MAKERERE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, DESIGN, ART AND TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING End of Semester II 2020/2021 Examinations MEC1203: THERMODYNAMICS Wednesday January 15t, 2022 Duration: 3.0 Hours (9:00 - 12:00 Hours) . Instructions: * The Examination paper contains TWO Sections with a total of Seven questions Each Question Carries 20 Marks You are required to do a total of FIVE questions Question 1 in section A is compulsory Choose two additional questions from section A Choose two questions from section B Answer each section in a separate answer booklet Marks for each question are indicated in parentheses. Indicate the attempted questions on the top page of the answer booklet provided. For air consider R= 0.287 kJ/kg/K, Cp = 1.05 kJ/kg/KSECTION A QUESTION 1 (20 Marks): Each number is 1 Mark For each number, write in the answer booklet provided the letter that represents the right answer i) The following are intensive properties A. Volume, heat, pressure B. Volume, entropy, enthalpy, C. Entropy, enthalpy, pressure D. Pressure, temperature, volume ii) For a given pressure, degree of superheat is A. The temperature of superheated vapour B. The temperature of superheated liquid C. The difference between the temperature of saturated vapour and the temperature of saturated liquid D. The difference between the temperature of superheated vapour and saturated liquid lil) The internal energy of a perfect gas is a function of A. Volume B. Temperature C. Density D. Work transfer iv) Internal energy is a A, Transient function 8. Path function C. State function D. Intensive properly v) Choose the right statement A. All adiabatic processes are reversible B. All adiabatic processes are isentropic C. All isentropic adiabatic processes are reversible D. Allisothermal processes are adiabatic vi) All reversible adiabatic processes are A. Isothermal B. isovolumetric C. Isentropic D. Isobaric vil) All superheated vapours A. Have a dryness fraction of less than 1 8. Have a dryness fraction greater than 1 C. Have a dryness fraction equal to 1 D. Have a dryness fraction of 0 2vill) Heat and work are A. System properties B. State functions C. Extensive properties D. Path functions ix) Gases have A. One value of specific heat capacity B. Constant specific heat capacity C. Varying specific heat capacities x) Heat addition in the Otto cycle is A. A constant volume process B. A constant pressure process C. A constant entropy process D. Constant temperature process xi) The efficiency of a Camot cycle is increased by A. Increasing the source temperature B. Increasing the sink temperature C. Decreasing the sink temperature xii) For a water pump, the least amount of A. Power produced is in a reversible adiabatic process B. Power consumed is in a constant pressure process C. Power consumed is in a reversible adiabatic process D. Power produced is in a constant volume process xiii) For an ideal gas, the characteristic gas constant R is A. Ce/Cy C. Cp-Cy B. Cv/Cp D. Cp+Cy xiv) For a kilogram of water, latent heat of vaporisation at a given pressure is equal to A. Enthalpy of saturated vapour - enthalpy of saturated liquid B. Specific heat capacity of water at saturation temperature C. Degree of supetheat of water x saturation temperature D. Saturated vapour temperature- saturated liquid temperature xv) All systems that interact with their surroundings are not A. Open systems B. Closed systems C. Isolated systems xvi) Pumps and compressors A. Are all power consuming devices 8. Are all heat engines C. Are both used for expanding fluids? D. Closed systems 3xvii) A heat engine operates between the saturation temperature of water at 70 bar and the saturation temperature of water at 1 bar. The maximum thermal efficiency of this cycle is A. 0.65 C, 0.33 B. 0.56 D. 0.53 xviii) The state of a substance can be defined by A. Work, heat and internal energy values B. Work, heat and enthalpy values C. Pressure, temperature and internal energy values D. Work, pressure and heat values xix) A perfect gas enclosed in a container at 25 °C is heated at constant pressure until its volume doubles. The final temperature is A. 50°C D. 323°C B. 298°C C. 596°C xx) Steam power plants are A. Open systems B. Internal combustion engines C. Isolated systems D. External combustion engines J QUESTION 2 (20 Marks) 2.1 Air enters a gas turbine system with a velocity of 105 m/s and a specific volume of 0.8 m?/kg. The inlet area of the gas turbine system is 0.05 m2, At the exit, the air has a velocity of 135 m/s and a specific volume of 1.5m3/kg. As the air passes through the turbine its intemal energy is reduced by 145kJ/kg. Heat transfer through the system is 27 kJ/kg. Determine i) The mass flow rate (3 Marks) ii) The exit area of the turbine (3 Marks) ili) The power produced by the turbine (6 Marks) 2.2 State two differences between a pump and a turbine (2 Marks) 2.3 Saturated water is pumped in a reversible adiabatic process from a pressure of 0.8 bars to a pressure of 40 bar. Determine the amount of power required to achieve this for a mass flow rate of 2 kg/s (6 Marks)/ QUESTION 3 (20 Marks) 3.1 A heat engine draws heat from a source at 1200 °C and rejects heat to a sink at 25 °C. If this engine is operating at 55% its maximum efficiency, Determine: i) The heat input required per second to produce 0.7 MW (8 Marks) il) How much heat will be lost to the surrounding per second (2 Marks) ili) If the heat rejected to the surrounding was instead used to warm 10,000 kg of water originally at 25 °C, how long will it take to raise its temperature to 40 °C? (4 Marks) Specific heat capacity of water is 4.2 kJ/kgK 3.2 Mary's uncle living near mountain Muhavura of Western Uganda uses a 1000W heater to warm his sitting room every day. He has been advised to replace the electric heater with one of the heat pumps on market. The heat pump has a coefficient of performance (COP) of 2.5. What power rating should the heat pump have to achieve the same heating effect in the room? (6 Marks) QUESTION 4 (20 Marks) 4.1 Differentiate between the following i) The Rankine cycle and the Otto Cycle (2 Marks) ii) Spark ignition engines and compression ignition engines (2 Marks) 4.2 A steam power plant operates on the Rankine cycle with maximum and minimum pressures of 50 bar and 0.1 bar respectively. The turbine operating adiabatically receives heat from the boiler at 500 °C. Neglecting losses, determine i) The heat transfer to the boiler (2 Marks) ii) The heat lost to the sink (2 Marks) ii) The work produced by the turbine (2 Marks) iv) The power consumed by the pump (2 Marks) Vv) The Rankine efficiency of the steam power plant (2 Marks) vi) The work ratio (2 Marks) vil) The specific steam consumption (2 Marks) vii) The new work ratio if the isentropic efficiency of the turbine is 85%. (2 Marks)SECTION B QUESTION 5 (20 Marks) /5.1 If you were asked to choose a fuel for a combustion process, why would you choose a solid fuel over a liquid or gaseous fuel? (4 Marks) (3 Marks) 5.2 Explain the main constituents of ash from a biomass fuel 5.3.As an Energy Engineer, which of the two fuels whose elemental compositions are shown in Table 1, would you choose for provision of energy for a thermal plant? Show how you arrive at your answer. (13 Marks) Table 1: Ultimate analysis of saw dust and coconut shells Elements ____—Composition(%) Saw dust ‘Coconut Shells Moisture 10.48 13.95 Ash 1.63 3.52 Carbon 45.55 44.95 Hydrogen 6.99 499 Nitrogen, 08 0.57 Sulphur Ot 0.08 31.94 Oxgyen QUESTION 6 (20 Marks) S6.1 Between Octane (CsHis) and glucose {C4HizO4). which fuel would require more air supply for complet: rnbusiion, if all factors were kept constant? (6 Marks) 6.2 Explain any three factors that can inhibit complete combustion of a fuel? (6 Marks) 6.3 What is the heat of reaction in kJ/kg of Benzoic acid (CstisCOOH)? Use the Thermodynamic data in Table 2 below. (8 Marks) Table 2: Thermodynamic data for substances at standard conditions Substance Enthaly of formation, AH, kJ/mol “Carbondioxide (g) “393.51 Oxgyen (g) 0 Benzoic acid (s) -385.1 Water (g) -241.82QUESTION 7 (20 Marks) 7.1 Using Carnot relationships, differentiate between a refrigerator and heat pump? (5 Marks) 7.2 A reversible heat pump is used to maintain a temperature of 0 °C in a refrigerator when it rejects the heat to the surroundings at 25 °C. If he heat removal rate from the refrigerator is 1440 kJ/min, determine the C.O.P. of the machine and work input required. (7 Marks) 7.3 If the required work input fo run the pump in 7.2 above is developed by a reversible engine which receives heat at 380 °C and rejects heat to atmosphere, determine the overall C.0.P. of the system (8 Marks)