 A man who failed the IELTS written test 15

times said, ‘I must be unlucky’.

 Do you think that is the real reason?

 Why is a written test more difficult than a

spoken test for most people?
 Non-verbal cues make speaking easier
 A smile
 Nice clothes
 Cosmetics
 A nice voice
No smile only spelling
No nice clothes only grammar
No cosmetics only ideas
No nice voice only tone
 BE CAREFUL. Small mistakes
can be big problems.
 Example 1: You are a fiend.
 Example 2: Dear Curse Coordinator
 Example 3: There are not enough sits in the
room.
 Example 4: She specialises in women and other
problems.
 READING will fill your brain’s super
computer with language codes.
 If you don’t read, you won’t know the codes.
 Read everyday as much as you can. But enjoy
it!
You already have good ideas, but good ideas does
not guarantee good communication!
There are three things necessary to write well.
How you join your ideas together is very
important.
Usually in English we only join two ideas
together.
It is possible to join more than two ideas together
but be careful. The more ideas you join in one
sentence the more likely it is your sentence will
have grammar mistakes and be confusing to the
reader.
 Simple sentences ( 1 independent clause)
*These are the most common sentences in
English.

Example:
Australians enjoy ice cream.
 Complex sentences (1 independent clause + 1
dependent clause + 1 subordinator)
*These are also very common in English.
Subordinators:
although, despite, even though, because, as, without,
unless, until, to, while, when, if…
Example:
Unless you do your homework, you won’t get an
apple.
You won’t get an apple unless you do your
homework.
 Compound sentence ( 1 independent clause + 1
independent clause)
*These are not so common in English.
There are 3 ways to join independent clauses:
1. Coordinating conjunction: and, but, or, for, so
yet…
Example:
Australians enjoy ice cream, but they are
becoming too fat.
2. independent clause; conjunction, independent
clause

Conjunctions: therefore, thus, however, on the

other hand, in addition, also, for example…

Example:
Australians enjoy ice cream; however, they
are becoming too overweight.
 3. independent clause; independent clause
* used when the two clauses have a clear
relationship

Example:

Australians enjoy ice cream; they especially

like it in summer.
 Defining the Object or the Subject is the main
way to add extra sophistication to a sentence.

This is usually done with relative clauses.

Example:
Australians, who are becoming less active, enjoy
ice cream, which is not healthy; therefore, obesity
rates are increasing, and the Government should
be more concerned about this.
 In formal writing and speaking we do not deal
with absolutes. There are always exceptions.
For example, do Chinese always eat rice?
Do Australians always enjoy sport?
Do people always use the internet?
The answer is no, so we need to use qualifiers in
our communication.
 most
 more easily
 students can more easily save data with a computer
 students will be more able to save data with a computer
 nearly all (always)
 in general
 many
 it is commonly believed that
 it is widely accepted that
 almost all
 almost no (never)
 a high percentage of
 a good number of
 a vast number of
 a small number of
 the overwhelming majority of
 a large proportion of
 a telling amount of
 students overwhelmingly use the internet
 virtually without exception students use the internet
 students, virtually without exception, use the internet everyday
 students to an overwhelming degree use the internet
 students prefer to use / take the train than walk by a small margin
 the vast majority of Americans like hamburgers
 Imagine you were driving your car without
any sign posts. It would be very confusing.
 Sign posts are needed in communication just as
they are in driving. They help readers know
where they are going. If there are no signposts,
readers will get lost!

Examples:
First, Next, Then, In addition, Finally…
However, On the other hand…
For example, For instance…
 To be a good communicator both in speaking
and in writing you need to be aware of three
key points:

1. Sentence types
2. Qualifiers
3. Signposts
These things are important in
both speaking and writing, but
they are more noticeable in
writing for the reasons we have
looked at in this lecture.
• Do you know a friendly native speaker?
A workmate, housemate, clubmate or
teammate?
• Every writer needs an editor.
• But there is a big difference between asking
someone to check your work and do your
work.
 Bad writing is like a dirty window.
The view is hard to enjoy.

 Good writing is invisible. So, the

view is clear.