Chapter Chemical Reactions Topics Covered: Learning Objectives: Changes You will be able to understand: What are physical and chemical chan; evaporation and crystallisation a physical 2 How chan; ; What are chemical reactions and theit examples? How do we characterise a chem What are different types of chemi reaction? I reactions? number of changes take place around us all the time. We selves keep changing throughout life. For example, We change from an infant to @ toddler to a youngster as we grow and in the process, our appearance changes. We become taller, our weight increases and undoubtedly we become more knowledgeable. But whatever changes take place, we remain humans. These changes we go through cannot be reversed, i.e., we cannot become babies again, 4.1 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES Changes where only a change in appearance (size, shape, colour), position, taste and state takes place are known as physical changes. Not all, but many physical changes are reversible. In another type of change, a substance undergoes a change in its internal structure to form a new substance. Such changes are known as chemical changes. A chemical change is always irreversible. Burning of a candle shows both physical and chemical change. When @ candle is lit, the heat of the flame melts the solid wax to liquid wax. This signifies a physical change because the state of the wax changes from solid to liquid and the size of the candle diminishes. The wax acts a fuel whose major component is carbon. The carbon combines with oxygen to form carbon dioxide. This signifies a chemical change. (Observing physical change in burning of a candle. Light a candle and observe the melted way at the bottom of the candle. Collect this way and remelt it Faia other Shape aT wax? Caution: Do this activity in the presence of an adult Do not touch way immediately. Let it cool dawn.Chapter 4 : Chemical Reactions Melting of butter Salt crytalisation 37 4,2 PHYSICAL CHANGES {hs stated above when the physical properties of a substance undergo changes, but the substance remains the same then such changes are called physical changes. More examples of physical changes 1. Melting of butter is a physical change because on melting the shape and size of butter changes, but no new substance is formed. 2. Formation of ice cubes from liquid water. 3. Evaporation of water from sea or lakes to produce salts: As salt is left behind in the sea, the concentration of salt keeps increasing gradually that makes seawater salty. When concentration of salt in water reaches 35g per litre, no more salt gets dissolved. This is called saturation. Once the sea water becomes saturated the excess salt settles down at the bottom of the sea. Salt can be obtained from sea water by the method of evaporation. In coastal regions of India, especially Gujarat and some parts of Tamil Nadu, sea water is collected in shallow pits called lagoons, It is allowed to stand in these pits for a few days. Water evaporates due to the heat of the sun leaving behind a concentrated solution. When this solution becomes super saturated, salt separates out in the form of crystals. A super saturated solution is highly unstable and crystallises easily. The salt thus, obtained is in crystalline state. Crystalisation The process of separation of pure crystals of a substance from its solution is called crystallisation, Crystals are formed from a saturated solution. Crytallisation changes the shape, size and state of a substance but not its chemical composition. aystals of some common substances like urea, copper sulphate, alum, etc, can be obtained easily by the process of crystallisation.cose ‘a steot_fomearend en crystallisation way atm. stort taking place Conclusion: Crystals can be ‘on the suspended obtained from super saturate. = Solutions of salts by crystal ith thea nt | this tion 4.3 CHEMICAL CHANGES (REACTIONS) rae one or sore substances When one or more substances undergo a chemical change to form a (elements or compounds) Bees ocean ae new set of substances with entirely different properties, we say a Brith the reles chemical change, also called chemical reaction has occurred. For of energy’ to form one or example, if a substance A reacts with another substance B to form more new substances, then new substances C and D, we say a chemical reaction has occurred the change is called a pecs ie between A and B, This chemical reaction can also be written in the chemical reaction. following form, known as a chemical equation: AEs C45 In a chemical reaction, the substances which undergo a change are called reactants. The new substances which are formed after the reaction are called products. The properties of the products are always different from reactants. You may have observed the following chemical changes in your surroundings. Let us study about some of them. Rusting of iron The deposition of red, powdery substance on iron objects such as nails, shovels, tawas, etc., when they are exposed to moist air is oe ON called rusting. This reddish brown substance is called rust, which is nothing but iron oxide. The chemical reaction for rusting of iron is represented as: ster 4Fe + 30, + HO ——+2Fe0,.1,0 Rusting of iron (Iron) (Oxygen) (Water) (Iron oxide) J+ Chemical Reactions oe) “The formation of rust is an irreversible change as it is caused by a chemical change. Rusting may weaken structures such as iron gates, doors, railways, bridges and car bodies, etc. Why? This is because rust slowly corrodes iron. Although it is a slow process, it may lead to big losses as in the case of rusting of ships. test necessary conditions for rusting. Put some iron nails in three different test tubes, Mark them 1, 2 and 3. Add water to test tube-1 and make it ar tight by closing its top with a cork, Add some water to test tube-2 and keep it aside, ave test tube as iti. Observe after some days, you will find: ls do not rust Test tube-2 ~ Nails rust ea Since, rusting occurs in the presence of moisture and oxygen, therefore, if we prevent iron articles from coming in contact with a either or both, they can be saved from rusting. Gal i poe Some methods to prevent rusting are: (i) Painting: Coating iron articles with paint prevents them from coming in contact with moisture and oxygen. If painted regularly, items can be saved from rusting. (ii) Oling and greasing: Applying a smooth layer of cil or grease ‘on the surface of iron articles can protect them from moisture and air and save them from rusting. (iii) Galvanising: The above mentioned methods work for short time periods and need regular maintenance. A comparatively permanent solution to prevent rusting is galvanising. In the process of galvanisation, an iron surface is coated with a layer of another metal like zinc or chromium. The water supply pipes Olling and greasing ised iron pipe used in our homes are usually made of galvanised iron. (iv) Alloying: The process of mixing more than one element (metals lethods to prevent rusting with metals or non-metals) to form a new substance is called alloying. The new substance thus formed is called an alloy. The properties of a metal can be altered by forming alloys. Alloying is usually done to improve the properties of a metal to make it more useful. Steel is an alloy of iron, which is prepared by mixing a small percentage (0.5%) of carbon, nickel and chromium in pure iron. Iron rusts but steel does not and thus Utensils are made of steel, i oak a ‘an alloy of iron has a longer life. This is why scissors, utensils, blades, cutlery,40 ‘Change in colour occurs due to reaction of oxygen with iron Evolution of gas Change in colour Absorption/Evolution of heat Change in physical state Formation of precipitates Photosynthesis Green plants prepare their food in the form of glucose ang oxygen gas when carbon dioxide and water react in the praP® sunlight and chiorophyll. The following reaction represents «Se chemical changes taking place during photosynthesis: "© 6CO, + GH,O Chlorphy, GHO, , % Carbon dioxide Water“ ""8™" > Glucose 9 (Reactants) —J — Products) Y8" Burning of paper When you burn paper, the carbon content of paper reacts with oy, present in arto frm carbon dioxide. This fs Sen in the form of Colour change in food items What happens to the creamy white layer of a brnjal and an appje when they are cut and exposed to air? We observe that the inner surfaces of the brinjal and the apple ty dark after cutting them and letting them stand for sometime, This happens due to a chemical reaction which takes place between oxygen in air and iron found in these items. It is an irreversible change. | Intext Questions QI List at lea: day life. 4.4 CHARACTERISTICS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS There are certain apparent or visible changes which enable us to confirm that a chemical reaction has taken place. Some of these changes are: 1. Evolution of gas: Some chemical reactions involve evolution of gas. The gas evolved may be odourless or have a peculiar odour in some cases. The evolved gas can be seen as bubbles formed in the liquid. This bubbling is called effervescence. 2. Change in colour: Some chemical reactions are characterised by — a change in colour which is so distinct that we can safely assume that a reaction has taken place. Colour change takes place due to the formation of a new substance having a different colour than the reactants.To see change in colour in a chemical reaction. ; 1. Take a test tube with a small quantity of sodium sulphide init.d ae dite sulphuric acid (0 it A gas (sulphur dioxide) is evolved 2. Now add a little oF oured potassium dichromate (o the test i of the components changes £0 green colour, takes place in which the orange-coloured potassium dichromate changes | 3 Achemical to a green-coloured compound chromium sulphat rhe colout acti of heat: All chemical reactions involve the form of heat or in some other form their surroundings. Sometimes energy is ‘absorbed by the reactants 3. Absorption or evolution exchange of energy in between reactants and released and sometimes energy is during a chemical reaction. Depending on the absorption or evolution of heat, chemical reactions can be classified as: ‘emical reactions during which heat is (a) Exothermic reactions: Che evolved are known as exothermic reactions. For example, when carbon in the form of coal is burnt in the presence of oxygen, lots of heat is produced. It is written as follows: co, + Heat for an exothermic “+ Heat’ is written vith the products, as wwolved during such a ic +O, __Buming , (Carbon) (Oxygen) (Carbon dioxide) L__Reactants ‘Products — BG 7p sec evolution of heat in a chemical reaction. (ose FI take 1 mL of cite hydrochloric acid i a test tube, Add 1 HE of dilute iat Fed. 1 sodium hydroxide solution it, The test tube becomes hot. Why? 107 BIG) 4 cremical reaction takes place between dilute hydrochloric acl and dilute a iam hydroxide solution and energy is evolved in the form of heat [pov £ HCE + NaOH ——> Nace + HO + Heat (Godium chloride) (Water) eee (Hydrochloric Sodium hydroxide a soluti cid) solution) oe ns during which heat is Pction, “+ Heat is written tions. For example, when sodium bicarbonate is heated, it absorbs energy in the ing with the reactants oF vritten alc vi i riten atong with form of heat to form sodium carbonate. ile writing chemical (b) Endothermic reactions: Chemical reactior pation for an endothern absorbed are known as endothermic reat Heating Hett6s aco, + HO + CO.t - Heat (Godium (Water) (Carbon ‘carbonate) dioxide) (Products, ——— 2NaHCO, y, we rarely follow this practice. For endothermic jons we write negative form of energy exothermic reactions we useScience? emical reactions, the hat of the products, ctants differs from t pavexample, when hydrogen and OXYSEA ee Genre cron in’a vessel and electricity is Pase ough them, ae aot riquid is formed. This is due to the burni rogen water, a liqui rmed. | in oxygen. " 2H.0 4. Change in physical state: In some chi physical state of the reat - + (liquid) 5, Formation of precipitates: In some chemical reactions, when eerttions of two chemical compounds are mixed together, an insoluble solid substance is formed. This 's = 2s precip ide gas is pass 7 For example, when carbon dioxic _ water (calcium hydroxide), it becomes milky. This is - to the formation of precipitate of insoluble calcium carbonate. ange in physcal state co, ——>_ «ac, + :+HO Calcium carbonate Water (white precipitate) Products ——! Ca (OH): + Calcium hydroxide Carbon dioxide (Lime water ~ colour are Q1 Explain the following equation » (RO2)Whaths ust Q33 Write general equation for Q-4 Can there be any chang chemical change? ‘a-carbon ater tums milky When can we say that a chemical reaction has taken place? We can safely say that a chemical reaction has taken place if the following conditions are fulfilled: (a) There are one or more reactants involved in the chemical reaction. (b) There is formation of one or more new substances after the chemical reaction. (c) Energy is either absorbed or released in the form of heat, light, etc. (d) None of the reactants retain their individual identities. The products can be absolutely different in terms of colour, odour, 0 physical state (solid, liquid, or gas).spter 4 : Chemical Reactions 43 4.5 TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS Chemical combination ‘There are a number of types of chemical reactions. Some of the ‘Chemical decomposition "portant types of chemical reactions are: Single displacement Double displacement 1, CHEMICAL COMBINATION REACTION Oxidation and reduction When two or more elements or compounds react chemically to form Only one new product, then the reaction is called a chemical Q e 0 combination reaction. \ A¥B (Tivo reactants) = AB (One product) 2. CHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION REACTION censatconbnaon eatin When a single chemical compound decomposes on heating or by Supplying some other kind of energy, like electricity, to form two or More substances, the reaction is called a chemical decomposition reaction. Decomposition reactions are opposite to the combination reactions. © In combination reactions, two or more reactants combine to form ‘one product while in decomposition reactions one reactant divides @ into more than one product. eee AB (One reactant) ———> A + B (Two products) 3. SINGLE DISPLACEMENT REACTION When a more reactive element displaces a less reactive element from its compound, the reaction is called a single displacement reaction. A+ BC ———> AC+B Notes Displacement ofa less reactive ‘metal rom its salt solution by 4. DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT REACTION saiuion In this type of reaction, two compounds in a solution (aqueous state) 4 more reactive metal can a" i ourpred tos more poverfal exchange positions, i.e., exchange ions, to form new compounds. person pushing a weaker person to take his place, AB+CD ———> AD+CB LaAND REDUCTION REACTION removal of hydrogen from an called oxidation. 5. OXIDATION Oxidation: The addition of oxygen to OF nent or compound in a chemical reaction 15 Consider the following examples: Carbon reacts with oxygen present During this reaction, oxygen is add elem in air to form carbon dioxide, led. Carbon is oxidised as it gains oxygen. Cc + O, — ~©, (Carbon dioxide) (Carbon) (Orygen) 10 form hydrogen chloride reacts with chlorine te ren is removed. Hydrogen «Hydrogen sulphide r and sulphur. During this reaction, hydrog} sulphide is oxidised by losing hydrogen. . Removal of hydrogen : Oxidation An oxidising agent is a nat can cause Hs +) Ch FHT s (Hydrogen chloride) (Sulphur) (Hydrogen (Chlorine) on of another sulphide) e. In other th ubstance is known as oxidising agent. words, its a substance which can cause ‘A substance that oxidises another st addition of oxygen OF In above two examples, oxygen (O,) and chlorine (CI,) are oxidising pee esate agents. Oxygen supplies the necessary oxygen to carbon, while chlorine removes hydrogen from hydrogen sulphide. (dition of hydrogen or removal of oxygen from an Reduction: The ad .d is called reduction. element or compoun' Consider the following examples: Magnesium oxide reacts with carbon to form carbon monoxide and magnesium. In this reaction, oxygen is removed from magnesium oxide. Magnesium oxide is reduced to magnesium by losing oxygen. Removal of oxygen : Reduction +c — Mg + © MgO Magnesium Carbon Magnesium Carbon oxide monoxide ugh hydrogen sulphide, it forms hydrogen ction, hydrogen is added to bromine. mide by gaining hydrogen. When bromine is passed throt bromide and sulphur. In this rea Bromine is reduced to hydrogen bror ‘Addition of hydrogen : Reduction ro HS + Br, —> 2HBr + § Hydrogen Bromine Hydrogen Sulphur sulphide bromideoraddition of hydrogen. Chapter 4 : Chemical Reactions Come ‘Areducing agent is a substance which can bring about reduction in another substance, ie, a substance which can, cause removal of oxygen iteiesaem esters IMPORTANT TERMS * Chemical reaction: When one or more substances undergo a complete change with the release or absorption of energy to form one or more new substances, Reactants: Substances that undergo a chemical change during a chemical reaction. Products: Substances that are obtained as a result of a chemical reaction. Rust: Reddish brown substance deposited on iron objects. Galvanising: Coating an iron surface with a layer of another metal such as zinc or chro m. SUMMARY Various physical and chemical changes keep on occurring in our surroundings. Changes in which there is change in the shape, size or physical state of the object, but no new substance is formed, are called physical changes. Salt from sea water can be obtained by evaporation and pure salt can be obtained after crystallisation, Changes in which there is a formation of a new substance are called chemical changes or chemical reactions. Ina chemical reaction, two or more substances, elements, or compounds called reactants, undergo a chemical change to form a new substance called product. 45 A substance that reduces another substance is known as reducing agent. In above examples, carbon (C) and hydrogen sulphide (H,S) are reducing agents. Carbon removes oxygen from magnesium oxide while hydrogen sulphide supplies the necessary hydrogen to bromine. * Alloying: Mixing more than one element to form anew substance. + Effervescence: Bubbling caused by the evolution of gases during a reaction. + Exothermic reaction: Reaction during which heat isevolved. * Endothermic reaction: Reaction during which heat is absorbed. Precipitate: Insoluble solid substance formed when solutions of chemical compounds are mixed together. 6. Some of the commonly observed chemical change * Rusting of iron * Photosynthesis * Burning of paper _* Colour change in food 7. Some of the apparent changes that take place chemical change are: * Change in colour * Evolution of gas * Change in energy (evolution or absorption of heat) * Change in physical state * Formation of precipitate 8. Ina combination reaction, two or more elen compounds react chemically to form only 0 product.