area for existing or future potable
water sources and confined aquifers
(deepwells) for drinking water supply.
Avoid areas 500 meters up gradient of
private or public drinking, irrigation or
livestock water supply wells.
Considerations
If the candidate site is situated on a well field
with confined aquifers or within a 10-year
recharge area, proper engineering measures
are required to avoid the risk of ground water
contamination. Existing or future drinking
wells may be abandoned if alternative water
supply sources/sites are readily and
economically available, and the owners have
given written consent to the potential risk of
abandoning their wells.
Aviation Restrictions d)If the site is located within two (2) kilometers of an Absolute
airport runway, it shall not pose a bird hazard to The site should not be located within 3
aircraft. The Owner/Operator shall institute a bird kilometers of an airport servicing turbojet
control program so as to prevent hazards to aircraft if aircraft or 1.6 kilometers of an airport
bird population becomes significant due to the servicing piston driven or turboprop
operation of the landfill. The site shall comply with (propeller) aircraft.
other requirements for safety of flying aircraft in terms
of height of structures, such as provisions for Conditional
obstruction lights, if required. Permission should be sought from the Air
Transportation Office (ATO) if the site is
located within 13 kilometers3 of the nearest
airport
Considerations
The site should be located so as to reduce
bird-strike hazard to aircraft and to ensure
that the landfill's proposed final elevation will
not exceed the maximum allowable top
elevation as per ATO Guidelines.
Occurrence of Flooding Conditional

Avoid locating site in areas prone to flooding.
Also avoid salt lakes, swamplands, and low
lying coastal areas.
Considerations
The site may be located in swamplands or
any low lying areas although, in such cases,

stricter engineering measures will be

required to avoid the risk of pollution due to
surface water and ground water
contamination. Engineering design should
include protective measures, such as
impervious dikes and liners to protect sites
against a 100 year flood.
Water Supply Sources / e)Locations of public water supply intakes located Absolute
Proximity to Perennial within one (1) kilometer from the facility, including The site should not be located within 300
Surface Waters active public drinking water supply wells, shall be meters up gradient of any surface waters
shown on a facility map. used for drinking purposes.
Conditional
Avoid areas within 300 meters up gradient of
a perennial river or stream.
Considerations
The conditional requirement may be
adjusted if it is feasible to protect the stream
from contamination through engineering
measures
Proximity to Sensitive Absolute

Land users The site should not be located in existing or
proposed residential, commercial or urban
development areas, and areas with
archeological, cultural and historical
importance.
Conditional
Avoid areas within 250 meters of residential
and industrial developments and within I km.
Of memorial sites, churches, schools,
historical site is otherwise isolated from
these sensitive receivers.
Avoid areas encroaching boundaries of any
non-participating municipality.
Considerations
This distance constraint will depend on the
topography of surrounding land and
prevailing wild direction. Proper engineering
and management measures, including visual
barriers, should be implemented as the site's
distance to sensitive public places
decreases.
The suitability of sites encroaching political
boundaries will depend on the proximity,
density of the nearest households and
acceptability of the other political entity.
Local Ecological Absolute

Conditions The site should not be located within
ecologically sensitive areas proclaimed by
law as national parks (areas judged to be of
national significance in terms of their natural
landscape values or wildlife), conservation
parks (areas with valuable wildlife or
interesting natural features), recreation
parks (areas managed primarily for public

recreation in pleasant surrounding with some

native vegetation), game reserves (areas of
land and water for the conservation of native
game species), forest reserves, sites of flora
and fauna of national or regional
significance, or wetlands of important
biodiversity
Conditional
Avoid areas within 500 meters of any
ecologically sensitive areas proclaimed by
law.
Considerations
Consideration for sites near ecologically
sensitive areas will depend on the local
conditions and accompanying engineering
measures. The exact extent of any
ecologically sensitive areas should be
verified by reconnaissance survey.
Current and Future Absolute

Land use The site should not be located in areas with
valuable mineral and energy resources,
tourist destinations or across major
transportation routes.
Conditional
Avoid areas classified as prime agricultural
land and areas with major water, gas,
electrical power or communication
transmission infrastructure.
Considerations
The site may be located where there are
existing infrastructure routes as long as their
presence will not affect the landfill operation
or rerouting is economically feasible. Land
purchase costs for prime agricultural land
will be relatively high and a change of land
use will require a permit from the
Department of Agrarian Reform. Stricter
landfill operation will be required to avoid
damage to crops on adjacent land.
Geologic Conditions / f)The facility shall not be constructed within 75 meters Absolute
Surface Rupture from a Holocene fault or known recent active fault. The site should not be located within 500
Potential meters of active fault lines.
Conditional
Avoid areas with sinkholes, caverns or
solution channels. Avoid jointed, fractured or
fissured rocks, carbonate rocks (limestone)
or other porous rock formations.
Considerations
If the site is to be located within an area of
fissured, fractured or similar rock, stringent
engineering design will be required to avoid
landfill gas and leachate migration to
groundwater. Areas with underground mines
should be avoided unless the owners give

explicit consent. Abandoned open pits used

for mining precious metals may require
additional field investigations relating to
heavy metal contamination.
Soil/Land Conditions Absolute

The site should not be located in soft and
settling soils (sand, coarse sand, and fine
sand) with a potential for liquefaction,
slumping or erosion.
Conditional
Avoid areas with highly permeable soils
(loamy fine sand, loamy sand, sandy loam,
fine sandy loam and very fine sandy loam).
Considerations
Use of areas with high permeability soils will
necessitate the use of appropriate liners and
engineering measures to contamination of
groundwater by leachate and landfill gas
migration.
Archaeological and g)If significant archaeological and cultural resources

Cultural Resources are present at the site, such resources shall be
protected and preserved.
Topography Conditional
Avoid hilly area with ground slopes nominally
greater than 20 %.
Considerations
Landfilling within hilly areas is feasible but
steep slopes will increase the costs
associated with the engineering and access
arrangements.
Endangered Habitats h) If the site is a habitat of listed endangered species,

mitigation measures for protection of the species as
required by applicable laws shall be included in the
project proposal
Community Sensitivities (d) The site must be chosen with regard for i) The site shall be chosen with regard to the
the sensitivities of the community's sensitivities of the community’s residents. The
residents; Sangguniang Bayan/Lungsod of the host LGU shall
adopt a resolution confirming compliance with the
pertinent siting, design criteria and standards. The
resolution shall be deemed as having fully satisfied the
public sensitivity requirement of this section.
Environmental (e) The size must be located in an area m) The site shall be located in an area where the
Compliance where the landfill’s operation will not landfill’s operation will not detrimentally affect
detrimentally affect environmentally environmentally sensitive resources such as aquifers,
sensitive resources such as aquifer, groundwater reservoir or watershed area, by provision
groundwater reservoir or watershed area; of the following special mitigation measures and
additional criteria:
1. The facility shall be a minimum 50 meters away

from any perennial stream, lake or river.
2. The site shall be evaluated for presence of
geologic hazards, faults, unstable soils, its foundation
stability, and its hydrogeologic character. The site

shall not be located in a floodplain.

3. It shall be provided with a composite base liner
system consisting of a minimum 1.5-millimeter (mm)
thick high-density polyethylene liner (HDPE) underlain
by a soil liner with a minimum thickness to 0.60 meter
(m) and maximum permeability of 1x10-6
centimeter/second (cm/sec).
4. A Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL) with a
minimum thickness of 6.4 mm and permeability of
-9
1x10 cm/sec or less, may be substituted for the soil
liner. Likewise, the design of the final cap shall be
equivalent to its liner system in terms of permeability.
The thickness of the final cover system shall be at
least 1.5 m including a minimum 0.60 m thick soil
foundation layer, its final cap, a drainage layer, and a
vegetative layer of at least 0.30 m thick. If the
thickness of the equivalent final cap makes the entire
cover system less than 1.5 m thick, the deficiency
shall be made up by increasing the thickness of the
foundation layer.
5. Strict liner and final cap construction quality
assurance (CQA) and testing shall be performed by a
third party experienced in earthwork, clay and
geosynthetic liner installation, quality assurance
supervision, testing and inspection. The lead CQA
person, as a minimum qualification or experience,
must have supervised the installation of at least
100,0000 square meters each of clay and
geosynthetic liner system; the CQA person or firm
shall submit a construction completion report within 60
days of liner or final cap construction completion to the
Department, certifying that construction of each liner
system was performed and completed in accordance
with its plans and specifications. The CQA report shall
be certified by a registered Civil or Geotechnical
Engineer or other registered Engineer, provided that
the certifying Engineer shall have at least designed or
supervised the installation of soil and geosynthetic
liners of quantities similar to those of the lead CQA
person.
Seismicity n) The design of the landfill shall be statically stable Conditional

and shall be able to withstand the effects of a ground Avoid areas with an average return period
acceleration generated by an earthquake of 100-year between 50 to 100 years for an earthquake
or more recurrence interval. of magnitude 6 and above.
Considerations
If the entire municipality is subject to this
seismic risk, engineering measures may be
applied to avoid the risk of groundwater
contamination.
Groundwater o) A separation of at least two (2.0) meters shall be

Separation maintained between the top of the liner system and
underlying groundwater
Surface Impoundment p) A temporary impoundment for drainage runoff shall

be provided with a detention time sufficient for
sediment removal and/or reduction, prior to its
discharge

Facility Capacity (f) The site should be large enough to q) The site shall be large enough to accommodate the
accommodate the community’s wastes for community’s waste for a period of five (5) years or
a period of five (5) years during which more during which people must internalize the value of
people must internalize the value of environmentally sound and sustainable waste
environmentally sound and sustainable disposal.
solid waste disposal;
Budgetary Constraints (g) The site chosen should facilitate r) The site chosen shall facilitate developing a landfill
developing a landfill that will satisfy that will satisfy budgetary constraints, including site
budgetary constraints, including site development, operation for many years, closure and
development, operation for many years, post-closure care and possible remediation costs.
closure, post-closure care and possible
remediation costs;
Recycling Coordination (h) Operating plans must include provisions s) Operating plans shall include provisions for
for coordinating with recycling and coordinating with recycling and resource recovery
resource recovery projects; and projects.
Household Hazardous (i) Designation of a separate containment t) Designation of a separate containment area for
Waste area for household hazardous wastes. household hazardous wastes.

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES – SANITARY LANDFILL DESIGN CRITIERIA
Sanitary Landfill Design Section 41. Criteria for Establishment of

Criteria Sanitary Landfill – The following shall be the
minimum criteria for the establishment of
sanitary landfills:
Site Design Based upon detailed site-specific surveys, inter

alia of:
• Geology;
• Hydrogeology (groundwater);
• Hydrology (surface water);
• Properties of site materials; and
Socio-economic conditions adjacent to the site.
Prevailing legislation relating to ambient

environmental conditions.
Risk assessment of-key environmental

constraints to establish appropriate levels of site
engineering.
Specified mitigation measures to minimize

potential impact of site development
(Environmental Management Plan).
Site Availability Daylight hours only where feasible and

consistent with waste collection and waste
transfer operations.
Avoid nighttime hours which are the most

sensitive with respect to noise and artificial light,
unless remote and/or screened from sensitive
receivers.
07.00-18.00,365 days per year.
If nighttime working required, working areas

must be provided with adequate noise
screening and floodlighting to minimize
environmental impacts and health and safety
risks.
Buffer Zones and Dependent upon siting criteria - where

Standoffs practicable landfill boundary at least 100 m from
residential properties and at least 500 m from
ecologically and environmentally sensitive areas
(e.g. school, religious center).
Landfill footprint >20 m from site boundary to

permit:
• installation of screening measures

as required; and
• remedial engineering measures.
Putrescible waste to be deposited no closer

than 50 m to isolated dwellings and 100 m from

more extensive residential dwellings.
Wherever practicable, putrescible waste to be

deposited no closer than 200 m to isolated
dwellings and 250 m to more extensive
residential development.
Site Development Minimize active operational area (visual impact).
Minimize area taken from potential productive

use (economic impact).
Return parts of the site to use as rapidly as

possible.
Progressive phased site development and

restoration.
Area method of filling using cellular approach.
Operational Plan to include fill sequencing.
Liners (a) Liners – a system of clay layers and/or Rule 14, Section 1 Protection of groundwater and surface water
geosynthetic membranes used to contain j) Except as provided by Section (m) of Rule XIV, for resources - no discernible impact on existing
leachate and reduce or prevent landfills located in sensitive resources areas, landfills (i.e. pre construction baseline) water quality.
contaminant flow to groundwater; shall be provided with a base liner system consisting
of clay and/or geosynthetic membranes No discernible impact on the ability of surface
(geomembrane). If clay is used, it shall have a water or groundwater to:
minimum thickness of 0.75m and permeability of 1x10-
6
cm/sec or less. Geomembranes shall be at least 1.5 • support aquatic or plant life; or
mm thick with a permeability of 1x10-14 cm/sec or less; • be used by humans (e.g.
Geosynthetic Clay Liners (GCL) shall have a thickness irrigation, industrial).
of at least 6.4 mm and a permeability of 1x10-9 cm/sec
or less. If composite liner is used (clay under geo- Maximum specified permissible leakage rate
membrane), the thickness of the clay liner may be determined from a risk assessment of the
reduced to 0.60 m. The overlying geomembrane shall anticipated impact of the seepage of leachate.
have the same properties as stated above. In the Based upon the environmental sensitivity of the
design of geosynthetic liners, international standards site.
(e.g. Geosynthetic Research Institute, or applicable
ASTM standards) shall be used for its design and Minimum standard is a multi-layered system,
specifications in terms of properties, manufacturing with synthetic and natural components,
and construction quality assurance and testing comprising 1.5 mm/2mm HDPE combined with
procedures. 0.6 m of clay with a permeability.>1.0 x 10-9 ms-
1
.
Also from Rule 14, Section 1;
m) The site shall be located in an area where the

landfill’s operation will not detrimentally affect
environmentally sensitive resources such as aquifers,
groundwater reservoir or watershed area, by provision
of the following special mitigation measures and
additional criteria:
1. The facility shall be a minimum 50 meters away

from any perennial stream, lake or river.
2. The site shall be evaluated for presence of
geologic hazards, faults, unstable soils, its foundation
stability, and its hydrogeologic character. The site
shall not be located in a floodplain.
3. It shall be provided with a composite base liner
system consisting of a minimum 1.5 millimeter (mm)
thick high density polyethylene liner (HDPE) underlain

by a soil liner with a minimum thickness to 0.60 meter

(m) and maximum permeability of 1x10-6
centimeter/second (cm/sec).
4. A Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL) with a
minimum thickness of 6.4 mm and permeability of
-9
1x10 cm/sec or less, may be substituted for the soil
liner. Likewise, the design of the final cap shall be
equivalent to its liner system in terms of permeability.
The thickness of the final cover system shall be at
least 1.5 m including a minimum 0.60 m thick soil
foundation layer, its final cap, a drainage layer, and a
vegetative layer of at least 0.30 m thick. If the
thickness of the equivalent final cap makes the entire
cover system less than 1.5 m thick, the deficiency
shall be made up by increasing the thickness of the
foundation layer.
5. Strict liner and final cap construction quality
assurance (CQA) and testing shall be performed by a
third party experienced in earthwork, clay and
geosynthetic liner installation, quality assurance
supervision, testing and inspection. The lead CQA
person, as a minimum qualification or experience,
must have supervised the installation of at least
100,0000 square meters each of clay and
geosynthetic liner system; the CQA person or firm
shall submit a construction completion report within 60
days of liner or final cap construction completion to the
Department, certifying that construction of each liner
system was performed and completed in accordance
with its plans and specifications. The CQA report shall
be certified by a registered Civil or Geotechnical
Engineer or other registered Engineer, provided that
the certifying Engineer shall have at least designed or
supervised the installation of soil and geosynthetic
liners of quantities similar to those of the lead CQA
person.
Leachate Collection (b) Leachate collection and treatment system Rule 14, Section 1 Minimize the generation of contaminated water
and Recovery – Installation of pipes at the low areas of (leachate) that poses a risk to the environment
the liner to collect leachate for storage k) Leachate collection and removal system shall be or that requires to be processed and treated.
and eventual treatment and discharge; provided and designed such that leachate buildup in
the landfill will be minimized. For design purposes, an Minimize the potential for seepage through the
allowable leachate level of not more than 0.60 meter basal containment system and avoid a build-up
over the liner system shall be maintained. If leachate of leachate within the site.
is discharged to a receiving body of water, the
discharge shall meet effluent discharge and water Treat leachate before effluent is permitted to be
quality criteria prescribed by DENR. discharged back into the environment.
l) Leachate storage facilities shall be designed with Adopt cellular method of filling, with cell size
containment systems to prevent leachate from spillage based on water balance principles. Advocate
and its migration into underlying groundwater or leachate recirculation to dry absorptive waste
nearby surface body of water. For leachate where feasible.
impoundment ponds, the design shall include a Segregate clean water (see surface
geomembrane liner system, underlain by a low water/stormwater drainage).
permeability soil layer of at least 0.30 m thick. The
geomembrane liner shall be at least 1.5 mm thick with Maximum head of leachate above the basal
a permeability of 1x10-14 cm/sec or less; Liner lining system of 1.0 m.
specifications, CQA and engineering certification Install leachate collection system above the
requirements shall be per provisions of Section 1m of basal containment layer.
Rule XIV. Adequate freeboard including allowance for Minimum hydraulic conductivity of drainage
rainfall volume and other safeguards shall be provided layer

to prevent pond overflowing. -1 x 10-4 ms-1
Install provision for abstracting leachate from

the landfill;
Install provision for leachate treatment on-site or

off-site at a suitable Sewage Treatment Plant
(STP).
Treated effluent to meet minimum quality

standards specified by prevailing environmental
legislation with respect to effluent standards.
Landfill Gas Control (c) Gas control recovery system – a series of u) A gas control system shall be provided when the Reduce the potential for the uncontrolled
vertical wells or horizontal trenches volume of waste in the landfill has reached 0.5 million migration of landfill gas beyond the site
containing permeable materials and metric tons. The owner/operator shall consider boundary.
perforated piping placed in the landfill to recovery and conversion of methane gas into usable
collect gas for treatment or productive use energy if economically viable. Prior to installation of Reduce the potential for gas pressurization
as an energy source; gas control facilities, perimeter boundary gas within the deposited waste beneath the capped
monitoring shall be performed in accordance with surface.
Section 2(b) of Rule XIV.
Avoid build-up of landfill gas in confined spaces
and the potential for explosions, asphyxiation,
fires, etc within the site or beyond the site
boundary.
Install landfill gas collection system during site

construction comprising vertical gas wells and
horizontal collection pipes.
Containment engineering (lateral and capping)
to retard gas migration.
For large and/or deep sites install active landfill

gas extraction system, with gas plant, in order
to regulate gas pressure within the landfill.
Specify maximum permitted pressure above
atmospheric pressure at a depth of 1 m below
the capping layer (typical value-10mb above
atmospheric).
Maximum concentration of gases at the site

boundary:
• methane - 1 % by volume;
• carbon dioxide - 1.5 8 by

volume.
Flammable gas -30 ppm (ambient/ground

surface)
Groundwater (d) Ground water monitoring well system – v) Groundwater monitoring wells shall be placed at
Monitoring wells placed at an appropriate location appropriate locations and depth for taking water
and depth for taking water samples that samples that are representative of groundwater quality
are representative of groundwater quality; and for predicting groundwater flow.
Road Construction Good access to the site off the principal haulage
routes with uninterrupted access to emergency
vehicles at all times.
Primary access road constructed to high

standard to minimize wear-and tear on delivery
vehicles.

Road routed away from sensitive residential

developments to minimize potential noise, air
quality and safety impacts.
Maintain trafficability of haulage routes to waste

deposition areas under all weather conditions.
Surfaced road supporting two-way traffic.

Minimum width of surfaced road 7.3m
(excluding shoulders).
Designed to conventional highway standards

based upon projected traffic flows and
equivalent axle loadings.
Road routed in buffer zone. Screening mounds,

vegetation belts and noise fencing required.
Permanent roads surfaced. Temporary roads

designed to facilitate drainage. Maintained,
repaired and re-graded on a regular basis.
Surface Drainage Isolate surface water and stormwater flows from

deposited waste in order to avoid potential
wash-out and to minimize the production of
leachate.
Where feasible avoid or re-route surface flows.
If unavoidable culvert flows beneath

containment layer.
Surface water interception ditches to drain

slopes upgradient of the area being filled.
Construct temporary or permanent berms/bunds

to prevent run-on of surface water and
stormwater and to segregate clean water from
contaminated water.
Grading of slopes in filled areas (temporarily or

permanently capped) to shed water rapidly.
Minimize size of active area
Groundwater Protection Isolate groundwater (including springs and

seepages) from deposited waste in order to
minimize the production of leachate.
Avoid the potential for pressure build-up on the

underside of the containment layer potentially
leading to uplift.
Install underdrain system to intercept

groundwater flows and to eliminate uplift
pressures on the underside of the containment
layer.
Landfill Cover (e) Cover – two (2) forms of cover consisting w) Cover shall consist of a daily soil cover at least 6
of soil and geosynthetic materials to inches in thickness applied at the end of each

protect the waste from long-term contact workday. Alternative Daily Cover (ADC), maybe used
with the environment: provided that the owner/operator can demonstrate to
the Department in writing, the equivalency of the
proposed ADC in controlling infiltration, vector, odor
and litter based on technical research or studies. In
areas within the landfill that will not be used for at least
180 days, an additional interim soil cover of 6 inches
thick shall be placed over the existing daily cover. The
final cover shall consist of, from bottom to top, the
foundation layer (consisting of 0.60m thick soil layer
including interim cover), a final cap with an equivalent
permeability as that of its liner system. A drainage
layer and a vegetative layer. Installation of final cover
shall be completed within sic (6) months from the last
receipt of waste.
(i) a daily cover place over the waste

at the close of each day’s
operations, and;
(ii) a final cover, or cap, which is the

material placed over the completed
landfill to control infiltration of
water, gas emission to the
atmosphere, and erosion.
Closure Requirements (f) Closure procedure – with the objectives of x) Closure of the landfill shall be completed within one
establishing low maintenance cover year of cessation of landfill operation.
systems and final cover that minimizes
the infiltration of precipitation into the
waste. Installation of the final cover must
be completed within six (6) months of the
least receipt of wastes; and
Post Closure (g) Post-closure care procedure – During this y) Post-closure care shall be for a period of fifteen (15)
Requirements period, the landfill owner shall be years. DENR shall establish post-closure guidelines
responsible for providing for the general and requirements for financial assurance mechanisms
upkeep of the landfill, maintaining all of within one year.
the landfill’s environmental protection
features, operating monitoring equipment,
remediating groundwater should it
become contaminated and controlling
landfill gas migration or emission.
Restoration Site restored progressively upon completion of

filling in any particular phase.
Restored slopes consistent with:
• Prevailing topography;
• slope stability considerations;
• intended afteruse; and
• site drainage.
Minimize soil erosion and transport of

suspended sediment in surface water.
Capping layer overlain by agricultural solum

comprising a subsoil drainage layer and organic
and topsoil. Thickness of solum depends upon
intended afteruse. Minimum thickness for public

open space is 600 m (300mm for drainage and

300 mm for soil).
Restoration Plan to be produced as a formal

part of the Working Plan. Restored slopes lie
typically in the range 1:4 (vertical:horizontal) to
!:30. Steeper and shallower slopes are not
recommended. If slopes are too shallow
settlement may disrupt the surface drainage
pattern.
Completed parts of the site should be seeded

and planted with native species of grass as
soon as possible in order to reduce the potential
for soil erosion and desiccation of the capping
layer.
Sedimentation traps as part of surface water

drainage system.
After-Use Upon completion the landfill facility should be

returned to some form of productive use.
Public open space, recreational use, grazing

and other forms of agriculture are compatible
afteruses.
Buildings and industrial activities are not

recommended, especially on deep and/or large
sites (continued settlement leachate and landfill
gas generation.
After-Care Potential for contamination of the surrounding
environment is high if operational controls are
not maintained and site engineering fails or is
breached.
Aftercare Plan to be produced as formal par of

the Working plan.
Continued operation of all components of the

leachate and landfill gas control and
management systems.
Continued environmental monitoring.
Maintenance and re-grading/filling of capping

layer and agricultural solum.
Other Site Infrastructure Site support facilities to underpin site

construction and operation to high
environmental standards.
Provisions may include the following.
• Services (electricity, water, etc.);

• Site offices;
• Amenity block and messroom;
• Weighbridge(s) and office;
• Workshops and stores;
• Fuel compound;
• Waste inspection/quarantine area;

• On-site laboratory; and

• Vehicle washing facilities.
Working Plan Guidance on how the site will be operated and

developed in accordance with the site design.
An essential component in order to maintain the
environmental integrity of the site.
The working Plan should include the following.
• Construction Method Statements;

• Construction Quality Assurance
Protocol;
• Construction Program;
• Phasing Plan;
• Operational Plan;
• Site Management Plan;
• Environmental Management Plan;
• Environmental Monitoring Plan
• Restoration and Aftercare Plan;
• Health and Safety Plan;
• Emergency Response and
Procedures Plan; and
• Plant and Infrastructure
Maintenance Protocol.
Small Facility z) Small facility exemption from specific standards of

Exemption this Section. The DENR will establish criteria for
exemption within one (1) year from approval of the
IRR.
Certification aa) All technical reports, technical documents, plans

and specifications pertaining to the engineering of the
facility shall be certified and sealed by a licensed
Engineer with relevant experience and expertise.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES – SANITARY LANDFILL OPERATING PROCEDURES
Sanitary Landfill Operating Section 42. Operating Criteria for Sanitary Rule 14, Section 2 In the operation of sanitary landfills,
Procedures Landfills. – In the operation of a sanitary landfill, each site operator shall maintain the following
each site operator shall maintain the following minimum operating requirements;
minimum operating requirements:
Site Management Particular responsibilities with regard to:
• Forward planning of human technical and

financial resource requirements;
• Recruitment and appropriate training of
staff;
• Enforcement of site operational practices;
Implementation of H7S Policy, Emergency

Response & Procedures Plan, Environmental
Management Plan and Environmental
Monitoring Plan.
Operation of the landfill facility as designed, in

full compliance with the specified Working Plan.

Appropriately qualified and experienced

Operations Manager, with established
vocational training qualifications (if possible).
Site Records (a) Disposal site records of, but not limited to: a) Disposal site records of, but not limited to:
(1) Records of weights or volumes 1. Records of weights or volumes accepted in a

accepted in a form and manner form and manner approved by the Department. Such
approved by the Department. Such records shall be submitted to the Department upon
records shall be submitted to the request, accurate to within ten percent (10%) and
Department upon request, accurate adequate for overall planning purposes and
to within ten percent (10 %) and forecasting the rate of site filling;
adequate for overall planning 2. Records of excavations which may affect the
purposes and forecasting the rate safe and proper operation of the site or cause damage
of site filling; to adjoining properties;
3. Daily logbook or file of the following information:
(2) Records of excavations which may fire, landslides, earthquake damage, unusual and
affect the safe and proper operation sudden settlement, injury and property damage,
of the site or cause damage to accidents, explosions, receipt or rejection of non-
adjoining properties; permitted wastes, flooding and other unusual
occurrences;
(3) Daily log book or file of the 4. Record of personnel training; and
following information: fires, 5. Copy of written notification to the Department,
landslides, earthquake damage, local health agency, and fire authority of names,
unusual and sudden settlement, addresses and telephone numbers of the operator or
injury and property damage, responsible party of the site
accidents, explosions, receipt or
rejection of unpermitted wastes,
flooding, and other unusual
occurrences;
(4) Record of personnel training; and
(5) Copy of written notification to the

Department, local health agency,
and fire authority of names,
addresses and telephone numbers
of the operator or responsible party
of the site:
Protection of Local Amenities No significant impact of site activities upon

developments adjacent to the site .
Environmental impacts no more intrusive- or
significant than assessed in the Environmental
Assessment and incorporated in the
Environmental Management Plan.
Specification of permitted waste in the Site

License.
Routine visual inspection of waste loads at the

waste reception area and at the active face prior
to incorporation into the landfill. Adequately
trained and alert and responsive site operatives
(waste marshals and banksmen).
Chemical and physical analysis of waste loads

at random and when the loads suspect.
Quarantine of suspect loads pending receipt of
analytical results.

Effectiveness judged against:
• No litter beyond site boundary (excluding

severe weather conditions);
• No fires and no smoke on site;
• No mud transferred to public highways;
• Control of pests and vermin;
• Escape of fugitive dust;
• Absence of persistent odors;
• Noise levels at sensitive receivers.
Control/trigger levels where specified existing

legislation should be used (e.g. ambient air
quality, noise levels). Where it is not possible to
stipulate controls quantitatively, effectiveness
should be judged against a pre-determined
response time to address any inherent problem.
Waste Recording, Inspection Forward planning of site operations and efficient

and Checking utilization of available void space.
Quantities, sources and origin of waste loads to

be recorded accurately over a weighbridge and
logged electronically.
To try to ensure that only permitted wastes are

accepted at the landfill facility.
To identify non-conforming loads and loads on

fire.
Environmental Monitoring Site operations shall comply, at all times, with

relevant National, Provincial and Local
Environmental Legislation currently in force.
Monitoring provides the mechanism for:
• Assessing the overall environmental

impacts of site development;
• Determining, at an early stage, potential
pollution emanating from the site;
• Identifying any deviations from
acceptable standards of site operation;
and
Formulating proposals for site remediation

measures, as necessary.
Environmental monitoring to be undertaken on a

regular basis during all phases of site
development, site restoration and upon, and
following, completion of site activities.
Measurements should include:
• Surface water
• Groundwater;
• Leachate
• Landfill gas; Noise;
• Air quality

The number of locations monitored and the

range of parameter monitored, is site specific.
However, the following generalizations can be
made:
Water quality - indicator parameters (pH,

conductivity or total dissolved solids, BOD,
COD, ammoniacal nitrogen or nitrate, chloride
and sulphate) monitored monthly at a minimum
of four locations. More extensive suite, including
major elements and ions and trace metal
monitored quarterly.
Water level - groundwater level monitored

monthly at a minimum of six locations.
Landfill gas - CO2' CH4' O and flammable gas

measured routinely, at least monthly in confined
spaces (buildings and boreholes) and along the
site boundary.
Noise - weekly measurement at locations

adjacent to noise sensitive receivers.
Air Quality - measurement of Total Suspended

Particulates (TSP) and Respirable Suspended
Particulates (RSP) weekly during major
construction activities; fortnightly to monthly
thereafter. Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and Oxides of
Nitrogen (NOx) may also be measured monthly
in critical/sensitive locations.
Water Quality Monitoring (b) Water quality monitoring of surface and b) Water quality monitoring of surface and ground
ground waters and effluent, and gas waters and effluent, and gas emissions shall be
emissions; performed in frequencies prescribed by the
Department on a project by project basis; Parameters
for groundwater, effluent and surface waters shall be
as prescribed by the Department in the facility’s
permit. For landfills sited under Section 1m of Rule
XIV of this IRR, groundwater, perimeter gas
monitoring and receiving surface water monitoring
shall be on a quarterly basis and treated leachate
effluent discharge shall be monitored for pH, 5-day
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) and Total
Suspended Solids (TSS) concentrations on a weekly
basis or when discharged if discharge is not on a daily
basis, and shall not exceed limits prescribed by the
Department according to the classification of the
receiving body of water. Other parameters to be
monitored and their respective frequencies shall be in
accordance with the facility’s permit.
Owners/Operators of Section 1m of Rule XIV facilities
shall submit monitoring and inspection reports on a
quarterly basis to the designated enforcement
authority with a copy furnished to the Department and
other relevant agencies. The report shall be certified
as to its correctness and accuracy by the
owner/operator or his designated (in writing)
representative. For other facilities, reporting
frequencies shall be specified by the Department but
in no case will it be more frequent than quarterly basis
unless the facility is in a state of

verification/assessment monitoring.
c) Groundwater Sampling Protocol – The DENR

shall establish requirements and guidelines within one
year from approval of this IRR.
d) Background Groundwater quality Monitoring

Statistical Data Evaluation and Establishment of
Concentration Limits for contaminant Indicators – The
DENR shall establish requirements and guidelines
within one year from approval of IRR.
e) Detection Groundwater Monitoring Data

Statistical Analysis, Verification Monitoring – The
DENR shall establish requirements and guidelines
within one year from approval of IRR.
f) Assessment Monitoring and Corrective Action –

The DENR shall establish requirements and
guidelines within one year from approval of IRR.
Documentation of Approvals (c) Documentation of approvals, g) Documentation of approvals, all reports,

determinations and other requirements by certification, plans and specifications, as built
the Department; drawings, determinations and other requirements by
the Department and other pertinent and relevant
documents shall be kept in the facility’s operating
record.
Signage (d) Signs – h) Signs:
(1) Each point of access from a public 1. Each point of access from a public road shall be
road shall be posted with an easily posted with an easily visible sign indicating the facility
visible sign indicating the facility name and other pertinent information as required by
name and other pertinent the Department;
information as required by the 2. If the site is open to the public, there shall be an
Department; easily visible sign at the primary entrance of the site
indicating the name of the site operator, the operator’s
(2) If the site is open to the public, telephone number and hours of operation; and easily
there shall be an easily visible sign visible sign at an appropriate point shall indicate the
at the primary entrance of the site schedule of charges and the general types of
indicating the name of the site materials which will be accepted or not;
operator, the operator’s telephone 3. If the site is open to the public, there shall be an
number, and hours of operation; an easily visible road sign and/or traffic control measures
easily visible sign at an appropriate which direct traffic to the active face and other areas
point shall indicate the schedule of where wastes or recyclable materials will be
charges and the general types of deposited; and
materials which will be accepted or 4. Additional signs and/or measures may be
not; required at a disposal site by the Department to
protect personnel and public health and safety.
(3) If the site is open to the public,
there shall be an easily visible road
sign and/or traffic control measures
which direct traffic to the active face
and other areas where wastes or
recyclable materials will be
deposited; and
(4) Additional signs and/or measures

may be required at a disposal site
by the Department to protect
personnel and public health and
safety;

Gas and Liquid Emission (e) Monitoring of quality of surface, ground

Monitoring and effluent waters, and gas emissions;
Authorized Access (f) The site shall be designed to discourage i) The site shall be designed to discourage Protection of site engineering measures,
unauthorized access by persons and unauthorized access by persons and vehicles by using particularly containment engineering.
vehicles by using a perimeter barrier or a perimeter barrier or topographic constraints. Areas
topographic constraints. Areas within the within the site where open storage or ponding of Protection of the public from potentially
site where open storage or ponding of hazardous materials occurs shall be separately fenced dangerous site activities (e.g. mobile plant,
hazardous materials occurs shall be or otherwise secured as determined by the potentially unstable slopes landfill gas, etc.).
separately fenced or otherwise secured Department. The Department may also require that
as determined by the Department. The other areas of the site to be fenced to create an Site to be securely fenced, particularly in the
Department may also require that other appropriate level of security. following areas:
areas of the site be fenced to create an
appropriate level of security; • Waste reception area;
• Waste quarantine area;
• Mobile Plant compound
• Treatment plants;
• Active waste emplacement cell(s);
• Ponds and lagoons;
• Uncapped areas of the site.
Access to site regulated- visitors to sign in. No

waste pickers permitted on site.
Site Access Roads (g) Roads within the permitted facility j) Roads within the permitted facility boundary
boundary shall be designed to minimize shall be designed to minimize the generation of dust
the generation of dust and the tracking of and the tracking of materials onto adjacent public
materials onto adjacent public roads. roads. Such roads shall be kept in safe condition and
Such roads shall be kept in safe condition maintained such that vehicle access and unloading
and maintained such that vehicle access can be conducted during inclement weather.
and unloading can be conducted during
inclement weather;
Sanitary Facilities (h) Sanitary facilities consisting of adequate k) Sanitary facilities consisting of adequate number
number of toilets and hand washing of toilets and handwashing facilities shall be available
facilities, shall be available to personnel at to personnel at or in the immediate vicinity of the site.
or in the immediate vicinity of the site;
Potable Water Supply (i) Safe and adequate drinking water supply l) Safe and adequate drinking water supply for the
for the site personnel shall be available; site personnel shall be available.
Communication (j) The site shall have communication m) The site shall have communication facilities
facilities available to site personnel to available to site personnel to allow quick response to
allow quick response to emergencies; emergencies.
Lighting (k) Where operations are conducted during n) Where operations are conducted during hours of
hours of darkness, the site and/or darkness, the site and/or equipment shall be equipped
equipment shall be equipped with with adequate lighting as approved by the Department
adequate lighting as approved by the to ensure safety and to monitor the effectiveness of
Department to ensure safety and to operations.
monitor the effectiveness of operations;
Safety Equipment (l) Operating and maintenance personnel o) Operating and maintenance personnel shall
shall wear and use appropriate safety wear and use appropriate safety equipment as

equipment as required by the Department; required by the Department.
Training (m) Personnel assigned to operate the site p) Personnel assigned to operate the site shall be
shall be adequately trained in subject adequately trained in subject pertinent to the site
pertinent to the site operation and operation and maintenance, hazardous materials
maintenance, hazardous materials recognition and screening and heavy equipment
recognition and screening and heavy operations, with emphasis on safety, health,
equipment operations, with emphasis on environmental controls and emergency procedures. A
safety, health, environmental controls and record of such training shall be placed in the operating
emergency procedures. A record of such record.
training shall be placed in the operating
record;
Supervision (n) The site operator shall provide adequate q) The site operator shall provide adequate
supervision of a sufficient number of supervision of a sufficient number of qualified
qualified personnel to ensure proper personnel to ensure proper operation of the site in
operation of the site in compliance with all compliance with all applicable laws, regulations,
applicable laws, regulations, permit permit conditions and other requirements. The
conditions and other requirements. The operator shall notify the Department and local health
operator shall notify the Department and agency in writing of the names, addresses, and
local health agency in writing of the telephone number of the operator or responsible party.
names, addresses, and telephone number A copy of the written notification shall be placed in the
of the operator or responsible party. A operating record.
copy of the written notification shall be
placed in the operating record;
Attendant For Public Disposal (o) Any disposal site open to the public shall r) Any disposal site open to the public shall have
have an attendant present during public an attendant present during public operating hours or
operating hours or the site shall be the site shall be inspected by the operator on a
inspected by the operator on a regularly regularly scheduled basis, as determined by the
scheduled basis, as determined by the Department.
Department;
Waste Deposition (p) Unloading of solid wastes shall be s) Unloading of solid wastes shall be confined to a
confined to a small area as possible to small area as possible to accommodate the number of
accommodate the number of vehicles vehicles using the area without resulting in traffic,
using the area without resulting in traffic, personnel, or public safety hazards. Waste materials
personnel, or public safety hazards. shall normally be deposited at the toe of the fill, or as
Waste materials shall normally be otherwise approved by the Department. For practical
deposited at the toe of the fill, or as purposes, a working area shall be limited to 1.5
otherwise approved by the Department; square meter or less per ton/day (tpd) of waste
received on a daily basis, e.g. 30 sqm working area for
a 20 tpd facility.
Waste Placement (q) Solid waste shall be spread and t) Solid waste shall be spread and compacted in A number of key issues are involved in waste
compacted in layers with repeated layers with repeated passages of the landfill emplacement in order that waste may be off
passages of the landfill equipment to equipment to minimize voids within the cell and loaded and deposited in the most secure,
minimize voids within the cell and maximize compaction. The loose layer shall not efficient and safest manner, with respect to site
maximize compaction. The loose layer exceed a depth approximately 0.60 m or two feet users, site personnel and the site environs:
shall not exceed a depth approximately before compaction. Spreading and compacting shall
two feet before compaction. Spreading be accomplished as rapidly as practicable, unless • Minimize active filling area to exert
and compacting shall be accomplished as otherwise approved by the Department. maximum environmental control (e.g.
rapidly as practicable, unless otherwise .minimize leachate generation);
approved by the Department; • Minimize potential for environmental
nuisance and impact to local amenity;
and
Maximize available void space.
Supervision of waste deposition by adequately

trained and experienced staff.

Phased site development and cellular method of

filling; cell size optimized on the basis of water
balance principles.
Compaction of waste by mobile plant to

specified target placements densities, typically
between 0.8-0.9 t/m3 adopting a maximum layer
thickness of 0.5m.
Inert cover materials placed on exposed faces

of waste at the end of each day or upon
completion of a life (2.5 m high). Cover material
- usually 300 mm thick.
Intermediate cover, usually 300 mm thick,

placed on temporarily completed areas of
waste.
Surface Grading (r) Covered surfaces of the disposal area u) Covered surfaces of the disposal area shall be
shall be graded to promote lateral runoff graded to promote lateral runoff of precipitation and to
of precipitation and to prevent ponding. prevent ponding. Grades shall be established of
Grades shall be established of sufficient sufficient slopes to accost for future settlement of the
slopes to account for future settlement of fill surface. Other effective maintenance methods may
the fill surface. Other effective be allowed by the Department.
maintenance methods may be allowed by
the Department; and
Maintenance Efficient functioning of all components of the

landfill facility should be maintained, including,
inter alia, the following:
• Site roads;
• Drainage works;
• Leachate collection and transfer system;
• Landfill gas transfer system;
• Treatment plants;
• Buildings; and
Mobile plant, fixed plant and vehicles.
Built-in redundancy and flexibility for key

elements of site construction and operation (e.g.
modular leachate treatment plant with duty and
standby pumps).
Standby/alternate power supply.
Preventative maintenance schedule to be

adopted allied with routine and regular servicing
by qualified mechanic/fitter.
Supply of spare parts of key items and

components held on site.
Earth Material Storage (s) Cover material or native material v) Cover material or native material unsuitable for
unsuitable for cover, stockpiled on the site cover, stockpiled on the site for use or removal, shall
for use or removal, shall be placed so as be placed so as not to cause problems or interfere
not to cause problems or interfere with with unloading, spreading, compacting, access, safety,
unloading, spreading, compacting, drainage or other operations.
access, safety, drainage, or other
operations.

LOCAL GOVERNMENT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Common Facilities Section 44

Establishment of Common Waste Treatment
and Disposal Facilities. – Pursuant to Sec. 33 of
R.A. 7160, otherwise known as the Local
Government Code, all provinces cities,
municipalities and barangays, through
appropriate ordinances, are hereby mandated
to consolidate, or coordinate their efforts,
services, and resources for purposes of jointly
addressing common solid waste management
problems and/or establishing common waste
disposal facilities.
Enhanced Permitting Rule 16, Section 1, D, 3

Procedures The Commission through the Department shall
provide support to SWM projects requiring an ECC. It
shall thereby hasten the EIA process by formulating a
guideline for the specific procedure of EIA for SWM
projects. Similarly, the Local SWM Boards/Local
SWM Cluster Boards shall establish simplified and
efficient procedure for permitting and licensing
functions.
PROHIBITED ACTS
Prohibited Acts Section 48

The following acts are
prohibited;
Open Burning (3) The open burning of solid waste.
Squatting (5) Squatting in open dumps and landfills.
Facility Implementation (9) Establishment or operation of open

Schedules dumps as enjoined in this Act, or closure
of said dumps in violation of Sec. 37
Unauthorized Dumping (13) Transport and dumping in bulk of

collected domestic, industrial, commercial
and institutional wastes in areas other
than centers of facilities prescribed under
this Act
Permits and Approvals (14) Site preparation, construction, expansion or

operation of waste management facilities
without an Environmental Compliance
Certificate required pursuant to
Presidential Decree No. 1586 and this Act
and not conforming with the land use plan
of the LGU
Vicinity Development (15) The construction of any establishment

within two hundred (200) meters from
open dumps or controlled dumps or
sanitary landfills
Surface and Groundwater (16) The construction or operation of landfills or

Resource Proximity any waste disposal facility on any aquifer,

groundwater reservoir or watershed area

and or any portions thereof
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
Legal Transition Section 62

Transitory Provision
Pending the establishment of the framework
under Sec. 15 hereof, plans under Sec. 16 and
promulgation of the IRR under Sec. 59 of this
Act, existing laws, regulations, programs and
projects on solid waste management shall be
enforced: Provided, That for specific
undertaking, the same may be revised in the
interim in accordance with the intentions of this
Act.
Facility Closure or Suspension Rule 19, Section 8

Closure or Suspension of Operations of Solid Waste
Management Facilities - The Department shall have
the authority to order the closure or suspension of
developments, construction or operation of solid waste
management facilities pursuant to existing laws, rules
and regulations.
Inconsistent Laws Section 65

Repealing Clause - All laws, decrees,
issuances, rules and regulations, or parts
thereof inconsistent with the provisions of this
Act are hereby repealed or modified
accordingly.
Public Access To Records Rule 22, Section 1

Public Access to Records
Any record, report or information obtained by the
NSWMC and /or its secretariat, and their local offices,
under the Act and the IRR, shall be available to the
public.

CONTROLLED DUMPSITE INSPECTION REPORT
(D R A F T)
SITE NAME
SITE ADDRESS
OWNER
OPERATOR
INSPECTION PERSONNEL;
DENR
OWNER OR OPERATOR
DATE
COMPLIANCE SUMMARY
NA
NA
COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENT COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENT
C
A
V
V
1. Site Availability 12. Environmental Monitoring
2. Cover 13. Maintenance
3. Site Drainage 14. Protection of Local Amenities
4. Odor Control 15. Waste Picking
5. Waste Placement 16. Post Closure and Restoration
6. Site Management 17. Hydrogeology
7. Site Control 18. Open Burning
8. Fencing, Litter Control 19. Squatting
9. Record Keeping 20. Unauthorized Dumping
10. Access Road Maintenance 21. Vicinity Development
11. Other Site Infrastructure 22. Surface Water, Groundwater
23. Other
V = Violation – Serious compliance deficiency requiring immediate action

C = Conditional – Partial compliance deficiency requiring action
A = Acceptable – Currently meeting acceptable standards
NA = Not Applicable
DESCRIPTION OF DEFICIENCY AND REQUIRED ACTION
COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENT DEFICIENCY DESCRIPTION AND REQUIRED ACTION COMPLIANCE

DATE
Waste Disposal Report No:4 AEA Technology Appendix 2.2, Page 1

(D R A F T)

(D R A F T)
INSPECTION PERSONNEL SIGNATORIES
NAME AND TITLE ORGANIZATION, ADDRESS SIGNATURE
Appendix A: Summary of Current Regulatory Requirements

(D R A F T)
Ra 9003 Section 39 and / or Rule 13, Table 3; Guidelines for Controlled Dumpsites;
Section 2 (Implementing Rules and
Regulations)
The following minimum requirements

shall be applied in siting, designing
and operation of controlled dumpsites;
1. Site Availability Daylight hours only where feasible and consistent with
waste collection and waste transfer operations.
Avoid nighttime hours which are the most sensitive with

respect to noise and artificial light, unless the site is remote
from sensitive receivers.
06.00-18.00, 365 days per year.
If nighttime working required, restrict working times to

discrete periods (for example, mid evening and around day-
break).
2. Daily and a) Daily cover consisting of inert Grade slopes to promote surface run-off.
Intermediate materials or soil of at least 6 inches in
Cover thickness shall be applied at the end Completed parts of the site should be seeded and planted
of the working day; where there is a with native species of grass as soon as possible in order to
lack of onsite soil material, other reduce the potential for soil erosion.
alternative materials may be used
subject to the prior written approval of Intermediate cover, 150 mm thick, placed on temporarily
the enforcement authority and the completed areas of waste. Grade to drain clean water.
Department;
3. Site Drainage b) Drainage and runoff control shall be Isolate surface water and storm water flows from deposited
designed and managed such that waste in order to avoid potential wash-out.
storm water does not come in contact
with waste and that discharge of Surface water interception ditches to drain slopes up-
sediments into the receiving body of gradient of the area being filled.
water is minimized. Appropriate
erosion protection shall be installed at Minimize size of active area.
storm discharge outfalls;
4. Odor Control c) Provision for aerobic and anaerobic

decomposition shall be instituted to
control odor
5. Waste Placement d) Working areas shall be minimized and Key issues in waste emplacement are as follows:
kept at no more than a ratio of 1.5
square meter (sqm) or less per • Minimize active filling area to exert maximum
ton/day (tpd) of waste received on a environmental control;
daily basis, e.g. 30 sqm working area • Minimize potential for environmental nuisance and
for a 20 tpd facility; impact to local amenity; and
• Maximize available void space.
Supervision of waste deposition by trained staff.
Restriction of active waste deposition area to c. 2 Ha. And

two faces.
Compaction of waste by mobile plant to crush large hollow

items and a minimum number of 3 passes of mobile plant.
Limit layer thickness to a maximum of 0.75 m.

6. Site Management Particular responsibilities with regard to:
• Securing resource requirements;

(D R A F T)
• Recruitment and appropriate training of staff, and

• Enforcement of site operational practices
Experienced Operations Manager with drive and

commitment
Forward planning of site operations and efficient utilization
of available void space.
7. Site Control Access to site regulated.
Waste pickers on site controlled by site management

according to agreed rules and procedures (e.g. no setting
fire to waste).
8. Fencing, Litter e) Security fencing shall be provided to

Control prevent illegal entries, trespassing
and large animal entries. Large
animals shall include but not limited to
adult domesticated or feral animals
such as dogs, cats, cattle, pigs,
carabaos and horses. Provisions for
litter control including the use of litter
fences and daily picking of litter shall
be included;
9. Record Keeping f) Basic record keeping including Quantity of waste loads and types of waste to be recorded
volume of waste received daily, manually by a site clerk.
special occurrences such as fires,
accidents, spills, unauthorized loads Information on difficult/special wastes to be recorded,
(maintain record of unauthorized and including location of waste deposition.
rejected loads, name and address of
hauler and generator of such
unauthorized waste), and daily waste
inspection logs;
10. Access Road g) Provision of maintained all-weather Good access to the site off the principal haulage routes.
Maintenance access roads;
Primary access road constructed to high standard to
minimize wear and tear on delivery vehicles and maintain
trafficability of haulage routes to waste discharge areas in
wet weather conditions.
Permanent roads surfaced supporting two-way traffic flow.
Minimum width of road 6 m (excluding shoulders).
Temporary roads designed to facilitate drainage.
Protection of the public from potentially dangerous site

activities (e.g. mobile plant)
11. Other Site Site support facilities to provide minimum levels of

Infrastructure environmental control.
Provisions may include the following:
• Services (electricity, water, etc.); and

• Small site office
12. Environmental Monitoring of the groundwater.
Monitoring
Monitor existing water wells using approved water quality
monitoring methods to determine and record the baseline
quality of the groundwater while open dumping was
resorted to.

(D R A F T)
Regular monitoring thereafter to establish how controlled

dump is affecting the quality of the groundwater
13. Maintenance Efficient functioning of the following components should be

maintained:
• Site roads;
• Drainage works; and
• Any mobile plant.
Regular daily and weekly servicing of mobile plant by

qualified mechanic / fitter.
Supply of spare parts of key items and components held on

site.
Maintenance of drainage works in advance of rainy season.
Maintenance of site roads as and when required, at least

quarterly. In wet weather re-grade as required.
14. Protection of Reduce impacts of site activities upon developments

Local Amenities adjacent to the site to minimum levels.
Key measures are:

• Use of litter fences;
• Daily liner patrols within and beyond site
boundary;
• Elimination of smoke from waste on fire;
• Control of pests and vermin; and
• Reduction in persistent odors through the
application of cover.
15. Waste Picking h) Controlled waste picking and trading,

if allowed by owner/operator, in order
to facilitate daily covering and
compliance to Subsections (a)
through (e) above;
16. Closure and Post i) Provision of at least 0.60 m final soil Upon completion of the controlled dump the site should be
Closure cover at closure, and post-closure returned to some form of productive use. Public open
maintenance of cover, drainage and space, recreational use, grazing and some other forms of
vegetation; Post-closure maintenance agriculture (with suitable depth of soil) are compatible after
shall be for a period of ten (10) years; uses. Building works are not recommended.
Site restored progressively upon completion of filling in any

particular phase.
Cover layer - minimum thickness for public open space is

600 mm (300 mm for drainage and 300 mm for soil).
Grade slopes to promote surface run-off.
Completed parts of the site should be seeded and planted

with native species of grass as soon as possible in order to
reduce the potential for soil erosion.
17. Hydrogeology j) Site shall not be located in flood plains

and areas subject to periodic flooding
and it shall be hydro-geologically
suitable, i.e., adequate separation or
clearance between waste and
underlying groundwater and any
surface body of water shall be

(D R A F T)
provided. Engineering controls shall

be provided otherwise.
Prohibited Acts Section 48 (RA 9003)

The following acts are prohibited;
18. Open Burning (3) The open burning of solid waste.
19. Squatting (5) Squatting in open dumps and

landfills.
20. Unauthorized (13) Transport and dumping in bulk of

Dumping collected domestic, industrial,
commercial and institutional wastes in
areas other than centers of facilities
prescribed under this Act
21. Vicinity (15) The construction of any
Development establishment within two hundred
(200) meters from open dumps or
controlled dumps or sanitary landfills
22. Surface and (16) The construction or operation of
Groundwater landfills or any waste disposal facility
Resource on any aquifer, groundwater reservoir
Proximity or watershed area and or any
portions thereof

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Republic of the Philippines

Department of Environment and Natural Resources

AEA Technology In Association With GlobalWorks • CalRecovery • ENR Consultants

Neil Varey, AEA Technology, Project Director

September 2003 (Revised)

2. Historical Perspective ............................................................................................................................. 2

3. Current Status ........................................................................................................................................ 5

4. Existing Issues and Impacts................................................................................................................. 16

5. Improvement Strategy .......................................................................................................................... 25

Appendix 1 Dumpsite Assessments

Appendix 2.1 Summary of Pertinent Disposal Regulations

Appendix 2.2 Controlled Dumpsite Inspection Report

Current Status FIGURE 1: DUMPSITE LOCATIONS

Metro Manila reportedly generates over 6,700 tonnes of

Six of the cities and municipalities operate their own

Waste Generated: 6,720 tonnes per day 704 TP D

Waste In Municipal System: 5,600 tonnes per day 96 TP D

Number of Dumpsites: Nine active dumpsites

Rodriguez (1,200 tonnes per day) 160 TP D D o n a P etr a

Cities Operating Dumpsite: Six operate their own dumpsites

Engineering Controls: Rodriguez only site with controls C a lo o c a n

Compliance with RA 9003: Widespread improvements needed 200 TP D

Remaining Dumpsite Life: Between 3 months and 4 years M u n t in lu p a

Waste Disposal Report No: 4 AEA Technology Executive Summary, Page i

Waste disposal regulations are in place3.

Issue 1: Existing Disposal Facility Deficiencies

Appendix 1 of the Waste Disposal Report provides technical

Inactive sites are abandoned without practically any closure

Catastrophic waste mass failure, leachate contamination and

Waste Disposal Report No: 4 AEA Technology Executive Summary, Page ii

Issue 2: Disposal Capacity Requirements FIGURE 3: REMAINING DUMPSITE LIFE

JAN 2006 - DUMPSITE PROHIBITION

Rodriguez facility may be operational, based on 3 Bagumbong Munic, Caloocan

optimistic estimates of remaining capacity4. The 4 Lingunan, Valenzuela

closure of other dumpsites may force Rodriguez to 5 Catmon, Malabon

take an increased waste load thereby reducing 6 Tanza, Navotas

Issue 3: Regulatory Enforcement

Regulatory enforcement agencies are seriously constrained by the

Issue 4: Institutions and Management

The recommended Short-Term Improvement

FIGURE 5: SUMMARY OF REQUIRED ACTION

Disposal Facilities Emergency Action Short-Term Longer-Term

Payatas Stability Assessment

Payatas Dumpsite Maintenance,

Pier 18 Program Long-term

Waste Disposal Report No: 4 AEA Technology Executive Summary, Page iv

Action 2: Future Disposal Initiatives FIGURE 6: SELECTED PREVIOUS DISPOSAL INITIATIVES

Semirara Island Regional Landfill Facility (RII Builders, 2001)

If in the avoidance of another disposal crisis, it is

Action 3: Regulatory Strengthening

be developed, initiated immediately utilizing the 15

A regulatory monitoring program should be established

Personnel resources should be developed to build ACTIONS CITIES, MUNICIPALITIES

Implement Short Term Quezon City

operational capacity to implement short-term dumpsite

Waste Disposal Report No: 4 AEA Technology Executive Summary, Page v

Existing Philippine Uncontrolled Dumpsite

Philippine Landfill Being Constructed

Waste Disposal Report No: 4 AEA Technology 1

Waste Disposal Report No: 4 AEA Technology 2

First Sanitary Landfill Opens - Clark Landfill (Capas)

ADB TA 3848-PHI Commences

Barging of Waste To Semirara, Public Opposition and Cessation

JICA Solid Waste Masterplan Published