COOPERATION CAMEROUN- BANQUE MONDIALE

COOPERATION CAMEROON – WORLD BANK

MASTER EN PLANIFICATION DES TRANSPORTS

MASTER OF TRANSPORT PLANNING
(CONTRAT N°154/CAT/MINTP-ENSTP/2021)

GROUPEMENT DES UNIVERSITES

ECOLE NATIONALE SUPERIEURE DES TRAVAUX PUBLICS (CAMEROUN) - NATIONAL ADVANCED SCHOOL OF PUBLIC WORKS
(CAMEROON)
UNIVERSITE DE PADOUE (PADOUE, ITALIE) - UNIVERSITY OF PADUA (PADUA, ITALY)
UNIVERSITE DE ROME LA SAPIENZA (ROME, ITALIE) - UNIVERSITY OF ROME LA SAPIENZA (ROME, ITALY)
UNIVERSITE LIBRE DE BRUXELLES (BRUXELLES, BELGIQUE) - UNIVERSITY LIBRE OF BRUXELLES (BRUXELLES, BELGIUM)

COURS : ECONOMIE DES TRANSPORT

TRANSPORT ECONOMY
MPT 450

LECTURER :
Dr. NZENDA CELESTIN SILANTOS

TITRE DE L’EXERCICE/ EXERCICE TITLE :

Les Auxiliaires de Transport

GROUP FOUR (4) MEMBERS

NOMS ET PRENOMS Matricule
TACHI Cliford KWENUI 21TP2L01146
NJI Boris TANIFORM FORHSOH 21TP2L01158
NEBOT NOTAM Henri 21TP2L01162
NGOSSO IV Damase Samuel 21TP2L01150
SEUNDA EKWE Idris Karel 21TP2L01153

AnnéeAcadémique 2021-2022
Academic Year

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 TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE……………………………………………………………………………2
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………..2
CHAPTER TWO……………………………………………………………………………3
TYPES OF TRANSPORT…………………………………………………………..3
CHAPTER THREE…………………………………………………………………………4
TRANSPORT DOCUMENT……………………………………………………….4
CHAPTER FOUR…………………………………………………………………………...6
THE DIFFERENT PROFESSIONS IN THE DOMAIN OF TRANSPORT…….6
CHAPTER FIVE…………………………………………………………………………….7
TRANSPORT BROKER……………………………………………………………7
CHAPTER SIX……………………………………………………………………………...9
NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT AUXILIARIES………...9
CHAPTER SEVEN………………………………………………………………………...13
IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORT AUXILIARY………………………………13
Reference List………………………………………………………………………………15

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 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

Auxiliary services to all modes of transport act as a stimulant to the sometimes cumbersome
process of transporting goods from the place of production to the customer. The few
commitmentsmade by stakeholders in this subsector thus far reflect the difficulties facing
suppliers of thistype of services in many countries. It is not enough to eliminate the barriers to
services in respect ofthe different modes of transport in isolation. Transport is organized
increasingly on an integrated andcomprehensive basis, a development which makes things
easier for producers and consumers. Fasterand more efficient transport services are one of the
keys to growth in international trade in general and the national economy in particular.
Theelimination of barriers to services auxiliary to all modes of transport will have a positive
impact ontheworld trade as a whole.
It should be noted that while auxiliary services involving a single mode of transport are
well developed nowadays, the same does not apply to the logistics of multimodal transport.
Indeed, itis often difficult for a small road transport company to find a partner that is ready to
carry its goodsfor the final leg of the road journey as unaccompanied combined transport. The
introduction offramework conditions favouring the development of advisory and matching
services for carriers in thetranshipment terminals would further stimulate combined transport.
This transport technique is animportant tool in international trade and the nations’ effort to
shift freight traffic from the road to the railways.
Definition:Transport auxiliary refers to the supporting services or activities that help in the
efficient transport of persons, goods and services. Auxiliary services to all modes of transport
include the following:cargo handling services, storage and warehouse services, freight
transport agency service includingother auxiliary transport services, and other supporting and
auxiliary transport services.

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 CHAPTER TWO
TYPES OF TRANSPORT

1. Road transport: This is an aspect of land transport which involves the movement of
persons, goods and services from a place of departure to a place of destination by road
using the different means of transport like taxi, buses, bikes, etc.
2. Rail transport: Rail transport, also known as train transport, is a means of transport,
which runs on tracks (rails or railroads). It is one of the most important, commonly
used and very cost effective modes of commuting and goods carriage over long, as
well as, short distances by land.E.gYaounde-Ngoundere railway.
3. Maritime transport: Maritime transport involves the physical transport of passengers
and/or goods by sea, which is often called shipping trade (seaborne), from the place of
departure to the place of destination.
4. Air transport:This is the transportation of passengers and freight by any conveyance
that can sustain controlled flight.It is one of the fastest means of transport which
connects national and international boundaries by air.
5. Pipeline transport: This is a long distance transportation of liquid or gas through a
system of pipes typically to a market area for consumption.E.g Chad-Cameroon
pipeline.
6. Inland waterways transport: This is the movement of goods using inland waterways
vessels which is undertaken wholly of partially in navigable inland waterways. Inland
waterways transport is a competitive alternative to road and rail transports.
7. Multimodal transport:Multimodal transport means the carriage ofgoods by at least
two different modes of transport on thebasis of a multimodal transport contract from a
place of departure at which the goods are taken in charge by themultimodal transport
operator to a place designated fordelivery. This can be national or international and
mostly with the use of containers.e.gPIGGYBACK (Rail/Road mode),
ROAD/SEA/ROAD etc.

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 CHAPTER THREE
TRANSPORT DOCUMENT
Transport document means any executed document for transportation services used to convey
information about cargo being transported. It differs depending on the mode of transport. At
the international level, we have the following transport documents:
a)CMR DOCUMENT

The CMR transport document is an international consignment note used by drivers, operators
and forwarders alike that governs the responsibilities and liabilities of the parties to a contract
for the carriage of goods by road internationally.
b) Bill of Lading (B/L)
A Bill of Lading is a maritime transport document that serves both as a receipt for
merchandise and a contract of carriage between the consignor and the consignee.
c) AIR WAYBILL (AWB)
An Air Waybill is a non-negotiable transport document covering transport of cargo from the
airport of departure to the airport of destination. The AWB must name a consignee (who can
be the buyer), and it should not be required to be issued “to order” and/or “to be endorsed” as
it is not a title of property of the merchandise.
d) MULTIMODAL BILL OF LADING (FBL)
A multimodal bill of lading is a type of international transport document covering two or
more modes of transport, such as shipping by road and by sea. It is also used as a carriage
contract and receipt that the goods have been received. When it is issued “to the order”, the
multimodal bill of lading is title of ownership of the goods and can therefore be negotiated.
As a rule, the multimodal bills of lading are not negotiable documents
Only authorized forwarders integrated into FIATA (International Federation of Freight
Forwarders Associations) can issue this document. It is addressed to the exporter, multimodal
transport operator on destination country and the importer.
e) CARGO INSURANCE CERTIFICATE
The cargo insurance certificate is a document indicating the type and amount of insurance
coverage enforced on a particular shipment. It includes the name of the insurance company
and conditions of coverage.

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f) INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL INVOICE
The international commercial invoice is an administrative document which contains all the
information about the international sale. The item, quantity, price of the product/services sold,
delivery and payment conditions, as well as the taxes and other expenses that might be
included in the sale are detailed in an international commercial invoice.
g) PACKING LIST
The packing list is a more detailed version of the commercial invoice but without price
information. It must include, inter alia (among other things), the following: invoice number,
quantity and description of the goods, weight of the goods, number of packages, and shipping
marks and numbers.
Land transport documents are mostly governed by national norms while maritime and air
transports are governed by international conventions. The following are some of the
documents used in Cameroon for road transport as stipulated by the CEMAC highway code:

 Vehicle registration certificate (carte gris)

 Road worthiness certificate (visite technique)
 Insurance
 Windscreenlicense (vignette)
 Road transporter chart
 Drivinglicense
 Transporter license

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 CHAPTER FOUR
THE DIFFERENT PROFESSIONS IN THE DOMAIN OF TRANSPORT
Many careers in transportation provide the opportunity to work in an industry that continues
to grow and change. Jobs in transportation often include new challenges every day. Also,
many transportation careers offer the possibility of career advancement.
Here are some of the professions in the transportation industry:
1. Taxi driver
Primary duties: Taxi drivers transport people to and from destinations. They operate meters to
track miles, obey traffic laws, record miles traveled and assist passengers. Taxi drivers may
work independently or for companies that respond to customer requests for dispatches.
2. Material handler
Primary duties: Material handlers, hand labourers or material movers work with stock and
freight. They may load or unload materials, prepare materials for shipment and move items
around warehouses or stockrooms. Some material handlers operate forklifts.
3. Bus driver
Primary duties: Bus drivers transport people to various places. They may work for schools,
cities or other private companies. Bus drivers pick up and drop off clients, interact with
passengers and drive regular routes based on schedules and timelines.
4. Flight attendant
Primary duties: Flight attendants work on plans to serve and ensure the safety of airline
passengers. They complete preflight inspections of airline equipment, show passengers how to
use safety equipment, direct passengers and coordinate medical care as needed. Flight
attendants ensure the comfort of passengers, accommodating their requests and serving in-
flight meals and snacks.
5. Highway maintenance worker
Primary duties: Highway maintenance workers ensure the quality of roadways for safe travel.
They maintain highways, airport runways, rural roads, municipal roads and rights-of-way.
Highway maintenance workers may patch and fill potholes, repair guardrails and markers and
clear paths and roadways.
6. Pilot
Primary duties: Pilots operate airplanes, helicopters and other types of aircraft to transport
passengers or goods. They complete preflight safety checks, verify and monitor engine fuel

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supplies and respond to changes in flying conditions. Pilots work closely with air traffic
control to ensure safety.
7. Logistics associate
Primary duties: Logistics associates, or logisticians, organize and analyze supply chains for
companies. They manage product life cycles, build relationships with clients and suppliers
and determine how to meet the needs of clients. Logistics associates also identify areas of
logistical improvement and propose strategies to reduce cost or improve efficiency.
8. Diesel engine mechanic
Primary duties: Diesel engine mechanics or technicians inspect, maintain and repair vehicles
with diesel engines. They may follow checklists to examine all critical parts, read and
interpret technical charts and complete and interpret diagnostic tests. Diesel engine mechanics
may overhaul entire vehicles as needed.
9. Truck driver
Primary duties: Truck drivers transport goods from one place to another. They often transport
goods from manufacturing plants to retail locations or distribution centers. Truck drivers often
have irregular schedules, and they complete drives within specific amounts of time.
10. Multimodal transport operator
Multimodal Transport Operator (MTO) means any person who concludes a multimodal'
transport contract and assumes responsibility for the performance thereof as a carrier.
11. Freight Forwarder:
Freight Forwarder performs its duty on behalf of Consignor or Consignee acting as “Agent”
for customs formality, assisting to deal with Common Carriers such as hiring truck, booking
vessel space, airline space to Move the goods from Origin to Destination
12. Analyst
Primary duties: Analysts, also called logistics analysts or operations research analysts,
examine company supply chains. They monitor product life cycles, oversee purchase and
approve resource distribution. Analysts research and propose strategies to improve efficiency
and reduce costs.

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 CHAPTER FIVE
TRANSPORT BROKER
A transport broker is an intermediary between the consignor, the consignee and the transport
company. The most common types of freight brokers are the following:

a) ASSET-BASED FREIGHT BROKERS:

These are trucking companies that work directly with shippers and own their
equipment to provide truckload services. Large asset-based carriers may own hundreds
or thousands of trucks, and employ drivers to operate them. Many shippers prefer asset
carriers over traditional freight brokers because of their reputation for reliability.
b) TRADITIONAL FREIGHT BROKERS:
Rely On Manual Communications. One area of supply chain optimization includes
hiring a freight brokerage that is readily available and relies on automation throughout
all operations.Traditional brokerages may not endorse the same capabilities as a digital
freight brokerage. It’s important to understand that traditional brokerages rely on
manual communications. These manual processes, like phone calls or emails, can take
up valuable time just trying to contact other parties.With traditional methods, brokers
must physically take the time to contact each potential new carrier when the need
arises.
c) DIGITAL FREIGHT BROKER:
This is an online “matchmaker” that connects shippers (individual companies or
shipping carriers) with truck drivers. It typically uses a mobile or online application
with programmed algorithms to connect companies and truckers quickly and
effectively. Think of it like online dating but for trucking.
d) THE AGENT MODEL FREIGHT BROKER:
This is an independent contractor who supports a parent freight company and works
for a freight broker advantages. Freight agents work directly with customers as
liaisons and sales agents. Freight agents find jobs for truck drivers and find truck
drivers for shipments.
e) THE 3PL:

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 3PL providers focus on building trusted, long-term relationships rather than simply
executing one or two operations. A 3PL can help address any volume of freight
shipments, any part of a business's supply chain, and any other logistics function

CHAPTER SIX
NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT AUXILIARIES
According to the UN Central Product Classification, auxiliary services to all modes
of transport coversthe following activities:
5.1 AUXILIARY SERVICES FOR ROAD TRANSPORT
5.1.1 Bus station services
Passenger terminal services in connexion with urban,suburban and inter-urban bus passenger
transport, on a feeor contract basis.Exclusion: Baggage and freight handling services.
2.1.2 Highway, bridge and tunnel operation services
Services of fixed facilities operation, such as roads,tunnels, bridges and causeways, on a fee
or contract basis.
5.1.3 Parking services
Parking services provided by carparks, parking lots andparking garages, whether or not
roofed.
5.1.4 Other supporting services for road transport
Commercial road vehicle maintenance and minor repairservices, on a fee or contract basis,
and other supportingservices for road transport, not elsewhere classified

5.2 AUXILIARY SERVICES FOR RAILWAY TRANSPORT

Supporting services for railway transport includepassenger terminal services, except cargo
handling,and other supporting services for railway transport, notelsewhere classified.
Exclusion: Shunting services (Pushing or towing services).

5.3 AUXILIARY SERVICES FOR MARITIME TRANSPORT

5.3.1 Port and waterway operation services (excl. cargohandling)
Port operation services such as wharves, docks, piers,quays and other marine terminal
facilities relatedservices, including passenger terminal services inconnection with marine
transportation, on a fee or contractbasis, and operating and maintenance services of boat,barge

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and ship canals, of canalized rivers and of otherartificial inland waterways. Also included here
areservices of boat lifts, weirs, sluices and towingservices on canals other than by tugboat,
e.g. by tractorsor locomotives on the towpath.Exclusions: Stevedoring services.
5.3.2 Pilotage and berthing services
Tugboat services in connection with the docking andundocking of vessels of all types; and
pilotage services,including the services of pilot vessels, whether suppliedto conduct a vessel
in or out harbours or aroundnavigational dangers.
5.3.3 Navigation aid services
Services provided by lighthouses, lightships and lightvessels, buoys, channel markers, and
similar aids tonavigation.
5.3.4 Vessel salvage and refloating services
Vessel salvage services, whether provided on ocean andcoastal waters or on inland waters.
Such services consistof recovering distressed and sunk vessels and theircargoes; including the
raising of sunken vessels, therighting of capsized vessels and the refloating of stranded
vessels. Exclusions: Towing services supplied to distressed vessels, Lifeboat services, marine
fireboat services and othermarine search and rescue services.
5.3.5 Other supporting services for water transport
Cleaning, disinfecting, fumigating, vermin control andsimilar services, on board docked or
anchored vessels, on afee or contract basis, water transport supporting servicesdirectly
connected with vessel operations not elsewhereclassified, and not directly connected with
vesseloperations, such as icebreaking, vessel registration,vessel laying-up and storage
services, etc.

5.4 AUXILIARY SERVICES FOR AIR TRANSPORT

5.4.1 Airport operation services (excl. cargo handling)
Passenger air terminal services and ground services on airfields, including runway operating
services, on a fee orcontract basis. Exclusions: Air terminal cargo-handling services
5.4.2 Air traffic control services
Flight control tower operation services, includingapproach, landing and take-off control
services. Alsoincluded are services provided by airport located radarstations.
5.4.3 Other supporting services for air transport

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Aircraft cleaning and disinfecting services, firefightingand fire-prevention services, and
hangar services, on a feeor contract basis. Aircraft towing services are alsoincluded.
Exclusion: Air-sea rescue services.

5.5 TRAVEL AGENCY, TOUR OPERATOR AND TOURIST GUIDE SERVICE

5.5.1 Travel agency, and tour operator services
Services rendered for passenger travel by travel agenciestour operators, and similar services;
travel information,advice and planning services; services related toarrangement of tours,
accommodation, passenger and baggagetransportation; ticket issuance services. These
servicesare provided on a fee or contract basis.
5.5.2 Tourist guide services
Tourist guide services by tourist guide agencies andown-account tourist guides.
Exclusions: Services by own-account hunting guides.
5.6 Cargo handling services
5.6.1 Container handling services
Cargo handling services provided for freight in special containers. This subclass includes
services of container freight terminal facilities, provided on a fee or contract basis, for all
modes of transport, including stevedoring services (i.e., the loading, unloading and
discharging of vessels' containerized freight, at ports).
5.6.2Other cargo handling services
Cargo handling services provided for non-containerized freight or for passenger baggage.
This subclass includes services of freight terminal facilities, provided on a fee or contract
basis, for all modes of transport, including stevedoring services (i.e., the loading, unloading
and discharging of vessels' non-containerized freight, at ports), and cargo handling services
incidental to freight transport not elsewhere classified. Also included in this subclass are
baggage handling services at airports and at bus, rail or highway vehicle terminals.

5.7 STORAGE AND WAREHOUSING SERVICES

5.7.1 Refrigerated storage services
Storage and warehousing services for frozen or refrigerated goods, including perishable food
products.
5.7.2 Bulk liquid or gas storage services

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Bulk storage and warehousing services of liquids and gases.
5.7.3 Other storage or warehousing services
Storage services for other goods, including cotton, grains, wool, tobacco and other
agricultural products as well as other household goods.
5.8 Freight transport agency services
Freight brokerage services, freight forwarding services(primarily transport organization or
arrangement serviceson behalf of the shipper or consignee), ship and aircraftspace brokerage
services, and freight consolidation andbreak-bulk services.
5.9 Other supporting and auxiliary transport services
Freight brokerage services; bill auditing and freight rate information services; transportation
document preparation services; packing and unpacking services; freight inspection,
weighing and sampling services; and freight receiving and acceptance services (including
local pick-up and delivery)

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 CHAPTER SEVEN
IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORT AUXILIARY
 Auxiliary Services to all modes of transport are important, firstly to the exporting
countriessince they are one of the keys to reaching the customers, which sometimes
are located thousands of kilometresaway in the most efficient manner possible; and
secondly to the importing countries, since theyensure access in the best possible
conditions to high quality goods available on the world market,regardless of their
distance from the exporters.
 With the growth in the global flow of goods, services auxiliary to all modes of
transport areacquiring increasing importance. Competition between suppliers of goods
means that the goods areoften transported through several countries (by road, rail, air
or water) as quickly as possible in orderto respond "just in time" to customer demand.
This involves not only the physical transport of goodsfrom one point to another on a
basis of an optimum combination of different available modes oftransport, but also the
efficient handling of all administrative, customs and insurance matters.
 Faced with globalization and increasingly fierce competition, many companies have
chosen tosub-contract activities relating to the supply or distribution of final products
to companies offeringintegrated services ("one-stop logistics") covering all aspects of
transport. According to certainsources, this integrated services market should be
booming in the coming years.
 Recent studies show that supply chain and logistics management plays a key role in
international trade, since the share of transport costs in the final price of the product is
steadilyincreasing. New supply chain management strategies, such as prompt reaction
to the needs ofconsumers, have redefined demand for transport services by imposing
shorter stock replenishment andreduction cycles. This means a reduction in the
quantities ordered and an increase in the frequency oforders, and consequently a
significant increase in the number of deliveries to the end-user. Accordingto some
studies, transport need is increasing by the day in both developed and developing
countries, Cameroon included. Hence, the added need for specialized enterprises to
organizetransport on an integrated and efficient basis.
 Moreover, the "just-in-time" principle has led to a high number of empty runs. The
development of freight exchanges is one way of reversing this trend. However, access

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to these exchanges must be open, without discrimination, to all carriers and not only to
a few big companies asa means of boosting their competitiveness.

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Reference List
World Trade Organization (2001).Communication From Switzerland : Services Auxiliary to
All Modes of Transport. S/CSS/W/784 May 2001
Department Of International Economic And Social AffairsStatistical Office Of The United
Nations (1991):Provisional CentralProduct Classification.United NationsNew York,
1991.ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/77. Series M No. 77.
CPC references and CPC-explanatory notes (1992):The services of Annexes 1 A and 1
BofCouncil Directive 92/50/EEC if 18 June 1992relating to the coordination of procedures
forthe award of public service contracts

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