Complete Answers and Marking Schemes 1 Unit 1 ¢ Multiple-choice Questions + LB RA 5 8 a 50 6A Fuse must have a low melting poimt. It melts when a large current is passed through. ne Aireraft body must be light but strong. a B 8 10. B LD 2 has the lowest reactivity as its oxide can be reduced by heating alone. Z comes the next as its oxide can be reduced by heating with carbon. 2D Compare the number of Cu units on both sides 10 find that y= 3. There are 8 °N" on the RHS of the equation, tis gives x= 8 1A 4A 18. 16. 1B Mining leaves a lot of waste chemicals which contaminate soil and underground water. Sulphur dioxide is also produced which causes aid rain 18D A 20.8 (© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited el Complete Answers and Marking Schemes gg ¢ Structured Questions ¢ L@c It is the most valuable and most durable (corrosion resistant) metal () 4. It is a good conductor of electricity with @ relatively low price. © Dd. Itis cheap and strong. (@) Jewels: appearance — whether it has a beautifull attractive appearance Overhead power cable: density ~ whether it has a low density 2, (a) The relative abundance of gold is much lower ‘than that of aluminium, (8) Any 190 of the following: = Gold is expensive = Gold is durable (corrosion resistant) = Gold has a shiny attractive appearance. (©) Iron is cheap and strong. (@ Aluminium is more corrosion resistant than iron, Mercury Gi) On heating, mercury formed turned to vapour. The mercury vapour condensed on the upper (cooler) part of the tube to form the silvery film. (b) @ Oxygen Gi) Puta glowing splint into the tube, ‘The splint relights (©) Mercury(tI oxide ——> mereury + oxygen (@) ‘The experiment should be performed in a fumne ceupboatd, Because mercury vapour is poisonous/ Ihazardous to health, (©) Mercury at red hot reacts with oxygen in air to form back mercury(I) oxide, 4. (@) Roasting lead) sulphide in aie ‘Then heating the resulting lead(IT) oxide with carbon, w iO io 0 a 0 m m1 io a el iO] iO] wm 0 mM mM iO) W 0 mW 0 u Chemistry Success Key for HKDSEE 3Wa Complete Answers and Marking Schemes gy co ows eat xeon ato me 2 Fea olan Sr crete Longe stip © 5 (@ o © @ o © @ © © fi - +f Lead(Il) sulphide + oxygen ——> lead) ‘oxide + sulphur dioxide Lead{lt) oxide + carbon ——> lead + earbon dioxide Heating zine oxide with carbon. Zine oxide + carbon ——> zine + carbon dioxide Heating silver oxide alone, Silver oxide — silver + oxygen Electrolysis of molten calcium oxide. Electrolysis Calcium oxide ———~ > caleium + oxygen CBA Melt the oxide to molten state, Inthe electrolysis of the molten oxide, the metal is Formed on the negative electrode’ cathode. Electrolysis Oxide of "5. c+ oxygen Metal D is the second least reactive within all these metals ‘The technique used to extract metal D from its ore is used for rather unreactive metals. ‘Therofore Dis a rather ueactive metal Xsiron Iti cheaper less expensive. ¥: aluminium ‘Any one of the following Wis lighter (easy to eatry), Ithas a lower tensile strength (easy to open. Any one ofthe following Plastics Glass {© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited 4 iD} a iu) iO} uy u 1 0 w m Ww m ww 0 m w Wy m m & @ © Any two of the following: Compare with mining and extracting ‘metals from their ores, recycling metals saves money and resources. ‘The reserve of metals is limited. Without recycling, they will become scarce and ‘more and more expensive. The recycling industry provides employment opportunity as workers for sorting and transporting the serap metals are needed. Any two ofthe following During the extraction of metals, acidie gas is given out, This leads to air polation. (Chemicals are used during the mining and extraction processes. The waste chemicals contaminate the soil and water. Tis leads {0 sol pollution and water pollution a Ql For open-cast mining, the holes on the ‘ground destroy the natural landscape and ‘vegetation, They are also eyesore, Mining and metal extraction are resouree intensive. These processes require a lot of energy, fuel and water, In contrast, less resources are needed in the recycling of ‘metals and thus these resources can be saved, Any one of te following: Difficulty in the collestion of metals e.g. The public does mot have the conscience to save the metal for reeyeling Difficulty in the sorting of metals. Its difficult to sort non-fersie metals, (ii) Any one ofthe folowing: Installation of more reeycle bins at ‘convenient locations, ‘Subsidisation of reeyeling industry by the government. Rise the awareness of the general publi in the related issues, Urge the public to aware of their ‘waste disposal habit by legislation and changing fes. {or other reasonable answer) © m a Suggestion 1 Advantage 1 Disadvantage 1 @ Any one ofthe following: Steel Advantage: haed and strong: G1 Chemistry Success Key for HKDSEE 3= Disadvantage: lower thermal conductivity Stainless steel: = Advantage: hard and strong/ more corrosive resistant, ~ Disadvantage: lower thermal conduet more expensive (or other reasonable answer) (©) Aluninium: ~ Advantage: lower density’ cheaper, ~ Disadvantage: lower electrical conductivity ‘Hower tensile strength 10, (a) Heat the wo test tubes There is no observable chang fr carbon powder For the misture, it glows and red solid appears cn heating. 2Cx0(9)+ Cle) —> COMe)*2Cu15) () Asareducing agent 6 Essays # 1. Relate conservation of metal resources te mining and extraction of metals Environmental problems due to mining Environmental problems duc to extraction of metals Conservation of metal resources helps reduce highly polluting processes such as and extraction of metals which are required to meet the demand of metal consumption. Mining of ores leaves large holes and waste in open- ‘east mines. Mining destroys the ecosystem of the area Extraction of metals produces acidic gases like sulphur dioxide which eauses acid rain, Extraction (and mining) of metals leaves waste chemicals ‘which pollute soil and surace water. Effective communication ‘The ability to present ideas in a precise manner ‘The ability to present ideas ina systematic manner ‘The ability to present answer in paragraph form and fall sentences Explanation of the 4°R"s using aluminium as example Difficulties encountered in aluminium conservation Explanation of the 4"Rs using aluminium as example: = Reuse: e.g. an aluminium foil may be reused after cleaning and washing, Replace: e.g. an aluminium can may be replaced by a glass bole ~ Reduce: eg. use less aluminium articles, buy @ ‘new one only when the old! ane cannot function nd cannot be repaired. (©2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited 6] W wu iO) 0 wu PB) py b) ty) 0 w 0 iO] 1 vl Complete Answers and Marking Schemes gg ~ Recycle: e.g. recycle aluminium cans, melt them down and use them to make new articles again, Difficulties encountered in aluminium conservation: = Difficulty in collecting aluminium eans, ‘may be due to inconvenient locations of reeycle bins, or consumers are not conscious of the need of environmental protection. ~ Cost of collecting aluminium eans and sorting aluminium cans from other waste metals oF materials (or other reasonable answer) [Effective communication The ability to present ideas in a precise manner The ability to present ideas ina systematic manner The ability o present answer in paragraph form and full sentences Unit 2 + Multiple-choice Questions # A 2B RA A Both Ca and Na react with cold water, but NaOH forms soluble carbonate, c Chemical reactivity of metals increases down the ‘group and decreases cross the period from lft t right 6B ne ‘We do not know the exact position of Xin the reactivity series. We ean only conclude that if Fe ean react, X can also react andi Na cannot react, X also ceannot react BA ow Metal higher in the reactivity series can displace ‘metal below it from the solution of is sal 10. ma Zine can be produced by earbon reduction of the oxide or by heating zine oxide with a metal above it in the reactivity series (but not for Na, K, Ca as these metals react vigorously in air on heating). mW 0 a 0 n a Chemistry Success Key for HKDSEE 3Te Coniete Answers and arking Schemes gy RB B only gives precipitation reaction in which lead(I) chloride is precipitated, 13. Ac Copper displaces silver ion in the solution to form blue copper(I) ion. 18. C Zine displaces iron ftom iron(I}) sulphate but iron does not. Zine cannot displace itself from zine sulphate 16.6 nA Metals react by giving up electrons. The more readily a metal gives up eleetwons, the more reactive is the metal, 1c No two metals have the same reactivity. B can displace C, so B is more reactive than C. A cannot displace B, Ais less reactive than B. C ‘cannot displace 4,4 is more reactive than C. A 20. B Magnesium chloride reacts with lead(It) nitrate to form lead(t1) chloride. This is a precipitation reaction and is nota displacement reaction, Whether magnesium is higher than lead in the reactivity series oF not doesnot matter. 4 Structured Questions L@ () reacts with oxygen in air to form a dull Layer of sodium (6) 2Na(s) +2400) —> 2NaOH(ag) + Hyg) (@) Blectrolysis oft 2. (a) Potassium (b) 2K(s) 24,00 —> 2KOH(ag) + Fig) (©) Safety goggles should be worn. (@)_X should be stored under parafin ol. 2X would react with oxygen and moisture (water vapour) in at. (© The reaction between X and dilute hydrochloric acid would be so vigorous that explosion may Na, Ca, Za, Fe, Cu, Ag. (b) Feand Zn 3Fo(s) + 4H,0(g) —> FeO) + 4H(8) (ote the formula of iron oxide in this ease.) Sodium molten metal oxide (© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited m (0 io Ql io w a a io io} a pI a 4. Zais)+ HOG) —> 20018) + Hds) 0 © As a (8) (@M should be placed above Cu bt below Fe inthe series. m0 (Gd, M can be extracted by heating the metal oxide with carbon. a (Gi) Ad copper to silver nitrate solution. a A grey precipitate is formed and the solution slowly turns blue, showing that copper ean displace silver from the solution ofits salt. Hence copper is more reactive than silver. el (a) Any one of the following: @ Calcium reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide. Lead(It) ion forms insoluble lead) hydroxide with hydroxide ions. — Calcium hydroxide is not very soluble in \water, solid caleium hydroxide appears as 4 milky suspension. (b) The metal used should not react with cold ‘water, Posible metals are Mg, Za or Fe, w 8 Ma(s) + P(NO;)aq) > Po(s) + MatNOs)aa) (11 (© © Po4) + H;$0aq)—> PHS) + Hg) [1] ‘The lead( tt) sulphate produced forms an insoluble coating on the surface of lead and ‘prevent further reaction between lead and the acid. 0 (8) Add an aqueous solution of sulphate (ee. sexi sulphate) to lesa) nitrate a (8) Displacement reaction 0 (0) Pb (aq) + Zn(s) —> Zn (ag) + PIs) ay (©) No free (mobile) ion exists in the reaction. a (@) In both cases, Zn gives up electrons to Pb" reduces it to Pb, Zin itself forms Zn a (©) There is reaction between KNO,(ag) and zine, 0) i) The equation ofthe reaction: ‘Any one of the following: m = ols) + 2YNO sag) —> Zn(N0})ag) + 2X) = Eais)+ 24 (aq) ——> Zn"(aq) + 2X18) Observable change: Any one ofthe following: a ~ Silvery white sold deposits on the zinc rmetal = The zine metal immerses in the solution hesome thinner. (Chemistry Suceess Key for HIKDSEE 36 @ o © @ © & @ ) © %. @) o © @ © (Note: No mark will be awarded for part (@) if the answer states that there is no reaction between ANOs(a) and zine.) Cu" (aay eopper(t ions (Culs)-+24¢ (ag) —> CaP" (aq) +2445) (Note the charge of 4°) Copper is more reactive than M. Heating the metal oxide with carbon. 2M,0(8) + C(s) —> 4MUs) +COM@) Zine, YX Zine can displace X and ¥ from the solution of their salts ine is the mest reactive. Y-can react with dilute hydrochloric acid but cannot. Ys more reactive than X: A teddish brown precipitate appears when ¥ is added tothe solution ofthe nitrate of X. ‘There is no observable change when Vis added to magnesium nitrate solution. Crucible = = Mature of {Teast once ‘and charcoal 2PHO(s) + C(s) —> 2P(s) + COs) (Bubble the gas int Hime water ‘The lime water tums milky (i) Any one of the following: = To make solder meta for making fuse ~ Tomake lead-acid eel for car battery Ma, Fe, Fe(s) + H,S04ag) —> FeSOJag) + He) Iburns with a bright white fame. 2Mg(s) + Ox(¢) —> 2Mg04s) ator tbe (Note: The gas can also be collected by using ‘upward delivery of gas and gas syringe.) ‘© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited u 0 1 a m a wo i} 1 m1 a 0 iO) t) a) iO uy 0 0 2 YF Complete Answers and Marking Schemes (Put a burning splint at the mouth of the test tube, ‘The gas burns with a “pop” sound. 10, (a). Me(s) + 211C(ag) —> MaC (a) * 2) Grier (© @ Similarity: Both Ba and Mg react with dilute hydrochloric acid to give hydrogen. Difference: Ba reacts more vigorously than Mg. (i) Ba(s) +24 (aq) —> Baan) + Hal) + Essays + 1, Principle Experiment Principle: ‘The metal higher in the reactivity series can displace smtals below it fom the solution oftheir salts Experiment 1. Dissolve the three solid nitrates separately in ater to form aqueous solutions, 2 Put metals X, ¥ and Z separately to the nitrate solutions of the other two metals. Record the observations. 3. The metal (e.g. 4) which displaces the other two metals from their salt solutions is the most reactive. 4, The metal (e.g. 1) which displaces only one ‘metal from its salt (ue, Z) comes next 5. The metal (eg. Z) which does not displace any metals from the solution of their sats is the Teast reactive. 6. From this, the reltive reactivities of the three ‘metals can be determined (inthis ease X> Y>Z). Effective communication ‘The ability to present ideas in a precise manner ‘The ability to present ideas in a systematic manner ‘The ability to present answer in paragraph form and full sentences 2. Deseription about each metal Reactive metas form stable oxides. They ean only be extracted by electrolysis of the molten ore. For example, aluminium can only be extracted by electrolysis of molten aluminium oxide (or bauxite), a ro a 0 a n a a a a a a wu u) 3 0 a 0 32 Bl ‘Chemistry Suovess Key for HKDSEE 3Ta Complete Answers and Marking Schemes gy Metals of moderate reactivity can be extracted by carbon reduetion, For example, iron(Il) oxide ean be reduced to iron by heating with earbon, Unreactive metals do not tend to form oxides tnd their oxides are unstable. On heating, their oxides decompose to give the metal and oxygen. ‘An example is silver oxide. Silver oxide readily decomposes on heating to give silver and oxygen Effective communication ‘The ability to present ideas in a precise manner The ability to present ideas in a systematic manner ‘The ability to present answer in paragraph form and {ull sentoncos Ui init 3 —_ + Multiple-choice Questions + ne | mole ofthe compound contains 2 moles of X and 6 roles of ¥. The molecular formula ofthe compound is 43%, and its relative molecular mass = 27.0 x 2+ 385%6 A ‘Number of atoms in a molecule molar mass : the one with the greatest value contains the greatest 42 2 17.03 * 20.01" 28.0 Using the ratio numberof atoms. In this case: 02 | mole of 4305 contains 48 g of oxygen. Hence 48 molar mass of X30, = 48 = 192 LOs= 35, 7 192 (@) 192-163 Relative atomic mass of X= >= = 72 4D Molar mass ‘Avogadro's constant (0, has'a molar mass of 16.0 8 2 aC For equal masses of two compounds, the one with higher relative molecular mass contains less number of molecules. Therefore if a certain mass of CO; contains x molecules, equal mass of O, contains Mass of a molecule 4s motecates 2 ‘©2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited el el a a a 2 10. 1. 2, Using the ratio the one with the ‘molar mass smallest value contains the least number of ae ae molecules. In this e956: 505+ 35.9° 3g0° G4 ‘The molar mass of X30, =2 * 14.0+ 4 « 16.0=92.0(8) i 644.0 Number of moles of X50, “55 (mol) a 9% by mass of Fe in FeSO, + 7H0 558 ae 55.8 +32.1+4%16.0+7%(16.0+1.01 x2) * c Molar mass of Ca(HCO)s = 40,1 +2% (1.01 + 12.0+3 « 16.0) = 162.12(@) ‘There are six O atoms per 1 formula unit of Ca(HCO,): Therefore, % by mass of O in Ca(HCOs): is 6x160 162.12 ate, B Mass of 0 in 14:7 goF CaCl + HHO 447-11.1=36@) Molar mass of CaCl = 111.1 g; molar mass of HO 808 Using the relation mass = numberof ole role mass, 36 _ 18.08 a Un D Molar mass of CuSO, + 51,0 is 249.7 g, Mas of waterin | mole ofCxSO,+ SHLO=90.1 8 Heence mass of water driven off= 10.0% 20 249.7 B c iH o Massratio | 345 [91 36 Mole ratio 31 290/364-2728 o 160 Relative 9A Lg | 228 mole ratio 228" | 228 ¢ Mo 100 Tere are FF = 0.500 mole of CO and IOP 0.313 mole of O; ‘Chemistry Suoeess Key for HKDSEE 3According to the equation: 2CO +0,» 2C0, 2 moles of CO react with 1 mole of O,. Hence, CO isthe limiting reagent 40 Mass of CO; Formed = 35,5440 4D Mass of CO; given out = 2.20 g in which 320 2.20% 75) 1.60 gofit is oxygen, #o [As oxygen comes only fom ZnO, mass of ZnO = 6544160 160 160%: =8.14g 18. “Molar mass of ethane = 30.06 g. According to the equation, 1 mole (30.06 g) of ethane reacts with 35 moles (35 x 32.0 = 112 (g)) of oxygen. Hence mass of oxygen required to react M2 with 3.00 g ethane = 3.00% 1 16.8 According to the equation, 1 mole (30.06 g) of ethane reacts to form 2 moles (2 * 44.0 = 88.0 (g)) of earbon dioxide. Hence mass of ethane required to form 4.40 gof CO, 4.40% 30% 880 2D 1 mole of X40 contains 3 moles of atoms and 1 mole ‘of XO, contains 4 moles of atoms. Hence 75 w of XO, 3 contain 3 moles of atoms or mole of moecuies ore moras of 10 7544 =100(9 ‘The relative atomic mass of X= 100 ~ 16.0 « 3 = 52.0 ‘Molar mass of X:0 = $2.0 2 + 16.0 = 120.0 (x) 1D 8.00 °% by mass of inthe sompoued = — 8.00 = 56.3% ‘Mass of O in 1 mole ofthe compound = 284 «0.563 = 160 g, ie. there re 10 O-atoms in 1 molecule of ‘he compound (Note: We do nor know the exact umber of X atoms inthe molecule) »B ‘There is no selatonship between the molar mass of «compound and the number of ions that forms the compound, FeCl, contains 4 ions per formula unit and PbCl, contains 3 100% (© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited wal Compete Answers and Marking Schemes gy 20.4 As the number of N-atoms in the two compounds are the same, % by mass of N decreases when the ‘number of O-atoms increases, Structured Questions ¢ 1. (a) 2ZnO(s)+ C(s) ——> 22n(s) + COAg) o (b) Mass of CO, = 32.8 ~ 30.6 = 2.2 (2) on a ‘Number of moles of CO:= 475 = 0.050mol [1] (©) 2moles of Zn0 give | mole of COs. a Hence, number of moles of 210 2% 0.050 mal = 0.10 mol a (Mass ofZn0=0.10 (654+ 160)=8.14(9) 4] Mass of the istre for the reastion =328-23.8=9.0g ™ S4iiy as of 220 inthe ctr = am 2. (a) Na,CO, + nH,O(s) ——> Na;CO;(s) + nHz0(g) [1] (b) Molar mass of Na,CO, « #H,O = 106 + 18.020 106 212 7 106+ 18.020 5.72 a n= 10 a (© N1,C0, is stable to heat but CaCO, desomnposes on strong heating to give C20 and CO, Hence a 2 @ 6 2G % composition 2 by mass mi ws ss ee fas wi sw number 55.8 32.1 Lo 160 [t) ofmolesimal =9360 =038% =S0S =396 Mole cto 1 ot * 8 The empiri forma X's FeSH,Oy. 1) (b) Heat the solid ina test tube and see whether there is any water condensed onthe mouth of the test tube. a Then text the water condensed wih a plece of anhydrous cabal) chloride paper 0 “The colour ofthe teat paper tums bie. a (© FeS0,+ 7140 a) ‘Chemistry Suoeess Key for HKDSEE 3Wa Complete Answers and Marking Schemes gy (a) Cin CO, and H in HO formed come ftom F, Ro 440x122 <1 20g Mass of C= 44055 =1.208 2.02 ass of H= 2.70x 72 9393 g Mass of H Tao 703038 Mass ofO~230~120~0303-0.797g — [1'4] Fe a oO Massratio | 1.20) 0.303] 0.797 120 | 0303 | 0.797 Moleratio | 20 | 101 | 160 = 0.100 | =0.300 | = 0.0498 Relative mole ratio 0.100 | 0300 | 00998 0.0498 | 0.0498 | 0.0498 «2 | <6 | =1 - 480 Hence, the molar mass of XSO.i8 55993 =240.8 (8) iO Relative atomic mass of 240.8 -96.1 = 145 wu ‘The actual relative atomie mass of Xs mallee. [1] ‘The error may be due to ‘Any one ofthe fllowing: a) incomplete deying ofthe precipitate — contamination ofthe presipitate of oer ions. Excess HCI is used to ensure all calcium carbonate has been reacted. a [Number of moles of CO, collected 10 ‘Tho empirical formula of Fis C3H,O. ‘The molecular formula is (C:H,0), (2 12046 1,01 + 16.0)n=46.0 The molecular formula of Fis CHO, (©) 2C3H,0 + 60, —> 4CO, + 6H,0 (#) Limiting reagent (or limiting reactant) is the ‘chemical which contains fewer moles than the proportion required by the equation, It is the first chemical used up in the reaction. Meg{s) + CuO() —> M065) + Cus) © (© Number of moles of Mg = 22 = 0.103 (mol) 5.00 ‘Number ofmotes of CuO = 565 = 0.0629 (mal) Since 1 mole of Mg reacts with | mole of CuO, ‘CuO is the limiting reagent. (8) Mass af Cu formed = 5.00% 95 5 =3.99 (2) (@) When the precipitate was settled, add a Title more XC1(oq). If no more precipitate was formed when further XCIx(ug) was added, -XCI,(ag) was already in excess. (©) Number of moles of MgSO, used i 240 ~ 2434321 4x 160 Since 1 mole of sulphate gives 1 mole of AS0., the number of moles of ASO, in 4.80 g of precipitate is 0.01993 mol 101993 (mot) {© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited mg uw a a a a a a w a a a a = pp 70:03409 (my Since 1 mole of CaCO; produces 1 mole of COs, number of moles of CaCO, in the sample = 0.03409 mol. ty Mass of CaCO, = 0.03409 « (40.1 + 12.0 #3 * 16.0) =3.412(g) [1] purity = *412 100% =80.8% a 3.80 ‘The impurity does not react with HCI to produce CO;, in [Namber of moles of HCI required =2 * 0.03409 = 0,06818 (mol) m Mass of HCl required = 0.06818 » (35.5 + 1.01) = 2.49 (g) mM Percentage by mass of Cuin the sample = 280 5 100% = 65.0% a 400 Since 1 mole of sulphuric acid reacts with 1 mole of A, 0.0210 mol of M has a mass of 4.00~2.60= 1.40 (8) a Relative atomic mass of MI m Metal M may be zine (relative atomic mass = 654) aw ‘The alloy is brass. am COM) + CaOH) ag) —> CaCO\s) + HO) (1) “The increase in mass of lime water is due to the absorption of Ce 330 ‘Number of motes of CO, formed = 755 0.0750 (anol) a CoHulg) + 80g) —> 30042) +4800) [1] Chemistry Suscess Key for HKDSEE 3(@) Since 1 mote ofthe alkane produces 3 moles of co, 0.0750 mol number of motes of CH, a = 0.0250 mol So by mass of the alkane (3x12.0+8%1.01) 0.0250 6.00 © 100% = 18.4% 10, (a) The gas is explosive. Itis lit at the hole of ‘the combustion tube to prevent leakage to the surroundings. ‘Any one ofthe following: = ‘The experiment should be done in the fume-cupboard in a well ventilated place, = Safety gowules should be worn ) (©) Mass of Cu=3.35 8 Mass of O=3.80~3.35 = 0.45 (¢) cu °. Mass! g 335 0s 3.35 04s Number ae ‘ofrmoles/ mot 635 foo 0.08275 ~0.02812 Mole ratio L875 1 2 1 ‘The empirical formula ofthe oxide is Cu,0. ‘The mass of Cu left is less than expected. Some Cu powder formed may be driven away by the stream of hydrogen @ # Essays + 1. Chemicals, apparatus and brief experimental procedures Safety precautions with reasons Collection and manipulation of data (Note: In this question, the use of chemicals apparatus and the collection of data should be mentioned It is also important to describe how the empirical formula ean be caleulated from the data collected) Measure the mass of a crucible (mn). Add about 2 1g of magnesium ribbon tothe crucible and measure the mass again (im). Plce the eracile on pipe-clay twiangle and tripod. Heat the contents gently and then strongly Safety goggles must be worn as there is fre during the reaction. Care must be taken not to Look at the contents directly because Me burs with a very ‘bright white Hight, {© 2010 Times Publishing Hong Kong) Limited a a e a a ul a a a u 2 el_Compete Answers and Marking Schemes gg ‘When the reaction has finished, measure the mass of the eucibe and the contents (my) when cool. From this, the mass of Mg uscd (ms ~m) and the sass of O in the resulting compound (my ~ ms) can be found, Conver the two values to mole ratio by dividing them respectively with the molar mass of Mg and O and the empirical formula of magnesium ‘oxide can be estimated, Effective communication The ability to present idea in precise manner “The ability present ideas in a systematic manner “The ability to presen answer in paragraph form and full sentences 2 (Note: In this question, the idea of a balanced equation should be mentioned, and henee the coefficients of the equation provide the mole ratios ‘of reactants used and products formed.) ‘A chemiea! equation gives the reactants used tnd products formed in a reaction. A chemical equation should be balanced by adding appropriate cooficiens so thatthe number of different species on oth side are equal Ina balanced equation, the coefficients give the mole ratios of the reactants required and the products produced in a reaction, Ina practical reaction, scientists are concerned sith the exact amount of reactants used and products formed. When the mole ratios of reactants and products are known from an equation, the masses of them can be found by multiplying the mole ratios ‘with molar masses. For example, according to an equation, 1 mole of carbon reacts with I mole of oxygen to give I mole of carbon dioxide. That means, 12 g of carbon reaet with 32 g oxygen to give 44g of carbon dioxide “The eating masses of the three bear the same ratio as 1232 Effective communication The ability to preset ideas in a presise manner “The ability to present ideas in. systematic manner The ability to present answer in paragraph form and ful sentences 1 Unit 4 Multiple-choice Questions + LD 24 2B Bl el iO] a m Qa o a 0 3 a ta) 0 Chemistry Suosess Key for HKDSEE 3Way Complete Answers and Marking Schemes Ny n 2 1B. 4. 15, 16. 0. 18. 1. 20. The presence of salt increases the conductivity of the solution and hence facilitates the transfer of electron of ron to the solution. B Sugar isnot an electrolyte, D A B Iron(I!) ions are Formed which give a blue colour with rust indicator. OH are formed which turn phenolphthalein pink, A ‘The metal must be lower than zine inthe reactivity series. c c [In (1) and (3), the metals which ar les reactive than {ron are plated on iron, which is not an application of the principle of sacrificial protection, D c B D Carbon does not prevent steel from rusting, that is why we have steel and stainless steel Bao c D ¢ Structured Questions # 2 (2) Anhydrous ealeium chloride is used to absor’ moisture (water vapour) inthe tube. (b) “To boil away any dissolved oxygen in water (©) Oil is used to prevent oxygen from entering water. (@) {ron nail in tube I (©) Water and oxygen are the conditions for rast (a) Fe"(aa) The presence of an electrolyte increases rusting process of Fe 10 Fe, However, in the presence ‘of an acd, the formation of FeO: is prohibited. {© 2010 Times Pablishing (Hong Kong) Limited m0 0) u) nm a a ia} S108 ) ©. (a) o © @ © « © © @ o © (Note: If the acid concentration is high, Fe is stable and will not turn to Fe". That is why iron(II) sulphate solution in the laboratory is prepared by dissolving the sotid in dilute sulphuric acid.) Hydrogen. Fe(s) + 2H" (ag) —> Fe" (ag) + Hig) (FeO, nlt,0 (i) During the rusting process, iron is oxidised surface. Tron() ion is then oxidised 0° iron) oxide which is insoluble in water. Fea) Porassium hexaeyanofrrat(t}) Dish II. (No mark for the answer without explanation) Copper is less reactive than iron, Iron loses electrons more easily to form Fe™, this speeds ‘the rusting OF (an) Phenolphatein (i) Magnesium is more reactive than ion, i loses electrons fo ion, preventing i rom resting Silver (or any other metal below iron in the ‘metal reactivity series) Zine (or any other metal above iron but does not react with cold water) Attach zine! magnesium block to the pipeline. The pipeline is protected by sacrificial protection. By oiling. Oil prevents water and oxygen from coming into contact of iron surface. Galvanisation. The bucket is protected by sacrificial protection. Both methods prevent the rusting of iron by separating oxygen and water vapour from coming into eontaet of iron surface. Any one ofthe following: ~ ron fence ~ Ton gate ~ Body of refrigerator (Any reasonable answer) tis much cheaper than electroplating. ‘Any one ofthe following: = Ball pen Decorative item ~ Utensils in bathroom (Any reasonable answer) WW m mn B m i to) p) u a 2 a 1 a fe 2 wu "1 a io (Chemistry Success Key for HKDSEE 3‘The layer of metal attaches very strongly to the iron object, hence the object is more durable. (1 Electroplating gives a shiny appearance to the iron object. a (@) The electroplated object will corrode faster. ‘An iron object is electroplated on its surface with an inert metal like gol, platinum or silver. ‘These metals are more unreactive than iron. When the surface of an electroplated object is scratched, iron can transfer electrons tothe inert ‘metal, Hence corrosion rate is faster mw ‘When the paint on an iron abject surface is removed, iron will corrode simply as an protected iron, iO 6 (@) Tin m (b) It separates iron from air and water, thus ‘preventing iron feom rusting iO] nis non-toxi. m 1 {© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited (6) As tin is less reactive than iron, when the tin ‘surface is seratched, the iron below will rust coven faster 0 (© () Galvanisation is the coating a layer of zine ‘on iron surface on (i) As 2ine is more reactive than iron, when the zine surface is seratched, zine ean still protect iron by sacrificial protection mn i) No, (No mark for the answer without explanation) 0) tis because zine ions are rox. m (a) Any two of the following: PB) ~ Rusting reduces the hardness and strength of iron objects. We have to pay for the repairment and replacement ofthe corroded iron objects, = Metal failure of vehicles due to rusting ‘causes accidents and may bring about deaths. = The corrosion of iron damages the structure of buildings, which is dangerous to property and the lives of people (b) Any to of the following: 2) — Iron is a natural resources. Corrosion of irom is waste of natural resources, = To replace the corroded iron abject, iron has to be extracted from its ore. This process involves mining and metal extraction, which pollute the ntural environment. = Processing the corroded iron object may hhave harmful effet to the environment vel Complete Answers and Marking Schemes gg (©) Any one of the following: 2 = Coating with paint, oil, grease oF plastic (painting on ears or bridges; greasing the moving parts of machines; coating coat hhangers and draining racks with plastics) = Galvanisation (plating a layer of zine on roof or buckets) in-plating (plating a layer of tn on food cans) Electroplating (plating chromium on ‘bumpers of cars, utensils in bathroom; plating silver on jewels and cutlery) ~ Sacrificial protection (attaching zine blocks to the hull of ship and underground pipeline) Making alloy (making stainless steel by adding chromium and nickel o iron) = Connecting the metal object to the cathode ‘ofa battery (for car bodies) 8 (a) Polish a picce of aluminium foil with sand paper (or better still dip the aluminium foil {nto mercury(I} chloride solution for sbout 30 seconds) to remove the oxide, Put the aluminium foil and an iron nail ‘Sepatuely into dilute hydrochloric acid, m Both give out gas bubbles, but the reaction ‘between aluminium and hydrochloric acid is ‘more vigorous Bl (b) There isa layer of strong aluminium oxide on the surface of aluminium. The layer prevents aluminium from further attack by oxygen. m (©) @ Anodisation isan electrolysis process used to increase the thickness of the oxide layer ‘oF a metal. During the electrolysis, the metal iy made the anode, wo (Note: Anodisation may be applied to other metals like Mg, Zn, not just to Al.) Aluminium oxide layer attaches tightly to the surface of aluminium and prevents it from corrosion. Anodisation inereases the thickness ofthe layer, and hence increases its corrosion resistance 0 (Gi) Anodised aluminium can easily be dyed to sive various attractive colours. m (@) Duralumin aw (b) To replace pure aluminium to make the body of airerat m ‘The alloy is stronger and more corrosion resistant. [1] (©) Steel 1m (@) Add chromium to make stainless steel. 0 Chemistry Suovess Key for HKDSEE 3Te Complete Ansers and Marking Schemes gy 10, (@) There was no observable change inthe test tube containing dilute ine chloride solution, Grey solid deposited on the iron wire in the test tube containing dilute tin(ll) chloride solution Zine, ron, tin ‘The nail wrapped with tn strip rusted faster. When two metals with different reactivities are {in contact, the more reactive metal rust in prior to the less reactive metal, Therefore, such nail rusts faster (© () Attach/connect a metal which is more reactive than iron to an iron object, The ‘more reactive metal will corrode first and the iron object i protected from rusting, (ii) Zine is more suitable to prevent iron from rusting ) Zine is more reactive than iron and will corrode firs. When the iron object is completely covered by the “unsuitable metal” and no iron isin direct contact with the ai. @ + Essays + 1. Answer to each metal Iron eorrodes in the presence of water and oxygen. The corrosion process can be prevented by separating oxygen and water from iron. One of the methods is by electroplating. Eletroplating is an electrolysis process in which a layer of inert metal is plated on the surface of iron. This layer of metal attaches strongly to the irom surface and prevents its contact with oxygen and water I alo gives shiny appearance tothe ron object. Aluminium is reactive. It eaets with oxygen i air (form aluminium oxide. However this oxides layer attacties very srongly to the aluminium surface and protects aluminium from further attack of oxygen This oxide layer can be thickened by an electrolysis process called anodistion, Anodised aluminium is more corrosion resistant It can aso be dyed easily to diferent attractive colours Effective communication The ability to present ideas in a precise manner ‘The ability to present idews in a systematic manner ‘The ability o present answer in paragraph form and Full sentences 2. Description othe rusting process of ion Comparison of the corrosion resista aluminium oxide ang iron(II) oxide oe between {© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited m ul ul n 1 BR) m m n 23 8) 12+ ‘The corrosion of ion is rusting, During rusting, iron atthe surface layer frst reacts with moisture to form iron(ll) ion. Iron() ian is soluble in water. It leaves the iron surface and enters into the moisture where it reacts further with oxygen and water inthe moisture to form hydrated iron(l) oxide. The inon( Itt) oxide s0 formed does not attach tothe iron surface firmly and cannot protect iron underneath from further corrosion. 4 Unlike iron, aluminium forms oxide directly with oxygen in air. The oxide layer attaches strongly to the aluminium surface. This layer separates aluminium underneath from further attack of oxygen and makes aluminium more corrosion resistant. [2] Effective communication 3 ‘The ability to present ideas in a precise manner [1] ‘The ability to present ideas in a systematic manner {1} The ability to present answer in paragraph form-and full sentences a Ui init 5 Unit 5_, 4 Multiple-choice Questions + LD Soft drinks contain carbonic acid, Benzoie acid is @ preservative, Ra 2B 4D ae The reaction between HCI and AgNO, is a precipitation reaction 6B Cu does not react with a dilute acid and dilute acid reacts with metal to give hydrogen, The reaction between Cu and HINO, is a redox reaction which will be discussed later. D (CaCO; forms insoluble coating with H,SO, but not with HCL B oD 10.4 | mote of sodium hydrovenearbonate reacts with 0.5 mole of sulphuric acid Chemistry Suosess Key for HKDSEE 3n. 2 1B. 4. 16. a 9. 20, D Tons are responsible for the conduction of electricity Jn aqueous solution. B CH,COOH has only 1 ionisable H atom: CH,COOH = CH,COO +H c c Concentrated HCI has a higher concentration of HC. It reacts faster than dilote acid, Cu has a lower reactivity than H, it eannot displace FI from an acid. (instead, Hs can displace Cu from its sat) A Concentrated sulphuric acid is a strony oxidising agent and a drying agent, Also, there is too litle ‘water for concentrated sulphuric acid to jonise to form ions. B ‘A strong acid completely ionises in water. Its dogree of ionisation would not be increased by increasing its concentration. (Actually, even for a strong scid, its degree of jonisation may be decreased if its ‘concentration is very high.) A Nitric acid willbe decomposed by light c Pure HCl isa gas. There isa limit of its solubility in water: So we cannot dissolve a very large amount of HCI in water: However, pure HNOs and H3S0, are liquids. They can mix with water inany proportions. A A Methylbenzene is @ non-aqueous solvent. HCI exists as molecules in methylbenzene. ¢ Structured Questions + (a) Any one of the following: ‘Add a few drops of methyl orange/ ‘universal indicator to the solution, The indicator turns red in the solution. (No ‘mark for phenolphthalein—its docs not change colour in an acide solution.) = Add magnesium into the solution, It rats ‘with acid to give gas bubbles. ©) © H(aq) + COs (ag) —> 1,00) + COXg) (© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited pl a ~13- © @ ) © @ © @ ) © @ © @ ) © @ rel Complete Answers and Marking Schemes gy Gi) H(e9)* OF (aq) —> H.00) ia} CuO is formed when Cu is stony heated in ait w 2Cu(s) + O44) —> 2Cu0(9) ia ‘When CuO is added t sulphuric acid it reacts to form CuSO, whichis blue Ww CuO(s) + H,S0.4ag) —> CuSOMag) + HOCH] Hydrochloric acid ia} “The table is made of marble—caleum carbonate Hydrochloric acid reacts and dissolves the surface ofthe table. The stan, whichis attached to the table surface, i also removed. a 2HCl(ag) + CaCO) —> CaCh(ag) + H,0() + COs a No. ia “The table is damaged corroded, ou ‘CORROSIVE Rit: mn Carbon dioxide 0 Ca(OH)(aq) + COf2) —> CaCO) + ¥.00) 1) Copper ion 0 0 Copper carbonate 0 CuCOs) + H:S0,4ag) > CuSOag) + #00) + COM) [1] Zas) +CuP"(aq)——> Cus) +Zn"%aq) UH) Displacement aston! redox reaction 0 3HICI(ag) + AMOH) (9) ——> AICH(ag) + 300) (1) Molar mass of KOH), =270+3 «(160+ 1.01) 78.03 (¢) a ‘As 3 moles of HCL react with | mole (Ge. 7803 2) of AIOH),, mass of AKOH); required to react 0.100 wiih 0100 mole HeI= 78.03 4% =260(@) 2] 211C\(ag) + MgfOH)6s) —> MgCl{ag) + 24,00) 0) Molar mass of Mg(OW): 243-42 «(160+ 1.01) 8.32(8) a ‘Chemistry Success Key for HIKDSEE 3We Comite Answers and Marking Schemes yy & © @ © © @ @ © ©. @ © ‘As 2 moles of HCI eaet with 1 mole (ie. $832 g) of Mg(OH),, mass of Mg(OH), required to react 0.100 8.322" = 29218) Al(OH) is a beter antacid because less amount of AI(OH)s is required to neutralise the same amount of HCI when compared with Mg(OH)s. ‘The green and black solid dissolves The colourless solution tums blue/ green (Note: The solution appears green if cone. HCT isused.) ‘Tocensure all the copper oxide and copper) carbonate have been reacted CuO) +2HCKag)—$> Cuclag) + 1,00) CuCOKs) + 2HCKag)—> CuClag) + H,0(1) + COus) According to the equations, COs only comes from CuCOs, ‘Molar mass of CuCO, ~ 63.5 + 12.0 + 16.03 = 123519) As | mole (123.5 g) of CuCO, produces 1 mole (4402) oF COs, mass of CuCO, required to produce 3.00 ¢ of with 0.100 mole HCI 1235 €0,= 3.00% 1283 = 5.420 Sar @ Hence percentage by mass of CuCO, in the $420 100% =70.2% 120 ‘The reaction is complete when no more ges ‘bubbles ae given out It is dried to remove water on the solid, otherwise, the mass may not be accurate Zn(s)+ 2HCKag)—> ZaChfaq) + Hg) Only Zn reacts with hydrochloric acid, Hence, the decrease in mass is due tothe disappearance of Zn. Henee the percentage by mass of zine in the sample 30, 100% = 24.0% 5.00 The mass of Cu is greater than expected. This is because the Cu residue is contaminated with dissolved ions. (Such error can be removed by washing the precipitate with distilled water before drying.) {© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited Q 0 w 0 0 0 0 @ m m 0 mH 2 0 1 (8) No observable change. (b) Effervescence occurs/ A lot of gas bubbles ‘come out (© Solid acid exists in molecular form white the ions in sodium carbonate solid cannot move, ‘They do not reat. ‘When water is added, the acid ionises in water to form HT” ions while CO,” ons are free 10 move. The two fons meet and react to give ‘earbon dioxide and water. (@) 24(aq) + CO; (ag) —> H,0() + COs) (©) According to the equation in (d), 1 mole of ‘carbonate reaets with 2 moles of H’. Hence 1.5 ‘moles carbonate react with 3 moles of H’, i the basicity of he acid is 3. 1-3 (0) Citric acid, (Note: Phosphoric acid is not accepted as it ‘does not exist in solid form at room temperature ‘and pressure.) (@) Conc. HINO, decomposes to give brown NOs whieh redissolves in HNO, to give the yellow colour. (b) Add water to the acid. NOs dissolves in water to form colourless HNO, again, (© Conc, HINO; shouldbe stored ina brown bottle. {because it decomposes under light) (@) Oxidising Conosive (Formulae of 4, 8, and C Explanation Ais leat) oxide(P00). Lead(ll) oxide is insoluble in sulphuric acid ‘due to the formation of an insoluble coating, ‘of Tead{ Il) sulphate. Lead( lt) ion also forms precipitate with chloride ion. Both lead(Il) ‘oxide and Tead{ I) hydroxide have the above reactions but lead(tI) oxide is yellow while Jeadi lt) hydroxide is white, Hence, Bis lea!) nitrate (PE(NO;),) solution and Cis lead) chloride (PCI). (©) @ PHOS) + 2HNO4(aq)—> Ph(NO})(09) + HO i) POENOS)ag) + 2HCKiag)—> POCIIS) 4+ 2HNO,(ag) {Also accept ionic equation) (6) 2P004s) + Cl) —+ 29046) + CO; a ul a aw a el a a a a o fo} a a a a a a a ‘Chemistry Suovess Key for HKDSEE 310. (a) The brown rust slowly dissolves. i) A yellow sotutionis resulted. mu Fe,0\(s) + 3H;S0ag) —> Fe{SO),(«a) +3100) (1) (b) Colourless bubbles are given out ou ‘The solution slowly turns green, fo Fe(s) + HySO(ag) —> FeSOKag) +00) [1] (6) Fe" for the yellow colour in tube I uy Fe for the green colour in tube I. uw (@) Any one of the following: 1 Yess The reaction between sulphuric acid and iton( I) oxide is fas, Sulphuric acid effectively removes cust from ton, = The reaction between sulphuric acid and inom is fast Sulphuric acid would damage the iron ‘object surface when the rust is being removed. ~ Sulphuric acid is very corrosive. It is not suitable as a household rust remover. (Note: This is an open question. Both “yes” or “no” are aecepted depending on the reasoning. Although actually sulphuric acid is not used as rust remover. Usually, phosphoric acid and oxalic acids are used as rust remover) ¢ Essays + 1. Use of acids in foods 4 Use of acids in cleaning 2 {© 2010 Times Publishing (Fong Kong) Limited Use of acids in foods: Acids are used as food preservative (substance added to foods to inhibit the growth of bacteria and hence lengthen the shelf life of foods) and flavouring. (substance added to foods to enhance the favour of ood), ete. a Examples: Any two ofthe fllowing: Pp — Ethanoie acid: to make pickled vegetables, as condiments (sauce or seasoning) = Benzoie acid: as food preservative mainly for ‘non-alcoholic drinks ~ Carbonic acid: to make carbonated water or sod water Citric acid: to make fruit salt, as food preservative, as favouring — _Propanoie acid: as preservative in baked foods -18- rel Complete Answers and Marking Schemes gf ~ Sulphurous acid: as food preservative in foods and aleobolie drinks (e.g. wine) Use of acids in cleaning Any two of the following: el Hydrochloric acid as toilet cleaner = Phosphoric acid: as ust remover to remove rust ‘om iron objects ~ Oxalic acid: as rust remover (o remove rust and stains on clothes ~ Citric acid: to contro! the pH of household cleaners and detergents, detergents and soap containing citrate ean function well in hard water (Note: Most students know that many acids are added in foods but only a few know that aeids are also usefl in cleaning.) Effective communication 3 ‘The ability to present ideas ina precise manner [1] ‘The ability to present ideas ina systematic manner [1] ‘The ability to present answer in paragraph form and full sentences io Mentification of water Method 1 Observation 1 Identification of two acids Methods 2x1 Observations a Only one of them is @ neutral liquid (ic. water). Henee, it ean be distinguished by one of the following methods: Use litmus paper: the indicator remains purple (does not change its colour) ~ Add sodium carbonate (which is soluble in all different solutions), only water does not give ‘out bubbles el For the remaining thre, they are acids. They differ from cach other the anions they earry. Hence, tests for their anions should be used, Test for sulphate ions: add barium nitrate (chiloride) or calcium nitrate (chloride) to each of the three solutions, Only sulphuric acid gives a white precipitate ofthe corresponding sulphates. B ‘Test for chloride ions: add a few drops of silver nitrate, only hydrochloric acid give o white precipitate of AgCI. (Note: silver sulphate is not very soluble in water. This fest should best follow the test for sulphate ions. If the test for sulphate is already done, lead( I) nitrate may also be used to test for chloride.) Q Chemistry Suocess Key for HKDSEE 3Wau Complete Ansvers and Marking Sciemes gy (Note: There ate many ways of answering this question. However, the above line of thought should be the most common practice.) Effective communication 3 “The ability to present ideas ina precise manner 1) ‘The ability to present ideas ina systematic manner (1) ‘The ability t present answer in paragraph form and fall sentences 0 i Unlt6 _, ¢ Multiple-choice Questions ¢ LD 2B “OH group” implies a covalent bond. Metal hydroxides are ionic in nature. D An alkali is. soluble base 4a 5B Never eat NOH! 6A 1. Silver nitrate forms brown silver oxide with sodium hydroxide. Zine hydroxide dissolves in excess ammonia. Iron(IT1) nitrate forms reddish brown precipitate of iron (If) hydroxide with sodium hydroxide aC (1) isa precipitation reaction, 9B Neutralisaton is @ reaction between a base and an acid to form salt and water only. NH isa base when dissolved in water Ww. nD 2B Both NH and NaOH react with Fe and Fe to, form the corresponding hydroxides which have very diferent colours. B.A ‘CuSO, forms coloured Cu(OH), when an alkali is added, 4c When NH, dissolves in wate, it either ionises in ‘water to form NH," or remains as molecular NH. {© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited 1c 6. AgOH does not exit. Ag;O is formed when hydroxide is added IRA NaNO, simply does not react with sodium hydroxide and NH, 1D wD Sodium hydroxide should not be stored in a glass bottle as it would attack glass 0. NaOH is not edible. ¢ Structured Questions + 1. (a) The white fume is ammonium chloride (NHC), (b) Concentrated aqueous NH and concentrated HEC give out Nit and HCI vapour. ‘The two meet atthe space around the mouths of the two bottles to form tiny NH,Cl solid whieh appears as white fume. (©) The fume is formed around the mouth of the bottle containing aqueous ammonia, ‘An ammonia molecule (RMM = 17.03) is lighter than a hydrogen chloride molecule (RMM= 36.5). ‘The rate of difesion of ammonia gas is faster than hydrogen chloride gas (@) NE(@) + HCKg) —> NH.CKs) (©) There will be no dense white fume. Concentrated H,S0, is non-volatile. It does not give out H.SO, vapour, Hence there is no chance for reaetion a the mouths of the bottles 2. (a) Thesolution becomes warm, ‘The reaction between potassium hydroxide and sulphuric acid is exothermic. (Note: Neutalisation is an exothermic process.) (b) Any one ofthe following: = NalHSOdag) + KOH(ag) —> KNaSOX(ag) + 100 = HSO;(ag) + OF (ag) —> Si (©) NH ammonia ‘The gas turns wet red litmus paper blue. a a w wn a mu au w a wi a wi a au Chemistry Success Key for HKDSEE 3(8) NEb(aq) + 100) —> NUL Cag) + OFF (ag) (0) A (gelatinous) reddish brown precipitate is formed, A (gelatinous) bloe precipitate is fist formed. ‘The blue precipitate redisolves in exeess NH, to forma deep blue solution. ‘The observation isthe same as before when [NaOI is to replace NH, to add to iron(II) sulphate solution. Both NH end NaOH behave as an alkali to provide OV to react with Fe" Inthe case of copper(I) sulphate solution, ‘when NaOH is used instead of NH(a), a blue tate is formed which does not reiasolve in excess NaOH. © @ Excess NIf; forms complex with Cu. No such ‘complex is Formed with O1F Coppest) hydroxide (ag) +2041 (a9) —> CHOHY) ‘The blue Cu(OH), slowly loses water to form Diack Cue). CuOH) As) —> CxO) +1.00) NH,(ag) / aqueous ammonia Feon(t) hydroxide Any one of the following: 2NaOH(ag) *FeSO,(aq) —> NasO(e) + FeOOHS) Fe"(ag) +201 (ag) —> Fe(OH A) Fe" iron) ion @ @ ) © Air contains a higher concentration of 3. Fe migrates to the water surface where it reacts with oxygen 1 form Fe.0,/ Fe(OH), ‘Any one the following: Iron() sulphate solution should be kept = Iron(1) sulphate solution should be freshly prepared. Any one of the following ammonium compounds: ammonium sulphate ammonium chloride, ete eg, NH.Cl(s) + NaOH(s) —> NaC) + H,0(g) +NHG) @ @ © (©) Calcium oxide. Concentrated sulphuric acid is an acid. I reacts ‘with NH, to form (NH) S0,. ‘© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited tight, a a a a a a a w aw io} a mn nH) m | 7 mn a a a i | * i a a -17- @ © o @ © © @ @) ) © @ ral Conpioe Answers and Marking Schomes gy Drawing 1 Label 1 Wet Neb == => Dry NH, Calcium oxide U-tube eB Ammonia is less dense than at a1 Drawing 1 Label 1 About the special features a j “Inverted tunnel water a ‘Ammonia is very soluble in water ti {An inverted funnel is used to inerease the contact surface are for ammonia to dissolve in water, Otherwise water will sock back and spoil the experiment. u A should be Pb u Since Pb forms insoluble sulphate and chloride. Also Po° reacts with NaOH to form insoluble hydroxide which redisolves in excess NaOH a} Pb* (aq) + $0," (ag) —> PbSO4(s) w PO™ (aq) + 2C1 (ag) —> POC) 0 Xis lead) hydroxide/ PE(OTD. 0 Any one ofthe following explanations: a = Lead) hydroxide is mmphoterie = Lead) hydroxide forms soluble complex swith excess OH, grey solid appears nH Lead) ions! Ph" i displaced by Zn to form Pb. [1] ¥: Coppell) hydroxide 0 Z:Copperilt) oxide uy Y is washed with @ small amount of water to remove excess fons on is surface " If to0 much water is used, some Y may be washed away Ww Cu(OH}4s) —> CuOG) + LO i 1.60 No, of moles of uO = 1S = 0.02012 mol Wu Chemisty Success Key for HKDSEE 3Ta Complete Answers and Marking Schemes Nyy % (a ) 10. @ 0) © As I mole of CuO js produced from 1 mole of CuSO, + nO, no. of moles of CuSO, + nB.0 {in the 5.00 g sample =0.02012 mol. w Then (0.02012 « (63.54 32.1 + 16.0% 4+ 18,022) =5 5 a The white precipitate is ammonium chloride (vc. a [NH reacts with HCI 0 form NH,CI. w HCl is ionie which does not dissolve in a mnaqueous solvent. Therefore it exists as a ‘white precipitate, a “wo layers are formed and the white precipitate disappears m [NAC stlves in water m Water and methylbenzene are immiscible. Hence two layers appear. a Any on of the following reactions wet) = The eacton with an aide. HCI H (aq) + OH (ag) —> H,0()) Reaction with Fe, Fe", Mg", ‘e.g, Fe (ag) + 20H (ag) — Fe(OH),65) Any one ofthe following eations (Reactant + observations) 3] - The reaction with Cu” (ag) Both react with Cu” to form a blue precipitate. However, the blue precipitate redsslves in excess Nil to form a deep ‘ue scion, The be precipitate doesnot dissolve in ences sod hyraxie. = Thereacton with PO*(aq) Both react with Pb to form a white precipitate, However, the white precipitate redissolves in excess sodium hydroxide solution to form & colourless solution, The ‘white precipitate daes not dissolve in exeess NH, © Asanalkali to dissolve/ hydrolyse grease. [1] i) No, Sodium hydroxide is a strong alkali It attacks glass and is very corrosive and atte human skin 0 INH, isa weak alkali. It does not effectively remove grease in desin, iy + Essays + 1. Defining alkalis 2 “Two fits concerning alkalis 2d Definition of alkalis: {© 2010 Times Publishing (ong Kong) Limited Alkalis are substances which are soluble in water to give free hydroxide ions, common alkalis are sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. Ammonia is also a common alkali as it is soluble in ‘water to produce hydroxide ions. 2 Any 100 of the following points: 2] — _Alkalis change the colours of indicators, e.g. phenoiphthalein has a pink’ red colour in alkaline solution but is colourless in neutral or acidic solution, methyl orange has @ red colour in acid but a yellow cofour in neutral or alkaline solution, litmus appears blue in alkaline solution but is ed in acid ete ~ _Alkalis are chemically opposite to acids. They react to form salt and water, Such reaction is called neutralisation — Alkalis are common precipitating agents used to precipitate metal ions from an aqueous solution. ~ Alkali tiberate ammonia on warming with an ‘ammonium compound. This is also a laboratory preparation of ammonia, Effective communication 3 ‘The ability to present ideas ina precise manner [1] ‘The ability to present ideas in a systematic manner [1] The ability o present answer in paragraph form and full sentences m ‘Two experiments to show the corrosive nature of ‘concentrated sodium hydroxide solution, 22 Issue related tothe storage and the safety precaution in handling sodium hydroxide 2 Sodium hydroxide, especially in hot and concentrated solution, is very corrasive, It attack our skin and eauses severe chemical bur, ‘An experiment is performed to demonstrate the corrosive nature of sodium hydroxide. A chicken Foot is pat in concentrated sodium hydroxide. After ‘one day, the chicken foot is found to be corroded very seriously. The chicken foot turns yellow and becomes loosened. 2 Sodium hydroxide also attacks glass. Concentrated sodium hydroxide absorbs carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to form sodium carbonate, The glass stopper of the glass bottle will be stuck. Hence, sodium hydroxide pellets or its aqueous solutions should be stored in plastic botles. 2 Sodium hydroxide should be handled with great care, It should not be allowed to come into contact swith human skin and human eyes. We should always wear safety goggles and protective gloves when handling sodium hydroxide. In ease that ‘Chemistry Sueeess Key for HKDSEE 3concentrated sodium Irydroxide is split on the skin, place the affected area under running wate. Medical treatment must be followed. [Effective communication ‘The ability to present ideas in a precise manner ‘The ability to present ideas in a systemat ‘The ability to present answer in paragraph form and. fall sentences — Unit 7 Multiple-choice Questions # LD Phenolphthalein is colourless in both acidie and neutral solutions, ne Methyl orange is yellow in both neutral and alkaline solutions D ac ‘Sulphur burns in air to form sulphur dioxide which is acidic in water. Carbon also bums in air to form COs, However, itis only slightly soluble in water ‘The H,C0, s0 formed is very weakly acidic that it does not tuin methyl orange red. SA 6c 7B BA Sodium carbonate is alkaline. Sodium ‘hydrogensulphate is an acid salt and is acidic, %¢ 10. D ‘Concentration of H” is 0.0020 M. pH ~1og,0.0020 LB pH =0.0, then molarity of H’ ~ 1 M. 2D pH = 1.0, then molatity of HT = 0.1 M. As H,S0, is 1 dibasic acid, molarity of H:SO, 13a pH 4D Even in an acidie solution, there are still OH present due tothe self-ionisation of water. 0.05 M. 50, then molarity of H” = 0,032 M. © 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited fe} ro} a uw -19- wal_Complre answers and Marking Schemes gg IA ‘Wate dilutes the solution and decreases the molarity of O# Assuming that there is no change in volume of the solution when Na,SO, is added, the pHi of the solution does not change. 16.8 1.0 MESO, has higher H° concentration than 1.0. M HCL ne mus cannot be used to measure the pH of a solution because it does not show a gradual change in colours in solutions of diferent pH values. 18. ¢ ‘Water dilutes the solution and decreases the molarity of H’. Therefore, pH is increased, “The molarity of H” in HCl is lower than the original acid solution. The H” concentration is lower when HCl is added. 19.8 pH can be negative ifthe molarity of H’ is greater than LOM, 20. D Structured Questions + L Ceara fats | Cooma SRT] cane teacaor [aa vs e a otatton’ | PH vatylomee [Red | Stlon [vow Pimpin [ Gta | Caron [Pa (aq) (No: T sin sae diet at the solution is an alkali, al Sane sak le eso tin sib Nod) 0 2.) Lenni so ink ile ar ‘cleaner, oven cleaner am (b) Methyl orange. a Penipain ncbr neta or acidie solution. a Dialed water neal ty oan Pointe nde wee Canon ae emgh in my coped rn Chemistry Suceess Key for HIKDSEE 3We Complete answers and Marking Schemes gy 3. (©) Phenoiphtatein Metiyl orange remains yellow in colour in outa o alkaline solution Window cleaner tums pheolphthalein pink but distilled water does no. (@) pH= 12, then motarty of "= 10° M (©) Water undergoes se onisation as given by the following equation 1.00) — H'(aq) + OF (a9) “This process proceeds even in strongly acidic or stronaly alkaline solution (©) Both Ind OH" exists in an aqueous solution of any pl In an acidic solution, concentration of H’ > concentration of OW in a neutral solution, concentration of H’ = concentration of OH; in an alkaline solution, concentration of H < concentration of OH (2) Molarity of in solution 4:—10"*=0.1 M “Molarity of Hin solution: = 10°" ~0.001 M Phenotphialen, It changes ftom colourless to pink’ ved atthe end point (©) (The student thought that the molarity of Win solution 4 is 100 times as high as the molarity of Hin solution B. Hence he suggested the amount of alkali use should also be 100 times as much, (i) He is ue ony if both solutions are strong acids. If solution B is a weak acid, the acid only slighty ionises in water. When sodium hydroxide is added, the weak acid continues tions to give H”. Hence the amount of sodium hydroxide used to reat with A cannot be predicted (2) Molerty of Hin solution = 107° M () IF the solution is neutral, molavty of OH = molarity of = 107 M (© @ K.=[H'} «(01 10” mol dm > 107 mol dm? w (i) Molarity of Hin the solution = 0.1 M 0.1 « (OH) = 10" mof? dm * [ow] = 10" 6 (@) (1) Universal indicator has a yellow colour, showing that the solution has a pH around 6. (© 2010°Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited 0 i} a a wl a val wl va ta W W 0 w a el iO) iO a -20- w @ ) © @ © @ & © @ @ @) Methyl orange has a yellow colour, which is the same colour as neutral or alkaline solution @) Phenolphthalein is colourless, which is the sume colour asa neutral or acidic solution Hence, only universal indicator ean be used to indicate the weakly acidie property of in water, Carbon dioxide in air dissolves in rain to form carbonic acid, jc acid is « weak acid and that CO, tly soluble in water, the pH of the solution is about 5.6, Molarity of "= 10° = 1.3 » 10° M Monobasic acid is an acid with only one ionisable hydrogen atom/ an acid which can produce only one hydrogen ion per molecule of acid. Ethanoic acid only stightly ionise in water! Most ethanoie acid exists as molecules in water. Molarty of HCI with pHi 2.90 = 1.3 = 10° M 25.0 em’ of 0.10 M NaOH(aq) is needed for ‘complete neutralisation, X forms a white precipitate with barium ‘hloride solution, should contain sulphate. X reacts with to give gas bubbles. X should be anacid is sulphuric acid H,S0, Y’ has a persistent golden colour in flame test, Y contains Na’. Exeess ¥ turns phenolphthalein Pink. When acid is added into Y, effervescence occurs. Yi a carbonate, Y is sodium carbonate! Na,CO,, (Note: sodium hydrogencarbonate does not turn phenolphthalein pink.) X (H:S04) is acidic, phenolphthaeinis colourless. On adding Y(Na,CO3), Y reaets with X. After the reaction has been completed, excess Y is alkaline and tuens phenolphthalein pink. Reaction between X and Y: 2H'(ag) + COs" (ag) ——> H,0(0) + COstg) Reaction between and BaCl Bal"(ag) + $0," (ag) —> BaSO\s) Drawing Label Explanation w 0) mW wu 0 mH 0 0 0 w mo a a a pI in} wo Chemistry Success Key for HIKDSEE 30) © 10. (a) & ~ Inverted funnel | S009) HCC gas is very soluble in water, ‘An inverted funnel is used to increase the contact surface area for HCI to dissolve in sulphuric acid. Otherwise the acid will suck ‘back and spol the experiment. Since there is no change in the volume of the acid, the addition of HCI gas to the solution ‘would increase the molarity of the H’ in the solution, ‘The pH of the solution decreases, ‘Add barium nitrate (not ehloride) solution. A white precipitate is formed, showing the presence of sulphate fons Add excess barium nitrate solution to ‘precipitate all the sulphate ions in the solution, Filter the solution and then add silver nitrate! Fead(I) nitrate to the filtrate. A white precipitate is formed, showing the presence of ehlorde ions. (Note: Silver ebilocide is only sparingly soluble in water but silver sulphate is rather soluble in water (solubility of Ag.SO,: 0.8 g / 100 g of ‘water at 20 °C), Ifa few drops of silver nitrate are added to a solution containing CI’ and sly AgCl is precipitated. However, if the silver ion concentration is high, both AgCl and Ag:SO, are precipitated.) ‘The solution twons from red, orange, yellow, ‘green, blue and finally purple 0.10 M HCI has a pH ~ 1.00, the universal indicator gives eolour of re. (On adding NaOH, the molarity of H” decreases and the pH ofthe solution increases. ‘The solution turns to orange when the pH is about 4 and molarity of H” is about 10M. ‘The solution turns to yellow when the pH is about 6 and molarity of H’ about 10-* M. ‘The solution turns to green when the pH is about 7and molarity of H” about 10” M. “The solution turns to blue when the pH is about 10 and molarity of 1” about 10" M. ‘The solution turns to purple when the pH is about 12 and molarity of H’ about 10°" M, ‘© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited e a a 0 m a RB 2) BI al Conmplee Answers and Marking Schomes gy (€) Universal indicator gives only a rough pH value ‘ofa solution. A pH meter or a data logger with pH sensor can measure the pH of a solution ‘more accurately. + Essays + -21- Define what pH is and how is it measured and calculated Discuss theoretical pH range seuss limit of pH range pH isa scale to measure the H° concentration in an aqueous solution. It is defined as ~logi( 1"). Due to the self-ionisation of water, both ON and HY are present in an aqueous solution. This means that H" exists even in an alkaline solution. In a neutral solution, concentration of H” is equal to the concentration of OH and is mathematically equal 1 10” M. This gives the pl =7 fora neutral solution ‘The higher the concentration of Hin a solution is, the lower is the pH of the solution. An acid solution with H’ concentration of 1.0 M has a pH Of 0, Further inerease of the HT concentration of an aqueous solution beyond 1.0 M would give a pH smaller than 0, Similarly, an alkaline solution with (OW of 1.0.M has pH of 14, Further increase ofthe ‘OFF concentration of an aqueous solution beyond 1.0M would give a pH greater than 14. Ifthe Hand OH concentration ean be increased indefinitely, there would he no limit of pHi value. However, due to the limit in solubility of an acid or an alkali in an aqueous solution, their concentration cannot be inereased indefinitely. Also in a concentrated acid or alkali solution, the ions are $0 close to each other that they will interact with each other, and their activities are lower than their concentrations. Hence there is an ultimate limit of pH range. [Effective communication ‘The ability to present ideas in a precise manner ‘Te ability to present ideas in a systematic manner ‘The ability to present answer in paragraph form and full sentences Defining pH scale ‘The relationship between pH seale and the acidity and alkalinity of substance Measuring pH of a solution Measuring pH ofa solution with instruments th acid-base indicators uy a pl a u u m (Chemistry Success Key for HKDSEE 3Complete Answers and Marking Sehenes gy pH isa scale to measure the H concentration in an aqueous solution. It is defined as ~logiH"], Due to the selCionisation of water both OH and H” are present in an aqueous solution. This means that exists even in an alkaline solution, In an aqueous solution, [H"]x[OH"] = 10°" mol” div, For a neutral solution, (H"] = [OH] = 10° M, this gives the solution the plf of 7. For an acidic solution, (H'] is greater than [OH] and {is numerically greater than 10°” M. This gives the solution the pH of smaller than 7. Similarly, for an alkaline solution, (H"] is smaller than [OH] and is numerically smaller than 10-7 M. This gives the solution the pH of greater than 7. ‘The plt of an aqueous solution can be measured roughly by using universal indicator. A universal indieator is a substance which ean change its colour at different pH values. To measure the pH of a solution, a few drops of universal indicator are added fo the solution. Then, by comparing the colour of the solution to the standard colours of the indicator at different pH values, the pl of the solution can be roughly estimated. However, if more accurate pH value of the solution is required, a pH! meter or a data logger with pH sensor can be used, They are electronic instruments Which can measure the pH ofa solution accurately. The pH ofa solution can be measured by immersing the electrode of a pH meter or the sensor ofa data logger into the solution, Effective communication ‘The ability to present ideas in a precise manner The ability to present ideas ina systematic manner The ability o present answer in paragraph form and fall sontonces| (Note: This question is similur to question 1 However, empasis should be put on the relationship ‘between pH and an alkaline solution.) = Unit 8 Multiple-choice Questions + La aed ‘Whether an acid is strong or weak depends on its degree of ionisation in water, 2D 4B HCI completely ionises in water. There is no HCL ‘molecule in the solution. {© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited 5. a 6 2 a i: 9. 10. mn W 3 mH m mn nL. n 13. 4 15, -22- © NaOH reacts and remove H’ from the solution, CH,COOH would ionise Further to replenish the loss of Hf, This is why CHCOOH can react completely with NaOH, Water dilutes the solution, more CH,COOH would ionise D c HCI ionises in water, because HCI is a molecule, it breaks down to form ions in water. HCI also dissociates in water, When the ‘concentration of HCI in water is high enough, some HY and CY may recombine to form HCI molecule, {in dilute HCI, the HCI molecules completely ionise in water but in cone. HCI, not all HCI molecules ionise.) A ‘The strength of an acid depends on its deuree of ionisation, A B Decomposition is » process in which a compound is broken down into two or more different compounds. sociation is a process in wiich a compound is separated into different parts. These different pars ‘may recombine to form the original compound under certain conditions. Tonisation is a process in which a molecule is broken down into ions. Dissolution isthe dissolving of a substance in a solvent In this case, NaOH exits as ions. The ions are not ‘mobile in the solid state. The ions are separated tnd are free to move in the solution, However, if the solubility of NaOH is exceeded, these ions will coagulate again to form the solid, D 1,0 forms 01 1,0 forms HY, It is a weak acid Pure water contains the same number of OH” and HY, itis neutral $0, can conduct eleeticty better than a 0.1 MHC! because of its higher concentration of fons. c ‘Chemistry Suecess Key for HKDSEE 316. 0 18. 19. OW ions exist in all aqueous solutions, no matter the solution is acidic, neutral or alkaline, ‘This is a tricky question. HCI is a very much stronger acid than CH,COOH. When 1 em’ of IM. HCC is added, the solution becomes about 0.1 M HCL and the pH is about 1.0. ‘The 1 em* of IM NaOH neutralises only 10% of the CH,COOH, the solution is mainly 0.9 M CH,COOH. The pH does not change much A A 20. € ¢ Structured Questions + @ ‘The acid should be in excess. fr If limestone is in excess, the concentration ‘of HY will be very low towards the end of the reaction, and the time for the reaction to ‘complete is very long. m () Drawing 1 Label 1 Ql (© 2#1'(aq) + CaCOs) —> Ca (ag) + HOD, + COs) a @o ) i : i tet g i ‘oH,0008 [22] © 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited -23- © 0 @ 0) © @ © @ O) el_Compl Answers and Marking Schumes gy The fi'] of LOM HCL is higher than that of 10 M cH,coon, HC resets witha faster rate than CH\COOH. Both HCI and CH,COOH can produce the same amount of H. The final amount of CO, Tiberted isthe same forthe two reactions. (Note:The change of reation rate during the course of reaction need not be mentioned) ‘The reaction is so fast thet the change of volume of CO» during the reseton can hardly bbe measurable Ionisation isthe formation of charged species from electrically neutral species, such as breaking down of a molecule (in) into cations and anions (electrons), CH,COOH(ag) = Hag) + CH.COO (ea) Molarity of H"= 107” =427% 10° M LOM Icthanoic acid completely ionises in water, the ‘molarity of 1” should be 1.0 M. Hence the degree of ionisation of 1.0 M 427510°M «97 10? 10M ‘The result shows that about 4 molecules of cethanoic aid out of 1000 of it ionses in water. Its tre that ethanoie aei slightly onises in wate. cthanoie acid = ‘Strong acids ‘Weak acids TSO, HINO, H,S0s; H.COs ‘Strong bases | NasO; KOH; NaOH ‘Weak bases _[ Nii, (Cl muark foreach wrong answer) (Note: Na:O readily dissolves in water to form NaOH.) (1M NaOH(aq), 1 M NBACag), 1 M CH,COOH(ag), 1M HNO;(aq), 1M H,S0\(a9) (Gd) Five substances have the same molarity NaOH(ag) is the strongest base and thus has the highest pH, There is only two bases in the list and [NH(ag) isthe weakest bases, thus its pH is the second highest. CH,COOH(ag) is the weakest acid in the lis, thus it has the highest pH within three acids. W m m wm 1m uy W a a 0 fo} 1m ws va Ql 0) mM a ‘Chemistry Suoeess Key for HIKDSEE 3Wa Complete ansuers and Marking Schemes gy 4 @) © @ 5 @ ) © 6 © © @ & © @ (© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited Although HNO,(ag) and H;$0,(ag) are both strong acids, HNO,(ag) is monobasic whereas H,SO.(ug) is dibasic, Therefore for the same molarity, H.SO,(ag) has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions and thus lower pH. 0 ‘Ammonia m Ammonia and ethanoic acid are covalent molecules. They easily form vapours which give the strong odour. w However, they react to form ammonium ‘ethanoate which is fone. The compound formed thas ahigh melting point and does na give vapour. 1] CH,COOH(ag) + NH;(ag) —> CH;COONT(ag) No. Whether a compound has a strong edlour or not depends on the volailty ofthe compound Ifa compound is volatile and has an odour, the ‘our ofthe compound ean easily be detected. O1 (ag) hydroxide ions NH(aq) + H,0() > NH '(aq) + OH (ag) @ Warm the solation ‘A gas of pungent smell comes out. The gas turns wet red litmus paper blue (i) Any one of the following: = Add Fe" (e.g, Fe(S0);), a reddish brown precipitate is formed, ~ Add Fe (eg. FeSO), 9 dirty green prepitate is formed (Any other suitable answers) a 2) 0 a a u 21 Use a pH meter or a datalogger with pH sensor. Solution 4 is a strong but dilute acid but solution B isa weak but concentrated acid, For solution 8 to have the same pH as solution A, B must be more concentrated than Ai A must be more dilute than B, Hence, solution 8 requires a greater amount of alkali for neutralisation, Hydrogen. ‘The gas burns with a “pop” sound when a ‘burning splint is put near A solid acid. Y is @ weak acid, lis electical conduct aqueous solution is low. However, when Mg is added, Mg reacts with the acid to form a salt which is ionic. Hence, the clectrical conductivity is increased. ‘Warm the solution. The solubility of @ solid in ‘ater increases with the rise of temperature a a uw u) u 2 a a al m 9. « O) @ O) © -24- (8) When solution 4 is added to lead) nitrate solution, a white precipitate appears. The White precipitate redissolves in excess 4, When solution B is added to lead(I) nitrate solution, a white precipitate appears. The white precipitate does not redissolve in excess B. 'No. In both cases, lead) hydroxide is first formed. (No mark for only this statement.) Lead(II) hydroxide is amphoteric and reacts with sodium hydroxide,/ Lead(ll) lhydroxide forms a complex with excess OFF Lead) hydroxide does not form complex with excess NH/ The OH" concentration in NH, solution is not high enough to form complex with lend) hydroxide, (@ When solution 4 is added to copper(tt) nitrate solution, a blue precipitate appears. ‘The blue precipitate does not redissolve in excess. When solution B is added to copper(tl) nitrate solution, a blue precipitate appears The blue precipitate redissolve in excess B to forma deep blue solution, No. In both eases, copper(I) hydroxide is first formed, (No mark for only this statement.) Copper(tt) hydroxide does not react with sodium hydroxide./ Copper(Il) hydroxide does not form complex with excess OF. Copper(I1) hydroxide forms a complex with excess NHI, a a a a m io) in} ay a a A strong acid is an acid which completely 1HS0,(aq) —> 2H (ag) +80, A weak acid water CH,COOH(ag) > 1¥(aq) + CH,COO (ag) No. Solution 4 requires more NaOH for neutralisation because it sa dibasic acid, a) m ay) an acid whieh slightly ionises in m iO) nm If the two acids solutions have the same molarity, the same volume and the same basicity, they will react with the same amount of sodium hydroxide no matter whether they are strong or weak, CH,COON(aq) gives greater pH value, CH,COOH molecules undergo partial ionisation, one equivalence of CH,COOH molecules produces less than one equivalence of a a v1 Chemistry Success Key for HKDSEE 3However, HCI molecules undergo complete ionisation in water. All HCI molecules presence in water bevome ions. Therefore, if both acids have the same concentration, (H"] in CH,COOH(ag) is smaller than that in Cag). pH =-log(H"], the smaller the [H", the greater the pl value. (©) Use pli meter ‘The one with lower pH value is HCl). Use ammeter(or a light bulb), graphite electrodes and d.c. supply. Immerse the graphite electrodes into the acid and connect the electrodes with the de. supply and the ammmeter(or a ight bulb) in series The one with lower reading in the ammeter(or with a dimmer fight bulb) is CHjCOOH(aq). ¢ Essays + 1. Comparison of physical properties ‘Comparison of ehemical properties Physical property A strong acid like hydrochloric acid completely ionises in water to form H” while a weak acid like cthanoie acid only slightly fonises in water to form HY. To compare the properties ofa strong acid and a weak aed, two solutions of equal molarity should be sed Using hydrochloric acid and ethanoie acid of equal molarity as example, hydrochloric acid contains a higher concentration of ions and hence its electrial conductivity is higher than ethanoic acid, Using pH meter, data-logger with pil sensor or universal indicator, hydrochloric acid is found to have a lower ‘pH values than ethanoic acid, Chemical property Both hydrochloric acid and ethanoie acid show similar chemical properties. However, the reaction of hydrochloric acid is much faster than ethanoic acid. This ean be shown by adding the same amount of magnesium oF caleium carbonate separately (0 hydrochloric acid and ethanoie acid having the same molarity and volume. Hydrochloric acid reacts at much faster rate than ethanoie acid. The reaction for hydrochloric acid will be completed at « much shorter time, However, the amount of gaseous products collected is the same in both eases. fective Communication (© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited w m | * 1m 1m 0 Ww io 3 u a 1 BI -25- wel_Complete Answers and Marting Schemes g ‘The ability to present ideas in a precise manner ‘The ability to present ideas in a systematic manner “The abifity o present answer in paragraph form and Full sentences wu u mM ‘The principle of the test 3 ‘The procedure and obseryation of the test 3 Principe: The strength ofan alkali depends on the degree of dissociation ofthe alkali in water. A strong alkali completely dissociates in water while & weak alkali dissociates ony slg in water. Hence iewo alkali solutions ae ofthe same molarity, the ston. alkal Js a much higher O1F concentration than the weak one Since the trong alkali has higher concentration of ‘OH ions, its electrical conductivity is higher. Hence ‘we can compare the sitengt of to alkali solutions by measuring their electrical eonductiviy. Procedure and observation: First we should have two alkali solutions of equal molarity. We connect two graphite electrodes, Battery and a light bulb’ an ammeter in series with lectical wires, We then dip the two electrodes into the solutions under test. The solution in which the Light bul glows brighter is the strong alk BI Effetive Communication 3 “The ability to present ideas in a precise manner [1] “The ability to present ideas in a systematic manner 1] The ability preset answer in paragraph form and fall sentences 2) mu a Unit 9 —_—~ 4 Multiple-choice Questions + D "Neutrlisation is a reaction when an acd reaets with a base to form salt and water only c ‘Carbon dioxide dissolved in water is an acid. B ‘When sulphuric ac occurs. Ca(OH) sag) + HSOag) —> CaSOXs} + HO), CaSO; is insoluble in water while H,O formed exists fas molecules. Hence the conductivity decreases as H,SQ, is added. When H;SO, is in excess, the excess acids responsible forthe conductivity of the solution. is added, the following reaction Chemisty Success Key for HKDSEE 3Ta Complete Answers and Marking Schemes gy 4 5 6. 10, nh 2 13. B The amount of NaOH and! the volume of the final solution aze fixed. Both HCI and H,S0, are strong acids and both can react completely with NaOH to agve the same amount of heat. CH,COOH isa weak ‘cid, Although it ean also react completely with 1NGOH, the amount of heat liberated is less. c The dissolution of NaCl in water is reaction, c After the reaction has been completed, the excess amount of solution will lower down the temperature. However, the temperature of the solution will not return to room temperature with such an amount of water, D NaHCO isan acid salt of weak acid, It is slightly alkaline B Acid salt of a weak acid may not be ‘example is NaHCO), D Leadi( tt) nitrate forms precipitate with sodium hydroxide only when sodium hydroxide is in limited mou, Barium chloride forms white precipitate of barium sulphate with iron(I) sulphate, D ‘An insoluble coating is formed when sulphuric acid reacts with CaCO, c D ‘SO, reacts with NaOH to form Na,SO, when NaOH 2NaOH(ag) + SO.(ag) > Na,SO\(ag) + H.0() However, when SO; is continuously bubbled into the solution, the following further reaction occurs: NaSO\(ag) + H:O{D + $0,(aq)——> 2NaH1SO.(ay) c Ph(NO,)s forms insoluble sulphate and insoluble ‘chloride withthe two, ZnSO, reacts with NH, to form white precipitate Which redissolves in excess NH. AICI, does not undergo such reaction. ‘Ba(NO}); forms white precipitate with ZnSO, but not with AIC, rndothermic {© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited 4. 15, 16, 1”. 18. 19. 20, B Mg does burnin chlorine to Form MgCl, c Iron reaets with chlorine to form iron(II) chlor 10t iron{) chloride. A A c Ammonium sulphate can react with the alka in soil to liberate NH and hence decrease the alkalinity of soil. Ammonium sulphate is also a fertiliser to provide nitrogen forthe soi, € Sodium hydrogencarbonate isan acid salt but is alkaline A Metal oxide ean neutralise an acid. Such @ reaction cannot occur only when the salt formed is insoluble in water. The sat then forms an insoluble coating on the surface of the metal oxide and prevents further reaction. Soluble salts do not form insoluble coating, ¢ Structured Questions -26- (a) Acidie sats: KHSO,: potassium hydrogensulphate tl CuS0«: copper) sulphate Hy) (0) Neuteal sats KCl: potassium chloride 1%) [Nas sodium sulphate 1) (©) Alkaline salt K,S0,: potassium sulphite 4 CH,COOK: potassium ethanoate 0%) (a) Dissolve the solid sample in water a) [NaCl is soluble but AgCI is not a Filter the solution. Concentrate the filtrate and then cool the filtrate. NaCl is crystallised out, Filter to obtain the NaCl solids iO (b) Heat te solid sample. 0 NHLCI sublimes and leaves, NaCl is left behind. [1] (@) Sulphate iow’ $0," io} (©) Bs" (aq) +80," (aq) —> BaSO4s) io} (© Barium sulphate 0 (@ Sodium hydroxide’ potassium hydroxide’ a soluble hydroxide 0 (©) Me"(ag) +208 (ag)——> Mg(OH)) [1] ‘Chemistry Suecess Key for HKDSEE 36 {© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited 0 @ b) i) @ © @ ) © @ Oy © © Za" (ag) 0 (No mar for this answer, as this isthe ony ion remaining) ‘When sodium hydroxide is added, Zn” forms & white precipitate of Zn(OH), which redissolves in excess sodium hydroxide. a Silver ion. a ‘Ag! (ag) + C¥(ag)—> Ags) ty Ammonium ion’ NH 0 (Note: The brown precipitate is silver oxide. ‘Ag” has been identified in experiment 1.) “Ammonia. / NH, a NB.'(ag) + OF (ag) Nig) + 200) (1) The brown precipitate present suggests itis silver oxide, Ag,0. iu] 2Ag"(ag) + 20H (ag) —> Ag,0(s) + H,0(1) [1] (Note: Silver ion does not form silver hydroxide.) [Experiments (2) and (3) suggest that the cation forms white precipitate which is soluble in excess ammonia and sodium hydroxide, The cation is Zn". a 2HPO¢+ Ca(OH), —> CalH,POD:*2H,0 [1] Calcium dinyérogenphosphate a Molar mass of Ca(H,PO,);=40.1 +2» (LOL 2+310+160=4)=234.18 8 0 31.02 Percentage by mass of P= 39%? 100% 265% W Any one ofthe follow a ~ As etiliser = As leavening agent in baking Sodium chloride solution (or any solution of soluble chloride) 0 Ag (ag) + Ct (ag) —> AgCts) 0 Add excess sodium chloride solution to precipitate silver chloride. Filter the solution and wash the precipitate with a small amount of ‘water, Dry the precipitate to obtain silver chloride. [2] 1 -27- el Complete Answers and Marking Schemes gp (@) De Label (a) Sulphuric acid /H.S0, (b) 21043) + HyS0Kag)——> ZnSO,(ag) + Feacton mare of sock chore snd aver nate ‘Siver chlorie (oretptate) Ra it (©) Add solid zine oxide to 0 sulphuric acid solution, Warm and str the solution. Continue fo add the solid until a small amount of it remains undissolved. Filter off the remaining solid. Concentrate and then cool the filtrate. Zine sulphate erystals appear. Filter the solution to ‘obtain the erystals. Wesh the crystals with a minimum amount of water, Dry to obtain the crystals, Reagents used Procedure Equations ‘Add excess sodium carbonate’ potassium carbonate solution to zine chloride solution to form insoluble zine carbonate. Filter the solution, wash the precipitate with a litle amount of wate. Ths is zine carbonate. Add hydrochloric acid 10 zine carbonate, ‘but make sure that zine carbonate is in litle excess. Filter off the excess zine carbonate. Concentrate and then cool the solution. Zine chloride is erystallised ‘ut, Filter to obtain the zine chloride erystas. 'Na,CO\(ag) + 2n$0,(ag) —> ZnCO\s) + NasSOdag) ZaCOs) + THCKag) —> ZnChs(ag) + Hs) +C0,) iO) io m ea i] a Chemistry Suovess Key for HKDSEE 3Wa Complete Answers and Marking Schemes Yo 9. (@) Hydrochloric acd (1) | + Essays + “The acid withthe same anion asthe reagent (in this case barium chloride) is usually chosen to eee : censure thar is no unwanted chemieal reaction, (1) Fea ene uno bea 6 Stipe (oa 0 ‘An insoluble salt can usually be prepared by wv") +807t6¢)—> wesoie) TN | tag cn endo cog (© ron ion iO) anion, ate mixed. For example, to prepare insoluble Fe (ag) + 2014 (ag) —> Fe(OH)4s) w silver chloride, silver nitrate (which contains silver ena ‘ns solution and sodium chloride (hich contains 10+) Reigeae'ten ' chloride ions) are mixed. The required salt, silver Preeaee ' chloride, is precipitated and is separated by filtration. [2] Saas 2 ‘There are two methods of preparing a soluble salt. Ada excess nittie acid to dissolve lead(I1) van iets sremennarn catenin el xen soi, up pee eee ne solution (or any aqueous solution containing See Oe ee Soluble sulphate) o precipitate led) sulphate. Seats med don wacicg actin neon Fle he ins oie spa wih il For eae, o pepe copper) she, pay ieereied ati ak poe excess copper) oxide is added to sulphure aid eee ea After the removal of the excess copper({) oxide, the PbCO\(s) + 2HNOaq) ——> P(NO}),(ag), solution is concentrated and cooled. The required +H,0()+CO%@) [1] ssalt is then obtained by crystallisation, a PO(NO;){ay) + Na;SOfag)—¥ PESOAs) If the alkali or carbonate are soluble in water, +2NaNOMoq) (1) the soluble salt cam only be prepared by titration (0) Reagents used 1 method. For example, to prepare sodium sulphate, Procedure 1 sulphuric acid is titrated against sodium hydroxide Equations 1 using a suitable indicator to find out the exact © Bubble carbon dioxide into lime water! amount ofthe acid which ean neutralise the alkl saturated calcium hydroxide solution. ‘Then the acid and the alkali are mixed again in the A white precipitate which is ealeium same ratio as the ration results. The required sat carbonate is formed. Continue tw bubble ‘is then obtained by crystallisation. Rh carbon dioxide into the suspension, the Effective communication 3 precpitateredissolves and a clear solution ‘The ability to present ideas in precise manner [1] of ealeium hydrogencarbonate is formed. (11) ‘The ability to present ideas ina systematic manner [1] 2COAg) + Ca(OH) ag) ——> ‘The ability to present answer in paragraph form and caticopag) 11) full sentences a ete nearer ag 2. Applications af neutralisation to industry 2 es Apmlictons of weurtsonoagrcte 2 seiboeri, caea deiteand sine) Applications of neutralisation in everyday lives 2 A eutralsation can be applied to industry for example (i) Mixing one equivalent of dilute sulphuric Neutralisation can be appl try f acid and one equivalent of dilute sodium (Any two of the following) tyre aoluton ust’ Gata found! 4a = ‘The effluent from textile and electroplating titration. Then dry the resulting solation to plants contains acids. These acids ate first obtain crystals iy neutralised by alkalis before being discharged H,S0,(ag) + NaOH(ag) —> eee NaltSOKaa)+H,00) (1) ~The ees fom etopating plans ao contains heavy metal ions, These metal fons are precipitated as insoluble metal hydroxides. ‘© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited -28- ‘Chemistry Suovess Key for HKDSEE 3Flue gas from power plants consist of acidic {gases ike sulphur dioxide. The gases are neutralised before being discharged to the aimosphere, a Neutlisation canbe applied to agriculture, for example, = Many fertilisers are manufactured by neutralisation processes, eg. ammonium sulphate ete. ~The pf ofthe sol affects the growth of diferent plants. Farmers sometimes add slake lime to the soil to reduce the acidity ofthe soil. They ‘may also add ammonium sulphate tothe soi the soil is too alkaline, Ammonium sulphate is also a feriliser which provide nitrogen for pant roth el Neutalisaton can also be applied to everyday lives (Any two ofthe flowing) = Some toilet cleaners contain hydrochloric acid, which removes rust stain, which is iron(II) cide, on toilet bow! = Stomach disturbance i usually caused by the ‘excessive secretion of hydrochloric acd inthe stomach. The exeess acid can be neutralised by. taking antacids like mill of magnesia which ‘contains magnesium hydroxide, = Acids and alkali sting. Bee sting contains acids, which can be neutralised by alkalis. Wasp sting contain alkalis, which can be neutralised by acids. 2) (Any other reasonable usages of neutralisation are accepted.) Effective communication 3 The ability o present ideas in a precise manner [1] The ability to present ideas ina systematic manner [1] The ability to present answer in paragraph form and full sentences a f Unit 10 —_— ¢ Multiple-choice Questions ¢ Le re used 10 relieve insect vt No.of moles= +955 aM 2A Molar mass of HC!= 36.51 g m _ 200%0,500 3651 1000 m= 3.65 (g) 00M 1000 4M) {© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited =29- wel Complete Answers and Marking Schemes gg D Molar mass of NCO, + 10H,0 = 286.2 g: hnence mass of Na,CO, + 10H,0 required 25020500. = 286.2% NS = 35.8) 8 vucd= 22 No.of moles ofthe acid. Xused= $2 = 0.0250 250M o.02s0~ 100M) © 300x020 : No.of moles of HCl used = =P” 6.09 10 No, of motes of aid X used = 729% 0.100 9 09 93 Jo. of moles of acid X used = 729%0. ‘As 2.00 * 10° moles of acid newtalises the same amount of NaOH as 6.00 x 10° mole of HCI (whiels is monobasic} does, the basicity of acid X= 3 D 1 mole of Fe(SO,)s contains 2 moles of Fe. D | mole of AICI, contains 4 moles of ions. A Molar mass of CaBr, = 199.9 g vu 80 No. of moles= t909 § 19959 M=0.16(M) ro m™ No, of moles of iron(tt) sulphate = +56 200%1.50 = To 7030 mot Since | mole of iron(It) sulphate contains 3 motes ‘of sulphate ions, no, of moles of sulphate ions = 0.90 B Total volume = 150 em? and initial molarity of sulphate ion = 0.5 » 3= 1.8 M VM, = VoMe; 100 * 1.5 = 150% M, = 1.0(M) 4 \ Total volume = 250 em? Pubs = Vas; 50° 1.0= 250 » My M,=0.20(M) (Chemistry Success Key for HKDSEE 3Ta Complete ansiers and Marking Schemes gy 2, B. 4 18, 16. n. 18, 9. 20. D ‘Molarity of CY in the original solution = 6.0 M ViMy= Fal, 50 * 6.0~ Vs 0.5 ¥= 600 (em’) ‘Volume of water added = 600 ~ 50 ~ 550 (em) B ‘Molar mass of NaOH = 40.01 g 140M 40.01 1000 M~0.625 (M) D 106.0 1000 ¥=40.0 (em!) D 00x05 [No.of moles of the salt= =0.05 1000 95 Hence molar mass ofthe sat = 2-15 = 193, ce thesalt= Se = 1882 40.1 + 35,5 «24 18.02) ec 83; therefore 50000] oot x2= SO m}=0.08 pH=—tog 0.08= 14 A pH=200 (W']=0010M 2500010 m= 365125070010 9991 (gy © ‘Molarity of Na’ in Na,SO, = 2y M; total volume = 2x em’ Vial, + Vals = Vad 39+ 20 ay w= Zen a c [Isis a weak alk it provides much fess aniount of OFF than NaOH. The total amount of OB” is increased but as the volume is also increased, the solution is diluted, and the molarity of OB and hence the pH decreases (© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited ¢ Structured Questions ¢ L @ o © © © @ © w © @ 00-+36.0 _ Volume ofthe solution = “TESS = 11147 = 111 (em) mu The solubility of NaCl at 20 °C is 36.0 in 111 em of solution oF 36.0100 _ 559 > Sragy = 3229=325 g of NaCl | dm? of solution RI Molar mass of NaCI=23.0+35.5=$85 (g) [1] Maximum molarity of NaCt is the motarty st ‘whieh no mare NaCI is soluble 329 arty of Nac = 2222 1 Moai of acl = 2222 =5.52(M) m pil = og 0.10= 100 m1 Colour of the solution is red. oy ‘Total volume = 19.0 cm’; .10%1.00_, Asacidis in excess, pH = log !0*.% 9.981) Colour of the solutic red. w ‘The solution is neutral when 10 cm? of NaOH have been added pit 7.0 1 Colour ofthe solution is yellow 0 NaOH is in excess when 11 em’ of it are added, : 0.101.090 — 4 agp « 10° molarity of 4 = C1OXOO 4.769 1 =48* 10° (M) a pH of the solution = 14.00 + log (4.762 * 107) = 11.68 on 2046) + 2HCKag) —> ZaCKlag)+ HA) 1] _™ No.ofmoles of HCl sed = = x 130 (mob) m 1000 No. of moles of H: Mass of Hy * 0.150 = 0.0750 (mol) 2 rated ~ 0.0750 * 2.02 ~ 0.152 (g) [1] Mass of Zn used = 0.0750 « 65.4= 4.91 (g) 2 Since 2 moles of HCI produce 1 mole of ZCh, rolaity ofc, = 5° = 9.7500) m Wat, 630_250M 1000" 126 1000 =0200(M) a Chemistry Success Key for HKDSEE 30.204 1000 VM _40.0x0.250_ 2 Fag tab 7 +00 10° cml (@) As 5.00 x 10° mol of the acid reacts with 1.00 » 10° mol of NaOH, the basicity of the ids. 5. (a) Sodium (b) 3NaOH(ay) + HyX(ag) —> NayXag) + BHO) = 5.00 10° (nol) (0) Mon = FM _ 30.00.50 oO tang = 2.9150 (mol) (@) According to the equation, 1 mol of citric acid reacts with 3 mol of NaOH, the number of 0.0150 © moles citric acid = 5.00% 10° (aol) M=0.100 (M) Molar mass of H,S0, = 1.01 « 2+ 32.1 +160, <4= 98.128 yM 4. 1000 98.12 0.500 (M) H,S0,(ag) + Na:CO,(aq) ——> Na,SOaq) +H,0() + CO.(g) 1000 ) 490 [Number of moles of H,S0, present™= 555 = 0.04904 (mol) Molar mass of anhydrous sodium carbonate = 23.0% 2+ 12.04 16.0 * 3= 106 (g) Number of moles of NasCO, added = 106 = 0.01887 (mol) As | mol of H,SO, reacts with | mol of NaC}, Na,CO; isthe limiting reagent. 1 mol of Na;CO, liberates 1 mol (44.0 g) of CO,, hence mass of CO; liberated 0.01887 « 44.0 = 0,830 (g) Number of moles of SO, remains in the solution = 0.08994 ~ 0.01887 = 0,03107 (mol) As 1 mole of H3S0, gives 2 moles of H’, 0.03107%2%1000 100 © @ molarity of = 0621 (M) "Number of motes of Mg used = 490= 3.10 = 0.03704 = 0.0370 (mol) 7 @ ‘© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited a w 0 0 a iO] m | * m ou a aw 2 Py w|® a Ww = ) © @ @ wo) @ o el _Complete Answers and Marking Schemes g Since | mole of Mg reacts with 2 moles of ethanoic acid, number of moles of ethanoie acid in the diluted sample = 0,03704 x 2 = 0,07408 = 0.0741(¢n01) ‘Molarity ofthe diluted ethanoie acid m so.0M = jo00 *°°°5= 00 M= 1481 Hence, the molarity of the or acid= 148M Molar mas ofethanoe acid = 12.0 x2 + 1.01 4+ 16.02 60.04 (8) Concentration of the original ethanoie acid sample = 14.81 « 60.04 = 889 (g dn) Molar mass of NaCl ~ 58.5 (a) _m__250%0.800 383" 1000 m= 1170) (@) Number of moles of NaCl present _ 30.0%0,800 = To00 [Number of motes of P(NO,); added _ 30.0%1.00 = To00 AAs | mol of PIQNOs): reels with 2 mo of NaCl, NaCl isthe limiting reagent Molar mass of lea(}) chloride = 207 + 355 *2=278 @) Mass of POCI, collected =5.56(8) [Number of moles of leat) nitrate given = 0,0800 mol Final number of moles of lead(}) nitrate 0.0400 @ a inal ethanoie a 2 2 10400 (mol) = 0.0500 (mal) a 0.0100 ang pe w = 0.0800 = 0.0300 (mol) Volume of the final solution = 100 cm’, hence molarity of the resulting solutio 100300% 1000 100 ‘They are in excess to ensure the complete precipitation ofthe chlorides and sulphates. Lead(t) chloride 0.300 (M) eB 0 wu ‘Chemistry Suecess Key for HKDSEE 3Ta Complete Answers and Marking Schemes gy (©) Molar mass of POC, ~ 278 g nero of PC id= 2S = . en 100 TOL (M) (Lent te Barium sulphate (€) Molar mass of PbSO, = 207 + 32.1 + 16.0 «4 = 303.1 (@) Mass of PSO, precipitated = 0.07014 * 303.1 1.26 (8) Molar mass of BaSO, = 137 432.1 # 16.04 = 233.18) Number of moles of BaSO, preepitated 3752126 — 9.06967 (mol 2 1+ 8.06967 1000 Hence molaity of Ba zH009 af 100 = 0697 (M) 10. (a) Molar mass of CO, =44.0(g) 1.10 Number ofmoles of C0, = 118 : sof COs 10 = 0.0250 (mol) (b) As I mot of NaHCO; produces 1 mol of CO;, umber of moles of NaHCO, = 0.0250 mol 0.0250)% 1000 hence the molarity of NaHCO, a 250 (M) (©) Molar mass of NaHCO, ~ 84.01 (p) Mass of NaHCO; inthe sample ~ 0.025 « 84.01 100 (8) Mass of NaCl = 4,00 2.100 = 1.900 908) (@) Molar mass of NaCI= 58.5.) 1900 _ 1008 svoarty oF Nac: SO? = TE Mf =0325 (M) + Essays + 1, The use of g em’ in daily life The use of mol dar” in chemistry Concentration of solution can be expressed in terms of g dm’. It is defined as the number of grams of the solute in 1 dm’ of solution. Since the mass {© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited PI m iO 0 uF m0 uw au Ql el 2B of a substance is readily measurable, this definition is widely used in everyday lives. Consider the case when we are required to prepare a salt solution at hhome, we are concerned only with hoy many grams (orhow many spoonful) of salt we will use to add to 4 certain amount of water to make the solution, The idea of mole is practically not applicable. Bl Concentration of @ solution ean be expressed in terms of mol dm’. Its defined as the number of ‘moles ofa solute in | dm’ of solution. In chemical reactions, reactants react according to their mole ratios indicated by the equation. For example, 1 mole of hydrochloric acid would react with mole of sodium hydroxide. If the concentrations of the ‘3 solutions are expressed in mol dm”, the amount of reactants required is readily obtainable, Here wwe can say that 20 cm’ of a 1.0 M hydrochloric acid would react with 20 em? of a 1.0 M sodium hydroxide solution, If their concentrations are expressed in g dm”, a lot of calculations will be required. So mol div” is a common concentration unit sed in chemistry. a Effective communication 3 The ability to present ideas in a precise manner [I] The ability to present ideas ina systematic manner [1] The ability to present answer in paragraph form and full sentences mu Determination of molarity of sodium carbonate 3 Determination of molarity of sodium hydroxide 3 ‘To find out the molarity of sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide in the same solution, we should first measure a definite volume of the solution, Add excess hydrochloric acid toa definite volume ‘ofthe solution. Collet the carbon dioxide gas given ‘out either by using «gas syringe or by displacement of water, From the volume of carbon dioxide collected, calculate the numberof moles of earbon dioxide, Since all the earbon dioxide comes from sodium carbonate, the number of moles of sodium carbonate in the solution can be determined. Thi readily converted to molarity of sodium carbonate in te solution, B) Get another definite volume of the solution, ald 4 suitable indicator (inthis ease methyl orange) and then titrate the solution against standard hydrochloric acid solution. The volume of hnydrochlori ac used isthe total volume of acid to reget with sodium earbonate and sodium hydroxide Since the molarity of sodium carbonate has already been known, the molarity of sodium hydroxide can also be determined 8 ‘Chemistry Suovess Key for HKDSEE 3[Effective communication 3 ‘The ability to present ideas ina precise manner [1] ‘The ability to present ideas in a systematic manner [1] ‘The ability to present answer in paragraph form and ful sentences w / Unit 14 —~ Multiple-choice Questions + LA 8 B An approximate volume of solution is suitable. Do ‘ot waste time on measuring the exact volume accurately. 4c ‘The final volume of the four solutions are the same, ‘The temperature rise isthe greatest when the mole ratio of KOH and SO, is 2:1, SD Ba(OH) (ag) + H.SO(ag) —> BaSO{s) + 2H,0(0, Neutratisation is exothermic, Also the number of ions decreases during the titration, hence ‘conductivity decreases. 6A wa NasCO, is added to the solut changes ftom acidic o alkaline D a € ‘An acid-base indicator needs to change its colour sharply atthe end point, wc 50,0 cm? of NaOH are required for complete and the solution ‘eutralisation. Hence the final volume is 75.0 em’. 250 molarity of sulphate jon =1.00% 22" = 0.33 (MD ‘The molarity of sulpha Fp OOM) nc ASI mole ofthe acid reacts with 2 moles of sodium hydroxide, molarity ofthe diluted acid solution is 160x040, 1 yt 20.128 0 x 25.0 vy Os 288 imolar mass 2.88% 1000 molar 8s = OE =90.0(8) {© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited el Complete Answers and Marking Schemes gg 2B ‘Volume of NasCO, added tothe solution 40%030) 1 = Rey = 10 Cem) Hence the molarity of Nact = "34 9.24 (M1) BB Mote ratio HCI:Pb(NO,); = 2:1: hence volume of _ 40.0% 0.500, mn? Het = 2 0.0 18.8 25.0%0.20 Mass of silver « 752%020 195 = ps4, un 0.54 () IA Mole ratio Za:Ag = 1:2; hence the mass of Zn 25.0020 1 ied = 75.0502 65.41 =0.16 = 1000 ae 16.0 Molar miss of NaOH = 40.01 g Mass of NaOH = !00*9840 . 46,01 =3.36,(a) me No. of moles of NaOH that reacts with chromium chloride ~100%0.840=40070.600 _ 94669 mot 1000 Since 0.02 mole of ehromium chloride reacts with 0.06 mole NaOH, the charge on chromium fon is 43, and the formula for chromium hydroxide is COH), 18. D “The formula for the chloride of ehromium is CFCs andthe molar mass of it= $2.0-+35.5 « 3=158.5 (g) ‘Mass of 0.02 mole of CxCl,~0.02 * 158.5 =3.17 (8) wd 20. ¢ ¢ Structured Questions + L@ (Acidic JNFLCL [Neutral [NaCl [atkatine —_[CHCOONa a (6) (@ Either phenolphthalcin or methy! orange can be used a “The pH ofthe solution at equivalence point is 7 and there is a sharp change in plat the equivalence point. i Chemistry Suosess Key for HKDSEE 3We Complete nsieers and Marking Schemes gy (i) Phenotphthalein is used. m0 ‘The pH of the solution at equivalence point is greater than 7 and there is sharp change in pH at the equivalence point. Phenolphthalein changes its colour at pH1> 7. [1] Gi) No suitable indicator can be used. ia) "ep of san changes gay tome ets a 2, (a) Molar mass of NaOH = 23.0 + 16.0 + 1.01 “tole A 50M 40.01 1000 m enase 0420 "1 ()— NaOli(ag) + HCK(ag) —> NaCiag) + H,0() tmierio 1 1 = 250M: 45.0x0.200 w try otnaon = 52222093901 (@) Anhydrous sodium carbonate m _ 30.00.20 3. (@) No.of moles = POT = 6.00 10° (mol) Hw (b) NaOH(ag) + HCKag)—> NaCag) + HOW), moleratio 1 = 6.00% 107 x nm = 6.00 * 10° mol ‘Therefore, the numberof moles of HCL lef 00 « 10 10 = 6,00 10° (mol) m 100%1.50 (©) Original amount of HCI= 0.150 (mo!) 000 No, of moles of HCI reacting with sodium carbonate = 0.150 — 6.00 107 = 9.00» 10 mol am Na,CO\(ag) + 2HCKaq) —> molertio 1 0: 2 2NaCKag) + H,0() +COXe) No. of moles of NasCO in the sample = 200410 = 450 « 10° (mol) ul (©2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited = Molar mass of Na,CO; = 106 gence mess of [NigCO, inthe sample = 4.50 10° « 106 77 (g) w (@) Percentage purity 5.00 95.4% w 4. (a) A primary standard is a chemical of whieh the mass can be accurately measured (hence ‘the standard solution of it can be prepared by dissolving a known amount of substance in a efinite volume of solution). fa} (b) Molar mass of ethanedioic acid erystal = 126.06 g ‘Mass ofthe acid required = 126.06 » 0.0250 15 (e) wa (©) (COOH)(29) + 2NaOH(ag)——> (COONa),(ag) + 2H,00) [1] (4) Forthe eanedivic acid, n =; 1000 SOM 00250= M=0.100(M) 2 (COOH),(ay) + 2NsOH(ay) —> mole ratio 1 2 2 = 250%0.100: 35.00 (COONa)(ag) +200) [1] =0.143 0M) i} 5. (a) Molar mass of Na,COs * 10H,0 =286.2 g p= Til, 860 250M i 1000 "286.2 1000 = 0.1202 0.1200) 0 (6) Conical fask al (©) Metiytorange ui It changes from yellow to red atthe end point. [1] (@) The 1" run isa trial run, and is quite different from the other two. It is not used in the calculation of the average volume of titre, uw Ace i fi 280250 = 22.55 (om’) mw (© NaCOsag) + 2HCKag) —> tmiomio 1 2 asaxoiam : a25sw 2NaCl(ag) + HOH +COMg) [1] _ 25.0%0.1202%2 2.55 M 0.267 (M) uw e ‘Chemistry Success Key for HKDSEE 3(Anhydrous sodium carbonate may absorb water ‘vapour in the ai, but it can be kept anhydrous by heating before use, Hydrated sodium carbonate may lose water of crystallisation in air. The loss of water of crystallisation eannot be replenished by adding ‘water to the solid again. Hence, its mass cannot be accurately measured. m 6. (a) M(s) + 2HClag)—> MCIaq)+ Hig) [1] 2HCKag) + Na,CO,(ag) —> 2NaCag) + H,0()+CO,@) [1] (b) Number of moles of HCI at the beginning 30.0%5.00 Toop 0250 mal NaCO(ag) + 2HCKay) —> moleratio 1 ro __ 156% 0.0800 1000 f 2NaChag) + 1,01) +COLe) __215.6%00800 : 1000" Hence, number of moles of HC reacting with metal M= 0.250 ~ (2.496 10° » 10) 2250 mol a Since | mol of M reacts with 2 mol of HCI, the ‘numberof moles of M used = 0.1125 mol 630 =2.496«107 w ‘The relative aonicmass ofi= 632 = 360 7. (a) NayCO\ag) + 2HCKag)——> wmoleraio 2 = 280x120 : 1000 INaCKag) + H,0() + COX) ‘Number of moles of HCI reacting with NaxCO; 0600(mol) 2) 1000 (b) Number of motes of HCI reacting with the = 0.240 (mol) mW As 2 moles of HCI react with I mole of the metal, umber of moles of metal=0.120 mol [I] Let g be the mass of Zn in the mixture, S68 —o.120 tsa” 243 therefore, x=2.616 g) 0 Percentage by mass of zinc inthe mixture 2.616 100% =57.4% a 456 ‘© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kang) Limited -35- wel Compete Answers and Marking Schemes gy (©) Any one of the following: Concentrated acd is corrosive. — Thee isa waste of chemical if concentrated solutions are used, & (a) To reduce heat loss to the surrounding during the reaction (®) Neutralisation is an exothermic reaction. During the frst part of the reaction, heat is given out and the temperature of the reacting mixture rises. After the reaction has completed, further addition of HCI will cool down the reacting mixture (©) Extrapolate the two lines. The point of intersection (22.0 cm") gives the end point of the reaction. Since 1 mole of NaOH reaets with 1 mole of HCl, 2201.00 200 = 1.1000) molarity of NaOH = @ “Temperature ofthe reacting mixture /°C 1 2 30 40 Volume of HCl added / em? ‘The temperature rise for the titration with (CH,COOH is smaller. CH,COOH is a weak acid. Energy is required to break the ~O-H bond. 9. (@) — NaOH(ag)_ + H,SOsaq) —> moleratio 2 1 = 28e —: 12.8* 0.120 NaSO,ag) +211,0() 12.8x0.120%2 Motary of NaOH, x =!2 80.8 0.1229 0.123 (M) (©) NaOH) + Cag) —$> moleratio 1 25.00.1229: 21.5 NaCiag) + 4,00) 25.00.1229 215 = 0.143 (M) Molarity of HCl, y iO) a a iO} a m1 iO} mn a m1 io} iO) 0 (Chemistry Suecess Key for HKDSEE 3We Complete Answers and Marking Schemes gy (©) Secondary standard js standard solution ‘whose concentration is found by quantitative analysis against primary standard. a [NaOH solution isthe secondary standard. [1] 10. (a) Uss a 25,0 em" pipette to transfer 25.0 om? of 5.00 M HCI to a 250 em volumetric flask, Add distilled water to the volumetric lask wat the meniscus reaches the mark. a () —NasCOy(ag) + — 2HCKag) —> molerstio 2 25.0 20.85 * 0.500 2NaCI(ag) + H,0(0 + CO(e) 20.85 %0.500 Molasity of NasCO, =2= 77 D2 0.2085 (M) a Number of moles of Na,CO, in the 250 em of 250%0.2085 _ wal solutions 750% 0208595213 (net) Molar mass of N3;CO *nHO= 106 + 18.028 646 tence 646 3, " 106+ 18.020 pot n=l 2) + Essays + 1. Ctra fora chemical being a primary standard 3 Preparation ofthe sliion 3 Criteria fora chemical being a primary staan: [3] AA primary standard is chemical the mass of which ‘ean be aceurately measured. Hence the standard solution of it ean be prepared by dissolving a known, ‘amount of substance ina definite volume of solution, ‘The substance used as a primary standard should be 4 solid obtainable thigh purity, should be stable nature. It should not be hygroscopic (absorb water ‘vapour from the atmosphere) or efMorescent (lose water of crystallisation tothe atmosphere), It should also have a relatively high molar mass and should be readily soluble in water, Preparation of the solution: 8) To prepare 250 cm? of 9 0.100 M sodium earbonate solution, about 0.0250 mol (ie. 2,65 g) of the anhyrous sodium earbonate is accurately measured. ‘The solid is dissolved in about 100 em' of distilled water in a beaker, When the solid is completely dissolved, transfer the solution, with washings, to 2 250 em? volumettic ask, Add distilled water to the flask until the meniscus ofthe solution just touches the graduation mark, Effective communication 3 {© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited 2 “The ability to present ideas in a precise manner [1] ‘The ubility to present ideas in a systematic manner [I] “The ability to present answer in paragraph form and. fall sentences m (Note: It is difficult and also not practical to measure the exact mass of solute required. Usually calculation is necessary to find out the exact ‘molarity ofthe solution based on the actual amount of solute used.) “The explanation ofthe validity of the statement 4 The proces forte production ofthe salt 2 Sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide are sicong alkalis. Also, all sodium salts and potesium sali are soluble in wate. m0 ‘Take the preparation of sodium chloride as an example. Sodium chloride is soluble in water. It «snot be prepared by precipitation method 0 In the formation of sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide or sodium oxide ean be sed to reat wth hydrochovc acid, However, al these reactants andthe produets ae soluble in water or undergo reaction with water, therefore we do not know when the reaction is complete and which substance i in excess. a Hence, titration method is used. We frst find out the volume of hydrochloric aid used to neutralise 25.0 em of sodium hydroxide solution by tation, ‘sing a suitable indicator. Then we mix the same volume ratio of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solution. In this ease, none of the chemicals is in excess, Finally we concentrate the solution and obtain the sodium chloride erystals by exystallsation. a By direct combination method, sodium is burnt in chlorine to form sodium chloride. However, this method is dangerous and hardly controllable. Hence, the statement that ‘a salt of a strong acid and a strong alkali ean only be prepared by titration ‘method? i valid Effective communication 3 The ability to present ideas ina previse manner [I]. “The ability to present ideas in a systematic manner [1] “The ability to present answer in paragraph form and fall seaonces 0 ‘Chemistry Suecess Key for HKDSEE 3