cell Cycle and Cell Division 7

Chapter
CD INTRODUCTION
0
cellS reproduce by dividing into two, With each parental
--:; gMnQ rise to two daughter cells each time they divide.
1
C:
~
ivided further into three phases
. phase ~

© INTERPHASE
IG~wlh and reproduction are characteristics of cells
, uiirS phase (Synthesis)
indeed of all living organisms. J!llrG phase {Gap 2)
2
c11cycles of growth and division allows single cell to form
1 -fc
..,,cture ronsisting of millions of cells.
aS••
astll _ ~ e cells do not divide further1 exIDG 1 phase to enter an
Inactive staS!,_called quiescent stage (G9) of the cell cycle.
@ CELL CYCLE
. lD ~ ells In this stage remain metabolically active but no longer
iS sequence of events by which a cell duplicates its
..., ,,,, P.roliferate. unless called on to dQ_SO a epencling on the
synthesises the other constituents of the cell and
eventually 01vides into two daughter cells(b @ requiremel'lt of the organi
~ I growth results in disturbing the ratio between the
nucleus and cyt~m. It therefgre becomes essential for
ifiecei(to divide to restore the ~oplasmi.£!_8tio. - nterval between mitosis and Initiation of DNA replication.
----growth
II (in terms of cytoplasmic increase) is a continous
c.:;vee11 is metabollcaUyactive and oontinyQY&ly grows but does not
replicate its DNA.
,~ s t of the cell organelles duplicate
ration of cell cycle can vary from organism to organism
s:: • NUCl~OHdl ~"" .
and also from cell type to c:eU ty_pe.
-g.
DI
I« his phase marks the phase of DNA replication and
IL ; .g.,Yeast-cellcycleduration._,..{ 90
_ m_i-n u_t_
e s""',}
chromosome duplication.
Human cell cycle duration - 24 hours but cell division proper ~ u n t of DNA per ceH doubles but there is no inaease In initial
lasts for only about an hour. chromosome number
~imalcells, £!ntrioled_ueliwltes I n ~
@ PHASES OF CELL CYCLE ~replication 1?99ins In nucleu§. '1
.1
Proteins are synthesised in oreparatioo fnc r o ~ l e cell
l
M-phase lJrowth continues
MftochondY-i<l,Chtor I CTR ~f\ •
<t,Cailed resting phase ~ ual cell division phase Tu!xu ,· n &'/ n ·
~ ispreparingfordivision e,..,S't arts with ~ r
by undergoing both cell division (karyokinesis)
growth and DNA replication and usually ends with
lnart,ordertymanner. division of cytoplasm
(Wkio 0sisl \. In animal cells mitotic division is only seen in diploid somatic cells. Plant cells show mitotic division in both haploid and
C- diploid cells.
 Cf
( ~ -
ostdramaticperiodofcellcycle M PHASE (MITO::m,1
~hromosome number in parent and progeny cells is the same hence Divided into
calledequational~d~iv~is~j~on£=======-=====~ - - - - - - = J L = ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - --~~~~~~-=-=J~- -
KARYOKINESls) ~-(Se._ e_ CYTOKINESIS
_ •
(!)PROPHASE
) +
2. METAPHASE!lt '1r 3. ANAPHASE
+ 4. TELOPHASE
+ _;,t 1'e, o~
pf op
is divisio~ o f ~ at
end of which cell division
pha:.e, follows th~nd ~~es;ompletedisintegrationofthe ~ntromereofeachchromosome ~alstageofkaryokinesis.
1 completed.
~tyerpthhaSE:· ·t · . f nuclearenyelopemarksthestartof split-' simultaneously and ,... .P.tiromosomes that have ~animalcellsitisachievec1
, e in1 1at1on o metaphase t,,"" - " • f f
condensation of chromosoma~ondensati"an of chromosomes is chromaudsseparate. reached their respective appearance o a urrow In
mater i a I which becomes completed and can be observed ~wo daughter chromatids, now poles decondense and lose plasma membrane. .
untangled. -il clearly under microscope and referred to as daughter theirindividuality. plant cells cytokinesi 1 1"'
t en~osome_ starts to move morphology of £brpmosomes is chromosomebegintheirmigration _..-r;fuclear envelope develops achieved by wall formation,
.; i:acosor'tfsitefpolesh ~easllystudied. towardsthetwooppositepoles. around the chromosome starts in the centre of the cell
markedrr;;y~ ono prop asecanbe heh chromosom~ has two sis1r ~ e centromere of each cluster at each pole forminll grows outward to meet
c romat1ds which are he d . . . . .
~Chromosomes condense to tnnetherb thece tr chromosome remain directed .,.tw
,,,o
......,.
da _u....;g:;..h_t_
er-::n:-u-:-c--:le:--
1. ex1stinglateralwall.
""" Y n omere. t rd th I nd t ·1·
form compact mitotic~! the chromosome coming to__!.w ow~ s ~ a arms ra11ng ~cleolus, Golgi complex ~ e formation of new cell
.. chromosome. at equator. behind . (leading to different and ER reform. begins with the formation
I
~chce~trosome~atpole~ch chromosome connected by shapesofchromosomes),.. ~\ I // simple precursor, called the
and radiates out m1crotubules itskinetochoretospindlefibrefrom --.::::3 --~ P,late that r1U2_resents the ml
called asters. Th~ two asters one pole and its sister chromatid -,. '- 1 ; / 1;;;;;11a between the wall of
togeth~r _with spindle fibres connected by its klnetochore to ~ ) \ 11~ d' a
.fgrm mitotic apparatus. spindle fibre from the opposite - -- - .____ a I cent ce 11s.
llheendofprophasecellsdonot_ J!Ole. ~enkaryokinesisi@foH(!
showGolgicomplex, ER,nucleolu~The plane of alignment of the .,/JJ. bycytokinesisasaresultof ~
arid nuclear enyei~. chromosomes at metaphase is multinucleate condition aril
referred to as metaphase plate. leading to formation of s·
· - ~;demlospeoo: Coc.,
------ - - r,,, -- ----
--,::::;,;i lI (-::<::_~
-.::::;
"i/\\~~
...
·-~.:::-
• Kinetochore ifedisc) shJ
structure at t e sulfac61
c.(ar / I \ .., centromere, serves as 0
Early Prophase Tetophase site of attachment of spind
Trnnsition to Metaphase
Anaphase
!
1
@ SIGNIFICANCE OF MITOSIS
~rr/
.__ Mitosis usually results in identical genetic complement in daughter cells.
rowth of multicellular organisms.
.
Ii.-,_ - -
ub}-

I repair
·•itotic division in apical and lateral meristem results c.,Qntinuous growth of plants throughout their life. _
Late Prophase Metaphase some tower plants and in some social insects h~ploid cells also divide by mitosis. ;j
·~
 (Jj MEIOSIS
:::,..------- nd Of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by haH results in the production of haploid daughter cells.
/4 1a1isad ki roduction of haploid phase In the life cycte of sexually reproducing organisms whereas fertiljzalion restgres lhe d 1- loki_ pha11_e.
~sis ensu:~~eguential cycles of nuc1ear givjsjpn I e. meiosis I and meiosis II but pnl~single ~e of DNA replication
~ sis Ill~ after paraiital chromosomes have replicated .
..<..j05iS llniti8ted formed atthe end of meiosis II.
~rha£!2!2.cells are ,.__... -
@ MEIOSIS ll_Reductlonal Phase
-nha~
~ a n d more complex.when compared to prophaseof mitosis
Leptotene METAPHASE I
Chromosomes become gradually visible under the light microscope. ~ e l e n t chromosomes align on the equatorial plate
(.IY"l"ha compaction of chromosomes continues throughout leptotene. (Double metaphaslc plate)
~tubules from the opposite poles of the spindle
Zygotene attach to the klnetochore of homologous
~omologous chromosome~led synapals.
chromosomes
napsls is accompanied by formation of complex structure called s_ynaptonemal complex.
complex formed by a pair of synapsed homologous chromosomes is called bivalent or a tatrad
ANAPHASEI ._.
~ptotene and zygotene are relatively short lived compared to the pachytene.
omo1aaous chromosomes separate. while s ister
Pachytene chromatids remain associated at their centromere .
\.,?""four chmmaUds nf each bivalent becom~nd !;!early ape2arsas tetrads.
~pearance of rec mblnaf , the sites at wh,ch crossing over occurs ~1
non-sister \"11
chromatidsofth homol ous hromosomes.--111
over is exc ange o genetic material be~eeo two homologous chromosomes. It is an TELOPHASE1
enzyme mediated process, enzyme involved is callectrecombinase. \ ~ e nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear
~ssing over leads to recombination of genetic material which is completed by the end of pachytene
~ o kinesis follows and this is called a.s dyad of cells.
leaving chromosomes linked at the sites ofcrossjng oyer
Dlplotene @ INTERKINESIS
~eginnlng of diplotene is recognised by the dissolution of synaptonemal complex and tendency of the -is the stage betwee@meloticdivislons.
recombined homologous chromosomes of the bivalent to separate fTOm each other except at the site generally short lived.
of crossovers,,__
~hi(Yshaped structures (site of crossing over) are called chlasmata.
o DNA replication*
Is followed by~haseJl_._
l,,,lY"Tn oocytes of some vertebrates, dlplotene can last for months or years (dlctyotellE!_).
Dlaklnesls
~ s i s marked byterminallsation of chiasmata
~hromosomes are fully condensed and meiotic spindle Is assembled to prepare the homologous
chromosomes for separation
the end of dlakinesi&, th-~,,_n_u_c.,..
le_o.,..
lu_s_d;-;-isa-=-e-ee
-=-a::rs~i)nlinuclear envelope also breaks do~
Q.,--6raklnesis represents transition to metapha_se.