Article 23

1. In the non-obstante clause contained in Article 23(2), there is a non discrimination

obligation on the state, on the grounds of religion, race, caste, or class, or any of them. A
simple comparison with Article 15 would tell that the grounds of 'sex, and place of birth' are
absent in 23, and 'class' is added. Discuss whether this is just an act of innocuous drafting, or
was it by design?
2. What is the scope of the word 'forced' in the expression 'forced labour' as used in Article
23? 
3. Many offenses in the IPC and other penal legislations provide for Rigorous Imprisonment,
in which the convict has to perform forced labour during the time spent during imprisonment
by the order of a court. How do you read this in line with Article 23 prohibition of forced
labour?

Article 24
1. What is the scope of the term 'hazardous' in the expression 'hazardous employment'? 
2. Unlike other aspirational Articles in Part-III which seek to prohibit a particular practice or
practices, the text states that such acts shall be punishable by law (See: Article 17, 23). Why
is child labour not been made punishable as a requirement?
3. Since the introduction of Article 21A, children aged between 6 and 14 years of age have an
enforceable right to free and compulsory education. What is the validity of the non-
prohibition of the non-hazardous employment  for children under the age of 14 in the light of
this new development? Can Articles 21A and 24 be reconciled in any case? Discuss.