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°Ü˛ ܲï≈˛Óƒ
å˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ç!Óôylñ ôyÓ˚y 51~ä
l §Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyl%àï˛ƒñ §yÇ!Óôy!lܲ xyò¢≈ G ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylñ çyï˛#Î˚ ˛õï˛yܲy
G çyï˛#Î˚ §Çà#ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ◊ÂôyˆÏÓyô–
l Ù•Í ˆÎ§Ó xyò¢≈ fl∫yô#lï˛y §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zò‰Ó%Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ °y°l
G xl%§Ó˚î–
l ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §yÓ≈ˆÏ˲ÔÙcñ ˙ܲƒ G §Ç•!ï˛ Ó˚«˛y–
l xy•¥yl ~ˆÏ° ˆò¢Ó˚«˛y G çy!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ§ÓyÎ˚ xyd!lˆÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y–
l ˲y£ÏyÈüÈôÙ≈ÈüÈxMþ°ÈüȈ◊!î !l!Ó≈ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ
˙ܲƒˆÏã˛ï˛ly G ºyï,˛cˆÏÓyô í˛zò‰ˆÏÓyôl–
l ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ù◊ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ Ù)°ƒÓyl í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ùy•ydƒ í˛z˛õ°!k™ G §ÇÓ˚«˛î–
l xÓ˚îƒñ •…òñ lòlò#ñ Ólƒç#Ól§• ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ Ó˚«˛î G í˛zߨÎ˚l ~ÓÇ
≤Ãyî#çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §•yl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ˆ˛õy£Ïî–
l !ÓK˛ylÙlflÒï˛yñ ÙylÓï˛yÓyòñ xl%§rôyl G §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Óܲy¢–
l §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ §¡õ!_ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚y G !•Ç§y ˛õ!Ó˚•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y–
l çy!ï˛ ÎyˆÏï˛ !lÎ˚ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÙ≈yòƒÙ G §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ hflψÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õÔшÏSÈyˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §Ó≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Óƒ!=þàï˛ G §ÙˆÏÓï˛ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§ í˛zÍܲˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ˆ§•z °ˆÏ«˛ƒ
ˆ˛õÔшÏSÈyˆÏlyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛Tþy–
l !˛õï˛yÈüÈÙyï˛y / x!˲˲yÓˆÏܲÓ˚ òy!Î˚c 6ÈüÈ14 ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚flÒ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚
ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚y–
 !¢«˛y!ÓK˛ yl
myò¢ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z

≤Ûï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ܲ
Ó˚yçƒ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ïò≈ ñ !e˛õ%Óy˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ –
 ©C ~§É!§É•zÉxyÓ˚É!ê˛ Ü˛ï,≈˛Ü˛ §Ó≈fl∫c §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛– ~•z Ó•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ fl∫c ~ܲÙye
SCERT, Govt. of Tripura ~Ó˚– ~ܲÙye !°!áï˛ xl%Ù!ï˛ Óƒï˛#ï˛ Ó•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
xÇ¢•z ≤Ã!ï˛!°!˛õñ ˛õ%lÓ˚%Ͳõyòlñ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ lyó xlƒÌy ≤Ãܲy¢Ü˛ñ ˆ°áܲñ
≤Ãܲy¢l §ÇfiÌy xy•zlàï˛ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚# ÌyܲˆÏÓ–

≤ÃÌÙ ≤Ãܲy¢ ı
≤Ãܲy¢Ü˛ ı Ó˚yçƒ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy
Ùyã≈˛ñ 2020
G ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ï≈òñ
!e˛õ%Ó˚y–

Ù)°ƒ ı È150 ê˛yܲy ²ÌFSé˜

~§É!§É•zÉxyÓ˚É!ê˛
Ù%oܲ ı §ï˛ƒÎ%à ~Ù≤’!Î˚ç xÇþîû !îlÄy¤
ˆÜ˛yÈüÈx˛õyˆÏÓ˚!ê˛Ë˛ ˆ§y§y•z!ê˛ ◊# ˛õ#Î)£Ï ˛õy°
!°!ÙˆÏê˛í˛ ◊# §%ò#˛õ òy§
13 ≤ÃÊ%˛Õ‘ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ !fiê˛∆ê˛ñ ◊# §yàÓ˚ §)eôÓ˚
ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÈüÈ72 ◊# Ó˚yly Ó!lܲ
 Ù%áÓrô
ÙylÓ§¡õò í˛zߨÎ˚lÙsfܲ ~ÓÇ çyï˛#Î˚ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˆÜ˛w åNCERTäÈüÈ~Ó˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚
çyï˛#Î˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆÎ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy åNCFä 2005 ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ~Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl G Ù%რí˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !SÈ°
!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà !¢¢%Ó˚ K˛ylˆÏܲ Î%=˛ ܲÓ˚yñ xÌ≈•#l Ù%áfiÌ ˛õÂô!ï˛ G ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflÏܲÈ
ÈˆÜ˛!wܲï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ !Óܲy¢ âê˛yˆÏly– xyô%!lܲ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ!wܲ !¢«˛yÎ˚ §ÙhflÏ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ
!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyfiÌy àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎÓ˚ ›
G ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
2019ÈüÈ20 !¢«˛yÓ£Ï≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ NCERTüÈ~Ó˚ ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù !e˛õ%Ó˚y Ó˚yˆÏçƒG @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
≤ÃÌÙ ˆ◊!î ˆÌˆÏܲ myò¢ ˆ◊!î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ §Ü˛° ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflÏܲ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ÎÌy§ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏSÈ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚
çlƒ Ó˚yçƒ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˆÜ˛w åSCERTä !lÓ˚°§ ≤ÃÎ˚y§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈ–
í˛zFã˛Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲ°y!Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ !¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ çl!≤ÃÎ˚
!Ó£ÏÎ˚– NCERT ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õyGÎ˚y Syllabus Structure xl%ÎyÎ˚# !Óàï˛ !¢«˛yӈϣÏ≈ SCERT Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xôƒy˛õܲÈüÈxôƒy!˛õܲy G !Ó!˲ߨ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ÈüÈ!¢!«˛Ü˛yˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y
!°!áï˛ ~ܲyò¢ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ !¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl Ó•z!ê˛ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xï˛ƒhs˝ §Ùyò,ï˛ G ≤âÇ!§ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ï˛o)˛õ myò¢ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG !¢«˛y!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ÈüÈ!¢!«˛Ü˛yˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y ~•z Ó•z!ê˛ ˆ°áy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛É ˆòÓÓ ï˛ Ë˛Ryã˛yÎ≈ñ í˛É ˲Óyl# ˆÙyòܲñ í˛É !lÓy§ ã˛w ¢#° ~Ó˚ lyÙ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ–
ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyhs˝!Ó˚ܲ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y G xÜœ˛yhs˝ ˛õ!Ó˚◊ˆÏÙÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ~•z Ó•z!ê˛ !¢«˛y!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ
ï%˛ˆÏ° ˆòGÎ˚y §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– SCERTüÈˆï˛ !lÎ%=˛ !Ó!˲ߨ !¢«˛Ü˛ G ܲÙ#≈Ó,® ÎÑyÓ˚y ê˛y•z˛õ ˆ§!ê˛Çñ
ܲ˲yÓ˚ !í˛çy•zl G §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ ˆ§Ô¤˛Ó Óô≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç åx«˛Ó˚ !Ólƒy§ä Î%=˛ !SȈϰl ï˛ÑyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyÙyÓ˚
§Ü,˛ï˛K˛ ôlƒÓyò K˛y˛õl ܲÓ˚!SÈ– ~•z Ó•z!ê˛ !¢«˛yl%Óy˚ à#ñ !¢«˛Ü˛ÈüÈ!¢!«˛Ü˛y G !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆòÏ Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒ
•ˆÏÓ ÓˆÏ° xy!Ù xy¢yÓyò#– !¢«˛y!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !¢«˛yl%Ó˚yà# Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xyˆÏÓòl ÌyܲˆÏÓ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈
§ÇflÒÓ˚ˆÏî Ó•z!ê˛ ÎyˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚G §Ù,Âô •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛ ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ àë˛lÙ)°Ü˛ Ùï˛yÙï˛ çylyˆÏ° SCERT
ÎÌyÎÌ í˛zˆÏòƒyà ˆlˆÏÓ–

í˛z_Ù Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ã˛yܲÙy

x!ôܲï≈˛y
~§É!§É•zÉxyÓ˚É!ê˛ñ !e˛õ%Ó˚y
 CONTENT DEVELOPER
í˛z˛õˆÏòT˛y
í˛É !lÓy§ ã˛w ¢#°ñ Principal in-charge, CTE, Kumarghat
≤ÃÌÙ xôƒyÎ˚ ı !¢«˛y ~ÓÇ ò¢≈l
åí˛ı ˲Óyl# ˆÙyòܲñ í˛ı ˆòÓÓ ï˛ Ë˛Ryã˛yÎ≈ƒä
!mï˛#Î˚ xôƒyÎ˚ ı Ù•yl ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ !¢«˛y!Óò‰àî
åí˛ı ˆòÓÓ ï˛ Ë˛Ryã˛yÎ≈ƒä
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ xôƒyÎ˚ ı !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !òܲ§Ù)•
å◊#Ù!ï˛ ã˛®ly ӈϮy˛õƒyôƒyÎ˚ä
ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ xôƒyÎ˚ ı !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)•
å◊#Ù!ï˛ !Ùey xyã˛yÎ≈ƒä
˛õM˛Ù xôƒyÎ˚ ı !lˆÏò≈¢ly G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl
å◊#Ù!ï˛ !Ùey xyã˛yÎ≈ƒä
£Ï¤˛ xôƒyÎ˚ ı xhs˝Ë)≈˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y
åí˛ı ˆòÓÓ ï˛ Ë˛Ryã˛yÎ≈ƒä
§ÆÙ xôƒyÎ˚ ı !¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl
å◊#Ù!ï˛ ã˛®ly ӈϮy˛õƒyôƒyÎ˚ñ í˛ı ˲Óyl# ˆÙyòܲä
xT˛Ù xôƒyÎ˚ ı !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!Óòƒy
åí˛ı ˲Óyl# ˆÙyòܲä

í˛ı ˆòÓÓ ï˛ Ë˛Ryã˛yÎ≈ƒñ P.G.T., Khowai, Govt. Girls’ Class-XII School.

í˛ı ˲Óyl# ˆÙyòܲñ P.G.T., Madhuban (K) H.S. School.
◊#Ù!ï˛ ã˛®ly ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ñ Lecturer, DIET, Agartala.
◊#Ù!ï˛ !Ùey xyã˛yÎ≈ƒñ P.G.T., M.T.B. Girls’ H.S. School.

≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xl%¢#°l# ≤ß¿ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl í˛ı ˆòÓÓ ï˛ Ë˛Ryã˛yÎ≈ƒñ ~ÓÇ í˛ı ˲Óyl# ˆÙyòܲ
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≤ÃÌÙ xôƒyÎ˚ ı !¢«˛y ~ÓÇ ò¢≈l 1ÈüÈ61
● ≤ÃÌÙ ~ܲܲ ı !¢«˛y ~ÓÇ ò¢≈lÈüüüÈ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xÌ≈ñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §¡õÜ≈˛ ● !mï˛#Î˚
~ܲܲ ı ã˛yÓ≈yܲ ò¢≈lÈñÈ ˜çl ò¢≈l ● ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ ı lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈lñ ˆÎyà ò¢≈l ● ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ~ܲܲ ı ˲yÓÓyòñ
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyòñ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò
!mï˛#Î˚ xôƒyÎ˚ ı Ù•yl ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ !¢«˛y!Óò‰àî 62ÈüÈ102
● ≤ÃÌÙ ~ܲܲ ı çуy ÓƒyÜ%˛•z§ Ó˚%шϢy ● !mï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ ı ˆçy•yl ˆ•l!Ó˚ܲ ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§# ● ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ ı
ˆÊ ˛í˛y!Ó˚ܲ í˛z•z°ˆÏ•Ù xyàfiê˛ Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° ● ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ~ܲܲ ı Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ xôƒyÎ˚ ı !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !òܲ§Ù)• 1È03ÈüÈ143
● ≤ÃÌÙ ~ܲܲ ı Óƒ!=˛ fl∫yï˛sfƒï˛yüüüÈ xÌ≈ñ ܲyÓ˚îñ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ● !mï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ ı ˆ≤ãÏîyÈüüÈ xÌ≈ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲òñ
í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)•ñ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛y ● ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲıÓ,!ÂôÈüüüÈxÌ≈ñ ï˛_¥ åã˛y°≈§ !flõÎ˚yÓ˚Ùƒyl ~Ó˚
!mÈüÈí˛z˛õyòyl ï˛_¥ñ °%•z§ !°Î˚l ÌyˆÏfiê˛≈yl ~Ó˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ï˛_¥äñ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ● ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ~ܲܲ ı
§,çl¢#°ï˛yÈüüüÈ xÌ≈ñ í˛z˛õyòylñ §,çl¢#° !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy
ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ xôƒyÎ˚ ı !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)• 1È44ÈüÈ188
● ≤ÃÌÙ ~ܲܲ ı §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°ÈüüüÈ xÌ≈ñ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ§Ù)•ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲òñ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛y
● !mï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ ı ¢,C°y ≤Ãy܉˛ fl∫yô#lï˛yÈüüüÈ xÌ≈ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲òñ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ~Ó˚ à%Ó˚%c ● ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ ı
Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !¢«˛yÈüüüÈ xÌ≈ñ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yñ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ §Ù)• ● ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ~ܲܲ
ı çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ G xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !¢«˛yÈüüÈ xÌ≈ñ çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yˆÏÓyô G xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyô çyàÓ˚ˆÏî
!¢«˛yÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy
˛õM˛Ù xôƒyÎ˚ ı !lˆÏò≈¢ly G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl 189ÈüÈ234
● ≤ÃÌÙ ~ܲܲ ı Óƒ!=˛cÈüüüÈ xÌ≈ñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò ● !mï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ ı !lˆÏò≈¢lyÈüüüÈ xÌ≈ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲òñ
!¢«˛yÎ˚ ˛!lˆÏò≈¢òyˆÏlÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c ● ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ ı ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ÈòylÈüüüÈ xÌ≈ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲òñ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c
● ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ~ܲܲ ı x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚îÈüüüÈ xÌ≈ñ ܲyÓ˚î§Ù)•ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôÈüÈ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚§Ù)•
åˆ◊!î ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy°yˆÏlyñ !ÙˆÏ̃ ˲y£Ïîñ ã%˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yñ í˛zˆÏmàñ !Ó£Ï]ï˛yä
£Ï¤˛ xôƒyÎ˚ ı xhs˝Ë)≈˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y 235ÈüÈ269
● ≤ÃÌÙ ~ܲܲ ı xhs˝Ë%≈˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÈüüüÈ xÌ≈ñ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ§Ù)•ñ í˛z˛õyòylñ Óyôy§Ù)• ● !mï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ ı Óƒy•ï˛
ò,!T˛¢!=˛ §¡õߨ !¢¢%ÈüüüÈ xÌ≈ñ !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲òñ !¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ ● ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ ı Óƒy•ï˛ ◊Óî
«˛Ùï˛y §¡õߨ !¢¢%ÈüüüÈ xÌ≈ñ !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲òñ !¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ ● ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ~ܲܲ ı !¢álÙ)°Ü˛ x«˛Ùï˛yÈüüüÈ
xÌ≈ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲òñ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy–
§ÆÙ xôƒyÎ˚ ı !¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl 270ÈüÈ333
● ≤ÃÌÙ ~ܲܲ ı Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛ylÈüüüÈ xÌ≈ñ !¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yñ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy !Ó˲yçl ● !mï˛#Î˚
~ܲܲ ı ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏe ï˛Ìƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢lÈüüüÈ hflÏΩ˛ !ã˛eñ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó•%Ë%˛ç ● ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ ı ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õÈüüüÈ àí˛¸ñ ÙôƒÙÙylñ Ë)˛!£ÏT˛Ü˛ ● ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ~ܲܲ ı !Ó£ÏÙï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ı §ÙƒÜ˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛
xT˛Ù xôƒyÎ˚ ı !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!Óòƒy 334ÈüÈ375
● ≤ÃÌÙ ~ܲܲ ı ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓòƒyÈüüüÈ xÌ≈ñ ôyÓ˚îyñ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓòƒyÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ● !mï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ ı !¢«˛î
≤Ãò#˛õlÈüüüÈ ≤Èϫ˛˛õîÙ)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ x≤Èϫ˛˛õîÙ)°Ü˛ !¢«˛î ≤Ãò#˛õl ● ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ ı !¢«˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ÈüüüÈ
~í%˛ˆÏ§ê˛ñ §ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ñ ˆê˛!°!˲¢lÙ)°Ü˛ñ •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlê˛Ù)°Ü˛ ● ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ~ܲܲ ı ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyàÈüüüÈ xÌ≈ñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ñ
≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲òñ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Óyôy§Ù)•
!¢«˛y G ò¢≈l 1

≤ÃÌÙ xôƒyÎ˚ ı !¢«˛y G ò¢≈l

♦ È ≤ÃÌÙ ~ܲܲ ı !¢«˛y ~ÓÇ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xÌ≈ñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §¡õÜ≈˛
♦ !mï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ ı ã˛yÓy≈ܲ ò¢≈lñ ˜çl ò¢≈l
♦ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ ı lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈lñ ˆÎyà ò¢≈l
♦ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ~ܲܲ ı ˲yÓÓyòñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyòñ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 2

≤ÃÌÙ xôƒyÎ˚
!¢«˛y G ò¢≈l
(Education and Philosophy)

í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ (Objectives) ı

Ä !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y !¢«˛y G ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xÌ≈ñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §¡õÜ≈˛ §¡∫ˆÏrô xÓàï˛
•ˆÏÓ–
Ä !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ã˛yÓ≈yܲ ò¢≈l ~ÓÇ ˜çl ò¢≈l §¡õˆÏܲ≈ çylˆÏÓ–
Ä !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈l ~ÓÇ ˆÎyà ò¢≈l §¡õˆÏܲ≈ xÓàï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
Ä !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ˲yÓÓyòñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò §¡õˆÏܲ≈ çylˆÏÓ–

≤Ãyܲ‰ÈüÈܲÌl (Pre-face) ı ~•z !ÓŸªÓ ·yˆÏ[˛ ≤ÃyˆÏîÓ˚ flõ®ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù%•)ï≈˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !¢«˛yÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚%– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛
!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z !¢«˛y x!lÎ˚!sfï˛ xÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ Ó˚)˛õ ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– §yÇàë˛!lܲ !òܲ
ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z !¢«˛y §¡õ)î≈ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ hflψÏÓ˚ í˛zߨ#ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyô%!lܲܲyˆÏ° !¢«˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲ
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y !•§yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ !ӈϢ£ÏôÙ#≈
¢yáy àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ӈϰ !¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl– xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y !¢«˛y≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ
!ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ G ÓyhflÏÓôÙ#≈ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°G ï˛yÓ˚ ÙylÓ#Î˚ !òܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚l!l–
xyô%!lܲ §ÙyˆÏç !¢«˛y ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §%˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy– ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ §Ùyç ˆÎÙl §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ˲yˆÏÓ
ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆï˛Ù!l Óƒ!=˛G ~ܲܲ˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛y í˛zˆÏj¢ƒÙ%á#– xyô%!lܲ
!¢«˛y!Óòàî ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° Óƒ!=˛ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §Ó≈yAà#l !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚y– ~•z §Ó≈yAà#l
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ùyl ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye Ó›ôÙ#≈ §)ã˛Ü˛ myÓ˚y !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ã˛y•z í˛zߨï˛ï˛Ó˚ ç#Ólyò¢≈–
í˛zߨï˛ï˛Ó˚ ç#Ólyò¢≈•z ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒÙ%á# à!ï˛ §M˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛– Óƒ!=˛ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ç#Ólyò¢≈
àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ ç#Ólò¢≈l ˆÌˆÏܲ– ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛yñ ç#Ól ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ~•z §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛yÓ˚
~ܲy@˝Ãï˛yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ ç#Ólò¢≈l åPhilosophy of Life.ä– xyÓ˚ ~•z ç#Ólò¢≈l ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲÙ≈ˆÏ≤ÃÓ˚îyÓ˚ §M˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ !¢«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ xÓ¢ƒ•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ~ܲ!ê˛ ç#Ólò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚– ~•z
!¢«˛y G ò¢≈l 3
ç#Ólò¢≈l•z !¢«˛yˆÏܲ Óƒ!=˛ G §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xÌ≈˛õ)î≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ° ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏܲ Óƒy˛õܲ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ï˛y•z ˆçyˆÏ•l àê˛!°ˆÏÎ˚Ó !Ê˛ˆÏã˛ åJohann Gotlieb Ficheä ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛Ó˚)˛õ ~ܲ!ê˛ ç#Ólò¢≈l
SÈyí˛¸y fl∫FSÈï˛y °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ly–
~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z xyô%!lܲܲyˆÏ° !¢«˛yò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zͲõ!_– ˆÎ ç#Ólò¢≈l !¢«˛yˆÏܲ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl ï˛yͲõÎ≈Ó•
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ !¢«˛yò¢≈l– ç#Ólò¢≈l ˆÎÙl Ó•%Ù%á#ñ ˆï˛Ù!l !¢«˛yò¢≈lG Ó•%Ù%á#– ï˛ˆÏÓ
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ !¢«˛yò¢≈l !¢«˛yˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ !lçfl∫ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ï˛yͲõÎ≈˛õ)î≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°–
xyô%!lܲܲyˆÏ° !¢«˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓK˛yl !•§yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •°ñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛
≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÓ˚ §Ê˛°ï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y– ÓyhflψÏÓ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ÓK˛yl Îï˛•z Ó›!lË≈˛Ó˚ •í˛zܲ ly ˆÜ˛lñ ï˛yˆÏܲ
~ܲ!ê˛ xyò¢≈ˆÏܲ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ §Ó !ÓK˛yl•z
~ܲ!òl ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ !SÈ°– ï˛y•z Philosophy Óy ò¢≈lˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ Mother of all disciplines.
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~•z xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈñ !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ° ÌyˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ òy¢≈!lܲ xyò¢≈– ~•z òy¢≈!lܲ
xyò¢≈•z ï˛yˆÏܲ fl∫yô#lï˛y òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õyòylà%!°Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚e !lô≈yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏeG !¢«˛y!Óòàî òy¢≈!lܲ !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ï˛y•z Ó°y •Î˚ ç#Ólñ ò¢≈l ~ÓÇ !¢«˛y
~ܲ•z §)ˆÏe xyÓÂô– ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ òy¢≈!lܲàî ÎyˆÏܲ ‘Philosophy’ ӈϰ x!˲!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏl
ï˛yˆÏܲ•z ò¢≈l ӈϰ x!˲!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ ò¢≈ˆÏlñ ò¢≈l !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚
xl%§rôyl– xyÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈l à˲#Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ xyôƒy!dܲ– ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈l §Ü˛° §ÙÎ˚•z §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ
í˛z˛õ°!kôÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ò¢≈l Ó°ˆÏï˛ ò%!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ÈüüüÈ §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°!kô ~ÓÇ
§ï˛ƒ í˛z˛õ°!kôÓ˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚– ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈l G ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ ò¢≈l í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚•z x!ô!Óòƒyñ l#!ï˛!ÓK˛ylñ ï˛Ü≈˛!ÓK˛ylñ
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛ylñ K˛yl!Óòƒy §¡õÜ≈˛#Î˚ !Ó!˲ߨ òy¢≈!lܲ §Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏl
!Ó!˲ߨ §¡õoyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ òy¢≈!lܲ Ùï˛yÙï˛ xyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈là%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ≤Ãôylï˛ ò%!ê˛ ˆ◊l#ˆÏï˛
!Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ó ÎÌy ˜Ó!òܲ Óy xy!hflÏܲ ò¢≈l ~ÓÇ x˜ÏÓ!òܲ Óy ly!hflÏܲ ò¢≈l– xy!hflÏܲ ò¢≈l Ó°ˆÏï˛
£Ïí˛¸‰ò¢≈lˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏly •Î˚ó §yÇáƒñ ˆÎyàñ lƒyÎ˚ñ ˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲñ Ù#Ùyǧy G ˆÓòyhs˝– xyÓ˚ ã˛yÓ≈yܲñ ˆÓÔÂô G ˜çl
ò¢≈l •° ly!hflÏܲ ò¢≈l– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ òy¢≈!lܲ Ùï˛Óyòà%ˆÏ°y ˆÎÙl ÈüüüÈ Ë˛yÓÓyòñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyòñ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò
xô%!lܲ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ ÓyhflÏÓ§¡øï˛ G !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z§Ó
ò¢≈l§Ù)• òy¢≈!lܲ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ !lç !lç ˛õÂô!ï˛ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ !lç
!lç Î%!=˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚ ~•z§Ó ò¢≈l !lçfl∫ Ùï˛Óyòà%ˆÏ°y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !lç !lç òy¢≈!lܲ
!§Âôyhs˝ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛y åEducationä ~ÓÇ ò¢≈l¢yˆÏflÓf ˚ åPhilosophyä ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ Ó˚
fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ~ÓÇ ò¢≈l¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ùï˛Óyò§Ù)• åDifferent Schools of Philosophyä xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ
!ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 4

≤ÃÌÙ ~ܲܲ ı !¢«˛y ~ÓÇ ò¢≈ˆlÏ Ó˚ xÌ≈ñ ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §¡õÜ≈˛
(Meaning: Education and Philosophy, Nature of Education,
Nature of Philosophy, Relation between Education and
Philosophy)

Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Introduction) ı
xyô%!lܲܲyˆÏ°ñ !¢¢%Ó˚ !¢«˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ ˛õ,Ìܲ ¢yáyÓ˚ í˛zqÓ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ
ï˛yˆÏܲ ӈϰ !¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl– ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ !¢«˛y≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ xyô%!lܲܲyˆÏ°ñ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ Ó˚#!ï˛ˆÏï˛
xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !¢«˛y ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Îy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ !òܲˆÏܲ•z ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ¢%ô%Ùye Ó›ôÙ≈# ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚y í˛zˆÏ¡ø£Ï âê˛yˆÏly•z !¢«˛yÓ˚ ܲyç lÎ˚ñ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ
ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà# àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°y•z !¢«˛yÓ˚ ܲyç– ï˛y•z ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛y!ÓK˛yˆÏlñ ò¢≈l ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚
§ÓÓ˚Ü˛Ù Ó›ôÙ≈# G §yÙy!çܲ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ xl%≤ÈÏÓ¢ âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ !¢«˛y ˆÎÙl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝y ¢!=˛Ó˚
í˛zˆÏ¡ø£Ï â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ò¢≈l G !ÓK˛ylà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆï˛Ù!l xlƒ!òˆÏÜ !lˆÏçG ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Î%!=˛!lË≈˛Ó˚
≤ÃyÙyîƒ G x≤ÃyÙylƒ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ñ !lˆÏçÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ âê˛yˆÏFSÈ– ~•z ~ܲˆÏܲÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚
!¢«˛y G ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ G ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚–
!¢«˛y G ò¢≈l åEducation and Philosophyä ı
!¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò¢≈l¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛fl∫Ó˚)˛õ í˛zò‰âyê˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ°
K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z ò%!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ~ÓÇ ˆ§à%!° •° !¢«˛y ~ÓÇ ò¢≈l–
!¢«˛y !ܲ ⁄ åWhat is Educationä ı
Óƒy˛õܲ xˆÏÌ≈ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙyÌ≈ܲ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ xyÓ˚ §Çܲ#î≈ xˆÏÌ≈ ~ˆÏܲ §¡õ)î≈ ç#ÓlÎy˛õˆÏlÓ˚
≤Û!ï˛ ÓˆÏ° x!˲!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– Ú!¢«˛yÛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ Ó%ƒÍ˛õ!_àï˛ xÌ≈ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°G çyly ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ
!¢«˛y •° Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ K˛yl xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y Óy x!˲K˛ï˛y °yˆÏ˲Ó˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°ˆÏܲ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y– Ú!¢«˛yÛ ¢∑!ê˛
~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ §Çfl,Òï˛ Ú!¢«‰˛Û ôyï%˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÓ˚ Ù)°àï˛ xÌ≈ •° ¢,C!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚y Óy !lÎ˚!sfï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y Óy !lˆÏò≈¢ly
ˆòGÎ˚y– xyÓyÓ˚ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ !¢«˛y ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ •zLjÏÓ˚!ç ≤Ã!ï˛¢∑ •° ÚEducationÛ– ÚEducationÛ ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚
Ó%ƒÍ˛õ!_àï˛ xÌ≈ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ~!ê˛ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ °ƒy!ê˛l ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ÚEducareÛ ÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈
•° ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°l ܲÓ˚y Óy ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î≈y ܲÓ˚yñ ÚEducatioÛ ÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ •° xhs˝!l!•≈ï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%ȈÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚yñ
ÚEcucereÛ ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ •° !l‹Òy¢l ܲÓ˚y Óy !lˆÏò≈¢lyÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y– ÚEducatumÛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚
!¢«˛y G ò¢≈l 5
xÌ≈ •° !¢«˛yòyl– xyô%!lܲ xˆÏÌ≈ !¢«˛y •° !¢¢%Ó˚ Óy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ç#Ól !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yˆÏܲ §•yÎ˚ï˛y
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚˛≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲï˛à%!° §Ω˛yÓly Óy «˛Ùï˛y ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÎà%!° !Óܲy¢ˆÏÎyàƒ– ˆÎ ˛≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢¢%Ó˚ ~•z çß√àï˛ §Ω˛yÓlyÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ•z !¢«˛y Ó°y •Î˚– Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ~•z
§Ω˛yÓlyà%!°Ó˚ §¡±§yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°•z ï˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ •Î˚–
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ åNature of Educationäı
≤Ãyã˛#lÎ%à ˆÌˆÏܲ xyô%!lܲ Î%à ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ G ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy!ç≈ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
˜Ó!òܲÎ%ˆÏà !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !SÈ° xydK˛yl G xyˆÏdy˛õ°!kô– §)eÎ%ˆÏà !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !SÈ° !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î
ã˛!Ó˚e àë˛l ~ÓÇ !ӈϢ£Ï#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !¢«˛y– Ó y·îƒÎ%ˆÏàÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ù)° ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !SÈ° ÙlˆÏlÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !lˆÏçÓ˚
~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚ÙydyÓ˚ ¢!=˛ˆÏܲ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y– ˆÓÔÂôÎ%ˆÏàÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ù)° ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !SÈ° ç#Ól G çàÍ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%!=˛–
ÙôƒÎ%ˆÏà !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ù)° ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !SÈ° ôÙ≈!˲!_ܲ ~ÓÇ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ôÙ≈ÙlflÒ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°y– ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ï˛y•z !SÈ° Ù)°
ܲy!Cï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚– !Ó !ê˛¢ ¢y!§ï˛ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ò%!ê˛ ôyÓ˚yÎ˚ !Ó˲=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà!SÈ°– ~ܲ!ê˛ •° ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ •zLjÏÓ˚!ç K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ xyÓ˚ xlƒ!ê˛ •° ≤Ãyã˛ƒÓyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ •yï˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆò¢#Î˚ ˲y£Ïy ÎÌyÈü
§Çfl,Òï˛Èñ xyÓ˚!Óܲñ ˛õy!¢≈ •zï˛ƒy!òˆÏܲ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆò¢#Î˚ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y– fl∫yô#ˆÏly_Ó˚
˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ Ù)°ï˛ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà !lË≈˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ í˛zͲõyòlÙ%á#–
í˛z˛õ!Ó˚í˛z=˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ≤Ãyã˛#l ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ù)° ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !SÈ° Ùyl%£Ï ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚
!¢«˛y !ܲv xyô%!lܲ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !¢«˛y ˛õ!Ó˚à!îï˛ •° Ó›Ù%á# !¢«˛yÎ˚– xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛y!Óòàî !¢«˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛
ç#ÓlÓƒy˛õ# ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y åLife long processä !•§yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl– Ó˚yÙÜ,˛£÷Ï ˛õÓ˚ٕǧˆÏòÓ ÓˆÏ°ˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ
ÚÚÎï˛!òl ÓÑy!ã˛ñ ï˛ï˛!òl !¢!áÛÛ xÌ≈yÍñ çß√ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù,ï%˛ƒ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ x!Óã˛° ôyÓ˚yÎ˚ !¢«˛y ã˛ˆÏ° ӈϰ•z !¢«˛y
ç#ÓlÓƒy˛õ#–
çyly ˆÌˆÏܲ xçylyñ §Ó˚° ˆÌˆÏܲ ç!ê˛° ~•z °«˛ƒˆÏܲ §yÙˆÏl ˆÓ˚ˆÏá !¢«˛y x!Óã˛° ôyÓ˚yÎ˚ Ü ˛ÙÓô≈Ùyl
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ hflÏÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚•z x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •Î˚– !¢«˛y Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ §!ë˛Ü˛ !lˆÏò≈¢òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚
ܲy!A«˛ï˛ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !¢«˛y•z ≤Ã!ï˛!lÎ˚ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lÙ%á# !ӈϟª §yÌ≈ܲ x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÌ
§%àÙ G ≤âhflÏ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ ~•z xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲÌy Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛
Ü ˛Ù˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#° ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyç≈l¢#°–
ò¢≈l !ܲ⁄ åWhat is Philosophy) ı
Úò¢≈lÛ ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ •zLjÏÓ˚ç# ≤Ã!ï˛¢∑ •° ‘Philosophy’– xyÓ˚ •zLjÏÓ˚ç# ‘Philosophy’ ¢∑!ê˛ ò%!ê˛ @˝Ã#܉˛
¢∑ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zq$ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÈüÈ‘Philos’ ~ÓÇ ‘Sophia’– @˝Ã#܉˛ ¢∑ ‘Philos’ ÙyˆÏl xl%Ó˚yà Óy ˲yˆÏ°yÓy§y
(Loving) ~ÓÇ ‘Sophia’ ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ •° K˛yl (Knowledge Óy Wishdoon)– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ‘Philosophy’
¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÌ≈ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xl%Ó˚yà Óy ˲yˆÏ°yÓy§y– ˆ≤’ˆÏê˛y (Plato) ïÑ˛yÓ˚ “Republic” @˝ÃˆÏrÌ ÓˆÏ°ˆÏSÈlñ ˆÎ
Óƒ!=˛ §Ü˛° ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xy§!=˛ xyˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ÎyÓ˚ K˛yl!˛õ˛õy§y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !òl•z ˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛Æ •Î˚ lyñ
!ï˛!l•z ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ xˆÏÌ≈ òy¢≈!lܲ–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 6
˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ ˆòˆÏ¢ ÎyˆÏܲ Philosophy Ó°y •Î˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏܲ•z ò¢≈l ӈϰ x!˲!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– §Çfl,Òï˛
˲y£ÏyÎ˚ ò¢≈l ܲÌy!ê˛Ó˚ §yôyÓ˚î xÌ≈ •° ˆòáy– Úò,¢Û ôyï%˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ò¢≈l ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ í˛zͲõ!_– ò¢≈l Ó°ˆÏï˛ §yôyÓ˚îï˛
ã˛y«%˛£Ï ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ò¢≈l ÙyˆÏl ã˛y«%˛£Ï ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î lÎ˚ñ ò¢≈l ÙyˆÏl ï˛_¥ ò¢≈l ÈüÈ çàˆÏï˛Ó˚
~ÓÇ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ í˛z˛õ°!kô– §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ í˛z˛õ°!kô Óy ï˛_¥ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚•z ò¢≈l– ˆ§•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ˆÏòÓ˚˚
ò,!T˛ˆÏï˛ !ï˛!l•z òy¢≈!lܲ ÎyÓ˚ §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ í˛z˛õ°!kô •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ÎyÓ˚ ï˛_¥ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈñ !Î!l ~•z
!ÓŸªçàͲ G ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ˆçˆÏlˆÏSÈl–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈ ˆÎñ Ó%ƒÍ˛õ!_àï˛ xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚Ó˚y ÎyˆÏܲ ò¢≈l
lyˆÏÙ x!˲!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y •zLjÏÓ˚ç# Philosophy- Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¢∑ lÎ˚ñ ܲyÓ˚î ï˛_¥ò¢≈l Óy ï˛_¥§y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚
!Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ Philosophy-Ó˚ Ó%ƒÍ˛õ!_àï˛ xÌ≈ lÎ˚– ï˛Ó% xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›ñ òy¢≈!lܲ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛
~ÓÇ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ â!lT˛ §¡õÜ≈˛ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ò¢≈l ~ÓÇ Philosophy-Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ù° °«˛ƒ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ Philosophy-Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¢∑ !•§yˆÏÓ ò¢≈l ܲÌy!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
~•z çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ Îál Ùyl%£Ï ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏá ï˛ál !ÓfløˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ Ùl ˲ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚– çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ x§#Ù
Óƒy˛õܲï˛yñ xï˛ƒhs˝ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏl xòÙƒ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•° §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z !ÓfløÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z xyˆÏ§ !çK˛y§y– ï˛y•z
ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏl lylyÓ˚Ü˛Ù ≤ß¿ çyˆÏàüüüÈ ~•z çàÍ !ܲ⁄ ˆÜ˛yÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ í˛zͲõ!_ •°⁄ çàͲ ˆÜ˛ !âˆÏÓ˚
~•z ˆÎ §)- ܲ°yˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°ñ !lÎ˚Ù¢,C°y ˆÜ˛ ~•zà%ˆÏ°y !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ x§Çრ≤ß¿
ÙˆÏl ~ˆÏ§ ˲#í˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ÓfløÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆçˆÏà í˛zˆÏë˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ çylyÓ˚ xyܲyA«˛y– !ÓfløÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ !çK˛y§y
xyÓ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚Ó%!Âô§¡õߨ ç#Ó ˆ§•z !çK˛y§yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ á%шÏç ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– xyÓ˚ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ•z ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zͲõ!_– ~•z
≤çˆÏAà òy¢≈!lܲ ˆ≤’ˆÏê˛y ÎÌyÌ≈•z ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ !ÓfløÎ˚•z ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çlܲ– åPlato- Wonder is the parent of
Philosophy.ä
ò¢≈l ~Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy xyˆÏÓ˚yG ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛ê˛ •ÓyÓ˚ çlƒ !ܲS%È §ÇK˛y !lˆÏ¡¨ ≤Ãò_ •° ı
xàyfiê˛ Ü˛ÙˆÏï˛ - ò¢≈l •° !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓK˛yl– åAuguste Comte - Philosophy is the science
of sciences.ä
xƒy!Ó˚fiê˛ê˛°- ò¢≈l •° ˆ§•z !ÓK˛yl Îy xl%§rôyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ §_yÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z fl∫Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛
!Ó!˲ߨ à%îyÓ!° Îy ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z !l!•ï˛– åAristotle - Philosophy is the science which
investigates the nature of being as it is in itself and the attributes which belong to it in
virtue of its own nature.ä
•zÙyl%ˆÏÎ˚° ܲyrê˛ ı ò¢≈l •° K˛yl §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ !ÓK˛ylÈ È~ÓÇ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly– åImmanuel Kant :
Philosophy is the science and criticism of cognition.ӊ
ˆçy•yl‰ àê˛!°ˆÏÎ˚Ó !Ê˛ã‰˛ ı ò¢≈l K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓK˛yl– åJohann Gottlieb Fichte : Philosophy is the
science of knowledge.ä
!¢«˛y G ò¢≈l 7
í˛z˛õ!Ó˚í˛z=˛ §ÇK˛yà%!°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ı
Ä ò¢≈l •° !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓK˛yl–
Ä ò¢≈l •° K˛yl §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly–
Ä ò¢≈l •° K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓK˛yl–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ò¢≈l •° ~Ùl ~ܲ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ Îy ç#Ól §¡õܲ#≈Î˚ §ÙhflÏ ≤ß¿ G ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ á%шÏç
ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z ç#ÓˆÏl ã˛°yÓ˚ çlƒ ò¢≈l ~ܲ x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏܲ Óƒï˛#ï˛ ÙylÓ#Î˚ x!hflψÏcÓ˚
˛õ)î≈ xÓÎ˚Ó §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ •Î˚ ly ÎÌyÌ≈˲yˆÏÓ–
ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ Óy ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ åNature of Philosophyäı
!ӈϟªÓ˚˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚•z çàÍ G ç#Ól §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ܲï˛Ü˛à%!° ôyÓ˚îy ÙˆÏl ˆçˆÏà í˛zˆÏ벖 òy¢≈!lܲˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyç
•° ~•z ôyÓ˚îyà%!°ˆÏܲ !Óã˛yÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ çàÍ G ç#Ól §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §%§Ç•ï˛ G §%§ÇÓÂô
K˛yl òyl ܲÓ˚y– Ó›Ó˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ Óy ÎÌyÎÌÓ˚)˛õ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ K˛yl òyl ܲÓ˚yG ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyç– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Óƒ!=˛•z §yôyÓ˚îï˛
Ó›Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ Ó˚)˛õ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xÓ!•ï˛ •Î˚ıÈüÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛yÓ˚ Óy•ƒÓ˚)˛õ ~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚!ê˛ ï˛yÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ Óy ÎÌyÌ≈Ó˚)˛õ– xyܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚
ˆÎ l#° Ó˚Ç ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆ§!ê˛ ï˛yÓ˚ Óy•ƒÓ˚)˛õ– !ܲv fl∫Ó˚)˛õï˛ xyܲy¢ Óî≈•#l– ç°˛õ)î≈ ˛õyˆÏeÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
xô≈!lÙ!Iï˛ Ü˛y¤˛á[˛!ê˛ ÓÜ ˛ ÙˆÏl •Î˚ñ xÌã˛ fl∫Ó˚)˛õï˛ ï˛y lÎ˚– ~•z Óy•ƒÓ˚)˛õ!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ xÓ˲y§ Óy
≤Ã!ï˛Ë˛y§ åPhenomera Óy Appearanceä– ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù ܲyç •° Ó›Ó˚ Óy•ƒÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xhs˝Ó˚yˆÏ° xÓ!fiÌï˛
ï˛yÓ˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ K˛yl òyl ܲÓ˚y–
ò¢≈l !ÓK˛yl G çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §%§ÇÓÂô G ¢,C°yàï˛ K˛yl !òˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
òy¢≈!lˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyç •° §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˜ÓK˛y!lܲˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z§Ó ôyÓ˚îyà%!° ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛ï˛y !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y– §yôyÓ˚î K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ !ÓK˛yl x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ §%§Ç•ï˛ G §%§ÇÓÂô ~ÓÇ
!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ K˛yl xyÓ˚G §%§ÇÓÂôñ §%§Ç•ï˛ G ˛õ)Ó≈y˛õÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛– ~•zçlƒ òy¢≈!lܲàî
ˆò¢ñ ܲy°ñ ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚î §¡õÜ≈˛ñ çí˛¸ñ ˆã˛ï˛lyñ ≤Ãyîñ Ùlñ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ Óy !ÓÓï≈˛lñ {ŸªÓ˚ñ ˲yˆÏ°yÈüÈÙ®ñ §%®Ó˚
Ü%˛Í!§ï˛ñ §ï˛ƒÈüÈ!Ù̃yñ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ §Ó !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛•z ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ ôyÓ˚îyà%!°ˆÏܲ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏáñ ~•zà%!°Ó˚
ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛ï˛y !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !lçfl∫ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•zà%!°Ó˚ Óƒyáƒy ˆòÎ˚– ï˛y•z Ó°y •Î˚ ò¢≈l¢yflf •°
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#Ól G ï˛yÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ!° §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï˛yͲõÎ≈Ó• G §yÙO§ƒ˛õ)î≈ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ˆ«˛e–
ò¢≈l ¢∑!ê˛ˆÏܲ lyly xˆÏÌ≈ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆ°Ô!ܲܲ xˆÏÌ≈ ò¢≈l •° ˆòáy Óy xyˆÏ°yܲl– !ܲv
à˲#Ó˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈˛õ)î≈ ÓƒyáƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈l •° ˆÓyôñ í˛z˛õ°!kôñ K˛yl Óy Ó%!Âôñ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ ¢!=˛ñ ≤Ãܲy¢l Óy xyôƒydK˛yl
§yôl¢yflf– çí˛¸ •z!wÎ˚ G Ùl !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly oÓƒ Óy Ó› ¢%ô% ˆòáyÈüüüÈ ï˛y ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ly– ˆòáyÓ˚
!˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ K˛ylˆÏ°yܲ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°y•z ò¢≈l– åPerceptionäñ xl%ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ åInferenceä myÓ˚y Óy ≤ÃyÙyîƒ ¢yflf
Óy !Ómyl Ùll¢#° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !ܲS%È çylyG ˆ§•z çylyˆÏܲ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §ï˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°y•z
ò¢≈l–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 8
§ÙhflÏ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ !lÎ≈y§ ç#Ól G çà͈Ïܲ ~ܲ G xá[˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈ üüüÈ ï˛y•z
•° ò¢≈l– ò¢≈l §ÙhflÏ !ÓŸªÓ ·y[˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲܲñ xá[˛ §_yÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲˆÏÓ˚– ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃•z •z!wÎ˚@˝Ãy•ƒ
!ÓŸªçàÍ ˆÌˆÏܲ xï˛#!wÎ˚ ˲yÓly Óy ÙlˆÏlÓ˚ hflψÏÓ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚î– §Ù@˝Ã ç#Ól !çK˛y§y•z ò¢≈lñ ï˛y•z
~Ó˚ xy!ò ˆl•zñ xhs˝ ˆl•z– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ ç#Ól ç%ˆÏí˛¸ xyÓyÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚G ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õòã˛yÓ˚îyñ ï˛y•z
ò¢≈l §Ù@˝Ã ç#Ólã˛ã≈˛y ~ܲ xá[˛ !ÓŸª≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ à!ï˛Ó#«˛î–
!¢«˛y G ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ åRelation between Education and Philosophyä ı
ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ Ó%!lÎ˚yò Ù)°ï˛ òy¢≈!lܲ !ã˛hs˝y˲yÓlyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚•z à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zq$ï˛ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ã˛y!•òyà%!°Ó˚ Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á •GÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Óhfl,Ïï˛
ˆ«˛ˆÏe SÈí˛¸yˆÏly §•flÀ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ò¢≈l•z ˆòÎ˚– ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ §Ù§ƒy ˆÎÙlÈüü fl∫yô#lï˛y G
!lÎ˚Ùyl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛yñ !lˆÏò≈¢òyl ˆÜ˛Ô¢°ñ •zï˛ƒy!ò !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)• ~Ùl!ܲ ˛õyë˛ƒ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ï˛y G òy¢≈!lܲ !ÓŸªy§
G ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà•z Gï˛ˆÏ≤Ãyï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ç!í˛¸ï˛– !¢«˛y˛õ!Ó˚ã˛°lyñ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ G ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ Ó,•_Ó˚
!òܲà%!°G ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §ÇÎ%=˛– §ÙhflÏ !¢«˛y˛õÂô!ï˛ ï˛ál•z §%§Ç•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ Îál ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !˲!_ •Î˚
à˲#Ó˚ ò¢≈l– !Ó!˲ߨ !ã˛hs˝y!Óò !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ !¢«˛y G ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ !là)ì˛¸ §¡õÜ≈˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy
!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– !¢«˛y!Óò çl xƒyí˛yÙ§ ӈϰˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ !¢«˛y •° ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ àï˛#Î˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛– åJohn Adams-
Education is the dynaic side of philosophy.ä !¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl# ˆçÙ§ Ê ˛y!™§ Ó˚§ ӈϰˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈò¢≈l G
!¢«˛y •ˆÏFSÈ ~ܲ•z Ù%oyÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ !òܲ– ≤ÃÌÙ!ê˛ •ˆÏFSÈ ôƒyˆÏlÓ˚ !òܲñ ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚!ê˛ •ˆÏFSÈ Ü˛ˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ !òܲ– åJames
Francis Ross- Philosophy and Education are the two sides of a coin, the fomer is the
contemplative side while the later is the active side.ä çl !í˛í˛z•zÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ - ò¢≈l •ˆÏFSÈ §yôyÓ˚î
ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà §Ù!ß∫ï˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛_¥!ӈϢ£Ï– åJohn Dewy- Philosophy is generalised theory of
education.ä !ï˛!l ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎñ !¢«˛y •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyàyÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛_¥à%!°Ó˚ Ù)°ƒ
Îyã˛y•z ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ òy¢≈!lܲ §ï˛ƒà%!° ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yñ ≤çyÓ˚ G fiÌy!Î˚c °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ !¢«˛yÓ˚
Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚•z–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~•z xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈñ !¢«˛y G ò¢≈l ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛– ò¢≈l SÈyí˛¸y !¢«˛yÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly x!hflÏc ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– xyÓyÓ˚ !¢«˛y SÈyí˛¸y ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛y ˆl•z–
!¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !òܲ G ò¢≈l åPhilosophy and Various Dimensions of Educationä ı
ò¢≈l G !¢«˛yÓ˚ l#!ï˛ åPhilosophy and Pinciples of Educationä ç#Ól !¢«˛y G ò¢≈l
xAàyAà#˲yˆÏÓ ç!í˛¸ï˛– ò¢≈l ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ í˛z˛õ°!kôˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ó xyÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛zqÓ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §¡±§yÓ˚î âê˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ç#Ólò¢≈l !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ~ˆÏ§ !¢«˛yò¢≈ˆÏl
!¢«˛y G ò¢≈l 9
Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !¢«˛yò¢≈l !¢«˛yÓ˚ xyò¢≈ Óy í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚ó xyÓ˚ !¢«˛y ˆ§•z í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚
˛õˆÏÌ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ç#ÓlˆÏܲ §yÊ˛°ƒÙ![˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~ܲÌy §ï˛ƒ ˆÎñ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛
!¢«˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ !˲!_ !•§yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ç#Ólò¢≈Èl ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛y!Óòàî ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l !¢«˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˆÎ ç#Ólò¢≈l §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ¢%Âô ï˛y!_¥Ü˛
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– Óƒ!=˛ç#ÓˆÏl !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ Ù)°ƒG Óï≈˛Ùyl– ï˛y•z ï˛yÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎñ ç#Ólò¢≈l
!¢«˛yÓ˚ à!ï˛ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓñ Îy ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ à%îàï˛Ùyl !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ï˛y xÓ¢ƒ•z ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ •GÎ˚y ÓyN˛l#Î˚
xÌ≈yÍ ç#Ólò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛Ïe•z •ˆÏÓ !¢«˛y– xyÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˆÎ ò¢≈l §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ ï˛yG
•ˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ– ï˛y•z xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛y !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎ§Ó ç#Ólò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÌy
!ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆ§à%!° •° ˲yÓÓyò åIdealismäñ Ó›Óyò åRealismä ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò
åPragmatismä– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyòÈüÈ•z •° Ù)°ï˛ ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ ò¢≈l– ï˛y•z ~•z ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ xyô%!lܲ
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢– ï˛ˆÏÓ xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï l#!ï˛ ~ܲܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~•z !¢«˛yò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚
myÓ˚y !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏ° Ë%˛° ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ– ÓyhflψÏÓ !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !òܲà%!°ˆÏܲ ç#ÓlˆÏܲ!wܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° ï˛_¥à%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Ùß∫Î˚ âê˛yˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎÙlÈüÈ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ
!lô≈yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˲yÓÓyòñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò G ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò §Ü˛°ˆÏܲ•z §Ùyl à%Ó˚%c ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆï˛Ù!l ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ùñ
!¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ñ ¢,C°yñ !¢«˛Ü˛ §ÙhflÏ !òˆÏܲ•z òy¢≈!lܲˆÏòÓ˚ xÓòyl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ù!l˲yˆÏÓ xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚
!Ó!˲ߨ !òܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ l#!ï˛ òy¢≈!lܲ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ
ܲÌyÎ˚ ò¢≈l SÈyí˛¸y !¢«˛yÓ˚ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ ÓyhflÏÓyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y x§Ω˛Ó–
ò¢≈l G !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ åPhilosophy and Aims of Educationä ı
í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ Óy °«˛ƒ•#l !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ù)°ƒ ˆl•z– °«˛ SÈyí˛¸y §ÙhflÏ !¢«˛y≤Ãîy°#•z xÌ≈•#l– !¢«˛yÓ˚
°«˛ƒ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛Ó˚yã˛!Ó˚ï˛ G §Ù§yÙ!Î˚ܲ ç#Ólò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ò¢≈l
˲yÓlyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z ~Ó˚yG §ï˛ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#°– !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ Î!ò à˲#Ó˚ òy¢≈!lܲ G ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ˲yÓly!ã˛hs˝yÓ˚
myÓ˚y Ù)°#Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛y ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù)ï≈˛ ˛õÌ ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ •Î˚– òy¢≈!lܲÓ˚y
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÌ!lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl– ï˛y•z §ÙyˆÏç ~ܲ !ӈϢ£Ï
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô §,!T˛ •Î˚– Ùyl%£Ï §yÙy!çܲ ç#Ó !•§yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ ˆ§•z Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ Ùy˛õܲy!ë˛ˆÏï˛
!Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ¢ˆÏá– ~•z Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôà%!° ï˛y•z ~ܲ§ÙÎ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ xyò¢≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚ xyÓ˚ ï˛ál•z ˆ§à%!°
˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ– ï˛y•z Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏl !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒG ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚
˛õê˛Ë)˛!ÙˆÏï˛– !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒà%!° ˆ§ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî òy¢≈!lܲ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ ÓˆÏ° àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚–
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ò¢≈l G !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù åPhilosophy and Curriculumä ı ˛
õyë˛Ü ˛Ù •° !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ x!˲Ù%á# Îyey˛õÌ– !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ §Ê˛° •ˆÏÓñ °«˛ƒ ˛õ)Ó˚î •ˆÏÓ
ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› G !Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°y˛õ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù– xyÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe òy¢≈!lܲˆÏòÓ˚ xÓòylG ΈÏÌT˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xy@˝Ã•ç!lï˛ ã˛y!•òyà%!°ˆÏܲ ï,˛Æ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
çlƒ ˆÎ §%£ÏÙ G ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚îÙyey !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲÙye
ò¢≈l•z– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙ xhs˝Ë%≈˛!=˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î !ܲ⁄ ˆ§•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yl‰ !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚yˆÏܲ
çy!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°⁄ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAà ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ Ü˛ï˛ò)Ó˚ §Çà!ï˛˛õ)î≈⁄ ~•z §ÙhflÏ
≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ò¢≈l•z !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ ò¢≈l•z Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚˚ˆÏܲ !ܲS%È Ù)°l#!ï˛ !¢«˛y ˆòÎñ Îy ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y
ÎyÎ˚ñ !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yl‰ K˛ylñ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aàñ ˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ï˛y G ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ âê˛yˆÏly òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– ò¢≈l•z
ӈϰ ˆòÎ˚ñ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlà%!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ Óƒ!Æ G à˲#Ó˚ï˛y ܲï˛ê˛y •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛–
~•z˲yˆÏÓ ò¢≈l ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ÙˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl G ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨï˛y xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚
à!ï˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ G ˜Ó!ã˛eƒï˛y !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ò¢≈l G !¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ åPhilosophy and Methods of Teachingä ı !¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ •° !¢¢%Ó˚
K˛yl G x!˲K˛ï˛yˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏç °y!àˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ x˲#¤˛ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏSÈ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ í˛z˛õyÎ˚– xyô%!lܲ
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yˆÏl Ó•% lï%˛l lï%˛l !¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ ≤ÃÓï≈˛l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z !¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛à%!° xy!Ó‹ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
!˛õSȈÏl Î!òG !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ xÓòyl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !ܲv ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛à%!° ˆÜ˛l ~ÓÇ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ K˛yl ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ò¢≈l– !Ó!˲ߨ òy¢≈!lܲàî !¢«˛yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §yÙO§ƒ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá !Ó!˲ߨ !¢«˛î
˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏSÈl– xyÓyÓ˚ xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛y!ÓK˛yˆÏl Ó•% lï%˛l lï%˛l !¢«˛y ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
ˆÎà%!°Ó˚ Ù)° ܲÌy •° !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y– ~•z §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ܲÙ≈≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xy§y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– !¢«˛y!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ò¢≈l myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛–
ò¢≈l ~ÓÇ !Óòƒy°Î˚ ¢,C°y åPhilosophy and School Disciplineä ı ¢,C°y ç#Ólò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚
§ˆÏAà x!ï˛ â!l¤˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ç!í˛¸ï˛– ï˛y•z !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ¢,C°y Óy !lÎ˚Ùyl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ò¢≈l !lˆÏçˆÏܲ Îï˛ê˛y
flõT˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛ï˛ê˛y xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲˆÏÓ˚!l– ˲yÓÓyò åIdealismäÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ù)°l#!ï˛•z •°
¢,C°y– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !lÎ˚Ùyl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !¢¢% Îï˛«˛î ly xyd!lˆÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛ï˛«˛î ï˛yÓ˚
ܲyˆÏSÈ §¡õ)î≈ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ê˛°ï˛y xôÓ˚y•z ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏÓ– fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÎˆÏÌT˛ xyfiÌy¢#° •ˆÏ°G ˲yÓÓyò#àî
ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ùyl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛yÎ˚ !ÓŸªy§#– ܲ!ë˛l ~ÓÇ Ü˛ˆÏë˛yÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ùyl%Óï˛#≈ ç#ÓlÎy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ•z !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚
í˛zFã˛ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôà%!°ˆÏܲ xyÎ˚_ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •ˆÏÓ– xyÓyÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆçyí˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y!˛õï˛ ¢,C°yÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò#Ó˚y xyfiÌy Ó˚yˆÏál ly– ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ¢y!hflÏòyl ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ï˛ÑyÓ˚y xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ܲyÓ˚î ~!ê˛
!¢¢%Ó˚ §•çyï˛ ≤ÃÓ,!_ G xyˆÏÓà ≤ÃÓîï˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛•ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– !¢¢%Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ˆ§•z ¢,C°y•z xyˆÏÓ˚y!˛õï˛
ܲÓ˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛ à%Ó˚%c Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!¢«˛y G ò¢≈l 11
òy¢≈!lܲ !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚y xl%ÎyÎ˚# !lÎ˚Ù¢,C°y xl%§Ó˚îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)°ï˛ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ !Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ
òÙll#!ï˛Óyò#ñ ≤Ã˲yÓÓyò# ~ÓÇ Ù%!=˛Óyò#–
Ä òÙll#!ï˛Óyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫ï˛sf ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •°ÈüüüÈÚ~ê˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ylyñ Gê˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ylyÛÈüüüÈ ~Ùl!ܲ ï˛yÓ˚çlƒ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ ã˛y˛õ !òˆÏï˛ñ ˲Î˚ ˆòáyˆÏï˛ñ ˆçyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óy ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚ òÙll#!ï˛ xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚y !môy
ܲˆÏÓ˚l ly–
Ä xyÓyÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓÓyò#Ó˚y !Ó!ôÓÂôï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yl !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ñ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ–
çl xƒyí˛yÙ§‰ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y•z ≤Ã˲yÓÓyò#ñ ÎyÓ˚y ≤ÃË%˛c ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yl– òÙll#!ï˛Óyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
Ólƒ ˛õrÌy xÓ°¡∫l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yl ly– !¢¢%ÙˆÏl !lÎ˚ÙÈüÈ!l¤˛yˆÏÓyô çy!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚
˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛ ≤Ã˲yÓ•z ˛õÎ≈yÆ •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛–
Ä Ù%!=˛Óyò# ò¢≈l !¢¢%Ó˚ §•çyï˛ Ë˛yˆÏ°yˆÏc !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚y ~G !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎñ !lÎ˚Ùl#!ï˛
ˆÙˆÏl ã˛°yÓ˚ çlƒ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xy@˝Ã• G ò,ì˛¸ !ÓŸªy§ çy!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛y°y §Ω˛Ó– Ù%!=˛Óyò#Ó˚y
!¢¢%ˆÏܲ ˛õ)î≈ fl∫yô#lï˛y !òˆÏï˛ ã˛yl ~ÓÇ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛ylGÓ˚Ü˛Ù •hflψϫ˛˛õ xy¢y ܲˆÏÓ˚l
ly– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lçfl∫ ˛õˆÏÌ ã˛°yÓ˚ñ !lçfl∫ Ë%˛° ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛y•z §ÇˆÏ¢yôl ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ~ˆÏܲ•z Ó°y •Î˚ Ù%=˛ ¢,C°yñ Îy ˛õ)î≈ §%ˆÏÎyà G §•yÎ˚ï˛y ˆ˛õˆÏ°
!¢¢%Ó˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •Î˚– !ܲv ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏ£Ïô Óy ÙôƒÓï˛#≈ •hflψϫ˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yñ
Îy !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï xÓ°¡∫l ï˛y xÓ¢ƒ•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ Ó˚yáy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚–
òy¢≈!lܲ Ùï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨï˛y ¢,C°yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe lyly Ùï˛yòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ !ë˛Ü˛•z !ܲv ~ܲÌy ˆÜ˛í˛z•z
xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly ˆÎñ !lÎ˚Ù¢,C°y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !Î!l òy!Î˚c¢#°ñ ˆ§•z !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛
ç#Ólò¢≈l xÌÓy §Ù§yÙ!Î˚ܲ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò¢≈l ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ Ùï˛Óyò•z í˛zq$ï˛ •Î˚–
ò¢≈l ~ÓÇ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy åPhilosophy and the Role of a Teacherä ı
!¢«˛yàï˛ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÙÓ˚%ò[˛•z •ˆÏ°l !¢«˛Ü˛– ï˛yÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛§_yó §yÙy!çܲ §_y ò%•zÈüÈ•z ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚
§ÙyˆÏç ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ òy¢≈!lܲ Ùï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y– ï˛y•z !ï˛!l !lˆÏçG ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ó•%°yLjϢ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛– ˲yÓÓyò
åIdealismä xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏò¢òyl !lˆÏò≈¢òyl ~ÓÇ ~Ùl!ܲ SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛yÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î !lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
!¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy xï˛ƒhs˝ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚– xyÓyÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ ˆÎñ !¢¢%Ó˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚
•hflψϫ˛˛õ ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ lÎ˚– !¢¢%ˆÏܲ fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚y•z !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲï≈˛Óƒ– ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò# ò¢≈l xl%ÎyÎ˚# !¢«˛Ü˛ •ˆÏ°l ~ܲçl ˛õÌ≤Ãò¢≈ܲ G
í˛z˛õˆÏòT˛yñ !Î!l !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ Ë˛yÓˆÏï˛ñ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÈüÈ!lÓ˚#«˛y G Î%!=˛@˝Ãy•ƒË˛yˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏܲ
@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl– xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó°y •Î˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ •ˆÏÓ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ Órô%ñ !lˆÏò≈¢Ü˛ ~ÓÇ
ç#ÓlyòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ Ù)ï≈˛ ≤Ãï˛#ܲñ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ~•z ôyÓ˚îy fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ !Ó!˲ߨ òy¢≈!lܲ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 12
~˲yˆÏÓ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÎ˚ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ G òy!Î˚c §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÎ l#!ï˛à%!°
@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ òy¢≈!lܲ ≤Ã˲yÓ Óï≈˛Ùyl–
ò¢≈l ~ÓÇ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l åPhilosophy and Evaluationä ı
!¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ÚÙ)°ƒyÎ˚lÛ xyç ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚– !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !fiÌÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z
í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ §yôˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ˆÎ§Ó í˛z˛õyÎ˚ xÓ°¡∫l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãà!ï˛ˆÏï˛ñ ÎÌyÎÌ !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚ñ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚
Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛Ó˚ §y•y΃ !lˆÏï˛ •Î˚ xÌ≈yÍ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l §Ó§ÙÎ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛•z ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ– !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ òy¢≈!lܲ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛– ˆ§ˆÏ•ï%˛ §Ù@˝Ã Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛G ò¢≈l myÓ˚y
≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~•z xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃÙy!îï˛ •Î˚ ˆÎñ !¢«˛y ~ÓÇ ò¢≈l ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛– !¢«˛yˆÏܲ
xyô%!lܲ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ü˛° !¢«˛y!ÓòÓ˚y•z ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §Ùï%˛°ƒ !•§yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ç#ÓlôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ
ï˛yÓ˚ ˜ç!Óܲñ §yÙy!çܲñ xyôƒy!dܲ §Ü˛° Ó˚Ü˛Ù ã˛y!•òyÓ˚•z ˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛!Æ âê˛yˆÏï˛ •Î˚– xyÓ˚ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛!ÆÓ˚ çlƒ
ã˛y•z Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !lçfl∫ §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y– çl !í˛í˛z•z ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ Life is a by product activities and education
is born out of those activities. §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~•z ôyÓ˚îy xl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ ˆ§ §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óƒ!=˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆÙê˛yˆÏFSÈ– ˆ§•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y•z ï˛yÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ !¢«˛y §Ó§ÙÎ˚ ç#ÓlˆÏܲ!wܲ
~ÓÇ x!˲K˛ï˛yˆÏܲ!wܲ– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ ò¢≈lG ç#ÓlˆÏܲ!wܲ– ç#ÓlˆÏܲ Óyò !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ò¢≈l •Î˚ ly– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ
x!˲K˛ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §,!T˛– ï˛y•z Óƒ!=˛ ç#ÓlˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛y ~ÓÇ ò¢≈l í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛zqÓ– !¢«˛y•z
ç#Ól– åEducation is life.ä xyô%!lܲ ~•z !ÓŸªy§ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ¢%ô% ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ Ó°ˆÏ°
Ü˛Ù Ó°y •ˆÏÓñ ~•z xˆÏÌ≈ !¢«˛y !lˆÏç•z ~ܲ!ê˛ ç#Ól §ˆÏï˛ƒ í˛zߨ#ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õ !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ (Conclusion)ı
í˛z˛õ!Ó˚í˛z=˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ •z•y Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ !¢«˛y G ò¢≈l •° ç#Ól ≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ !òܲÈüüüÈ
~ܲ!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ ~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚!ê˛ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ñ í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚•z °«˛ƒ ~ܲ•zÈüüüÈ Ùyl%£Ï G Ùl%£ÏƒˆÏcÓ˚ §Ù@˝Ã ç#Ól G
çà͈Ïܲ ˆÜ˛w ܲˆÏÓ˚•z àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ •zFSÈy åWill to Liveäñ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ °«˛îñ ≤ÃyˆÏîÓ˚ flõ®lñ §%fiÌ
ˆòˆÏ•ñ §ÇÎï˛ ÙˆÏlñ Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ ò#!ƈÏï˛ñ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏô ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Ùyl%£Ï àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ lï%˛l
lï%˛l xôƒyÎ˚ñ Ê˛ˆÏ° §¡õò¢y°# •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ !ÓŸªçàï˛ÈüüüÈ §%ò)Ó˚ ˆ§yly!° ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛Ó˚ §yÌ≈ܲ Ó˚)˛õyÎ˚l §Ω˛Ó
•ˆÏÓ !¢«˛y G ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §yÌ≈ܲ ˆÙ°ÓrôˆÏl–
!¢«˛y G ò¢≈l 13

!mï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲı ã˛yÓy≈ܲ ò¢≈lñ ˜çl ò¢≈l

åCharvaka Darshan, Jain Darshan)

˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈l §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ôyÓ˚îy (Preliminary Concept about Indian Philosophy)ı
≤ÃÌÙ ~ܲˆÏܲ Úò¢≈lÛ ~ÓÇ ÚPhilosophyÛÈüÈÓ˚ Ó%ƒÍ˛õ!_àï˛ xÌ≈ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xÓàï˛ •GÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ– ~•z
xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy ≤çˆÏAà ò%!ê˛ òy¢≈!lܲ ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •GÎ˚y §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ!ê˛ •ˆÏFSÈ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ òy¢≈!lܲˆÏòÓ˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà ~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚!ê˛ •° ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ òy¢≈!lܲˆÏòÓ˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà–
~•z ~ܲˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈l ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ–
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xy!ÓË≈˛yÓ §!ë˛Ü˛ ܲˆÏÓ âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ ï˛y Ó°y Ù%¢!ܲ°– ï˛ˆÏÓ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z ≤ÃÌÙ
ò¢≈l !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ≤ÃyÎ˚ ò%ÈüÈ•yçyÓ˚ !á fiê˛˛õ)Ó≈yˆÏ∑ ≤Ãyã˛#l ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ }!£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ܲˆÏZ˛ !ÓŸªÓy§#
lyly í˛z˛õ!l£Ïò#Î˚ Óyî# ¢%ˆÏl!SȈϰl– }!£ÏÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚ §yôlyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˆÎ§Ü˛° ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ §rôyl ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl
ˆ§à%!°ˆÏܲ•z §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Óyî#Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ í˛z˛õfiÌy!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ӈϰˆÏSÈl çàÍ G ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚
≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ fl∫Ó˚)˛õˆÏܲ çyly ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ Ù)°ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ï˛yˆÏܲ•z §ï˛ƒ Ó°y •Î˚– xyÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏl §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ÙÙ≈
í˛z˛õ°!kôñ §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚•z •° ò¢≈l–
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈l •° ï˛_¥ò¢≈l– ~•z ò¢≈l •° xyôƒy!dܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î– xydˆÏã˛ï˛lyÎ˚ ~Ó˚ !Óܲy¢– §ï˛ƒñ
!¢Ó G §%®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õ°!kôÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ó˚ §yÌ≈ܲï˛y– x!ôܲyÇ¢ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xyôƒy!dܲ ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàÓ˚ ≤Ãyôylƒ– ÚxydyˆÏܲ çyˆÏlyÛ åxydylyÇ !Ó!Âôä ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚ÙydyÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õ í˛z˛õ°!kô
ܲÓ˚y– ï˛y•z {ŸªÓ˚ §yôly •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ÙÓ ï˛–
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ òy¢≈!lܲ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ í˛zqÓ G !Óܲy¢ ˆÓò G í˛z˛õ!l£Ïò ˆÜ˛!wܲ– ˆÓò ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÌ≈ ˛õÓ˚ÙK˛yl–
˛õy!Ì≈Ó K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ xï˛#ï˛ xï˛#!wÎ˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ lyÙ•z ˛õÓ˚ÙK˛ylñ Îy ˆÓò ˆÌˆÏܲ °y˲ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– xyÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!l£Ïò
¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÌ≈ xydy !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛ K˛yl– ˆÓò •° xˆÏ˛õÔÓ˚ˆÏ£ÏÎ˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ lÎ˚– ˆÓò •°
fl∫Î˚Ç Ó ˆÏ·Ó˚ ¢yŸªï˛ Óyî#– ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˆÎyà#àî ˆÎyà §yôly ӈϰ ˜Ó!òܲ Óyܲƒ§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ §ï˛ƒï˛y í˛z˛õ°!kô
ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ܲyˆÏ° ï˛y !°!˛õÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
ˆÓò G í˛z˛õ°!kô xÓ°¡∫ˆÏl í˛zqÓ •Î˚ §)e ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚– Ú§)eÛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ §yôyÓ˚î xÌ≈ §)ˆÏï˛y– ˛õ%‹õ ˆÎÙl §)e
@˝Ã!Ìï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ùy°ƒ Ó˚ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆï˛Ù!l á[˛ á[˛ ï˛_¥§Ù)• §)ˆÏeÓ˚ myÓ˚y §ÇâÓÂô •Î˚– !Ó!˲ߨ ç!ê˛° òy¢≈!lܲ
ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ fløyÓ˚ܲ Óyܲƒà%!°•z §)e– xyÓ˚ ~•z §)e @˝ÃrÌà%!°•z !Ó!˲ߨ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zͧ@˝ÃrÌ–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 14
ˆÎ @˝ÃˆÏrÌ §)ˆÏeÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˛õò xÓ°¡∫l ܲˆÏÓ˚ §)ˆÏeÓ˚ xÌ≈ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÎ @˝ÃˆÏrÌ Ó˚ã˛!Î˚ï˛y
!lˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈G Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆ§•z @˝Ãr̈Ïܲ•z ˲y£Ïƒ!Óòàî ˲y£Ïƒ ӈϰ x!˲!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– §)e@˝ÃˆÏrÌ
ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ Óyܲƒ§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ò%ˆÏÓ≈yôƒï˛yˆÏܲ ≤ÃyO° ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˲y£Ïƒ@˝ÃrÌ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚ xÌ≈yÍ Ë˛y£Ïƒ •° §)ˆÏeÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy–
˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ܲyˆÏ° ˲yˆÏ£ÏƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Óy!ï≈˛Ü˛ Óy ê˛#ܲy lyˆÏÙ ~ܲ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ÓƒyáƒyÙ)°Ü˛ @˝ÃrÌ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÎ @˝ÃˆÏrÌ
§)e G ˲yˆÏ£Ïƒ í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ §Ü˛° !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ܲyç •° ˲yˆÏ£Ïƒy=˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ §•ç
§Ó˚°Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y–
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈l ˆÜ˛Ó° ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ lÎ˚ñ ~ •° ~ܲ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ Ú¢yflfÛ– ¢yflf ˆ˛õÔÓ˚ˆÏ£ÏÎ˚ G xˆÏ˛õÔÓ˚ˆÏ£ÏÎ˚
í˛z˲Î˚•z– ˆÓò xˆÏ˛õÔÓ˚ˆÏ£ÏÎ˚ñ xyÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ §)eñ ˲y£Ïƒ G ê˛#ܲy@˝ÃrÌ ˆ˛õÔÓ˚ˆÏ£ÏÎ˚– ò¢≈l¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ §)eñ ˲y£Ïƒ
G ê˛#ܲy ˆÌˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲï˛Ü˛à%!° §yôyÓ˚î °«˛î ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚ ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ
1ä ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà •ˆÏFSÈ ≤Ãôylï˛ xyôƒy!dܲ ~ÓÇ xyôƒy!dܲ !ã˛hs˝y •ˆÏFSÈ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ– ◊Óîñ Ùll ~ÓÇ !l!òôƒy§ˆÏlÓ˚ myÓ˚y xydyÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°!kô•z •ˆÏFSÈ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° °«˛ƒ–
2ä ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈l ˆÜ˛Ó° ï˛_¥yˆÏ°yã˛ly lÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ~ •° ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ ç#ÓˆÏl ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà Óy §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ
ç#Ólò¢≈l– ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈l ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà !là)ì˛¸Ë˛yˆÏÓ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛–
3ä ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈l !Óã˛yÓ˚Óyò# ò¢≈l ~áyˆÏl xyôƒy!dܲ !ã˛hs˝y G ôÙ#≈Î˚ !ã˛hs˝y !Ù!◊ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏ°G
fl∫yô#l Î%!=˛ G !Óã˛yÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ Ë)˛!ÙܲyˆÏܲ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚!l– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ òy¢≈!lܲ §¡±òyÎ˚
ï˛_¥à%!°ˆÏܲ !lç !lç Î%!=˛˛õÂô!ï˛ G !ӈϟ’£ÏîÓ˚#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õfiÌy!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
4ä ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ òy¢≈!lܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §Ü˛° ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ò%/ˆÏáÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î •° ܲyÙly Óy§ly– ~Ó˚çlƒ
≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ü˛° ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏl•z xyd§ÇÎÙ G §yôlyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛yÓ˚y ӈϰˆÏSÈl
xy§!=˛ Óy ≤ÃÓ,!_ lÎ˚ñ !lÓ˚y§!=˛ Óy !lÓ,!_•z ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ xyò¢≈ •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛–
5ä ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ü˛° ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ òy¢≈!lܲ•z ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ x!Óòƒy •° ÓrôˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° ܲyÓ˚î– xyÓ˚ x!ÓòƒyÓ˚ xÌ≈
•° çàÍ G ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xK˛ylï˛y– ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ §Ç§yÓ˚ x!fiÌÓ˚ñ çàÍ G ç#Ól
ò%/áÙÎ˚– Ùyl%£Ï çÓ˚yñ Óƒy!ô G Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ lyà˛õy¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%=˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ çàÍ G ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚
ÎÌyÌ≈ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° ï˛ˆÏÓ•z ˲Óã˛Ü ˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ !l‹,Ò!ï˛ âê˛ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚îyˆÏÙ
ò%/ˆÏáÓ˚G !Óly¢ âê˛ˆÏÓ–
6ä ¢yˆÏflf ã˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á xyˆÏSÈ– ôÙ≈ñ xÌ≈ ܲyÙ G ˆÙy«˛– ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏl ˆÙy«˛ˆÏܲ•z
˛õÓ˚Ù ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏyÌ≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÙy«˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ Ù%!=˛– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ §Ü˛yÙ Ü˛Ù≈ˆÏܲ Óyò !òˆÏÎ˚ !l‹ÒyÙ Ü˛Ù≈ §¡õyòˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ù%!=˛°y˲ §Ω˛Ó •Î˚–
ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÙy«˛ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ò¢≈l¢yˆÏflf ˜Ü˛Ó°ƒñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ò¢≈l¢yˆÏflf !l/ˆÏ◊Î˚§ñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ò¢≈¢yˆÏflf !lÓ≈yî
•zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ x!˲!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲv §Ü˛° ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ òy¢≈!lܲ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚•z ò¢≈lyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚
Ù)° °«˛ƒ ˆÙy«˛ Óy Ù%!=˛Ó˚ ˛õÌ xˆÏß∫£Ïî–
!¢«˛y G ò¢≈l 15
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ¢yáy ı
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈l ≤Ãôylï˛ ò%!ê˛ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ !Ó˲=˛ÈüüüÈ 1ä ˜Ó!òܲ ò¢≈l 2ä x˜ÏÓ!òܲ ò¢≈l–
˜Ó!òܲ ò¢≈lÈ / ˆÎ ò¢≈ˆÏl ˆÓˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÙyîƒ fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÓòˆÏܲ xºyhs˝ ӈϰ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚
ï˛yˆÏܲ ˜Ó!òܲ ò¢≈l ӈϰ–
x˜ÏÓ!òܲ ò¢≈lÈ / ˆÎ ò¢≈ˆÏl ˆÓˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÙyîƒ fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ •Î˚ly ~ÓÇ ˆÓòˆÏܲ xºyhs˝ ӈϰ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y
•Î˚ly ï˛yˆÏܲ x˜ÏÓ!òܲ ò¢≈l ӈϰ–
xyÓyÓ˚ ˜Ó!òܲ ò¢≈lˆÏܲ xy!hflÏܲ ~ÓÇ x˜ÏÓ!òܲ ò¢≈lˆÏܲ ly!hflÏܲ ò¢≈lÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õG x!˲!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
§yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ xy!hflÏܲ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚y {ŸªˆÏÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ly!hflÏܲ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚y {ŸªˆÏÓ˚
!ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– §yÇáƒñ ˆÎyàñ lƒyÎ˚ñ ˜Ó!¢!£Ïܲñ Ù#Ùyǧy G ˆÓòyhs˝ÈüüüÈ ~•z £Ïí˛¸ò¢≈l •° ˜Ó!òܲ Óy xy!hflÏܲ
ò¢≈l– xyÓ˚ ã˛yÓ≈yܲñ ˜çl G ˆÓÔÂôÈüüüÈ ~•z eÎ˚# ò¢≈l x˜ÏÓ!òܲ Óy ly!hflÏܲ ò¢≈l lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ~•z ~ܲˆÏܲ
!ï˛l!ê˛ x˜ÏÓ!òܲ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ã˛yÓ≈yܲ ò¢≈l G ˜çl ò¢≈l §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ–

ã˛yÓ≈yܲ ò¢≈l (Charvaka Darshan)ı

Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Introduction)ı
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ ã˛yÓ≈yܲ ò¢≈l ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲÙye çí˛¸Óyò# §¡±òyÎ˚– çí˛¸Óyò xl%§yˆÏÓ˚
çí˛¸•z ~ܲÙye ï˛_¥ ~ÓÇ çí˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z xˆÏã˛ï˛lñ ˆã˛ï˛lÈüü ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ çyà!ï˛Ü˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛zͲõ!_ñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
òy¢≈!lܲ !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚yÎ˚ xyôƒy!dܲï˛yÓ˚ xy!ô˛õï˛ƒ ÌyܲˆÏ°G Ó y·îƒ ôÙ≈ G ˜Ó!òܲ !Ü ˛Î˚yܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyôƒy!dܲï˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%Âô Ùï˛ÓyòÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ã˛yÓ≈yܲ çí˛¸Óyò ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ã˛yÓ≈yܲ lyˆÏÙÓ˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ ı
ã˛yÓ≈yܲ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ lyÙܲÓ˚î ≤çˆÏAà ˛õ![˛ï˛àˆÏîÓ˚ Ùï˛˜ÏÓ£ÏÙƒ °«˛î#Î˚– ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ã˛yÓ≈yܲ
¢∑!ê˛ Úã˛yÓ˚%Û G ÚÓy܉˛ÈÛüüüÈ ~•z ò%!ê˛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– Úã˛yÓ˚%Û ÙyˆÏl Ùô%Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ÚÓyÜ˛Û ÙyˆÏl ܲÌy– ~Ó˚y ÙˆÏl
ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ˆÎ òy¢≈!lܲ §¡±òyÎ˚ ˆ°yܲyÎ˚ï˛ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ◊%!ï˛Ùô%Ó˚ ܲÌy ӈϰlñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚y•z ã˛yÓy≈ܲ– !Ë˛ß¨ÙˆÏï˛ Úã˛Ó≈Û ôyï%˛
ˆÌˆÏܲ ã˛yÓ≈yܲ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ í˛zͲõ!_– Úã˛ÓÏ≈Û ÙyˆÏl ã˛Ó≈l ܲÓ˚y Óy Åò!Ó˚ܲ ˆË˛yàˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ xÌ≈yÍ ~•z Ùï˛yl%§yˆÏÓ˚
ÎÑyÓ˚y fiÌ)° •z!wÎ˚§%á ˆË˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ܲ ïÑ˛yÓ˚y•z ã˛yÓ≈yܲ–
ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ˆ°yܲ˛õ%e Ó,•flõ!ï˛•z çí˛¸ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÓï≈˛Ü˛– Úã˛yÓ≈yÜ˛Û ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ Ù)° xÌ≈ Îy•z
ˆ•yܲ ly ˆÜ˛lñ Óï≈˛Ùyl Î%ˆÏà ã˛yÓ≈yܲ Ó°ˆÏï˛ çí˛¸Óyò# ly!hflÏܲˆÏܲ•z ˆÓyV˛yˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
!ã˛hs˝y G ˲yÓôyÓ˚y ~•z Ùï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óƒ=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÓˆÏ° ~•z ò¢≈lˆÏܲ Úˆ°yܲyÎ˚ï˛ ò¢≈lÛ lyˆÏÙG x!˲!•ï˛
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
!Ó!˲ߨ ã˛yÓ≈yܲ §¡±òyÎ˚ ı ã˛yÓ≈yܲàî !ï˛l!ê˛ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚ !Ó˲=˛ÈüüüÈ
1ä ˜Óï˛!u˛Ü˛ §¡±òyÎ˚ñ 2ä ô)ï≈˛ §¡±òyÎ˚ñ 3ä §%!¢!«˛ï˛ §¡±òyÎ˚–
 !¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 16
1ä ˜Óï˛!u˛Ü˛ ã˛yÓ≈yܲ §¡±òyÎ˚ ı ˜Óï˛!u˛Ü˛Ó˚y !SȈϰl §Ç¢Î˚Óyò# G Ü)˛ê˛ ï˛y!Ü≈˛Ü˛– fl∫Ùï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y lÎ˚ñ
˛õÓ˚Ùï˛ á[˛l•z !SÈ° ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲÙye ܲyç– {ŸªÓ˚ñ ˛õÓ˚ˆÏ°yܲñ ~Ùlܲ# ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ≤ÃyÙyˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÙyîƒG ~ÑÓ˚y fl∫#ܲyÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚l ly–
2ä ô)ï≈˛ ã˛yÓ≈yܲ §¡±òyÎ˚ ı ~•z §¡±òyÎ˚ ô)ï≈˛ Óy í˛zˆÏFSÈòÓyò# Óy ˆò•ydÓyò# lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ~ÑÓ˚y
ˆÜ˛Ó° ≤Ãï˛ƒˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÙyîƒ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x!hflψÏc ï˛yÓ˚y !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ly– ~Ó˚y çí˛¸ˆÏܲ•z ˛õÓ˚Ù
§ï˛ƒ ӈϰl– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛Ó° •z!wÎ˚ §%á•z ܲyÙƒñ ˜ò!•Ü˛ §%á•z fl∫à≈§%á– ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ xÓ§yl Óy !Óly¢•z Ù%!=˛
Óy ˆÙy«˛ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ã˛yÓ≈yܲ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ~•z ô)ï≈˛ §¡±òyÎ˚ˆÏܲ•z Ó%V˛yÎ˚–
3äÈ §%!¢!«˛ï˛ ã˛yÓ≈yܲ §¡±òyÎ˚ ı §%!¢!«˛ï˛ ã˛yÓ≈yܲ §¡±òyÎ˚ xÌ≈¢yflfñ ܲyÙ¢yflfñ xÌÓ≈ˆÏÓòñ ò[˛l#!ï˛ñ
àyrôÓ≈!Óòƒy ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ˆ°Ô!ܲܲ ¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ ≤ÃyÙyîƒ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– xyÓ˚ xl%Ùyl !•§yˆÏÓ ˆ§à%!°ˆÏܲ•z ÙyˆÏl ˆÎ§Ó
xl%ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%!° •z!wÎ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏàyã˛Ó˚ •Î˚– ˆÎÙl ˆÙ⠈̈Ïܲ Ó,!T˛Ó˚ xl%Ùylñ ˆôÑyÎ˚y ˆòˆÏá xyà%ˆÏlÓ˚
xl%Ùyl •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~•z §%!¢!«˛ï˛ ã˛yÓ≈yܲÓ˚y xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z ≤ÃîydÓyò#ñ ˆÜ˛í˛z ÙlydÓyò# ˆÜ˛í˛z Óy •z!wÎ˚Óyò#
!SȈϰl–
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y=˛ §¡±òyÎ˚à%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ô)ï≈˛ ã˛yÓ≈yܲ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛à%!°•z §Ó≈y!ôܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ G xyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛–
!Ó!˲ߨ xy!hflÏܲ ò¢≈ˆÏl ~•z ã˛yÓ≈yܲ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛à%!°•z !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ G á![˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
ã˛yÓ≈yܲ K˛ylï˛_¥ ı
ã˛yÓ≈yܲˆÏòÓ˚ òy¢≈!lܲ !ã˛hs˝yñ !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ K˛ylï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ åEpistemologyä í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛–
K˛ylï˛ˆÏ_¥ñ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ¢ï≈˛ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ •zï˛ƒy!ò xyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚– §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ K˛yl ò%•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ÈüüüÈ flø,!ï˛ G
xl%˲Ӗ •z!wÎ˚ !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛Ó° §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ K˛ylˆÏܲ flø,!ï˛ ÓˆÏ°– xyÓ˚ flø,!ï˛!˲ߨ •z!wÎ˚°kô
K˛ylˆÏܲ xl%Ë˛Ó ÓˆÏ°– xl%Ë˛Ó ÎÌyÌ≈ G xÎÌyÌ≈ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ÎÌyÌ≈ xl%Ë˛ÓˆÏܲ ≤ÃÙy ~ÓÇ xÎyÌyÌ≈ xl%Ë˛ÓˆÏܲ
x≤ÃÙy Ó°y •Î˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó› ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ Îyñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆ§•zÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ çylyˆÏܲ ≤ÃÙy ӈϰ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó› ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛
Îy lÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆ§•zÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ çylyˆÏܲ ˛x≤ÃÙy ӈϰ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ Ó˚I%ˆÏܲ Ó˚I%Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ çyly ≤ÃÙy ~ÓÇ
§˛õ≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ çyly x≤ÃÙy–
ã˛yÓ≈yÜ˛ÙˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÙy Óy ÎÌyÌ≈ xl%Ë˛Ó •° §ï˛ƒñ §Ç¢Î˚Ó˚!•ï˛ G xl!ôàï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ K˛yl– xyÓ˚ ˆÎ ≤Ãîy°#ˆÏï˛
≤ÃÙy í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ≤ÃÙyî ӈϰ– ≤ÃÙyˆÏîÓ˚ §Çáƒy !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ òy¢≈!lܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ùï˛!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô xyˆÏSÈ–
ˆÓÔÂô G ˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲ ò¢≈l ÙˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÙyî ò%•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚Èüü ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ G xl%Ùyl– ˜çlñ §yÇრG ˆÎyà ò¢≈l ÙˆÏï˛
≤ÃÙyî !ï˛l ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ÈüüÈ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ xl%Ùyl G ¢∑– ˜lÎ˚y!Î˚ܲàî ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ≤ÃÙyˆÏîÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏSÈlÈüüÈ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ñ xl%Ùylñ
í˛z˛õÙyl G ¢∑– ã˛yÓ≈yܲ ÙˆÏï˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛•z ~ܲÙye ≤ÃÙyî Óy K˛yl xy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚– §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚
§ˆÏAà •z!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §!ߨܲˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆÎ K˛yl í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ӈϰ– ã˛«%˛ñ ܲî≈ñ ly!§Ü˛yñ !ç•¥yñ cܲ G
ÙlÈüüÈ ~•z •z!wÎ˚à%!°Ó˚ myÓ˚y §y«˛yÍ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÎ K˛yl °kô •Î˚ ˆ§•z K˛yl ~ÓÇ K˛yl °yˆÏ˲Ó˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ í˛z˲Î˚ˆÏܲ•z
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ Ó°y •Î˚– ã˛yÓ≈yܲ òy¢≈!lܲàîG ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ xhs˝ˆÏÓ˚!wÎ˚ Ùl ~ÓÇ ˛õM˛•z!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ K˛yl°yˆÏ˲Ó˚
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ Ó%!V˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ K˛yl §Ç¢Î˚ G !Ó˛õÎ≈Î˚ Ó˚!•ï˛– ï˛y•z ã˛yÓ≈yܲ ÙˆÏï˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒˆÏ«˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃•z ÎÌyÌ≈
!¢«˛y G ò¢≈l 17
K˛yl °y˲ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ •° §ÙhflÏ ≤ÃÙyˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ◊¤˛– ã˛yÓ≈yܲ Óƒï˛#ï˛ ˆÎ§Ü˛° ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
òy¢≈!lܲ §¡±òyÎ˚ xl%Ùyly!ò ≤ÃÙyî fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ï˛yÓ˚yG ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏܲ §Ó≈ˆÏ◊¤˛ ≤ÃÙyî ӈϰ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ≤ÃÙyî•z ~ܲÙye §!ë˛Ü˛ G xºyhs˝– ˆÎ Ó› ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ myÓ˚y K˛yï˛ñ ï˛y•z •° §ÍÓ›– ã˛yÓ≈yܲàî ºyhs˝
≤Ãï˛ƒˆÏ«˛Ó˚ §Ω˛yÓly ˆÎ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ï˛y lÎ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ºyhs˝ ≤Ãï˛ƒˆÏ«˛Ó˚ §Ω˛yÓly
≤Ãï˛ƒˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÙyîƒ !ÓlT˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ly– !Ó¢%Âô ≤Ãï˛ƒˆÏ«˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y !lË%≈˛° K˛yl §Ω˛Ó •Î˚–
ã˛yÓ≈yܲ ò¢≈ˆÏl xl%ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃyÙyîƒ fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ •Î˚!l– ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xl%Ùyl ≤ÃÙyî !•§yˆÏÓ
@˝Ãy•ƒ lÎ˚– xl%Ùyl ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÎ K˛yl °y˲ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y §Ç¢Î˚Ù%=˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ K˛yl lÎ˚– xl%ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢
¢∑ˆÏܲG ã˛yÓ≈yܲàî ≤ÃÙyî !•§yˆÏÓ !lË≈˛Ó˚ˆÏÎyàƒ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ly– ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ¢∑ •° xyÆÓyܲƒ xÌ≈yÍ
§ï˛ƒoT˛yñ §ï˛ƒË˛y£Ï# G !ÓŸªy§ˆÏÎyàƒ Óƒ!=˛ xyÆ ˛õòÓyã˛ƒ– !ܲv ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ xyÆ !ܲly ï˛y çylyÓ˚ çlƒ
xl%ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ §y•y΃ !lˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ xl%Ùyl !ÓŸªy§ˆÏÎyàƒ ˛≤ÃÙyî lÎ˚ñ ˆ§áyˆÏl xl%ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°
¢∑ ÎÌyÌ≈ ≤ÃÙyî !•§yˆÏÓ àîƒ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ly–
ã˛yÓ≈yܲàî ˜Ó!òܲ ÓyˆÏܲƒÓ˚ ≤ÃyÙyîƒG xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ï˛yшÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ˆÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˲y£Ïy ˆÓyV˛y á%Ó•z ܲT˛§yôƒ
Óƒy˛õyÓ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏò ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# í˛z!=˛G Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÓˆÏòÓ˚ Óã˛lG !ÓŸªy§ˆÏÎyàƒ lÎ˚– ˆÜ˛lly ˆÓò ô)ï≈˛
G ˲[˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y §,T˛–
ã˛yÓ≈yܲ çí˛¸Óyò Óy Ë)˛ï˛ã˛ï%˛T˛Î˚ÓyòÈıÈ
çí˛¸Óyò xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ çí˛¸•z ~ܲÙye Ù)°ï˛_¥– çí˛¸ ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ çyà!ï˛Ü˛ Ó›Ó˚ í˛zͲõ!_ ~ÓÇ çí˛¸ˆÏï˛•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ã˛Ó˚Ù !l‹õ!_– çí˛¸Óyò xôƒydÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ Ùï˛Óyò– ã˛yÓ≈yܲ ÙˆÏï˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛•z ÎÌyÌ≈ K˛yl°yˆÏ˲Ó˚ ~ܲÙye
í˛z˛õyÎ˚ Îy ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛@˝Ãy•ƒ lÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ x!hflÏc fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ xˆÏÎÔ!=˛Ü˛– {ŸªÓ˚ñ xydyñ xò,T˛ñ ˛õÓ˚ˆÏ°yܲ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ xï˛#!wÎ˚
•GÎ˚yÎ˚ ã˛yÓ≈yܲàî ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x!hflÏc fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚lly– ã˛yÓy≈ܲàî !«˛!ï˛ñ x˛õñ ˆï˛ç ~ÓÇ ÙÓ˚%Í ~•z ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛
Ë)˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚ x!hflÏc fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ˛õM˛Ë)˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÚˆÓƒyÙÛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛@˝Ãy•ƒ lÎ˚ñ ï˛y•z x@˝Ãy•ƒ– ~•z ã˛ï%˛Ë≈)˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚
§Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ Ó›çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ §,!T˛– ~Ùl!ܲ ˛≤Ãyî ~ÓÇ ÙlG ~•z ã˛ï%˛Ë)≈˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ §,¤˛– ã˛yÓy≈ܲàî ˛õy!Ì≈Ó Ó›§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚
í˛zͲõ!_ˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õyòyl ܲyÓ˚î ˆÙˆÏlˆÏSÈlñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !l!Ù_ܲyÓ˚î ÙyˆÏll!l– Ë)˛ï˛ã˛ï%˛T˛Î˚ •° ~•z í˛z˛õyòyl–
í˛z˛õyòylà%!° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫˲yÓ Óy ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó¢ï˛ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ !Ù!°ï˛ •Î˚– ~Ùl!ܲ Ó›Ó˚ !Óly¢G
âˆÏê˛ Ë)˛ï˛ã˛ï%˛T˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ fl∫˲yÓôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ çlƒ•z– çàÍ G çyà!ï˛Ü˛ Ó›!lã˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛zͲõ!_ G !Óly¢ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒÙ)°Ü˛
lÎ˚– ~•z ò%•z ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z {ŸªÓ˚ Óy xò,ˆÏT˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ë%˛!Ùܲy ly•z– ã˛ï%˛Ë)≈˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÎyçl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lçfl∫
fl∫˲yÓ Óy ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ӈϰ ~ˆÏܲ fl∫˲yÓÓyò Óy ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò Ó°y •Î˚–
ã˛yÓy≈ܲàî ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚î §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ly– ò%!ê˛ âê˛ly ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ ÓˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ x˛õÓ˚!ê˛Ó˚
myÓ˚y !lÎ˚!sfï˛ ~ܲÌy Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ly– çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly âê˛ly•z ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚î !lÎ˚Ùyl%§yˆÏÓ˚ âˆÏê˛lyñ âˆÏê˛
xyܲ!fløܲ˲yˆÏÓ– ï˛y•z ~ˆÏܲ xyܲ!fløܲï˛yÓyòG Ó°y •Î˚–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 18
Ë)˛ï˛˜Ïã˛ï˛lƒÓyò Óy ˆò•ydÓyò ı
ã˛yÓy≈ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ˆò•y!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ÚxydyÛ ÓˆÏ° !ܲS%È ˆl•zó ˜ã˛ï˛lƒ!Ó!¢T˛ ˆò••z xydy– ˜Ïã˛ï˛lƒ ÙylÓ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚•z
~ܲ!ê˛ à%î– ã˛ï%˛Ë≈)˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ Îál ÙylÓˆÏò• §,!T˛ •Î˚ó ï˛ál•z ~•z à%ˆÏîÓ˚ xy!ÓË≈˛yÓ •Î˚– ã˛ï%˛Ë≈)˛ˆÏï˛ ˜ã˛ï˛lƒ
ˆl•zó !ܲv ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ ˜ã˛ï˛lƒ lyˆÏÙ lï%˛l à%ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zqÓ •Î˚– ã˛yÓy≈ܲàî xyˆÏÓ˚y ӈϰˆÏSÈló §Ç§yˆÏÓ˚
§Ó!ܲS%È•z ˲Aà%Ó˚ G ÙÓ˚î¢#°– Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ §ÇˆÏà §ÇˆÏà ˜ã˛ï˛lƒ lyÙܲ à%ˆÏîÓ˚ !Óly¢ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆò• ã˛ï%˛Ë)≈˛ˆÏï˛˛
õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚ xÌy≈Í Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ç#Ól ÌyˆÏܲly ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚ˆÏ°yܲ ӈϰ !ܲS%È ly•z–
{ŸªÓ˚ï˛_¥ ı
ˆÓòyl%§yÓ˚#È !Ó!˲ߨ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈lï˛ˆÏsf ˛õÓ˚Ù§_yÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ {zŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x!hflÏc fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲv ˆÓò!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#
ã˛yÓy≈ܲàî !lÓ˚#ŸªÓ˚Óyò#– ï˛yшÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛•z ~ܲÙye ≤ÃÙyî– x≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛@˝Ãy•ƒ xï˛#!wÎ˚ §_yÓ˚ ˆÏܲyˆÏly
x!hflÏc ly•z– {ŸªÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛@˝Ãy•ƒ ly •GÎ˚yÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ x!hflÏc fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ !l‹±ˆÏÎ˚yçl–
ã˛yÓy≈Ü˛ÙˆÏï˛ ô)ï≈˛ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y!•ï˛Óà≈ §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ≤ð%kô ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ç#!Óܲy !lÓy≈ˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl
{ŸªÓ˚ lyÙܲ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ {ŸªÓ˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y!•ï˛ÓˆÏà≈Ó˚ ܲ“ˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ Óy!§®y •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚lñ !ܲv
çß√yhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ §%á°yˆÏ˲Ó˚ xy¢yÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)çy xã≈˛ly !lSÈܲ•z §ÇflÒyÓ˚– §ï˛ƒ•z Î!ò {ŸªÓ˚ x!hflÏc¢#° •ˆÏï˛l ï˛ˆÏÓ
!ï˛!l fl∫Î˚Ç çàˆÏï˛ xÓï˛#î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !lÜ˛ê˛ !ÓŸªhflÏ •ˆÏï˛ §ˆÏã˛T˛ •ˆÏï˛l– !ܲv ÓyhflψÏÓ ï˛y •Î˚!l–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x!hflÏc ly•z– ã˛yÓy≈ܲ ÙˆÏï˛ Ó˚yçy•z {ŸªÓ˚ ˆÜ˛lly Ó˚yçy ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏÎyàƒ–
ã˛yÓy≈ܲ l#!ï˛ï˛_¥ ı
ã˛yÓy≈ܲàî çß√yhs˝Ó˚Óyò G ܲÙ≈Óyò xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ •z•ç#Ól•z ~ܲÙye ç#ÓlÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ
˛õ!Ó˚à!îï˛ •Î˚– Ù,ï%˛ƒˆÏï˛•z Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ù%!=˛– Ù,ï%˛ƒˆÏï˛•z ˜ã˛ï˛lƒ!Ó!¢T˛ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ !Óly¢– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ò¢≈lï˛ˆÏ_¥
fl∫à≈§%á°y˲ˆÏܲ•z ˛õÓ˚Ù ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏyÌ≈ Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛yl ò¢≈lï˛ˆÏ_¥ ˆÙy«˛ Óy Ù%!=˛ˆÏܲ•z ˛õÓ˚Ù ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏyÌ≈
Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲv ã˛yÓ≈yܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ˆÙy«˛ Óy Ù%!=˛ xÓyhs˝Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚– ã˛yÓy≈ܲ ÙˆÏï˛ §%á•z ÙylÓç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏyÌ≈
xÌy≈Í §%ˆÏáÓ˚ myÓ˚y•z Ùl%£Ïƒ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˲yˆÏ°yc Óy Ù®c !lî#≈ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÎ ܲÙ≈ §%áçlܲ ï˛y•z ΈÏÌy!ã˛ï˛– !ܲv
!lÓ˚Ó!FSÈߨ §%á°y˲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛•z §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– ܲyÓ˚î §Ç§yˆÏÓ˚ ò%/áñ ˆ¢yܲñ !ÓÓ˚•ñ Ù,ï%˛ƒ §Ó•z xyˆÏSÈ
!ܲhs% Ùyl%£Ï ã˛yÎ˚ §%á G xyl® ܲyÓ˚î §%á G xyl®•z ï˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÙƒ– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ §%ˆÏáÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ò%/á
!وϢ ÌyˆÏܲ ÓˆÏê˛ñ !Üv ˆ§•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî §%á xˆÏß∫£Ïî ˆÌˆÏܲ !ÓÓ˚ï˛ •GÎ˚y Ù%á≈ï˛yÓ˚•z §y!Ù°– ôyl SyÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ã˛y°
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ӈϰ•z !ܲ ˲yï˛ ly ˆáˆÏÎ˚ ˛õyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ⁄ ܲyÑê˛y xyˆÏSÈ ÓˆÏ° !ܲ ˆ°yˆÏܲ ÙySÈ áyˆÏÓly– §%ˆÏáÓ˚ çlƒ•z
Ùyl%£Ï ò%/áˆÏܲ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xrôܲyÓ˚ ly ÌyܲˆÏ° ˆÎÙl xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ ly ˆï˛Ù!l ò%/á ly ÌyܲˆÏ°
§%áˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ò%/ˆÏáÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚•z §%áyl%Ë)˛!ï˛ Ùô%Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏ벖
ã˛yÓy≈ܲ ÙˆÏï˛ ~•z §%á Óƒ!=˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xydàï˛ §%á– ï˛yÑÓ˚y x§ÇÎï˛ xyd§%áÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ܲ– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z ܲÙ≈•z §¡õyòl ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ˆÎ ܲÙ≈ ï˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ §%áܲÓ˚ Óy ܲ°ƒyîܲÓ˚– ~•z
xyò¢≈ˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛yÑÓ˚y ӈϰl ÚÎyÓÍ ç#ˆÏÓÍ §%áÇ ç#ˆÏÓÍñ }lÇ Ü,˛cy â,ï˛Ç ˛õ#ˆÏÓÍÛ xÌy≈≈Í
!¢«˛y G ò¢≈l 19
Îï˛!òl ÓyÑã˛ˆÏÓ §%ˆÏá ÓyшÏã˛yñ }î ܲˆÏÓ˚ !â áyG–Û
ã˛yÓy≈Ü˛ÙˆÏï˛ ˜Ó!òܲ !Ü ˛Î˚yܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ xl%¤˛yl xÌ≈•#lñ ˆÜ˛lly ˜ÏÓ!òܲ !Ü ˛Î˚y §¡õyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚G Ê˛° ˛õyGÎ˚y
ÎyÎ˚!l ~Ó˚)˛õ ò,T˛yhs˝ !ÓÓ˚° lÎ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ fl∫à≈ñ lÓ˚ܲ ≤ÃË,!ï˛Ó˚ x!hflÏc x°#ܲ ܲ“ly SÈyí˛¸y !ܲS%È•z lÎ˚–
ˆÓò!Ó!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛yÓy≈ܲàî !Ó!˲ߨ ܲÌy ӈϰl– ˆçyƒy!ï˛ˆÏT˛yÏ٠ΈÏK˛ Ó!° ≤Ãò_ ˛õ¢%
fl∫à≈°y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y!•ï˛ ï˛yÑÓ˚ !˛õï˛yˆÏܲ Ó!° !òˆÏÎ˚ fl∫ˆÏà≈ ˛õyë˛yl ly ˆÜ˛l ⁄ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ˜ÏÓ!òܲ ܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚
§ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛yÓy≈ܲàî ӈϰlñ Úl fl∫ˆÏà≈y ly˛õÓˆÏày≈ Óy ˜lÓψÏdy ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°Ô!ܲܲó fl∫à≈ñ x˛õÓà≈ Óy Ù%!=˛ñ
xydyñ ˛õÓ˚ˆÏ°yܲÈÈüüüÈ ~§Ó ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%ÈÓ˚•z x!hflÏc ˆl•z–
xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ã˛yÓy≈ܲ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲï˛y (Relevance of Charvaka Darshan in Modern
Education) ı
!Ó!˲ߨ ˜Ó!òܲ ò¢≈ˆÏl ~•z Ùï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏ°G ã˛yÓ≈yܲ ò¢≈l ˛õˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ«˛ !Ó!˲ߨ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ
xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yï˛_¥ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ï˛y •° !l¡¨Ó˚)˛õı
(1) xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛y !¢¢%ˆÏܲ!wܲ !¢«˛y– !¢¢%Ó˚ xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ §_¥yÓ˚ fl∫ï˛/fl≥%˛ï≈˛ G §Ó≈yAà#l !Óܲy¢
§yôl•z •° !¢«˛y– ~•z fl∫ï˛/fl≥%˛ï≈˛ !Óܲy¢ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ §Ó≈y!ôܲ §%!Óôyçlܲ
xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyܲyÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ã!ï˛!lÎ˚ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ !Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ åReflex Action) §y•yˆÏ΃ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl G ã˛y!•òy
ˆÙê˛yˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ xÌy≈Í ˆòáy ˆà° ≤ÃÌÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !¢¢%Ó˚ ܲyÙƒ §%áˆÏ˲yà– ã˛yÓy≈ܲ ò¢≈ˆÏlñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˜ç!Óܲ
˛ã˛y!•òyà%!°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛, !ÆÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ §%áyl%˲) !ï˛ •Î˚ñ ˆ§•z x!˲Ùï˛•z ˛≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xÌy≈Í !¢«˛y§ÇÜ ˛yhs˝
xyô%!lܲ ôyÓ˚îy xˆÏlܲyLjϢ ã˛yÓy≈ܲ ò¢≈l myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ ~ܲÌy fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚–
(2) xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ •° Óƒ!=˛ G §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛§yôl ܲÓ˚y– ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ K˛yl Óy x!˲K˛ï˛y
Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ §%áfl∫yFSÈ®ƒ !òˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y G ò«˛ï˛y §yÙy!çܲ í˛zͲõyòl
Ó,!ÂôˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓñ ˆ§à%!°•z !¢«˛yÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲyÙƒ– ã˛yÓy≈ܲ ò¢≈ˆÏlG xl%Ó˚)˛õ Ùï˛yÙï˛ Óƒ=˛ ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ã˛yÓy≈ܲ ò¢≈l ˆÎˆ•ï%˛ Ó›ÓyˆÏò !ÓŸªy§# ˆ§•zçlƒ ~•z ò¢≈ˆÏlñ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛y Ù)ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚•z
à%Ó˚%c ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xÌy≈Í !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ !lô≈yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓyhflÏÓ§¡øï˛ ò,!¤˛Ë˛Aà# @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ
xyô%!lܲܲyˆÏ° ï˛y xˆÏlܲyLjϢ ã˛yÓy≈ܲ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà#Ó˚•z ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°l Ó°y ÎyÎ˚–
(3) ã˛yÓy≈ܲ ò¢≈ˆÏl Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ Îy ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ï˛y•z ~ܲÙye §ï˛ƒ xÌy≈Í Îy •z!wÎ˚@˝Ãy•ƒ ï˛y §ï˛ƒ– xyÓ˚ Îy
•z!wÎ˚@˝Ãy•ƒ lÎ˚ ï˛y x§ï˛ƒ– xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yl#!ï˛ˆÏï˛G K˛ylyç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ •z!wÎ˚°kô x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
à%Ó˚%c ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !¢«˛y!ÓK˛yˆÏl Ú•z!wÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyç≈lyÛ ~ܲ !ӈϢ£Ï fiÌyl x!ôܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ–
ܲyÓ˚î ~ܲÙye •z!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ myÓ˚y•z K˛yl xy•Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ˛– ܲyˆÏÓ˚y ܲyˆÏÓ˚y ÙˆÏï˛ ~•z •z!wÎ˚à%!° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚˚
K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ myÓ˚– ~•zˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ã˛yÓy≈ܲ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚˚ K˛ylyç≈l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ Ó=˛ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ §ÙÌ≈l xyô%!lܲ
!¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÙˆÏ°–
å4ä ã˛yÓy≈ܲ ò¢≈ˆÏl ÓyhflÏÓ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛zz˛õÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï à%Ó˚%c ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl•z §ÓyÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ §Ó x!˲K˛ï˛y•z
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 20
§Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– xyô%!lܲܲyˆÏ° !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙñ !¢¢%Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ §Ü˛° Ó˚Ü˛Ù x!˲K˛ï˛y
xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ xÌy≈Í xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ l#!ï˛à%!° ã˛yÓy≈ܲ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ xl%ÎyÎ˚# á%Ó•z ≤Ãy§!Aàܲ –
(5) xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ xydï,˛!Æñ xyl®òyÎ˚ܲ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ñ xyd¢,C°y •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï
à%Ó˚c ˆÏòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ ã˛yÓy≈ܲ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° ܲÌyG •° §%á G xyl®– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ xyô%!lܲ
Ó›ï˛y!sfܲï˛yÓ˚ Î%ˆÏàñ !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ó•%!Óô l#!ï˛ §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ ly •ˆÏ°G xyÇ!¢Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ã˛yÓy≈ܲ ò¢≈l myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ (Conclusion)ı
ã˛yÓ≈yܲ ò¢≈l •° fl∫yô#l !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ò¢≈l– ã˛yÓ≈yܲÓ˚y çí˛¸Óyò#ñ ò,T˛Óyò#ñ fl∫˲yÓÓyò#ñ xydÈüȧ%áÓyò# ly!hflÏܲ
òy¢≈!lܲ– ï˛ˆÏÓ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ Ü,˛!eÙ ˆË˛òyˆÏ˲ò ã˛yÓ≈yܲÓ˚y ÙylˆÏï˛l ˛ly– ~!òܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y !SÈ° ÙylÓÓyò#
G §yÙƒÓyò#– !ܲv !Ó!˲ߨ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ã˛yÓ≈yܲ ò¢≈l §ÙyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛G •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ã˛yÓ≈yܲ ò¢≈l ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y lï%˛l
òy¢≈!lܲ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ò¢≈lˆÏܲ §Ù,Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈó xyÓyÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ òy¢≈!lܲˆÏòÓ˚ !l!Ó≈ã˛yÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ°
xyâyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Î%!=˛Óyò# •ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈó ï˛Ìy!˛õ òy¢≈!lܲ Ùï˛Óyò !•§yˆÏÓ ã˛yÓ≈yܲ ò¢≈l ΈÏÌT˛ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲ
G à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈–
!¢«˛y G ò¢≈l 21

˜çl ò¢≈l åJain Darshan)

Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Introduction)ı
˜çl ò¢≈l á%Ó•z ˛≤Ãyã˛#l ò¢≈l ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy˜Ïà!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ Î%ˆÏà ˜çl ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ xy!ÓË≈˛yÓ âˆÏê˛!SÈ°– ˜çl
ò¢≈l¢yflf ˆÓò!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈lï˛sfeˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xlƒï˛Ù– Ú˜çlÛ ¢∑!ê˛ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ Ú!çlÛ ¢∑ ˆÌˆÏܲ– !çl
¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÌ≈ çÎ˚#– !Î!l §Ü˛° Ó˚Ü˛Ù Ü˛yÙlyñ Óy§lyñ Ó˚yàñ ˆm£Ï •zï˛ƒy!ò çÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ù%!=˛°y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ
Ó°y •Î˚ !çl– ~•z Ú!çlÛ ~Ó˚ ç#Ólyò¢≈ ÎyÓ˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ï˛yшÏòÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚ ˜çl–
˜çl ò¢≈l ~ܲ•z §ˆÏAà ôÙ≈ ~ÓÇ ò¢≈l ò%•z•z–
˜çl ôˆÏÙ≈ ã˛!ÓÁ¢çl !çlˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚ ï˛#Ì≈AܲÓ˚– Úï˛#Ì≈AܲÓ˚Û ¢∑!ê˛G
!ӈϢ£Ï ï˛yͲõÎ≈˛õ)î≈ñ ï˛#Ì≈ ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ •° Úlò#Ó˚ âyê˛Û Óy Úˆ§y˛õylÛ– ï˛y•z ˆÎ Óƒ!=˛àî §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ
§Ç§yÓ˚Ó˚)˛õ ç°y¢Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z_#î≈ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ§y˛õyl Ó˚ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ï˛yшÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ•z ˜çl ôˆÏÙ≈ ï˛#Ì≈AܲÓ˚
Ó°y •Î˚– ~•z §Ü˛° ï˛#Ì≈AܲÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Ó≈≤ÃÌÙ ï˛#Ì≈AܲÓ˚ •ˆÏ° }£Ï˲ˆÏòÓ ~ÓÇ §Ó≈ˆÏ¢£Ï ï˛#Ì≈AܲÓ˚ •ˆÏ°l
Óô≈Ùylñ ÎyÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚ lyÙ Ù•yÓ#Ó˚– Ù•yÓ#Ó˚ !SȈϰl ˆàÔï˛ÙÓ%ˆÏÂôÓ˚ §Ù§yÙ!Î˚ܲ Óƒ!=˛ ï˛yÑÓ˚ xy!ÓË≈˛yÓܲy°
á #T˛˛õ)Ó≈ £Ï¤˛ ¢ï˛Ü˛– Ó›ï˛ Ù•yÓ#Ó˚ˆÏܲ•z ˜çlôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ≤ÃÓï≈˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yï˛y ӈϰ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ôyÓ˚îy ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
Ù•yÓ#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# ï˛#Ì≈AܲÓ˚ ˛õyŸª≈lyˆÏÌÓ˚ lyÙG !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ–
˜çlàî ˆÓˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÙyîƒï˛y fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚lly ~ÓÇ {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x!hflÏcG fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚llyñ ~•z §Ü˛°
ï˛#Ì≈AܲÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚•z ï˛yÑÓ˚y !§Âô˛õ%Ó%̊£Ï ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õy§ly ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~ÑÓ˚y !SȈϰl ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ !§Âô˛õ%Ó%̊£Ïñ !ܲv !lç §yôlyӈϰ
ܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ Órôl ˆÌˆÏܲ §¡õ)î≈ Ù%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ)î≈ K˛ylñ ¢!=˛ G xylˆÏ®Ó˚ x!ôÜ yÓ˚# •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÙy«˛°y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ï˛y•z
~Ó˚y •ˆÏ°l Ù%=˛ Óy !§Âô˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï– ˜çlˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ñ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ç#Ó•z !lç ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÎ˚ !çlˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛ ˛õÌ xl%§Ó˚î
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ)î≈ñ §Ó≈¢!=˛Ùylñ §Ó≈K˛ñ Ù%=˛ G x§#Ù xylˆÏ®Ó˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ܲy°Ü ˛ˆÏÙ ˜çl ôÙ≈yÓ°¡∫#àî ò%!ê˛ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚ !Ó˲=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸l ÎÌyı ˆŸªï˛y¡∫Ó˚ §¡±òyÎ˚ G !òà¡∫Ó˚
§¡±òyÎ˚– ˜çl ôÙ≈ G ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)°l#!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ӈϢ£Ï ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !SÈ°ly– í˛z˲Î˚
§¡±òyÎ˚•z ï˛#Ì≈AܲÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏò¢ ˆÙˆÏl ã˛°ˆÏï˛l– ï˛ˆÏÓ ôÙ≈#Î˚ xyã˛yÓ˚ ˆÙˆÏl ã˛°yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !òà¡∫Ó˚àî !SȈϰl
xï˛ƒhs˝ ˆàyÑí˛¸y– ï˛yÓ˚y !SȈϰl §Ó≈fl∫ ï˛ƒyà# xÌy≈Í §Ó≈≤ÃܲyÓ˚ xy§!=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%=˛– ï˛yÑÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l Óflf
˛õ!Ó˚ôylG xy§!=˛Ó˚ ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ñ ï˛y•z ï˛yÑÓ˚y Óflf ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ˆŸªï˛y¡∫Ó˚ §¡±òyÎ˚ !SȈϰl í˛zòyÓ˚˛õrÌ#
~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆŸªï˛Óflf ˛õ!Ó˚ôyl ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
˜çl ò¢≈lï˛_¥ ı
˜çl ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° ܲÌy ~ çàˆÏï˛ Ó›Ó˚•z x!hflÏc xyˆÏSÈ– ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye Ó›Ó˚ x!hflÏcˆÏܲ•z fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚
ӈϰñ ~ˆÏܲ Ó›Óyò Ó°y •Î˚– ˜çlÓ˚y xyÓyÓ˚ Ó•%cÓyò#G ÓˆÏê˛– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ çà͈Ïܲ Ùyl%£Ï ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ çyˆÏlñ
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 22
ï˛y•z §ï˛ƒ ~ÓÇ ÎÌyÌ≈– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ {ŸªÓ˚ Óy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õÓ˚ÙydyÓ˚ ܲ“ly ܲÓ˚y !lÓ˚Ì≈ܲ– ï˛yÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ï˛_¥ ~ܲ
lÎ˚ Ó•%– ~•z ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà#Ó˚ çlƒ ˜çlÏ ò¢≈lˆÏܲ Ó•% fl∫yï˛sfƒÓyò Óy Ó•%cÓyò Ó°y •Î˚–
˜çlÙˆÏï˛ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ xlhs˝ ôÙ≈ xyˆÏSÈ– ~•z ôÙ≈ ò%ÈüÈ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˲yÓydܲ ~ÓÇ x˲yÓydܲ– ˲yÓydܲ
ôÙ≈ •° ˆ§•zà%!°ñ ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ó›Ó˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ Óy ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !lÓ˚)˛õî ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎÙl Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z ˲yÓydܲ
ôÙ≈ •° Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÈüÈò#«˛yñ çy!ï˛Èñ Óî≈ñ àë˛lñ çß√fiÌyl •zï˛ƒy!ò– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ x˲yÓ ÌyܲyÓ˚
çlƒ ï˛yˆÏܲ xlƒylƒ Ó› ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆ§•zà%!° •° x˲yÓydܲ ôÙ≈– ˆÎÙlÈüÈÙyl%£Ï!ê˛ Ü,˛£÷ÏÓî≈ lÎ˚ñ
ˆÓˆÏê˛ lÎ˚ó x!¢!«˛ï˛ lÎ˚ñ xy!Ê ˛Ü˛yÓy§# lÎ˚ •zï˛ƒy!ò– ˜çlÙˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ ˛õ)î≈ K˛yl Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ó›Ó˚ ~•z
x§Çáƒ Ë˛yÓydܲ G x˲yÓdܲ ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ K˛yl ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– ~•z K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# •GÎ˚y ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye §Ó≈K˛ñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
K˛yl# !§Âô˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛•z §Ω˛Ó–
oÓƒ ı ˜çlˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ Îy à%î ~ÓÇ ˛õÎy≈Î˚!Ó!¢T˛ ï˛y•z oÓƒ– oÓƒ à%î G ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xy◊Î˚– ÎyˆÏï˛ ôÙ≈
xyˆÏSÈ Óy ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛y•z ôÙ≈# ~ÓÇ ï˛y•z oÓƒ– Îy oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õàï˛ ôÙ≈ ~ÓÇ ÎyÓ˚ çlƒ oÓƒ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó°y
•Î˚ à%î– ˆÎÙl xydyÓ˚ ˜ã˛ï˛lƒ ôÙ≈– Îy oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ xyàvܲ ôÙ≈ ~ÓÇ ÎyÓ˚ çlƒ oÓƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#° ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚
˛õÎy≈Î˚ñ ˆÎÙl •zFSÈy ˆm£Ïñ §%áñ ò%/á ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ xydyÓ˚ xyàvܲ ôÙ≈ñ à%ˆÏîÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ oÓƒ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° ~ÓÇ
˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ oÓƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#°–
˜çlˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ oÓƒ ò%ˆÏ◊!îˆÏï˛ !Ó˲=˛ ÈüÈ x!hflÏܲyÎ˚ G xl!hflÏܲyÎ˚– x!hflÏܲyÎ˚ ÈüÈ ÎyÓ˚ !Óhfl,Ï!ï˛ Óy ܲyÎ˚
xyˆÏSÈñ xÌy≈Í Îy ˆò¢ ç%ˆÏí˛¸ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏܲ x!hflÏܲyÎ˚ ӈϰ– x!hflÏܲyÎ˚ oÓƒ ò%•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ÈüÈç#Ó G xç#Ó– xl!hflÏܲyÎ˚
ÈüÈ ÎyÓ˚ !Óhfl,Ï!ï˛ Óy ܲyÎ˚ ˆl•zñ Îy ˆò¢ ç%ˆÏí˛¸ ÌyˆÏܲ lyñ ï˛yˆÏܲ xl!hflÏܲyÎ˚ oÓƒ ӈϰ– ܲy° •ˆÏ°y xl!hflÏܲyÎ˚–
ç#Ó ı ˜çlÙˆÏï˛ ˆÎ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ˆã˛ï˛ly xyˆÏSÈ ï˛y•z ç#Ó– ç#Ó G xydy x!˲ߨ– ˜ã˛ï˛lƒ xydyÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õàï˛
ôÙ≈– §Ü˛° ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ Órôl ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÓ˚y Ù%=˛ñ ˆ§•z Ù%=˛ ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛ï˛ly §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ~ÓÇ !«˛!ï˛ñ x˛õñ ˆï˛ç/
ÙÓ%̊Í G í˛z!qò ˆò•ôyÓ˚# ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆã˛ï˛ly §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ü˛Ù– xydy•z K˛yï˛yñ ܲï≈˛y G ˆË˛y=˛y– xydy !lï˛ƒ G x˛õ!Ó˚lyÙ#ñ
Î!òG ~Ó˚ xÓfiÌyà%!° ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#°– xydy ˆò• ˆÌˆÏܲ !˲ߨ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ §_y ~ÓÇ xyd§ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
xydyÓ˚ x!hflÏc §y«˛yÍ˲yˆÏÓ çyly ÎyÎ˚– ˜çlÙˆÏï˛ xydy x§Çზ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ• ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ fl∫ï˛sf xydy
Óy ç#Ó !ÓÓ˚y!çï˛–
xç#Ó ı ˜çlÙˆÏï˛ xç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛≤Ãyî Óy ˆã˛ï˛ly ˆl•z– xç#Ó ˛õyÑã˛ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˛õ%òà°ñ xyܲy¢ñ ܲy°ñ
ôÙ≈ G xôÙ≈– !lˆÏ¡¨ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ xç#ÓˆÏܲ §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •°ÈüüüÈ
˛õ%òà° ı ˜çlò¢≈ˆÏl çí˛¸ˆÏܲ ˛õ%òà° lyˆÏÙ x!˲!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly fiÌ)° çí˛¸ oÓƒˆÏܲ Ü ˛Ùyß∫ˆÏÎ˚
!Ó˲=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏ° ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~Ùl ~ܲ xÓfiÌy xyˆÏ§ Îál ï˛yˆÏܲ xyÓ˚ !Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚y ã˛ˆÏ°lyñ ~•z §)-
x!Ó˲yçƒ çí˛¸Ü˛îyà%!°ˆÏܲ xî% Ó°y •Î˚– ò%•z Óy ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ xl% ~ܲˆÏe !Ù!°ï˛ •ˆÏ° §Çâyï˛ Óy òˆÏ®µÓ˚ §,!T˛
•Î˚– Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆò• G çí˛¸oÓƒ •° §Çâyï˛– ˛õò%àˆÏ°Ó˚ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ à%î xyˆÏSÈ ÈüÈ flõ¢≈ñ fl∫yòñ àrô G Óî≈–
xyܲy¢ ı ˜çlÙˆÏï˛ Îy x!hflÏܲyÎ˚ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ xy◊Î˚ Óy x!ô¤˛yl ï˛yˆÏܲ xyܲy¢ ӈϰ xÌy≈Í ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ Ó›Ó˚
!ÓhflÏyÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ ˆ§•zà%!° xyܲyˆÏ¢ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ%òà°ñ xydyñ ôÙ≈ G xôÙ≈ §Ó!ܲS%È•z xyܲyˆÏ¢ xÓfiÌyl
ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyܲy¢ ˛≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ lyñ xl%ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ §y•ˆÏ΃•z çyly ÎyÎ˚– ˜çlÙˆÏï˛ xyܲy¢ ò%ÈüÈ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ÈüÈ ˆ°yܲyܲy¢
!¢«˛y G ò¢≈l 23
~ÓÇ xˆÏ°yܲyܲy¢–
ܲy° ı ˜çlÙˆÏï˛ xyܲy¢ Óy ˆò¢ ˆÎÓ˚)˛õ xl%ˆÏÙÎ˚ ܲy°G ï˛o)˛õ xl%ˆÏÙÎ˚ xÌy≈Í Ü˛y°G ˛≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏàyã˛Ó˚
lÎ˚– oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ Óï≈˛ly Óy x!Ó!FSÈߨï˛yñ à!ï˛ñ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lñ lï%˛lcñ ≤Ãyã˛#lcñ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ Ü˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ çlƒ•z §Ω˛Ó •Î˚– ܲy°
xl!hflÏܲyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Óhfl,Ï!ï˛ ˆl•z– ܲy° ~ܲ G x!Ó˲y烖 ~ܲ•z ܲy° çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ó≈e !ÓÓ˚yç
ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ܲy° ò%•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ÈüÈ ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ ܲy° G ˛õyÓ˚Ùy!Ì≈ܲ ܲy°– ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ ܲy° Ù%•)ï≈˛ñ !Ù!lê˛ñ ârê˛y •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ•z §#ÙyÓÂô– ˛õyÓ˚Ùy!Ì≈ܲ ܲy° xlhs˝ G !lï˛ƒñ ~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Ó˲yà ˆl•z– xyÓ˚ ~•z xlhs˝ ܲy° §ï˛ƒ–
ôÙ≈ G xôÙ≈ ı ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ xˆÏÌ≈ ôÙ≈ G xôÙ≈ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ myÓ˚y ÎÌyÜ ˛ˆÏÙ ˛õ%lƒ G ˛õy˛õˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏly •Î˚–
xy§ˆÏ° à!ï˛ G !fiÌÓ˚ï˛y ˆÓyV˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ˜çl ò¢≈ˆÏl ôÙ≈ G xôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ܲÌy í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ôÙ≈ àï˛#Î˚
Ó›Ó˚ à!ï˛Ó˚ §•yÎ˚ܲ !ܲv ܲyÓ˚î lÎ˚– à!ï˛ ç#Ó G xç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ xhs˝≈!l!•ï˛ ¢!=˛– G•z xhs≈˛!l!•ï à!ï˛¢!=˛ˆÏܲ
§!Ü ˛Î˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ôÙ≈ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– xôÙ≈ ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ó ç#Ó˛G xç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ !fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ §•yÎ˚ܲ– ôÙ≈ xyˆÏSÈ
ӈϰ à!ï˛¢#° ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ à!ï˛ ~ÓÇ xôÙ≈ xyˆÏSÈ ÓˆÏ° !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ !fiÌ!ï˛ §Ω˛Ó–
˛õòyÌ≈ ı ˜çl ˛õÓ˚yï˛y!_¥Ü˛ !§Âôyhs xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ˛õòyÌ≈ lÎ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ÈüÈ ç#Óñ xç#Óñ ˛õ%lƒñ ˛õy˛õñ xyflÀÓñ Órôñ
§¡∫Ó˚ñ !lç≈Ó˚y G ˆÙy«˛– Ùï˛yhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ §Æ!Óô˝ fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˛õ%lƒ G ˛õy˛õ Ü ˛Ùyß∫ˆÏÎ˚ §¡∫Ó˚ G
xyflÀˆÏÓÓ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !lˆÏ¡¨ ~à%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •°ÈüüüÈ
ç#Ó G xç#Ó ı ˜çlÙˆÏï˛ ç#Ó ˜ã˛ï˛lƒÙÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚ÙˆÏçƒy!ï˛fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ~ÓÇ ç#Ó G xydy ~ܲ G x!˲ߨ– ç#Ó
Ù%=˛ G §Ç§yÓ˚#ˆÏ˲ˆÏò !m!Óô •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆã˛ï˛ly•#l çí˛¸oÓƒˆÏܲ xç#Ó ÓˆÏ°– ôÙ≈ñ xôÙ≈ñ xyܲy¢ G ˛õ%òà°
•° xç#Ó–
õy˛õ G ˛õ%lƒ ı §Í˲yÓˆÏܲ ˛õ%lƒ ~ÓÇ x§Í˲yÓˆÏܲ ˛õy˛õ Ó°y •Î˚– ˛õ%lƒ ò%≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ÈüÈ Ë˛yÓ˛õ%lƒ ~ÓÇ oÓƒ˛õ%lƒ–
§Í §ÇܲˆÏ“Ó˚ myÓ˚y xydyÓ˚ xl%Ü)˛° ˛õ!Ó˚lyÙ âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˛õ%lƒ ӈϰ– xyÓ˚ ~•z ˲yÓ˛õ%ˆÏlƒÓ˚ myÓ˚y
ܲÙ≈˛õ%òàˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÎ ¢%˲ ˛õ!Ó˚îyÙ âˆÏê˛ ï˛yˆÏܲ oÓƒ˛õ%lƒ ӈϰ– xl%Ó˚)˛õ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õy˛õG ò%≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˲yÓ˛õy˛õ G oÓƒ˛õy˛õ–
x§Í §ÇܲˆÏ˛“Ó˚ myÓ˚y xydyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü)˛° ˛õ!Ó˚îyÙ âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˛õy˛õ ӈϰ– xyÓ˚ ~•z ˲yÓ˛õy˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ myÓ˚y
ܲÙ≈˛õ%òàˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÎ x¢%˲ ˛õ!Ó˚lyÙ âˆÏê˛ ï˛yˆÏܲ oÓƒ˛õy˛õ ӈϰ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ oÓƒ˛õ%lƒ ˲yÓ˛õ%ˆÏlƒÓ˚ ~ÓÇ oÓƒ˛õy˛õ
˲yÓ˛õyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xl%§yÓ˚#– ˲yÓ˛õ%lƒ G ˲yÓ˛õy˛õ í˛z˲Î˚•z !ã˛hs˝l– xyÓyÓ˚ oÓƒ˛õ%lƒ G oÓƒ˛õy˛õ í˛z˲Î˚•z ܲÙ≈˛õ%ò‰àˆÏ°Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚îyÙ–
xy◊Ó G Órô ı ˜çl ò¢≈ˆÏl xy◊Ó Ó°ˆÏï˛ xydyÓ˚ x¢%Âôï˛y Óy Ù!°lï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ñ Îy ܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚
≤ÈÏÎyçܲ G ˛õ!Ó˚îyÙ í˛z˲Î˚•z– ~•z ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà# ˆÌˆÏܲ xy◊Ó ò%•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˲yÓy◊Ó G oÓƒy◊Ó– ˲yÓy◊Ó •°
ˆ§•z §Ü˛° !ã˛hs˝l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Óy Ùyl!§Ü˛ xÓfiÌy ˆÎà%!°Ó˚ myÓ˚y ç#Ó Ü˛Ù≈ §¡õyòˆÏl ≤ÃÓ,_ •Î˚– ã%˛¡∫ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ˆÎÓ˚)˛õ ˆ°Ô• xyÜ,˛T˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §yÙÌ≈ƒ ÌyˆÏܲñ ˲yÓy◊Ó !Ó!¢T˛ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒG ˆ§Ó˚)˛õ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲÙ≈ §¡õyòˆÏlÓ˚
§yÙÌ≈ƒ ÌyˆÏܲ– xyÓ˚ ~•z ܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îyÙ Óy ܲÙ≈˛õ%òà° Îál xydyÎ˚ xl%≤Ã!ÓT˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ•z oÓƒy◊Ó ÓˆÏ°–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ oÓƒy◊Ó •° ˲yÓy◊ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚lyÙñ ˲yÓy◊Ó ly •ˆÏ° oÓƒy◊Ó •Î˚ly–
xydyÎ˚ ܲÙ≈˛õ%òàˆÏ°Ó˚ §ÇÎ%!=˛ˆÏܲ Órô ӈϰ– Órô ã˛yÓ˚ ˛≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ñ !fiÌ!ï˛ñ xl%Ë˛Ó G ≤ÈÏò¢–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 24
§¡∫Ó˚ñ !lç≈Ó˚y G ˆÙy«˛ ı xy◊ˆÏÓÓ˚ !lÓ,!_ Óy !lˆÏÓ˚yôˆÏܲ §¡∫Ó˚ ӈϰ– xy◊Ó G §¡∫Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%Âô–
≤ÃÌÙ!ê˛ ÓˆÏrôÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !mï˛#Î˚!ê˛ ˆÙyˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ˆ•ï%˛– §¡∫Ó˚ !m!ÓôÈüÈ˲yÓ§¡∫Ó˚ G oÓƒ§¡∫Ó˚–
ï˛˛õ§ƒyÓ˚ myÓ˚y xydyÎ˚ §!M˛ï˛ ܲÙ≈˛õ%òàˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ù!T˛ˆÏܲ !lç≈Ó˚y ӈϰ– !lç≈Ó˚y ò%≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ÎÌyܲy° G
Å˛õÜ ˛!Ùܲ– §¡∫Ó˚ G !lç≈Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îyˆÏÙ ç#Ó G xydyÓ˚ ˆò•Órôl ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%!=˛ âˆÏê˛– ~ˆÏܲ•z ˆÙy«˛ ӈϰ–
ˆÙy«˛ •° ܲÙ≈˛õ%òàˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ)î≈«˛Î˚–
˜çl ï˛#Ì≈AܲÓ˚ ˛õyŸª≈lyÌ ï˛yÓ˚ !¢£ÏƒˆÏòÓ˚ §ÇÎÙ §yôˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ã˛ï%˛Î≈yÙ Óy ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ í˛z˛õˆÏò¢ !òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl–
˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ù•yÓ#Ó˚ ~•z ã˛ï%˛Îy≈ˆÏÙÓ˚ §ˆÏAà xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õˆÏò¢ ˆÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˛õyÑã˛!ê˛ ç#Ólã˛ã≈˛yÓ˚ !òܲ
˜çlôÙ≈yÓ°¡∫#ˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)°Ùsf Ó°y ÎyÎ˚– ˙•zà%!° •° ÈüÈ ÚÚ!•Ç§y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ lyñÛÛ ÚÚ!Ù̃y ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏÓ lyñÛÛ ã%˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ
lyñ ÚÚˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%ȈÏï˛ xy§=˛ •ˆÏÓ lyÛÛ ~ÓÇ •z!wÎ˚ˆÏܲ çÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–ÛÛ ~•z à%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ÃÌÙ!ê˛ xÌy≈Í Úx!•Ç§yÛ
˜çlôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ Ù)° !˲!_– ï˛y•z ˜çl òy¢≈!lܲ ï˛ˆÏ_¥ ~ÓÇ Î%!=˛!ÓòƒyÎ˚ ~•z x!•Ç§y l#!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ•z !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ
°«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
˜çl K˛ylï˛_¥ ı ˜çl ò¢≈l xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ ôyÓ˚îy•z •° K˛yl– K˛yï˛y G ˆK˛Î˚Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚
Ê˛ˆÏ°•z K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zͲõ!_ •Î˚– ˜çlÙˆÏï˛ ç#Ó Óy xydy•z •° ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ K˛yï˛y– xyÓyÓ˚ ˜ã˛ï˛lƒ •° ç#Ó Óy xydyÓ˚
fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ôÙ≈– ~•z ˜ã˛ï˛lƒÙÎ˚ xydy fl∫Ó˚)˛õï˛ñ §Ó≈K˛– ˜çl ò¢≈ˆÏl Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˛≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ç#Óydy•z §Ó≈K˛
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ܲÈv ˛õ)Ó≈Ü,˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ òÓ˚%l xydyÓ˚ ~•z §Ó≈K˛ï˛y Óyôy≤ÃyÆ •Î˚– ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ K˛yl ˆ§•z ÓyôyˆÏܲ ò)Ó˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
˜çl ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ K˛ylï˛ˆÏ_¥ K˛ylˆÏܲ ò%•z˲yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÈüÈ å1ä ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛ K˛yl ~ÓÇ
å2ä x˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛ K˛yl Óy ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ K˛yl–
˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛ K˛ylı
Ùl G •z!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÎ K˛yl í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆ§•z K˛yl•z •° ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛ K˛yl– ˜çlˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛
˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛ K˛yl ˛≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ K˛yl lÎ˚– ~•z çyï˛#Î˚ K˛yl •° ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ K˛yl– ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛ K˛yl ò%≤ÃܲyÓ˚ Ù!ï˛ G ◊%!ï˛–
Ù!ï˛ ı ã˛«%˛ñ ܲî≈ñ ly!§Ü˛yñ !ç•¥yñ cܲ ÈüÈ ~•z ˛õˆÏM˛!wÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ùl ~•z £Ï¤˛ xhs˝ˆÏÓ˚!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚
Óy•ƒçàÍ G Ùyl§çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÎ K˛yl •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ù!ï˛ ÓˆÏ°–
◊%ï˛ ı ◊Óî G @˝ÃrÌ ˛õyë˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ §,T˛ K˛ylˆÏܲ ◊%ï˛ Ó°y •Î˚ xÌy≈Í !ÓŸªy§ˆÏÎyàƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Óã˛l ~ÓÇ
¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ K˛yl ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ◊%!ï˛ ÓˆÏ°–
x˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛ K˛yl ı
Ùl G •z!wÎ˚ Óƒ!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆÎ K˛yl §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ xydy !òˆÏÎ˚ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛ K˛yl Ó°y
•Î˚– ˜çlÙˆÏï˛ x˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛ K˛yl•z ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ K˛yl– ~•z K˛yl !ï˛l ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÓ!ôñ Ùl/ ˛õÎy≈Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛Ó° K˛yl–
xÓ!ô ı ˆÎyà#Ó˚y ˆÎyà§yôlyӈϰ xï˛#ï˛ñ xlyàï˛ñ ò%Ó˚Óï≈˛# G §%- !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÎ §y«˛yÍ Óy •z!wÎ˚
!lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ K˛yl °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ï˛yˆÏܲ xÓ!ô ӈϰ– §yôyÓ˚î ܲÌyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ò)Ó˚ò,!T˛ Ó°y •Î˚–
Ùl/˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ ı Ó˚yàÈüÈ ˆm£Ïy!ò £Ïí˛¸!Ó˚˛õ% çÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ xˆÏlƒÓ˚ §%á ò%/áy!ò Ùyl!§Ü˛ xÓfiÌy
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÎ §y«˛yÍ K˛yl °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ï˛yˆÏܲ Ùl/˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ ӈϰ–
 !¢«˛y G ò¢≈l 25
ˆÜ˛Ó° K˛yl ıÓrôlÙ%=˛ !§Âô ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ïàî fl∫Ó˚)˛õï˛ §Ó≈K˛ xydyÓ˚ myÓ˚y §Ü˛° !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÎ xÓî≈l#Î˚ñ
ˆò¢ÈüÈܲy°yï˛#ï˛ñ !Ó¢%Âôñ §y«˛yÍ xl%Ë˛ÓˆÏÎyàƒ K˛yl°y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛Ó° K˛yl ӈϰ– ˜çlò¢≈ˆÏl ~•z
K˛ylˆÏܲ K˛ylï˛y!_¥Ü˛ G ˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ í˛z˲Î˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà# ˆÌˆÏܲ•z §ˆÏÓy≈Fã˛ ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ӈϰ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– K˛yˆÏlÓ˚
˛õˆÏÌ Óyôyfl∫Ó˚)˛õ §ÙhflÏ Ü˛Ù≈ Îál «˛Î˚≤ÃyÆ •Î˚ñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xydy Îál !lˆÏçˆÏܲ §Ü˛° ܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ Órôl ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%=˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ál•z !ï˛!l ˆÜ˛Ó° K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– ~•z K˛yl fiÌyl ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ à[˛#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyÓÂô lÎ˚–
xˆÏlܲyhs˝Óyò ı
˜çl K˛ylï˛ˆÏ_¥ Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ Ó› xlhs˝ ôÙ≈!Ó!¢T˛– !˲ߨ !˲ߨ Óƒ!=˛ ï˛yшÏòÓ˚ !lçfl∫ !˲ߨ
!˲ߨ ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyî ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ Óy Ó›!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏáˆÏSÈÏl ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ•z xyÇ!¢Ü˛ §ï˛ƒK˛yl °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚l
xÌy≈Í ~ܲ•z §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ lyly !òܲ Óï≈˛Ùyl ~ÓÇ ˛≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ K˛yl xyÇ!¢Ü˛ •ˆÏ°G §ï˛ƒ– ˜çl ò¢≈ˆÏl ~•z
ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà#ˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲyhs˝Óyò Ó°y •Î˚– ~ܲÙye §Ó≈K˛ ˆÜ˛Ó° K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ xlhs˝ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– ˜çl ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z xˆÏlܲyhs˝Óyò §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ !lï˛ƒï˛y x!lï˛ƒï˛yñ ˙ܲƒÈüÈx˜Ïlܲƒñ
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#°ï˛y x˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l#Î˚ï˛y §Ó•z §%¤˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
§ƒyò‰Óyò ı
˜çlò¢≈l §¡øï˛ §ƒyòÓyò í˛zͲõ!_Ó˚ Ó#ç °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ !SÈ° ï˛Íܲy°#l ˛≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ !ܲS%È òy¢≈!lܲ !§Âôyhs˝ ~ÓÇ
í˛z˛õ!l£Ïò#Î˚ !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ– ~•z !§Âôyhs˝ §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚lyˆÏÙ•z ˜çl ò¢≈lï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚
ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛ !˲!_fl∫Ó˚)˛õ §ƒyò‰ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zqÓ–
˜çlˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ˆ°Ô!ܲܲ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly K˛yl•z ˛õ)î≈ §ï˛ƒG lÎ˚ñ ˛õ)î≈ !Ù̃yG lÎ˚– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Óƒ!=˛ !˲ߨ
!˲ߨ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ•z §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ !òܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ùye– ˜çl ò¢≈ˆÏl §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ~•z ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ !òܲ Óy
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ÚlÎ˚Û– ˆÎˆÏܲyl ˆ°Ô!ܲܲ K˛yl xÌÓy K˛yl ≤Ãܲy¢Ü˛ lÎ˚ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ G xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ §ï˛ƒ–
!ܲv ~ܲÌy §Ü˛ˆÏ° !Óflø,ï˛ •Î˚ ӈϰ•z ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ Óyòyl%Óyò G ܲ°ˆÏ• !°Æ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ≤çAàÜ ˛ˆÏÙ ˜çlàî
ã˛yÓ˚çl xrôÓƒ!=˛Ó˚ •hflÏ#ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ò,T˛yhs˝ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ˆÎ Óƒ!=˛ •hflÏ#Ó˚ ˛õyòflõ¢≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ !ï˛!l ӈϰlñ Ú•hflÏ#
hflψÏΩ˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛yÛó !Î!l ܲî≈ flõ¢≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚l !ï˛!l ӈϰlñ Ú•hflÏ# Ü%˛ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛yÛó !Î!l ˛õ%FSÈ flõ¢≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚l !ï˛!l
ӈϰlñ Ú•hflÏ# §ˆÏ˛õ≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛yÛó ~ÓÇ !Î!l í˛zòˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï˛°ˆÏò¢ flõ¢≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚l !ï˛!l ӈϰl Ú•hflÏ# Ó,•Í çy°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛yÛ–
~•z˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚y •hflÏ#Ó˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ §¡∫ˆÏrô Óyòyl%ÓyˆÏò !°Æ •Î˚– ~•z Óyòyl%ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î •° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚
K˛yl•z xyÇ!¢Ü˛ G xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ §ï˛ƒñ !ܲv §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ˲yˆÏÓ §ï˛ƒ lÎ˚– ˆÜ˛Ó° ã˛«%˛Ùyl Óƒ!=˛•z •hflÏ#ˆÏܲ ˛õ)î≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xrôÓƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ°ˆÏ•Ó˚ Ù#Ùyǧy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
~•z xy˛õyï˛ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛yÓ˚ §ÙyôyˆÏl ˜çlàî ӈϰl ˆÎ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ÚlÎ˚Û ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §ƒyò‰ ܲÌy!ê˛ Î%=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ– Ó%ƒÍ˛õ!_àï˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ú§ƒyò‰Û ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÌ≈ Ú•Î˚ï˛Û Óy §Ω˛Óï˛ Óy •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xÌy≈Í ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ÚlÎ˚Û •z
xyÇ!¢Ü˛ §ï˛ƒ ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ !Óܲ“ lÎ˚G xyÇ!¢Ü˛ §ï˛ƒ– ~•z Ùï˛ÓyòˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ §ƒyò‰Óyò–
§Æ˲Aà# lÎ˚ ı
˜çl ò¢≈ˆÏl xyÇ!¢Ü˛ §ï˛ƒˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §yï˛ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÚlÎ˚Û ~Ó˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ˆÏܲ
Ó°y •Î˚ Ú§Æ˲Aà# lÎ˚Û– ˜çlÙˆÏï˛ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl Ó›Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚ §yï˛!ê˛ ôÙ≈ §Ω˛Ó– ~•z §yï˛!ê˛ ôÙ≈ §¡∫ˆÏrô
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 26
§Æ!Óô §Ç¢Î˚ G !çK˛y§yÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ §Æ!Óô !çK˛y§y ˆÌˆÏÜ §Æ˲Aà# lˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §,!T˛– §Æ˲Aà# lˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
§yôyÓ˚î xyܲyÓ˚ •° ÈüÈ
å1ä §ƒyÍ x!hflÏ ÈüÈ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ §ï˛ƒñ å2ä §ƒyÍ ly!hflÏ ÈüÈ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ §ï˛ƒ lÎñ˚ å3ä §ƒyÍ x!hflÏ Úã˛ ly!hflÏ ã˛Û
ÈüÈ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ܲálG §ï˛ƒ ܲálG §ï˛ƒ lÎ˚ñ å4ä §ƒyÍ xÓƒ=˛ÓƒÙÈüÈ•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ò%•z!ê˛ §ï˛ƒ !ܲv ~ܲ!ê˛ lyG
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ å5ä §ƒyÍ x!hflÏ ã˛ xÓƒ=˛ÓƒÙ ã˛ ÈüÈ ˆò¢ ܲy° §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ Îál ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛
ˆÓyV˛yl •Î˚ ˆò¢Ü˛y° !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˙ Ó›!ê˛ xÓî≈l#Î˚ñ å6ä §ƒyÍ ly!hflÏ ã˛ xÓƒ=˛Ù ã˛ ÈüÈ ˆò¢Ü˛y°
!lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yl Ó›Ó˚ xÓî≈l#Î˚ï˛y Î!òG ˆò¢Ü˛y° §yˆÏ˛õ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ xfl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ å7ä §ƒyÍ x!hflÏ
ã˛ ly!hflÏ ã˛ xÓƒ=˛ÓƒÙ ã˛ ÈüÈ !l!ò≈T˛Ü˛yˆÏ° Îál ˆÜ˛yl Ó›Ó˚ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ G xfl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛ál ˆò¢Ü˛y°
!lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ï˛y xÓî≈l#Î˚–
˜çl ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z §ƒyÍÓyò ~Ó˚ §ˆÏAà xyô%!lܲ ˆË˛Ôï˛!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏ˛õ«˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ Óy Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚
§Ω˛yÓƒï˛y ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !Ù° áÑ%ˆÏç ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˜çl òy¢≈!lܲàî ò,ì˛¸Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÓˆÏ°ˆÏSÈlñ Ú§ƒyÍÓyˆÏòÛ §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ç¢Î˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ly– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ÚlÎ˚Û •z §ï˛ƒ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛–
˜çl l#!ï˛ï˛_¥ ı
˜çl l#!ï ¢yˆÏflf ç#ÓlÎy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ï˛l!ê˛ !Ó!ô !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•zà%!° •° ÈüÈ §ÙƒÜ˛ò¢≈lñ
§ÙƒÜ˛ K˛yl G §ÙƒÜ˛ ã˛!Ó˚e– ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ !Ó!ôˆÏܲ ˜çl ò¢≈ˆÏl ~ܲˆÏe !eÓ˚b Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– §ÙƒÜ˛ ò¢≈l
Ó°ˆÏï˛ ◊Âôyñ ˲!=˛ G !ÓŸªy§ˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– §ÙƒÜ˛ K˛yl Ó°ˆÏï˛ ï˛_¥K˛ylˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ §ÙƒÜ˛ ã˛!Ó˚e Ó°ˆÏï˛
ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ §òyã˛yÓ˚– ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ !Ó!ô xl%ÎyÎ˚# ç#Ól ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õyÑã˛!ê˛ Ó ï˛ ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢
ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ˛õyÑã˛!ê˛ Ó ï˛ •° ÈüÈ å1ä xlƒˆÏܲ !•Ç§y ly ܲÓ˚y Óy xˆÏlƒÓ˚ x!lT˛ !ã˛hs˝y ly ܲÓ˚y– å2ä §ï˛ƒ
ܲÌy Ó°y å4ä xˆÏlƒÓ˚ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆ°y˲ ly ܲÓ˚y– å3ä Ó ·ã˛Î≈ ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ å5ä !Ó£ÏÎ˚y§!=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%=˛
•GÎ˚y– ܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ çlƒ•z xydyÓ˚ ÓÂô xÓfiÌy– ܲÙ≈Órôl ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%!=˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ•z xydy Ù%=˛ •Î˚– §ÙƒÜ˛ ò¢≈lñ
§ÙƒÜ˛ K˛yl G §ÙƒÜ˛ ã˛!Ó˚e ~ÓÇ ˛õM˛Ù•yÓ ï˛ ˛õy°ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚•z ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆÙy«˛°y˲ âˆÏê˛–
xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ˜çl ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲï˛y (Relevance of Jain Darshan in Modern
Education)ı
˜çlò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà#Ó˚ §ˆÏAà xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛y!ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ §yò,¢ƒ áÑ%ˆÏç ˛õyGÎ˚y
ÎyÎ˚–
≤ÃÌÙï˛ ı ˜çl ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆÌˆÏÜ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ç#Ól G !¢«˛y ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)Ó˚ܲ–
xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ó°y •Î˚ !¢«˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ ç#ÓlÓƒy˛õ# ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ï˛y•z ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yÙy!çܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yG ÓˆÏê˛–
~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ Óyò !òˆÏÎ˚ x˛õÓ˚!ê˛Ó˚ x!hflÏc ܲ“ly ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– xyò¢≈ ç#Ól Îy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !lÎ˚Ù ¢,C°y ˆÎ
~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ í˛z˛õyòyl ˜çl ò¢≈ˆÏl x!•Ç§y G ˛õÓ˚Ù§!•£÷Ï$ï˛y ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ ò,T˛yhs˝–
!mï˛#Î˚ï˛ ı Úç#Ó xlhs˝ ¢!=˛Ó˚ xyôyÓ˚ÛÈüÈ ~ܲÌy ˜çl ò¢≈ˆÏl ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ í˛z!ÏÕ‘!áï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ Ù•yl !¢«˛y!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚
!¢«˛y G ò¢≈l 27
ÙˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ Óï≈˛Ùyl !¢«˛yï˛ˆÏ_¥ ~ܲÌy fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ ˆÎ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢¢%•z xlhs˝ §Ω˛yÓlyÙÎ˚– !¢«˛y •° !¢¢%Ó˚ xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛
§Ω˛yÓlyà%!°Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ âê˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÙye– ˜çl ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÙ≈Órôl ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ~ÓÇ xyô%!lܲ
!¢¢%Ó˚ §%Æ §Ω˛yÓlyà%!° !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆã˛T˛y ~ܲ•z–
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ï˛ı ˜çl ò¢≈ˆÏl ç#Ólyã˛yÓ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ ˆÎ !Ó!ôà%!°Ó˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎÙl §ÙƒÜ˛‰ K˛ylñ
§ÙƒÜ˛‰ ò¢≈l ~ÓÇ §ÙƒÜ‰˛ ã˛!Ó˚eñ ˆ§à%!° ˆÎÙl ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ç#Ó !•§yˆÏÓ í˛zFã˛ ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zߨ#ï˛ •ˆÏï˛
§•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆï˛Ù!l xlƒ!òˆÏܲ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ §Ùyçܲ°ƒyî ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ ˆ§Ô•yò≈ƒ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«ƒG xl%Ó˚)˛õ˲yˆÏÓ Óƒ!=˛Ü˛°ƒyl G §Ùyçܲ°ƒyˆÏîÓ˚ §•!lÓ≈yã˛î °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ï˛ı ˜çl ò¢≈ˆÏl {ŸªÓ˚ˆÏܲ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚!lñ ~•z ò¢≈lÙˆÏï˛ ç#ÓˆÏl !Î!l çÎ˚# •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ !ï˛!l
Ú!çlÛ– ~•z !çlàî•z xyò¢≈˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï ~ÓÇ xl%§Ó˚îˆÏÎyàƒ– §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl%£Ï ï˛yшÏòÓ˚ ç#Ól xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚•z Ù%!=˛°y˲
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÎ˚ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÎ Ë)˛!ÙܲyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏ°á ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˜çl ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z
l#!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ)î≈ §yò,¢ƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ xyô%!lܲܲyˆÏ° !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyç ¢%ô% K˛yl !Óï˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §#ÙyÓÂô lÎ˚– !lˆÏçÓ˚
ç#Ól Îy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚#!ï˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ §yÙˆÏl ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ç#Ólyò¢≈ ˛õ!Ó˚‹≥%˛ê˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°y•z ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyç– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ
ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈ ˆÎ xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛y xˆÏlܲyLjϢ ˜çl ò¢≈l myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛–
í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ (Conclusion)ı
xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˜çlò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ xÓòyl Ìyܲy §ˆÏ_¥G ~ܲÌy xlfl∫#ܲyÎ≈ ˆÎ ˜çlò¢≈l Ó•%
≤Èϟ¿Ó˚•z §ˆÏhs˝y£Ïçlܲ Óƒyáƒy !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!lñ ï˛Ìy!˛õ ˜çl ò¢≈l •° ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò¢≈l– ç#Ó ˆÎ xlhs˝K˛ylñ
xlhs˝ ¢!=˛ G xlhs˝ §%ˆÏáÓ˚ xyôyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ fl∫yô#l •zFSÈy ¢!=˛ xyˆÏSÈ ~ܲÌy ˜çlˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ï˛ à%Ó˚%c
§•Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ò¢≈l ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l ~ÓÇ ~áyˆÏl•z ˜çl ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù•c !l!•ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 28

ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ ı lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈lñ ˆÎyà ò¢≈l

(Naya Darshan, Yoga Darshan)

˜Ó!òܲ ò¢≈l (Vedic Philosophy)ı

Ù)°ï˛ ˆÓˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈lˆÏܲ ˜Ó!òܲ Óy xy!hflÏܲ ò¢≈l ~ÓÇ x˜ÏÓ!òܲ Óy ly!hflÏܲ
ò¢≈l ~•z ò%•z˲yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xy!hflÏܲ Ó°ˆÏï˛ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ÎyÓ˚y {ŸªˆÏÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§#ñ ÎyÓ˚y ˆÓˆÏòÓ˚ ܲï,≈˛c Óy
≤Ãyôylƒ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÓˆÏòÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÙyîƒ G xºyhs˝ ӈϰ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– §yÇáƒñ
ˆÎyàñ lƒyÎ˚ñ ˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲñ Ù#Ùyǧy G ˆÓòyhs˝ÈüüüÈ ~•z £Ïí˛‰¸ò¢≈l •° ˜Ó!òܲ Óy xy!hflÏܲ ò¢≈l– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ò¢≈l {ŸªˆÏÓ˚ x!ÓŸªy§# •ˆÏÎ˚G Î!ò ˆÓˆÏò !ÓŸªy§# •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ xy!hflÏܲ Ó°y ã˛ˆÏ°– ~•z !Ó˲yà xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ §yÇáƒ
~ÓÇ Ù#Ùyǧy ò¢≈l Î!òG çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ §,!T˛Ü˛ï≈˛yÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x!hflψÏc !ÓŸªy§# lÎ˚ñ ï˛Ó%G ~•z í˛z˲Î˚
ò¢≈lˆÏܲ xy!hflÏܲ ò¢≈l Ó°y •Î˚– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚•z ˆÓˆÏò !ÓŸªy§# ~ÓÇ ˆÓˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãyôylƒ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlÎ˚– ~•z
£Ïí˛¸‰ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ lyly≤ÃܲyÓ˚ Ùï˛ˆÏ˲ò ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •GÎ˚y §ˆÏ_¥G ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xy!hflÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~Ó˚y
§Ü˛ˆÏ°•z ˆÓòˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÙyîƒ G xºyhs˝ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ~ܲˆÏܲ 6!ê˛ ˜Ó!òܲ Óy xy!hflÏܲ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ lƒyÎ˚
ò¢≈l ~ÓÇ ˆÎyà ò¢≈l §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ–
lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈l (Naya Darshan)ı
Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Introduction)ı
Î%!=˛ ï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó=˛ÓƒˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ Óy §Ç¢Î˚yï˛#ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝
≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ lƒyÎ˚– ~•z ¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ ò¢≈l Ù)°ï˛ Ó%!Âô G !ӈϟ’£Ïî# «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°– lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈l ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §%≤Ã!§Âô ˜Ó!òܲ £Ïí˛¸‰ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù ò¢≈l¢yflf– lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ≤ÃÓ=˛y
!SȈϰl Ù•!£Ï≈ ˆàÔï˛Ù– !ï˛!l x«˛˛õyò lyˆÏÙG ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ !SȈϰl– ï˛y•z lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈lˆÏܲ x«˛˛õyò ò¢≈l lyˆÏÙG
x!˲!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Ù•!£Ï≈ ÓyͧyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ Úl#Î˚ˆÏï˛ xˆÏll •z!ï˛ lƒyÎ˚Ûñ xÌ≈yÍ Î%!=˛Ó˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚ §Ç¢Î˚
Ó˚!•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ Ù#ÙyǧyÎ˚ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ lyÙ•z lƒyÎ˚– Î%!=˛ ï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚
!ӈϟ’£ÏîˆÏܲ Ùll Óy {«˛y Ó°y •Î˚– lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏl xl%ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~Ó˚)˛õ !Óã˛yÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ӈϰ
~ˆÏܲ xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛# ò¢≈lG Ó°y •Î˚– Î%!=˛!l¤˛ ÙlˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly lƒyÎ˚ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù%áƒ Ü˛yç •GÎ˚yÎ˚ lƒyÎ˚
ò¢≈l Óyò!Óòƒy Óy ˆ•ï%˛!Óòƒy Óy xÌ≈¢yflf lyˆÏÙG ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ï˛ˆÏÓ lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈l ¢%ô%Ùye ≤ÃÙy!Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
•Î˚– Ù•!£Ï≈ ÓyͧyÎ˚l lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈lˆÏܲ §Ó≈¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ ≤Ãò#˛õ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ӈϰ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ≤Ãò#˛õ ˆÎÓ˚)˛õ §Ü˛°
˛õòyÌ≈ˆÏܲ xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ myÓ˚y í˛zqy!§ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈lG ˆ§Ó˚)˛õ ≤ÃÙy ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÙyî !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ myÓ˚y
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙllˆÏܲ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy xlƒylƒ ¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ ï˛_¥ í˛z˛õ°!kôˆÏï˛G §•yÎ˚ܲ •Î˚–
lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ¢yáy Óï≈˛Ùyl ÎÌyı 1ä ≤Ãyã˛#l lƒyÎ˚ñ 2ä lÓƒ lƒyÎ˚
!¢«˛y G ò¢≈l 29
≤Ãyã˛#l lƒyÎ˚ ı xyl%Ùy!lܲ 400 !á / ˛õ)Ó≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ myò¢ !á fiê˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ˆ¢£Ï˲yà ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ≤Ãyã˛#l lƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
!ÓhflÏyÓ˚– xyÓ˚ eˆÏÎ˚yò¢ á #T˛yˆÏ∑ lÓƒ lƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §)ã˛ly •Î˚– lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛!Î˚ï˛y Ù•!£Ï≈ ˆàÔï˛Ù ≤Ãî#ï˛ lƒyÎ˚§)e
lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xyܲÓ˚@˝ÃfiÌ– 528!ê˛ §)e §¡∫!°ï˛ ~•z @˝ÃrÌ 5!ê˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ !Ó˲=˛– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ lƒyÎ˚Èüȧ)ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ù•!£Ï≈ ÓyͧyÎ˚lñ Óyã˛flõ!ï˛ !Ù◊ñ çÎ˚hs˝ ˲R ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ˜lÎ˚y!Î˚ܲàî lƒyÎ˚˲y£Ïƒñ lƒyÎ˚Óy!ï≈˛Ü˛ñ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ñ
!ê˛Ü˛yñ lƒyÎ˚ÙOÓ˚# lyˆÏÙ !Ó!˲ߨ @˝ÃrÌ Ó˚ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
lÓƒ lƒyÎ˚ ı ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ܲyˆÏ° àˆÏAࢠí˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚ §)-!ӈϟ’£Ïîydܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆï˛ lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏl lï%˛l xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
§)ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~•z lï%˛l xôƒyÎ˚ lÓƒlƒyÎ˚ lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– àˆÏAࢠí˛z˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Î%àyhs˝Ü˛yÓ˚# §,!T˛
Úï˛_¥!ã˛hs˝yÙ!îÛÈüÈˆÜ˛ xÓ°¡∫l ܲˆÏÓ˚•z lÓƒlƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Îyey ¢%Ó˚%– ~•z @˝ÃrÌ!ê˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ !ã˛hs˝yÙ!îñ xl%Ùyl !ã˛hs˝yÙ!îñ
í˛z˛õÙyl !ã˛hs˝yÙ!î G ¢∑ÈÈüÈ!ã˛hs˝yÙ!î ~•z ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ xLjϢ !Ó˲=˛– lÓƒ lƒyÎ˚ ã˛ã≈˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õ#ë˛fiÌyl !SÈ° !Ù!Ì°y–
˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ܲyˆÏ° ÓAàˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ lÓm#˛õ lƒyÎ˚ã˛ã≈˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!§Âô ˆÜ˛w •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏ벖
≤Ãyã˛#l lƒyÎ˚ §¡øï˛ ˛õòyÌ≈ ı xlƒylƒ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlG ˆÙy«˛ˆÏܲ•z ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ù ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏyÌ≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ
!ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÓ˚ lƒyÎ˚¢yflf ÙˆÏï˛ñ ~•z ˆÙy«˛ °yˆÏ˲Ó˚ çlƒ ˆ£Ïyí˛¸¢ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ÎÌyÎÌ K˛yl ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
~•z ˆ£Ïyí˛¸¢ ˛õòyÌ≈ •°ÈüüüÈ ≤ÃÙyîñ ≤ÈÏÙÎ˚ñ §Ç¢Î˚ñ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ ò,T˛yhs˝ñ !§Âôyhs˝ñ xÓÎ˚Óñ ï˛Ü≈˛ñ !lî≈Î˚ñ Óyòñ ç“ñ
!Óï˛[˛yñ ˆ•cy˲y§ñ SÈ°ñ çy!ï˛ G !l@˝Ã• fiÌyl– ~•z ˆ£Ïyí˛¸¢ ˛õòyÌ≈ˆÏܲ !lˆÏ¡¨ §Ç!«˛Æ˲yˆÏÓ !ÓÓ,ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •°–
1ä ≤ÃÙyî ı ≤ÃÙyܲÓ˚îÙ‰ ≤ÃÙyîÙ‰ xÌy≈Í ≤ÃÙyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚îˆÏܲ ≤ÃÙyî ӈϰ– ≤ÃÙy •° ÎÌyÌ≈ xl%˲Ӗ xyÓ˚
≤ÃÙyî •° ≤ÃÙy °yˆÏ˲Ó˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ Óy í˛z˛õyÎ˚– ≤ÃÙyˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y•z ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ !§!Âô •Î˚– lƒyÎ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÙyî ã˛yÓ˚≤ÃܲyÓ˚ÈüüüÈ
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ xl%Ùylñ í˛z˛õÙyl G ¢∑–
2ä ˛≤ÈÏÙÎ˚ ı ≤ÃÙyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏÙÎ˚ ӈϰ– ≤ÈÏÙÎ˚ •° K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù ¢ï≈˛– §)eܲyÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÓ˚y ≤ÃܲyÓ˚
≤ÈÏÙÎ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ÎÌy xydyñ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ñ •z!wÎ˚ñ xÌ≈ñ Ó%!Âôñ Ùlñ ≤ÃÓ,!_ñ ˆòy£Ïñ ˆ≤Ãï˛ƒË˛yÓñ Ê˛°ñ ò%/á G
x˛õÓà≈–
3ä §Ç¢Î˚ ı §Ç¢Î˚ •° ~ܲ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ x!lŸã˛Î˚ydܲ xÎÌyÌ≈ K˛yl– ~ܲ•z ôÙ#≈ˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%Âô ò%!ê˛
ôÙ≈!Ó!¢T˛ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° §Ç¢Î˚ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ ~!ê˛ fiÌyl% xÌÓy ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï–
4ä ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ı ÓyͧyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ˆÎ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ≤Ãy!Æ Óy ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒyˆÏàÓ˚ çlƒ ç#Ó Ü˛ˆÏÙ≈ ≤ÃÓ,_ •Î˚ ˆ§•z
˛õòyÌ≈ˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ӈϰ–
5ä ò,T˛yhs˝ ı ˆÎ fïϰ Óyò# G ≤Ã!ï˛Óyò# x!˲ߨ Ùï˛ ˆ˛õy£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚l ï˛yˆÏܲ ò,T˛yhs˝ ӈϰ– ò,T˛yhs˝ ≤ÃÙyî!§Âô
!Ó£ÏÎ˚–
6ä !§Âôyhs˝ ı ¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Ó£ÏÎ˚ Îál Î%!=˛ G ≤ÃÙyˆÏîÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ §ï˛ƒÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ≤Ã!ï˛≤Ãy!òï˛
•Î˚ ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏܲ !§Âôyhs˝ Ó°y •Î˚–
7ä xÓÎ˚Ó ı ˛õÓ˚yÌ≈yl%Ùyl lyÙܲ lƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛K˛y!ò lyÙܲ á[˛ÓyܲƒˆÏܲ xÓÎ˚Ó ÓˆÏ°– xÓÎ˚Ó ˛õÑyã˛
≤ÃܲyÓ˚ÈüüüÈ ≤Ã!ï˛K˛yñ ˆ•ï%˛ñ í˛zòy•Ó˚îñ í˛z˛õlÎ˚ñ G !là≈Ùl–
8ä ï˛Ü≈˛ ı ï˛Ü≈˛ •° ~Ó˚)˛õ ~ܲ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl ≤Ã!ï˛˛õyòƒ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚%Âô !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 30
!Ù̃yc ≤ÃÙyˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛˛õyòƒ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ï˛ƒï˛y ≤ÃÙyî ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
9ä !lî≈Î˚ ı ï˛_¥!lŸã˛Î˚ Óy ï˛_¥yÓôyÓ˚îˆÏܲ !lî≈Î˚ ӈϰ– Óyò# G ≤Ã!ï˛Óyò# fl∫Ùï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y˛õl G ˛õÓ˚Ùï˛
á[˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ÙôƒˆÏfiÌÓ˚ ˆÎ §Ç¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛zˆÏoܲ •Î˚ñ ï˛y !lÓ˚§l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎ xÓôyÓ˚î ï˛yˆÏܲ !lî≈Î˚ ӈϰ–
10ä Óyò ı çˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ lÎ˚ñ ˆÜ˛Ó° §ï˛ƒ !lô≈yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ˆÎ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ•z Óyò ӈϰ–
˛à%Ó˚%ÈüÈ!¢ˆÏ£ÏƒÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛T˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î–
11ä ç“ ı ˛õÓ˚Ùï˛ á[˛l˛õ)Ó≈ܲ fl∫Ùï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y˛õlÓ˚)˛õ ܲÌyˆÏܲ ç“ ÓˆÏ°–
12ä !Óï˛[˛y ı !Óï˛[˛y •° ~Ùl ~ܲ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ܲÌy ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˆÜ˛Ó° ˛õÓ˚˛õ«˛ á![˛ï˛ Óy !lÓ˚yÜ,˛ï˛ •Î˚–
13ä ˆ•cy˲y§Ï ı ˆ•ï%˛Ó˚ ˆòy£Ï Óy ò%T˛ ˆ•ï%˛ˆÏܲ ˆ•cy˲y§ ӈϰ– Îy ˆ•ï%˛Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ≤Ãï˛#Î˚Ùyl •Î˚ Óy xy˲y!§ï˛
•Î˚ xÌã˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ˆ•ï%˛ lÎ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ•z ˆ•cy˲y§ ӈϰ–
14ä SÈ° ı SÈ° •° ~ܲ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ x§ò%_Ó˚– ≤Ã!ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ÓyˆÏܲƒÓ˚ x!˲ˆÏ≤Ãï˛ xÌ≈ @˝Ã•î ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ò‰!˲ߨyÌ≈
ܲ“lyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˆÎ x§ò%_Ó˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ•z SÈ° ӈϰ–
15ä çy!ï˛ ı Óƒy!Æ xlˆÏ˛õ«˛Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆÜ˛Ó° §yôÙ≈ƒ G ˜ÓôˆÏÙ≈ƒÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˆòyˆÏ£ÏyqyÓ˚îˆÏܲ çy!ï˛ ÓˆÏ°– çy!ï˛
SÈ° !˲ߨ ~ܲ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ x§ò%_Ó˚– Ù•!£Ï≈ ˆàÔï˛Ù ïÑ˛yÓ˚ lƒyÎ˚§)ˆÏe ã˛!ÓÁ¢ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ çy!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
16ä !l@˝Ã• fiÌyl ı !Óã˛yÓ˚fïϰ ˛õÓ˚yçˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ•ï%˛ˆÏܲ !l@˝Ã• fiÌyl ӈϰ– Ù•!£Ï≈ ˆàÔï˛Ù Óy•z¢ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚
!l@˝Ã• fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
í˛z˛õ!Ó˚ í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ ˆ£Ïyí˛¸¢ ˛õòyÌ≈ˆÏܲ xyÓyÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ò¢≈lï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ò¢≈lï˛_¥
•°ÈüüüÈ
ܲä K˛ylï˛_¥ñ áä çàÍï˛_¥ ñ àä xydï˛_¥ñ âä {ŸªÓ˚ï˛_¥–
åܲä K˛ylï˛_¥ ı
lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ K˛ylï˛_¥!ê˛ !¢«˛yàï˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yͲõÎ≈˛õ)î≈ lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈l ÙˆÏï˛ K˛yl ò%ÈüÈôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ÈüÈ
1ä ≤ÃÙyK˛yl G 2ä x≤ÃÙyK˛yl–
≤ÃÙyK˛yl ı ˆÎ K˛ylˆÏܲ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚˛ ï˛y•° ≤ÃÙyK˛yl– ≤ÃÙyÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ í˛zͧ ÎÌyÈüüüÈ
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ñ xl%Ùylñ í˛z˛õÙyl G ¢∑–
x≤ÃÙyK˛yl ı ˆÎ K˛yl §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly ï˛y •° x≤ÃÙyK˛yl xÌ≈yÍ ˆÎ K˛yˆÏl §Ç¢Î˚ñ ºÙ
G ï˛Ü≈˛ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏܲ x≤ÃÙyK˛yl ӈϰ–
lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏl ÎÌyÌ≈ xl%˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ K˛yï˛y •° ≤ÃÙyï˛yñ K˛yl •° ≤ÃÙyñ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •° ≤ÈÏÙÎ˚ G K˛yˆÏlÓ˚
ܲÓ˚îˆÏܲ ≤ÃÙyî Ó°y •Î˚– ˜lÎ˚y!Î˚ܲàî ã˛yÓ˚≤ÃܲyÓ˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z͈ϧÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏSÈl– ˆ§à%!° !lˆÏ¡¨ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲÓ˚y •°ÈüüüÈ
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ı ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ •° ˆçƒ¤˛ ≤ÃÙyî– ~Ó˚)˛õ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ òy¢≈!lܲ §¡±òyÎ˚ ˆl•z ÎyÓ˚y ≤Ãï˛ƒˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÙyîƒ
ÙyˆÏll ly– ˜lÎ˚y!Î˚ܲàˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛•z §Ü˛° ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ K˛yl xy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ù)° ˛õÂô!ï˛– K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› Óy
!¢«˛y G ò¢≈l 31
≤ÈÏÙÎ˚ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly •z!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÎyà âê˛ˆÏ° ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ K˛yl °y˲ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~•z ò¢≈lÙˆÏï˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ lÎ˚ SÈÎ˚!ê˛Èüü ã˛«%˛ñ ܲî≈ñ ly!§Ü˛yñ !ç•¥yñ cܲ ~ÓÇ Ùl– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ã˛«%˛ñ ܲî≈ñ ly!§Ü˛yñ
!ç•¥y G cܲˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ Ó!•!Ó˚!wÎ˚ xyÓ˚ ÙlˆÏܲ ˜lÎ˚y!Î˚ܲàî ӈϰˆÏSÈl xhsˆÏÓ˚!wÎ˚– ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚
˜lÎ˚y!Î˚ܲàî ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏܲ ò%!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏà ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ˆ°Ô!ܲܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ G xˆÏ°Ô!ܲܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛–
ˆ°Ô!ܲܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ı ã˛«%˛ñ ܲî≈ñ ly!§Ü˛yñ !ç•¥y G cܲ ÈüüüÈ ~•z ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ Ó!•!Ó˚!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà Ó›Ó˚ §!ߨܲˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚
Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆÎ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ•z ˆ°Ô!ܲܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ӈϰ– ˜lÎ˚y!Î˚ܲàî ˆ°Ô!ܲܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒˆÏ«˛Ó˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÌy
fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~à%!° •°ÈüüüÈ
!l!Ó≈ܲ“ܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ı !l!Ó≈ܲ“ܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ •° Ó›Ó˚ à%î•#l §ÇˆÏÓòlÙye– ˆÎ ≤Ãï˛ƒˆÏ«˛ Ó›Ó˚ K˛yl •Î˚ñ
!ܲv Ó›!ê˛ ˆÎ !ë˛Ü˛ ܲ#ñ ~Ó˚)˛õ K˛yl •Î˚ lyñ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ !l!Ó≈ܲ“ܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛– !Ó!¢T˛ ˜lÎ˚y!Î˚ܲ xߨÇ˲ˆÏRÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛ñ !lflõܲyÓ˚Ü˛Ç K˛ylÇ !l!Ó≈ܲ“Ü˛Ù‰ xÌ≈yÍ ˆÎ K˛yl ≤ÃܲyÓ˚•#l ï˛y•z !l!Ó≈ܲ“ܲ– Ú≤ÃܲyÓ˚Û ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÌ≈
!ӈϢ£Ïî !l!Ó≈ܲ“ܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ •° !ӈϢ£Ïî Ó!ç≈ï˛ Ó›Ó˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ K˛yl– !l!Ó≈ܲ“ܲ K˛yˆÏl Ú~•z!ê˛Ó˚Û K˛yl •Î˚ñ ~Ó˚
lyÙñ çy!ï˛ñ oÓƒñ à%î G !Ü ˛Î˚yÈüü ~•z ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ K˛yl •Î˚ ly–
§!Óܲ“ܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ı §!Óܲ“ܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ó›Ó˚ à%îÎ%=˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ó›ˆÏܲ ¢%ô%
Ó› ӈϰ•z çyly ÎyÎ˚ lyñ Ó›!ê˛ !ܲÓ˚)˛õñ ܲ# çyï˛#Î˚ñ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ K˛ylG •Î˚– §!Óܲ“ܲ K˛yl ≤çˆÏAà
xߨÇ˲R ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ Ú§≤ÃܲyÓ˚Ü˛Ç K˛ylÇ §!Óܲ“Ü˛Ù‰Û xÌ≈yÍ ˆÎ K˛yl ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !Ó!¢T˛ G !ӈϢ£Ïƒ G !ӈϢ£ÏˆÏîÓ˚
ˆË˛òÎ%=˛ ï˛yˆÏܲ §!Óܲ“ܲ ӈϰ– §!Óܲ“ܲ K˛yˆÏl Ú~•z!ê˛ âê˛Û Óy Ú~•z!ê˛ àÓ˚%Û ~Ó˚)˛õ K˛yl •Î˚–
≤Ãï˛ƒ!˲K˛y ı ≤Ãï˛ƒ!˲K˛y •° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›ˆÏܲ ˛õ)Ó≈ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ Ó› ӈϰ !ã˛lˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚y– ~!ê˛ •° flø,!ï˛ G
≤Ãï˛ƒˆÏ«˛Ó˚ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ Ó˚)˛õ– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛fïϰ Î!ò ˙ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ ˛õ)Ó≈yl%˲Ӱkô !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚
§yˆÏÌ x!˲ߨ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆã˛ly ÎyÎ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ!˲K˛y ӈϰ–
xˆÏ°Ô!ܲܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ı !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ •z!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xˆÏ°Ô!ܲܲ §!ߨܲˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛zͲõߨ K˛ylˆÏܲ xˆÏ°Ô!ܲܲ
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ӈϰ– xˆÏ°Ô!ܲܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ •zFSÈyñ ˆm£Ïñ §%áñ ò%/á K˛yl •zï˛ƒy!ò ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– xˆÏ°Ô!ܲܲ
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ !ï˛l ≤ÃܲyÓ˚– 1ä §yÙylƒ °«˛î ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ 2ä K˛yl °«˛î ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ 3ä ˆÎyàç °«˛î ˛≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛–
§yÙylƒ °«˛î ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ı ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó› Óy Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆ§•z ÓhflÏ% Óy Óƒ!=˛ ˆÎ ˆ◊!î Óy
çy!ï˛Ó˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ñ ˆ§•z ˆ◊!îÓ˚ Óy çy!ï˛Ó˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ §Ü˛° Ó› Óy Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ lyÙ §yÙylƒ °«˛î
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛– ˆÎÙlñ Îál Ó°y •Î˚ ÚÚ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆâyí˛¸yÛÛ– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !ӈϢ£Ï ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆâyí˛¸yˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚
ˆâyí˛¸y Óy •y!ï˛Ó˚ §yôyÓ˚î ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%!°G ÙˆÏl xyˆÏ§–
K˛yl °«˛î ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ı K˛yl °«˛î ≤Ãï˛ƒˆÏ«˛ •z!wÎ˚°kô x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ fiÌylyhs˝Ó˚ •Î˚ xÌ≈yÍ ˆÎ •z!wÎ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ Ó› ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ lyñ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ñ ˆ§•z •z!wÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ Ó›ˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲÓ˚yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚
K˛yl °«˛î ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛– Îál ~ܲ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ÓÓ˚Ê˛ ˆã˛yˆÏá ˆòˆÏá Ó°y •Î˚ ÚÚ!•Ù ¢#ï˛° ÓÓ˚ˆÏÊ˛Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚yÛÛñ ï˛ál ~•z
çyï˛#Î˚ K˛yl °«˛î ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ •Î˚ xÌ≈yÍ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe fløÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ K˛yl xy•!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– Ó› §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˛õ)Ó≈
x!˲K˛ï˛yˆÏܲñ !ÓÓ˚)˛õ •z!wÎ˚ç K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 32
ˆÎyàç °«˛î ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ı ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xˆÏ°Ô!ܲܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ •° ˆÎyàç ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛– Ë)˛ï˛ÈüÈ˲!ӣσÍñ §)-
≤ÃFSÈߨ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ §y«˛yÍ x!˲K˛ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÎyàç ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ Ó°y •Î˚– ˆÎyày˲ƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xyôƒy!dܲ ç#ÓˆÏl
˛õ)î≈ï˛y °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ ~•z çyï˛#Î˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ •GÎ˚y §Ω˛Ó– ˆÎyà!§Âô Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛
~ÓÇ !lï˛ƒ–
xl%Ùyl ı ˜lÎ˚y!Î˚ܲ fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ ã˛ï%˛!Ó≈ô ≤ÃÙyîÙˆÏôƒ xl%Ùyl !mï˛#Î˚ ≤ÃÙyî– xl%Ùyl •° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly K˛yl
!lË≈˛Ó˚ xlƒ K˛yl– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ xl%ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ xy«˛!Ó˚ܲ xÌ≈ •° Ú˛õŸã˛yò‰K˛ylÛ xÌ≈yÍñ ˆÎ K˛yl xlƒ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚
°y˲ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ӈϰ xl%Ùyl– ˆÎÙl Ó˚yߨyâˆÏÓ˚ ô)Ù ˆòáˆÏ° Ó°y •Î˚ ˆÎ Ó˚yߨyâˆÏÓ˚ Ó!•´ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ó!•´ xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ xl%ÙyˆÏl !ï˛l!ê˛ ˛õò ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù˛õˆÏ«˛ !ï˛l!ê˛ ï˛Ü≈˛Óyܲƒ Óy Óã˛l
ÌyܲˆÏÓ•z– ˆÎ Óã˛là%!°Ó˚ myÓ˚y xl%Ùyl à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ ˆ§•z Óã˛là%!°ˆÏܲ xl%ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ xÓÎ˚Ó ÓˆÏ°– !ï˛l!ê˛ ˛õò
•° §yôƒ åMajor Ternäñ ˛õ«˛ åMinor Termä ~ÓÇ ˆ•ï%˛ åMiddle Termä– ˆ•ï%˛Ó˚ x˛õÓ˚ lyÙ §yôl–
ˆ•ï%˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ÎyˆÏܲ °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z ï˛y•z •° §yôƒ– ˆÎáyˆÏl §yˆÏôƒÓ˚ x!hflÏc !fiÌÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •° ï˛yÓ˚ lyÙ
˛õ«˛– ˆ•ï%˛ §yôƒ ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎyà§yôl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˜lÎ˚y!Î˚ܲàî xl%ÙylˆÏܲ ò%!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏà ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ı
å1ä fl∫yÌ≈yl%Ùyl å2ä ˛õÓ˚yÌ≈yl%Ùyl–
fl∫yÌ≈yl%Ùyl ı !lˆÏçÓ˚ K˛yl°yˆÏ˲Ó˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ˆÎ xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ fl∫yÌ≈yl%Ùyl ӈϰ– xy˛õl
fl∫yˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ çlƒ ~•z xl%Ùyl ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ ӈϰ ~ˆÏܲ fl∫yÌ≈yl%Ùyl ӈϰ–
˛õÓ˚yÌ≈yl%ÙylÈıÈ xlƒˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ Óy xˆÏlƒÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%È ≤ÃÙyî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎ xl%Ùyl
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚yÌ≈yl%Ùyl ӈϰ– ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl∫yˆÏÌ≈ ~•z xl%Ùyl ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ ӈϰ•z ~ˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚yÌ≈yl%Ùyl Ó°y
•Î˚– lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏl ~•z í˛z˲Î˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ xl%ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ myÓ˚y !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ Î%!=˛ åLogicä fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
•Î˚ ï˛y Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
í˛z˛õÙyl ı lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈l ÙˆÏï˛ K˛ylyç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° í˛z˛õÙyl– Ó%ƒÍ˛õ!_àï˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ Úí˛z˛õÙylÛ
¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÌ≈ §yò,¢ƒK˛yl– Úí˛z˛õÛ xÌ≈ •° §yò,¢ƒñ Ùyl •° K˛yl– ˛õ)Ó≈ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ §ˆÏAà x˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛
Ó›Ó˚ §yò,¢ƒ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ lï%˛l Ó›!ê˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ K˛yl °y˲ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ í˛z˛õÙyl– ˆÎÙlÈüü
ˆÎ Óƒ!=˛ ÚàÓÎ˚Û ˛õòÓyã˛ƒ ˛õòyÌ≈ˆÏܲ çyˆÏl lyñ ï˛yˆÏܲ Î!ò Ó°y •Î˚ ~!ê˛ ~ܲ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˆày§ò,¢ ˛õ¢%Ó˚ lyÙ–
ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ Î!ò ˙ Óƒ!=˛ ˆày§yò,¢ƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly x˛õ)Ó≈ ò,T˛ ˛õ¢% ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚ñ ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ܲÌy fløÓ˚î •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~•z çyï˛#Î˚ ˛õ¢% •° ÚàÓÎ˚Û ˛õòÓyã˛ƒ–
¢∑ ı §Ó≈ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏl Ú¢∑Û ˆÜ˛ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ K˛yl xy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ !•§yˆÏÓ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xˆÏlƒÓ˚ í˛zFã˛y!Ó˚ï˛ ¢∑ Óy Óyܲƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÎ K˛yl °y˲ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ¢y!∑ܲ í˛z˛õyÎ˚– Ù•!£Ï≈
¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ °«˛î !òˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ ÚxyˆÏÆy˛õˆÏò¢ ı ¢∑ ı xÌ≈yÍ xyÆÓƒ!=˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏò¢Óyܲƒ•z ¢∑ ≤ÃÙyî–
~•zÓ˚)˛õ í˛z˛õˆÏò¢Óyܲƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õyGÎ˚y K˛yl •° ¢∑ K˛yl– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÎ Óƒ!=˛ !ÓŸªy§ˆÏÎyàƒ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ í˛zFã˛y!Ó˚ï˛
¢∑ Óy Óyܲƒ•z ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ K˛yl°yˆÏ˲Ó˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚– lƒyÎ˚ò¢≈ˆÏl §ï˛ƒÓyò#ñ §ï˛ƒò¢#≈ ~ÓÇ !Î!l ≤ÃÓM˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚l lyñ
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓyܲƒˆÏܲ xyÆÓyܲƒ Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ~•z xyÆÓyܲƒ•z ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zͧ– ºÙñ ≤ÃÙyòñ !Ó≤Ã!°∞y G
ܲÓ˚%îy˛õyë˛ÓÈüüüÈ ~•z ã˛ï%˛!Ó≈ô ˆòy£ÏÓ˚y!•ï˛ƒ•z Óƒ!=˛ Óy ˛õ%Ó˚%Ï£ xyƈÏcÓ˚ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲ– ~•z ã˛ï%˛!Ó≈ô ˆòyˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyܲˆÏ°•z Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ xyÆ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ly–
!¢«˛y G ò¢≈l 33
¢∑ ò%•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ÈüüüÈ ˜Ó!òܲ G ˆ°Ô!ܲܲ– ˆÓˆÏòy=˛ §Ü˛° Óyܲƒ•z ˜Ó!òܲ– lƒyÎ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ˆÓò x!lï˛ƒ G
ˆ˛õÔÓ˚%ˆÏ£ÏÎ˚ñ {ŸªÓ˚ ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ §,T˛– ï˛y•z ˜Ó!òܲ Óyܲƒ {ŸªÓ˚ ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ ܲ!Ìï˛ ~ÓÇ ¢∑ ≤ÃÙyî– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚î
Ùyl%£Ï ܲ!Ìï˛ Óyܲƒ ˆ°Ô!ܲܲ– ï˛ˆÏÓ §Ü˛° ˆ°Ô!ܲܲ Óyܲƒ•z ¢∑ ≤ÃÙyî lÎ˚ñ ˆÜ˛Ó° xyÆ Ü˛!Ìï˛ ˆ°Ô!ܲܲ
Óyܲƒ•z ¢∑ ≤ÃÙyî–
åáä çàÍï˛_¥ ı
˜lÎ˚y!Î˚ܲÓ˚y çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ §_y fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ç#Óydy G {ŸªÓ˚ SÈyí˛¸yG çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ fl∫ï˛sf
§_y xyˆÏSÈ– çyà!ï˛Ü˛ Ó›Ó˚ §_y xyˆÏSÈñ ï˛y !lSÈܲ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy lÎ˚ xÌ≈yÍ §Ó çyà!ï˛Ü˛ Ó›Ó˚ K˛yl!lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛
§_y xyˆÏSÈ Óy ~ˆÏòÓ˚ x!hflÏc K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°– ˜lÎ˚y!Î˚ܲܲÓ˚y §Ó˚° Ó›Óyò# òy¢≈!lܲ– ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛
Ó›Ó˚ ò% ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ à%î xyˆÏSÈ üü ÚÙ%áƒÛ à%î G ˆàÔl à%î– Ó› «˛!îܲ lÎ˚ñ Ó›Ó˚ fiÌy!Î˚c xyˆÏSÈ– Ó› ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye
à%ˆÏîÓ˚ §Ù!T˛ lÎ˚ñ ~Ó˚ à%îy!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ §_y Óy oÓƒc xyˆÏSÈ– !«˛!ï˛ñ x˛õ‰ñ ˆï˛ç/ ~ÓÇ ÙÓ˚%ÍÈüüüÈ ~•z ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛
í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ# à!ë˛ï˛– ~•z í˛z˛õyòylà%!°Ó˚ x!hs˝Ù xÇ¢ •° ã˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% ˆÎà%!°
x˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l#Î˚ñ !lï˛ƒ ~ÓÇ x!Ó˲y烖 {ŸªÓ˚ ~•z§Ó ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l– !ï˛!l ~•z ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃
~•z çàÍ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
Î!òG ~•z çàÍ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲyÓ˚î §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y !lÎ˚!sfï˛ ï˛Ó%G ~•z çàÍ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ!Ó•#l lÎ˚– ~•z çàÍ
ܲÙ≈Óyò l#!ï˛Ó˚ xô#l ~ÓÇ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲyÓ˚î l#!ï˛ ~•z ܲÙ≈ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ xô#lfiÌ– ܲÙ≈Óyò ~ÓÇ çí˛¸çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
{ŸªÓ˚•z §yÙO§ƒ fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
åàä xydï˛_¥ ı
˜lÎ˚y!Î˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ xydy ~ܲ!ê˛ xˆÏ˲Ô!ï˛Ü˛ oÓƒ ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï xydy ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆò•ˆÏܲ xy◊Î˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xydy •° ¢yŸªï˛ ~ÓÇ !ÓË%˛ Óy §Ó≈Óƒy˛õ#– ˆò¢ G ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ myÓ˚y xydy §#!Ùï˛ •Î˚ ly– ˜lÎ˚y!Î˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛ Ó%!Âôñ K˛ylñ •zFSÈyñ ˆm£Ïñ ≤ÃÎbñ §%áñ ò%/áñ ôÙ≈ñ xôÙ≈ñ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ~•zà%!° §ÓyÓ˚ xydyÓ˚ à%î– ~ï˛à%!° à%î
~ܲˆÏe ˆÜ˛yˆÏly çí˛¸Ó›Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– xyÓyÓ˚ oÓƒ SÈyí˛¸y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly à%ˆÏîÓ˚ x!hflÏc ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
lyó ˆ§•z ˆ•ï%˛ à%îà%!°Ó˚G xyôyÓ˚ Óy xy◊Î˚Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly oÓƒ xyˆÏSÈ– ~•z oÓƒ •° xydy– lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏl ò%•z
≤ÃܲyÓ˚ xydyÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ ç#Óydy G ˛õÓ˚Ùydy– xydyÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ í˛z˲Î˚•z x!˲ߨ •ˆÏ°G ≤ÃÌÙ!ê˛ x!lï˛ƒ
~ÓÇ !mï˛#Î˚!ê˛ !lï˛ƒ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚#–
lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈l xl%ÎyÎ˚# xydy !lï˛ƒÈüÈí˛zͲõ!_ !Óly¢•#l– ˆò• x!lï˛ƒñ !ܲv ˆò•yÓ!FSÈߨ xydy !lï˛ƒ–
ˆò•y!Ó!FSÈߨ •GÎ˚yÎ˚ ç#ÓydyˆÏܲ §#!Ùï˛ ÓˆÏ° ÙˆÏl •ˆÏ°G ç#Óydy xy§ˆÏ° §Ó≈Óƒy˛õ# Óy !ÓË%˛– ˆò• Ó•%ñ ï˛y•z
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏò•y!Ó!FSÈߨ ç#ÓydyG §ÇáƒyÎ˚ Ó•%– ç#Óydy Ó•% •ˆÏ°G ˛õÓ˚Ùydy ~ܲ– ~•z ˛õÓ˚Ùydy•z {ŸªÓ˚– !Î!l
çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ !l!Ù_ ܲyÓ˚î–
åâä {ŸªÓ˚ï˛_¥ ı
Ù•!£Ï≈ ˆàÔï˛Ù ïÑ˛yÓ˚ lƒyÎ˚§)ˆÏe ≤ÃÙyîy!ò ˆ£Ïyí˛¸¢ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°G myò¢
≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÙÎ˚ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÚxydlÛ ¢∑!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏܲ ç#Óydy G ˛õÓ˚ÙydyÈüüüÈ~•z !m!Óô
xˆÏÌ≈ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùydy Ó°ˆÏï˛ {ŸªÓ˚ˆÏܲ•z Ó%!V˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈l xl%ÎyÎ˚# ~•z ˛õÓ˚Ùydy•z {ŸªÓ˚ ˛õòÓyã˛ƒ–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 34
!ï˛!l §Ó≈K˛ G §Ó≈¢!=˛Ùyl– {ŸªÓ˚ çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ §,!T˛ñ !fiÌ!ï˛ G !ÓlyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î– çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ flÀT˛yÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ !ï˛!l
!l!Ù_ܲyÓ˚î– çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòyl ܲyÓ˚î •° !lï˛ƒ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%§Ù)•– xyÓ˚ ˆò¢ÈüÈܲy°y!ò •° §•Ü˛yÓ˚# ܲyÓ˚î–
!lï˛ƒ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ myÓ˚y !ï˛!l ~•z çàÍ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ï˛ˆÏÓ !ï˛!l ¢)lƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z çàÍ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l!ló
!lï˛ƒ G ¢yŸªï˛ ˛õòyÌ≈à%!° §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!l ~•z çàÍ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ§•z §,T˛ çàˆÏï˛ ç#Óydyà%!° !lç
!lç ܲÙ≈Ê˛° xl%ÎyÎ˚# §%á xÌÓy ò%/á ˆË˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚– lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈l xl%ÎyÎ˚# ç#Óydy Ùl G ˆò• ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ–
!ܲv Ùl G ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÎyˆÏà ç#ÓydyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §%á ò%/á •zï˛ƒy!ò à%ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zqÓ •Î˚– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ôyÓ˚î
ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°•z ò%/á ˆË˛yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ˜lÎ˚y!Î˚ܲàî ӈϰlñ xK˛ylï˛y•z ò%/ˆÏáÓ˚ Ù)° ܲyÓ˚î– ï˛y•z ò%/á ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
•ˆÏ° ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ˛õÓ˚ÙydyÓ˚ K˛yl•z ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ !lï˛ƒ K˛yl– ˛õÓ˚ÙydyÓ˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÙy«˛
°y˲ ܲÓ˚y•z •ˆÏÓ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° °«˛ƒ–
xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÎ˚ lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲï˛y (Relevance of Naya Darshan in Modern
Education)ı
lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ lyly §#ÙyÓÂôï˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy xlƒylƒ òy¢≈!lܲ §¡±òyÎ˚à%!° í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°Gñ !¢«˛yàï˛ !òܲ
ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ K˛ylï˛_¥ !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yͲõÎ≈˛õ)î≈– lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏl Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˛õÓ˚ÙydyÓ˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÙy«˛
°y˲ ܲÓ˚y•z ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛Ó˚Ù °«˛ƒ •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– xyÓ˚ ~•z ˆÙy«˛ Óy ˛õÓ˚ÙydyÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°!kô !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛
K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ K˛yl Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆ°Ô!ܲܲ ~ÓÇ xˆÏ°Ô!ܲܲ §Ü˛° ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ K˛ylˆÏܲ•z xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ •°ñ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚y– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ~•z °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚
§ÙÌ≈l ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏl ˆÙˆÏ°– xyÓyÓ˚ lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏl ˆÎ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y G ˛õÂô!ï˛à%!°Ó˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆ§à%!°G xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yï˛ˆÏ_¥ fiÌyl ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– K˛ylyç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ !•§yˆÏÓ lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏl ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ñ
xl%Ùylñ í˛z˛õÙyl G ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÎ˚ Ú•z!wÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ l#!ï˛ G •z!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛îñ çyly ˆÌˆÏܲ xçylyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ l#!ï˛ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏl ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ~ÓÇ xl%Ùyl
˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ K˛ylyç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §y!Ù°– í˛z˛õÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°G xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈y=˛ l#!ï˛ˆÏܲ•z §ÙÌ≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xyÓyÓ˚ xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÎ˚ñ ˆÎ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚K˛yl à˲#Ó˚ ~ÓÇ !Î!l !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ù§ƒy
ï˛yÍ«˛!îܲ˲yˆÏÓ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ùñ !ï˛!l•z !¢«˛Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÎyàƒ– xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÎ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ~•z
ôyÓ˚îy lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ¢y!∑ܲ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zͧ §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ Ùï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §yÙO§ƒ˛õ)î≈– lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° !˲!_
•° Î%!=˛!§Âô !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î– xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Î%!=˛ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ Ó•% í˛z˛õyòyl ~•z lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏl Ó!î≈ï˛
ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ˆÌˆÏܲ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ (Conclusion)ı
í˛z˛õ!Ó˚í˛z=˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ~ê˛y Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛y xˆÏlܲyLjϢ lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈l myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛
•ˆÏ°G lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲS%È §#ÙyÓÂôï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ {ŸªÓ˚ ~ÓDz ç#Óydy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùï˛ÓyˆÏò
§%flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l– xyÓyÓ˚ lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ {ŸªÓ˚ çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆl•z– {zŸªÓ˚ çàͲ
§,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˜mï˛Óyò !lá%Ñï˛ òy¢≈!lܲ Ùï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛yÎ˚ܲ lÎ˚– ï˛Ìy!˛õ lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §#ÙyÓÂôï˛y Ìyܲy §ˆÏ_¥G ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏl lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
xÓòyl x˛õ!Ó˚§#Ù–
!¢«˛y G ò¢≈l 35

ˆÎyà ò¢≈l
(Yoga Darshan)

Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Introduction) ı
ˆÎyà ò¢≈l xy!hflÏܲ ~ÓÇ §yÇრò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ùylï˛sfÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ≤Ã!§Âô xÌ≈yÍ ~•z ò¢≈l ˆÓˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÙyˆÏîƒ
!ÓŸªy§# ~ÓÇ x!ôܲyÇ¢ !§Âôyhs˝•z §yÇáƒyl%§yÓ˚˚#– ï˛ˆÏÓ {ŸªÓ˚ ≤çˆÏAà ï˛yÑÓ˚y !˲ߨÙï˛– ˙!ï˛•ƒyl%§yˆÏÓ˚ §yÇáƒàî
!lÓ˚#ŸªÓ˚Óyò#ñ xyÓ˚ ˆÎyà ò¢≈l ˆ§ŸªÓ˚Óyò#– ï˛y•z §yÇ჈Ïܲ !lÓ˚#ŸªÓ˚ §yÇრ~ÓÇ ˆÎyàˆÏܲ ˆ§ŸªÓ˚ §yÇრӰy
•Î˚– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y §yÇრò¢≈l ˆÎáyˆÏl ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ xy@˝Ã•#ñ ˆÎyà ò¢≈l ˆ§áyˆÏl ˆ§•z ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà Óy
ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚ xy@˝Ã•#– ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛_¥Ù)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚!ê˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÙ)°Ü˛–
xyô%!lܲܲyˆÏ° §yÇრG ˆÎyà ò%!ê˛ fl∫ï˛sf ò¢≈lï˛sfÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ˆÎyà ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y˛õܲ Ù•!£Ï≈
˛õï˛O!°– ï˛ˆÏÓ !ï˛!l ˆÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ≤ÃÓï≈˛Ü˛ llñ ˆÜ˛lly ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈G ˆÎyà#Ó˚y ˆÎyà çylˆÏï˛l– ˆÎyà ò¢≈lˆÏܲ
˛õyï˛O° ò¢≈lG Ó°y •Î˚ñ Ù•!£Ï≈ ˛õï˛O!° Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ˆÎyà§)e Óy ˛õyï˛O°§)e ~•z ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xy!ò xyܲÓ˚ @˝ÃrÌ–
ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z ˛õï˛O!° ~ÓÇ ˛õy!l!lÓ˚ Ù•y˲y£ÏƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ˛õï˛O!° x!˲ߨ !ܲly ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ Ùï˛yhs˝Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– 195 !ê˛
§)e §¡∫!°ï˛ ˆÎyà§)e ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ !Ó˲=È–
å1ä §Ùy!ô˛õyò ıÈ §Ùy!ô˛õyˆÏò 51 !ê˛ §)e Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ~•z §)eà%!°Ó˚ myÓ˚y ˆÎyˆÏàÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ G ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ñ
í˛zˆÏj¢ƒñ !ã˛_Ó,!_ !lˆÏÓ˚yôñ ˆÎyàyAà •zï˛ƒy!ò !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~çlƒ §Ùy!ô˛õyòˆÏܲ ˆÎyà˛õyòG
Ó°y •Î˚–
å2ä §yôl ˛õyò ıÈ §yôl˛õyˆÏò 55 !ê˛ §)ˆÏeÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ù)°ï˛ !Ü ˛Î˚y ˆÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y G Ê˛°
≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ܲÙ≈Ê˛°ñ ò%/áñ ò%/ˆÏáÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î G ò%/ˆÏáÓ˚ !lÓ,!_Ó˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
å3ä !ÓË)˛!ï˛˛õyò ıÈ ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÎyà#Ó˚ xˆÏ°Ô!ܲܲ ¢!=˛ñ ôƒylñ ôyÓ˚îy G !ÓˆÏÓܲ
áƒy!ï˛ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ Óî≈ly 55 !ê˛ §)ˆÏeÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
å4ä ˜Ü˛Ó°ƒ˛õyò ıÈ ˜Ü˛Ó°ƒ˛õyˆÏò ˜Ü˛ÓˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ G ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ñ ˛õÓ˚ˆÏ°yܲñ ˛õ%Ó˚%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §_y •zï˛ƒy!ò 34 !ê˛
§)e xÓ°¡∫ˆÏl Ó!î≈ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ñ
ˆÎyà ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÌ≈ ı §Çfl,Òï˛ ÚÎ%çÛ ôyï%˛Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ Úâ.Û ≤Ãï˛ƒÎ˚ !lˆÏӈϢ ÚˆÎyàÛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ í˛zͲõ!_ •Î˚– ÚÎ%çÛ
ôyï%˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ §ÇˆÏÎyà Óy §Ùy!ô– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ó%ƒÍ˛õ!_àï˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÎyà Ó°ˆÏï˛ §ÇˆÏÎyà Óy §Ùy!ôˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚–
ï˛ˆÏÓ Ù•!£Ï≈ ˛õï˛O!° ˆÎyˆÏàÓ˚ °«˛î ≤çˆÏAà ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ ÚˆÎyà!Ÿã˛ G Ó,!_ !lˆÏÓ˚yôÛ xÌy≈Í ˆÎyà Ó°ˆÏï˛
!ã˛_Ó,!_ !lˆÏÓ˚yôˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– Ó%!Âôñ x•ÇܲyÓ˚ G Ùl ~•z !eï˛_¥ˆÏܲ ~ܲˆÏe ˆÎyàò¢≈ˆÏl xhs˝/ܲÓ˚l Óy !ã˛_
Ó°y •Î˚– xyÓ˚ !ã˛ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îyÙ Óy !ÓܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ !ã˛_Ó,!_ ӈϰ–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 36
!ã˛_Ó,!_ / ÚÓ,!_Û ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÌ≈ ˛õ!Ó˚lyÙ Óy !ÓܲyÓ˚– ï˛y•z !ã˛ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚lyÙ Óy !ÓܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ !ã˛_Ó,!_ ӈϰ–
ˆÎyàò¢≈ˆÏl ˛õyÑã˛≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ã˛_Ó,!_Ó˚ ܲÌy í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤ÃÙyîñ !Ó˛õÎ≈Î˚ñ !Óܲ“ñ !loy G flø,!ï˛–
å1ä ≤ÃÙyî ıÈ ≤ÃÙyî •° ~ܲ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ K˛ylydܲ !ã˛_Ó,!_– ~Ó˚)˛õ !ã˛_Ó,!_Ó˚ myÓ˚y ≤ÃÙy í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– ≤ÃÙyl
!e!Óô ÈüÈ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ñ xl%Ùyl G xyàÙ– !ã_ •z!wÎ˚ ≤Ãîy°#Ó˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚ Óy•ƒ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡∫rôÎ%=˛ •ˆÏ° ˙
!Ó£ÏÎ˚ §¡∫ˆÏrô !ӈϢ£Ï !lŸã˛Î˚Ó˚)˛õ ˆÎ !ã_Ó,!_ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ≤ÃÙyî ӈϰ– ≤Ãï˛ƒˆÏ«˛ x≤ÃyÆ ˆ•ï%˛àÙƒ
!ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÓ˚îÓ˚)˛õ !ã˛_Ó,!_ˆÏܲ xl%Ùyl ≤ÃÙyî ӈϰ– ˆÓò G ˆÓòyl%§yÓ˚# flø,!ï˛ñ ˛õ%Ó˚yî ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ
xyàÙ ≤ÃÙyl Ó°y •Î˚–
å2ä !Ó˛õÎ≈Î˚ ıÈ !Ó˛õÎ≈Î˚ lyÙܲ !ã˛_Ó,!_ •° xï˛o%˛õñ x≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ !Ù̃yK˛yl– !Ó˛õÎ≈Î˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ºyhs˝K˛yl Óy
§Ç¢Î˚K˛yl Óy §Ç¢Î˚ˆÏܲ•z ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– ˆÎÙl Ó˚I%ˆÏï˛ §˛õ≈ºÙ–
å3ä !Óܲ“ ıÈ ¢∑ˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ xl%§yÓ˚# !Ó£ÏÎ˚ x°#ܲ Óy ¢)lƒ •ˆÏ° !Óܲ“ lyÙܲ !ã˛_Ó,!_ •Î˚– ¢%ô% ¢∑ˆÏܲ
xy◊Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ K˛yl xç≈l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ Î!òG ˆ§•z ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÌ≈yl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÓyhflÏÓ Ó›Ó˚ x!hflÏc ˆl•zñ
ï˛yˆÏܲ !Óܲ“ Ó°y •Î˚– ˆÎÙl / ÈüÈ xyܲy¢Ü%˛§%Ùñ xlhs˝–
å4ä !loy ıÈ çy@˝Ãï˛ ˜Ïã˛ï˛lƒ G fl∫≤¿Ü˛y°#l x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ x˲yӈϕï%˛ !ã˛ˆÏ_ ˆÎ Ó,!_Ó˚ í˛zòÎ˚ •Î˚ ï˛y•z •°
!loy– ˆÎyà ò¢≈ˆÏl !loy Ó°ˆÏï˛ §%£Ï%!ƈÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– !ã˛ˆÏ_ ï˛ˆÏÙyà%ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃyôyˆÏlƒÓ˚ òÓ˚%l ~•z xÓfiÌy §,!T˛ •Î˚
ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ çy@˝Ãï˛ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ fl∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y §Ó•z xyFSÈߨ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
å5ä flø,!ï˛ ı flø,!ï˛G ~ܲ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ã˛_Ó,!_– ˆÜ˛yly ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ly â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ%l/≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚
lyÙ flø,!ï˛–
ˆÜœ˛¢ ı í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y=˛ ˛õM˛!Óô !ã˛_Ó,!_ˆÏܲ !Üœ˛T˛ G x!Üœ˛T˛ ~•z ò%•z ˲yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎ !ã˛_Ó,!_
x!Óòƒy≤ç)ï˛ ~ÓÇ ÓrôˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ï˛yˆÏܲ !Üœ˛T˛ !ã˛_Ó,!_ ӈϰ å§Ç§yÓ˚ Órôly!ò ˆÜœ˛¢ä– x!Üœ˛T˛ !ã˛_Ó,!_ !ë˛Ü˛
~Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ x!Üœ˛T˛ !ã˛_Ó,!_ ÓrôˆÏlÓ˚ x˛õâyÏï˛Ü˛ G Ù%!=˛Ó˚ §•yÎ˚ܲ– ˆÎyà ò¢≈ˆÏl ˛õyÑã˛≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˆÜœ˛ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ܲÌy
Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ§à%!° •° ÈüÈ xÓ!òƒyñ x!fløï˛yñ Ó˚yàñ ˆm£Ï G x!˲!lˆÏÓ¢– ˆÜœ˛ˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛•z ôÙ≈yôÙ≈Ó˚)˛õ
ܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ í˛zͲõ!_ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ Órôl ò,ì˛¸ •Î˚– !lˆÏ¡¨ ~à%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •°ÈüüüÈ
x!Óòƒy ı Èx!lï˛ƒˆÏܲ !lï˛ƒÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õñ x¢%!ã˛ˆÏܲ ¢%!ã˛ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õñ ò%/áˆÏܲ §%á Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ xlydyˆÏܲ xydyÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ K˛yl•z
x!Óòƒy– Ó› fl∫Ó˚)˛õï˛ Îy ï˛yˆÏܲ !˲ߨÓ˚%ˆÏ˛õ çyly•z xÓ!òƒy–
x!fløï˛y ıÈ xydyˆÏܲ Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ §ˆÏAà x!˲ߨ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ lyÙ x!fløï˛y– ~•z x!fløï˛y ˆÜœ˛ˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï
!l/§Aà G í˛zòy§#l •ˆÏÎ˚G !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ܲï≈˛y ~ÓÇ ˆË˛y=˛y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ó˚yà ı ˆÎyà§)eܲyÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ !òˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ӈϰˆÏSÈl Ú§%áyl%¢Î˚# Ó˚yàÛ xÌ≈yÍ §%á§yôˆÏlÓ˚ ˛≤Ã!ï˛
xy§!=˛ˆÏܲ Ó˚yà lyÙܲ ˆÜœ˛¢Ó,!_ ӈϰ– ~ˆÏܲ ï,˛£÷Ïyñ ˆ°y˲ Óy àÂô≈G Ó°y •Î˚– Î!òG x!Óòƒy•z §Ü˛° ˆÜœ˛ˆÏ¢Ó˚
Ù)° ï˛Ìy!˛õ x!fløï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ•z Ó˚yà lyÙܲ ˆÜœ˛ˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛zͲõ!_–
ˆm£Ï ı ˆm£Ï ≤çˆÏAà ˆÎyà§)eܲyÓ˚ ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ Úò%/áyl%¢Î˚# ˆm£ÏÛ xÌ≈yÍ ò%/á §yôˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !ÓÓ˚!=˛ˆÏÓyô
ˆÌˆÏܲ˛ˆm£Ï lyÙܲ ˆÜœ˛¢Ó,!_ ӈϰ– ~ˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ôñ !çâyǧy G ˆÜ ˛yô lyˆÏÙG x!˲!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
!¢«˛y G ò¢≈l 37
x!˲!lˆÏÓ¢ ı x!˲!lˆÏÓ¢ •° Ù,ï%˛ƒË˛Î˚Ó˚)˛õ ˆÜœ˛¢– ˛õ)Ó≈ çß√§Ù)ˆÏ• xl%Ë)˛ï˛ ÙÓ˚l ò%/á ˆÌˆÏܲ
!ÓˆÏÓܲ#‡x!ÓˆÏÓܲ# ç#ÓÙyˆÏe•z ˆÎ Ù,ï%˛ƒË˛Î˚ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ x!˲!lˆÏÓ¢ ӈϰ–
!ã˛_Ë)!Ù ıÈ ˆÎyˆÏàÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° x!ÓˆÏÓܲK˛yl ò)Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓܲK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲÓ˚y– !ܲv Îï˛«˛î
!ã˛ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îyÙ Óy !ÓˆÏÓܲ ÌyܲˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ xydy Óy ˛õ%Ó˚%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˜ã˛ï˛lƒ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ï˛ï˛«˛î ~•z
!ã˛_Ó,!_à%!° ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï Óy xydyÓ˚•z Ó,!_ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl •ˆÏÓ– ˆ§•zܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ˆÎyà¢yˆÏflf !ã˛_Ó,!_ !lˆÏÓ˚yˆÏôÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛çyï˛ !ã˛_ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ lƒyÎ˚•z !eà%îydܲ– !ܲv Ù)° ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §_¥ñ Ó˚çıñ ï˛ÙıÈÈüüüÈÈ ~•z à%îeÎ˚
ˆÎÓ˚)˛õ §yÙƒyÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ !ã˛_ˆÏï˛ ˆ§Ó˚)˛õ ÌyˆÏܲly– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ à%î•z x˛õÓ˚ ò%•zà%îˆÏܲ x!˲Ë)˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ fl∫#Î˚ Üï,˛c
≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÎ˚ §ˆÏã˛T˛ •Î˚– ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !ã˛ˆÏ_Ó˚ lylyl xÓfiÌy Óy !ã˛_Ë)˛!ÙÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚– !ã˛_Ë)˛!Ù •° !ã˛ˆÏ_Ó˚ §•ç
fl∫y˲y!Óܲ xÓfiÌy– !ã˛_Ë)!Ù ˛õyÑã˛ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ÈüÈ !«˛Æñ Ù)ì˛¸ñ !Ó!«˛Æñ ~ܲy@˝Ã G !lÓ˚%Âô– !lˆÏ¡¨ ~à%ˆÏ°y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲÓ˚y •°ÈüüüÈ
!«˛Æ ıÈ x!fiÌÓ˚ñ §òy ã˛M˛° ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛Ù%•)ˆÏï˛≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •ˆÏï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚yhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ ôyÓÓyl !ã˛ˆÏ_Ó˚ xÓfiÌyˆÏܲ
!«˛ÆyÓfiÌy ӈϰ– !«˛ÆË)˛!Ùܲ !ã˛_ Ó˚çı G ï˛Ùı à%î ≤Ãôyl– §Ç§yÓ˚!Üœ˛T˛ x!ôܲyÇ¢ §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !ã˛_•z
!«˛ÆË)˛!Ùܲ– !ã˛ˆÏ_Ó˚ ~Ó˚)˛õ xÓfiÌy ˆÎyà §•yÎ˚ܲ lÎ˚–
Ù)ì˛¸ ı xï˛ƒ!ôܲ •z!wÎ˚y§=˛ !ã˛_ Ù)ì˛¸Ë)˛!Ùܲ– ~Ó˚)˛õ !ã˛_ ï˛ˆÏÙyà%î ≤Ãôyl •GÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆÙy•yFSÈߨñ x°§ñ
!l!‹;Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛_¥!ã˛hs˝yÎ˚ x§ÙÌ≈– !ã˛ˆÏ_Ó˚ ~Ó˚)˛õ xÓfiÌy˚ ˆÎyˆÏàÓ˚ xl%Ü)˛° lÎ˚–
!Ó!«˛Æ ıÈ !Ó!«˛ÆË)˛!Ùܲ !ã˛_ !«˛ÆË)˛!Ùܲ !ã˛_ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y !ܲ!M˛Í˛ í˛zß¨ï˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚– ˆÜ˛lly !«˛ÆË)˛!Ùܲ
!ã˛_ §òyã˛M˛°ñ !ܲv !Ó!«˛ÆË)˛!Ùܲ !ã_ ܲáˆÏly ã˛M˛° ܲáˆÏly !fiÌÓ˚– ~Ó˚)˛õ !ã˛ˆÏ_ ï˛ˆÏÙyK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãyôylƒ ly
ÌyܲyÎ˚ !ã˛_ §ÇÓ,_ !ܲS%È §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ !l!ò≈T˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚ !l!ÓT˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !Üv Ó˚çı à%ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓÙ%=˛ ly
•GÎ˚yÎ˚ ~•z !lˆÏÓ¢ fiÌy!Î˚c °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚lyñ ã˛yM˛°ƒÓ¢ï˛ ˛õÓ˚Ù)•%ˆÏï≈˛•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚yhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ xyÜ,˛T˛ •Î˚– ~ xÓfiÌyG
ˆÎyà ˛õòÓyã˛ƒ lÎ˚–
~ܲy@˝Ã ıÈ ~ܲ!ê˛Ùye xÓ°¡∫l !Ó!¢T˛ !ã˛ˆÏ_Ó˚ Ë)˛!ÙˆÏܲ ~ܲy@˝ÃË)˛!٠ӈϰ– ~Ó˚)˛õ Ë)˛!ÙˆÏï˛ !ã˛_ §¡õ)l≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ
Ó˚çı G ï˛Ùı à%ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛≤Ã˲yÓÙ%=˛ •Î˚– Ê˛°ï˛ §_¥à%î ˛õ)l≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ í˛zqy!§ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ !ã˛_ !lÓ˚Ó!FSÈߨ˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛
!l!ò≈T˛ ˆôƒÎ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ !lÓÂô •Î˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›ˆÏï˛ ò#â≈ܲy° Ùlı§ÇˆÏÎyà ~•z xÓfiÌyˆÏï˛•z §Ω˛Ó– ~•z xÓfiÌyˆÏܲ
Ó°y •Î˚ §¡±K˛yï˛ §Ùy!ô– ˆÎyà ò¢≈ˆÏl §¡±K˛yï˛ §Ùy!ôÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÈüÈ §!Óï˛Ü≈˛
§Ùy!ôñ §!Óã˛yÓ˚ §Ùy!ôñ §yl® §Ùy!ô ~ÓÇ §y!ß√ï˛ §Ùy!ô–
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆòÓï˛yÓ˚ Ù)!ï≈˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly fiÌ%° !ӣψÏÎ˚ !ã˛_ Îál !l!ÓT˛ •Î˚ ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏܲ ӈϰ §!Óï˛Ü≈˛
§Ùy!ô– ï˛ß√yˆÏeÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y §)- Óy•ƒ !ç!lˆÏ§ Îál !ã˛_ !l!ÓT˛ •Î˚ ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ §!Óã˛yÓ˚ §Ùy!ô– §)-
•z!wÎ˚yl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !l!ÓT˛ •ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ §yl® §Ùy!ô– §y!ß√ï˛ §Ùy!ôˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏSÈ Óƒ!=˛ x•Ù‰ ~Ó˚
˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!lÓ˚%Âô ı ˆÎ Ë)˛!ÙˆÏï˛ !ã˛ˆÏ_Ó˚ §Ó≈!Óô Ó,!_ !lÓ˚%Âô •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ !lÓ˚%ÂôË)!٠ӈϰ– ~ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !ã˛_ !lÓ˚y°¡∫ñ
¢yhs˝ G §Ùy!•ï˛ •Î˚– !ã˛_Ó,!_Ó˚ ~Ó˚)˛õ !lˆÏÓ˚yôˆÏܲ ˆÎyà Ó°y •Î˚– ˆÎyˆÏàÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° xydy Ó,!_§¡∫rô ly •ˆÏÎ˚
 !¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 38
fl∫ÈüÈfl∫Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏܲ x§¡±K˛yï˛ §Ùy!ô ӈϰ–
xT˛yAàˆÏÎyà ı ˆÎyà ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛Ó˚Ù °«˛ƒ xydyÓ˚ ˜ÏܲӰƒ!§!Âô– !ܲv §yôl Óƒ!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ !§!Âô §Ω˛Ó
•Î˚ly– ˆÎyà ò¢≈ˆÏl ~•z §yôlyÓ˚ çlƒ xT˛yAà ˆÎyˆÏàÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛y•z ˆÎyàˆÏܲ Ù)°ï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà!Óòƒy
Óy §yôl¢yflf Ó°y •Î˚– xT˛yAà ˆÎyˆÏàÓ˚ xl%¤˛yl ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° x!Óòƒy!ò ˛õM˛˛õÓ≈Ó˚)˛õ ºyhs˝K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ «˛Î˚ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
§ÙƒÜ˛ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zqy§l •Î˚– ˜Ü˛ÓˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ §yôlÓ˚)˛õ xT˛yAà ˆÎyà ≤çˆÏAà ˆÎyà§)ˆÏe Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ÚÎÙ!lÎ˚Ùy§l
ÈüÈ ˛≤ÃylyÎ˚yÙ ≤Ãï˛ƒy•yÓ˚ ÈüÈ ôyÓ˚îyôƒyl §ÙyôyˆÏÎ˚y•T˛yÓAày!lÛ xÌy≈Í ÎÙñ !lÎ˚Ùñ xy§lñ ≤ÃyîyÎ˚yÙñ ≤Ãï˛ƒy•yÓ˚ñ
ôyÓ˚lyñ ôƒyl G §Ùy!ô ÈüÈ ~•z xyê˛!ê˛ ˆÎyàyAà– !lˆÏ¡¨ ~•z xyê˛!ê˛ ˆÎyà §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •°ÈüüüÈ
ÎÙı ܲï˛Ü˛à%!° ܲÙ≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!lÓ,!ï˛ •GÎ˚y•z ÎÙÈüÈ §yôl– x!•Ç§yñ §ï˛ƒñ xˆÏhflÏÎ˚ñ Ó ·ã˛Î≈ G x˛õ!Ó˚@˝Ã•
~•z ˛õM˛§yôlˆÏܲ ~ܲˆÏe ÎÙ Ó°y •Î˚–
x!•Ç§y ı x!•Ç§y •° !•Ç§yÓ˚ xl%¤˛yl– !•Ç§y !e!Óô ÈüÈ Ü˛y!Î˚ܲñ Óy!ã˛Ü˛ G Ùyl!§Ü˛– ≤Ãyî# •ï˛ƒy
ܲy!Î˚ܲñ ≤Ãyî# •ï˛ƒyÓ˚ !lˆÏ≈ò¢ òyl Óy!ã˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãyî# •ï˛ƒyÓ˚ §Ü˛“ Ùyl!§Ü˛ !•Ç§yÓ˚ ò,T˛yhs˝– ï˛ˆÏÓ ¢%ô%•z •ï˛ƒy•z
lÎ˚ñ ˛≤Ãyî#ˆÏܲ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ xyâyï˛ Óy ò%/á òyl•z !•Ç§y– ï˛y•z x!•Ç§y •° ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !•Ç§y
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ)î≈ !ÓÓ˚!ï˛–
§ï˛ƒ ı §ï˛ƒ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ myÓ˚y §ï˛ƒ ò¢≈lñ §ï˛ƒ ◊Ól G §ï˛ƒ ˲y£Ïî ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– x§ï˛ƒ §¡õ)î≈ Óç≈l#Î˚–
xˆÏhflÏÎ˚ ÈüÈ xˆÏhflÏÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ܲy!Î˚ܲñ Óy!ã˛Ü˛ G Ùyl!§Ü˛ §Ó≈≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˆãÔÎ≈Ó,!_ •ˆÏï˛ !ÓÓ˚!ï˛– ˆÎyà
ò¢≈ˆÏl xˆÏhflÏÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛Ó° ˛õÓ˚oÓƒ x@˝Ã•î lÎ˚ñ ˛õÓ˚oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ flõ,•yG ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛y烖
Ó ·ã˛Î≈ ı Ó ·ã˛Î≈ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õ)î≈ ˆÎÔl §ÇÎÙˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– ˆÎÔlyã˛yÓ˚ ܲy!Î˚ܲ G Ùyl!§Ü˛ í˛z˲Î˚!Óô •Î˚–
Ó ·ã˛ˆÏÎ≈ í˛z˲Î˚!Óô ˆÎÔlyã˛yÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ !l!£ÏÂô–
x˛õ!Ó˚@˝Ã• ı ç#ÓlôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ x@˝Ã•î•z x˛õ!Ó˚@˝Ã•– ç#Ól
Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ l)ƒlï˛Ù ˆÎê%˛Ü%˛ ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆÜ˛Ó° ˆ§ê%˛Ü%˛ ˆË˛yàƒ Ó›•z @˝Ã•î#Î˚– x˛õ!Ó˚@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ myÓ˚y ˆÎy!ààˆÏîÓ˚
˜Ü˛ÓˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲ ˆË˛yà!Ó°y!§ï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!lÎ˚Ù ı ˆÎyà§)eܲyÓ˚ ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ Úˆ¢Ôã˛ ÈüÈ §ˆÏhs˝y£ÏÈüÈ ï˛˛õ/ fl∫yôƒyˆÏÎ˚ŸªÓ˚ ≤Ã!lôyly!l !lÎ˚Ùyı xÌ≈yÍ ˆ¢Ôã˛ñ
§ˆÏhs˝y£Ïñ ï˛˛õ/ñ fl∫yôƒyÎ˚ G {ŸªÓ˚ ≤Ã!îôyl ~•z ˛õM˛§yôlˆÏܲ ~ܲˆÏe !lÎ˚٠ӈϰ– Úˆ¢Ôã˛Û ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ myÓ˚y ˜Ïò!•Ü˛ G
Ùyl!§Ü˛ í˛z˲Î˚!Óô ¢%!ã˛ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– §ˆÏhs˝y£Ï •° ~ܲ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ §ÇÎÙñ «%˛ôyÈüÈï,˛£÷Ïyñ ¢#ï˛ÈüÈí˛z£÷Ïñ
ܲy¤˛ ˆÙÔlñ xyܲyÓ˚ˆÏÙÔl •zï˛ƒy!ò !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ xÓfiÌy §•ƒ ܲÓ˚yˆÏܲ ï˛˛õŸã˛Î≈y ӈϰ– ˆÙyˆÏ«˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õܲyÓ˚ܲ ¢yflfy!ò
xôƒÎ˚l ~ÓÇ •zT˛Ùsf ç˛õˆÏܲ fl∫yôƒyÎ˚ ӈϰ– ≤ÃlÓ çˆÏ˛õÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° •zT˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ò¢≈l°y˲ •Î˚– ˛õÓ˚Ùà%Ó˚%
{ŸªˆÏÓ˚ §Ó≈ܲÙ≈ §Ù˛õ≈lˆÏܲ•z {ŸªÓ˚≤Ã!îôyl ӈϰ– ~Ó˚)˛õ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆÎyà# fl∫fiÌ •lñ xÌy≈Í ï˛yÑÓ˚ xydy fl∫ÈüÈfl∫Ó˚)˛ˆÏ˛õ
xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xy§l ı Ùl/§ÇˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ çlƒ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˲!Aà Óy x˲ƒy§ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ xy§l– xy§l ≤çˆÏAà
ˆÎyà§)eܲyÓ˚ ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ Ú!fiÌÓ˚§%áÙy§lÙ‰Û xÌy≈Í !fiÌÓ˚ G §%áòyÎ˚ܲ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ§lÈü•z xy§l– xy§lÈüÈ~Ó˚
xl%¢#°ˆÏl ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ !lÎ˚sfî G ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲy@˝Ãï˛y §yôl §Ω˛Ó •Î˚– ˆÎyà ¢yˆÏflf ˛õpy§lñ Ó#Ó˚y§lñ ˲oy§lñ
!¢«˛y G ò¢≈l 39
fl∫!hflÏܲy§lñ ò[˛y§lñ ÙÎ˚)Ó˚y§l •zï˛ƒy!ò ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ xy§ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
4ä ≤ÃyîyÎ˚yÙ ı !ӈϢ£Ï !lÎ˚ˆÏÙ Ÿªy§≤ߪyˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y •° ≤ÃyîyÎ˚yÙ– Óƒ!=˛Ó˚˚
˛≤ÃyîÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ Ÿªy§Ó˚)˛õ xhs˝Ù%≈á# à!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ≤ߪy§Ó˚)˛õ Ó!•Ù%≈á# à!ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ SȈϮ !ÓÓ˚yÙ•#l˲yˆÏÓ ã˛ˆÏ°–
~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ÎÌyÎÌ˲yˆÏÓ §¡õyòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° !ã˛hs˝y xhsÙ%≈á# •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ò#â≈§ÙÎ˚Óƒy˛õ# xyd!ã˛hs˝yÎ˚ Ù@¿
Ìyܲy ÎyÎ˚–
5ä ≤Ãï˛ƒy•yÓ˚ ı •z!wÎ˚à%!°ˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!lÓ,_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xhsÙ%≈á# ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ Ó°y
•Î˚ ˛≤Ãï˛ƒy•yÓ˚– ˆÎyà ò¢≈ˆÏl Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ •z!wÎ˚à%!° ˆÎ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lç !lç fl∫y˲y!Óܲ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛
xyÜ,˛T˛ •Î˚ñ ˆ§ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Ùl ã˛M˛° ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛y•z •z!wÎ˚à%!°ˆÏܲ !Ó£ÏÎ˚yl%Ó˚yà ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ãï˛ƒy•yÓ˚
§yôˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
6ä ôyÓ˚îy ı ˆÎyà ò¢≈ˆÏl Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆÎ Óƒ!=˛ ò#â≈ §ÙÎ˚Óƒy˛õ# ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚ Ùl/§ÇˆÏÎyà
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚lyñ ˆ§ §yôlyÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ hflψÏÓ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ly– ï˛y•z ~•z ò¢≈ˆÏl ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yôl Ùyà≈
!•§yˆÏÓ à%Ó˚%c òˆÏGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӣψÏÎ˚ ò#â≈ §ÙÎ˚ ÙˆÏly!lˆÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚yˆÏܲ Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ôyÓ˚îy– ly!˲ñ
•,òÎ˚ñ Ó«˛ñ ܲt˛ñ ï˛y°% ly!§Ü˛y@˝Ãñ ˆleñ º)Î%àˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙôƒË˛yà Óy ˆòÓˆÏòÓ#Ó˚ Ù)!ï≈˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óy•ƒÓ›
ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› !•§yˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
7ä ôƒyl ı ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӣψÏÎ˚ !ÓÓ˚yÙ•#l !l!ÓT˛ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yˆÏܲ ˆÎyàò¢≈ˆÏl ôƒyl Ó°y •Î˚– ôƒylfiÌ xÓfiÌyÎ˚
ôƒyˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›Ó˚ñ xÇ¢à%!° §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ÓÇ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ˲yˆÏÓ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §%flõT˛ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ K˛yl °y˲
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
8ä §Ùy!ô ı ˆÎyà §yôlyÓ˚ §Ó≈ˆÏ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ •° §Ùy!ôñ ~!ê˛ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ xÓfiÌyñ Îál Ùl !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›ˆÏï˛
~ï˛•z !l!ÓT˛ !ã˛_ •Î˚ ˆÎ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˜ã˛ï˛lƒˆÏܲ §¡õ)l≈˲yˆÏÓ xyFSÈߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°– ~•z xÓfiÌyÎ˚
Óƒ!=˛§_y xydÙÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏ벖 ~•z xÓfiÌyÎ˚ xydy•z ôƒyˆÏlÓ˚ ܲï≈˛y ~ÓÇ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏ벖 !ã˛_Ó,!_ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ
!lˆÏÓ˚yˆÏôÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z §Ùy!ô ~ܲyhs˝Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
ˆÎyàò¢≈ˆÏl í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ ~•z xT˛˛yAà ˆÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !m!Óô §yôl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ Ó!•/Ó˚Aà §yôl G xhs˝Ó˚Aà
§yôlñ ÎÙñ !lÎ˚Ùñ xy§lñ ≤ÃyîyÎ˚yÙ G ≤Ãï˛ƒy•yÓ˚ ÈüÈ ~•z ˛õyÑã˛!ê˛ Ó!•/Ó˚Aà– ˆÎyà§)eܲyÓ˚ ~à%!°ˆÏܲ §yôl˛õyˆÏò
§!ߨ!ÓT˛˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– xyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyñ ôƒyl G §Ùy!ô ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ xhs˝Ó˚Aàñ Îy ~ܲˆÏe §ÇÎÙ lyˆÏÙ áƒyï˛ñ ˆ§à%!°ˆÏܲ
!ÓË)˛!ï˛˛õyˆÏò í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ˆÎyà ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲï˛y (Relevance of Yoga Darshan in Modern
Education)ı
ˆÎyà ò¢≈ˆÏl Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSñ xK˛ylï˛y•z Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ò%/ˆÏáÓ˚ Ù)° ܲyÓ˚î– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ~•z ò%/á ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚
!•§yˆÏÓ ˆÎyà ò¢≈ˆÏl !ܲS%È ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° xÓ°¡∫l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏò¢ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z xˆÏÌ≈ ˆÎyà
ò¢≈lˆÏܲ ~ܲ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ ò¢≈lG Ó°y ÎyÎ˚– ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ò%/á ˆÙyã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ù%!=˛°yˆÏ˲Ó˚ çlƒ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
!ܲ !ܲ ܲÓ˚î#Î˚ ~ÓÇ !ܲ í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§à%!° ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ flõT˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# !lˆÏò≈¢ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎyà
 !¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 40
ò¢≈ˆÏl xÌy≈Í Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ܲ°ƒyî §yôlñ ˆÎyà ò¢≈l ¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ– ï˛y•z Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒàï˛ !òܲ
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÎyà ò¢≈l ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §yò,¢ƒ Óï≈˛Ùyl– ܲyÓ˚î Óƒ!=˛Ü˛°ƒyî §yôl ܲÓ˚yG xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚
°«˛ƒ–
ˆÎyà ò¢≈ˆÏl !ã˛_Ó,!_Ó˚ ˛õyÑã˛!ê˛ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÌy í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎà%!° xydyÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ âê˛yÎ˚
~ÓÇ ~•z hflÏÓ˚à%!°Ó˚ Ùôƒ!òˆÏÎ˚•z Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ~•z hflÏÓ˚à%!° Ùl%£Ïƒç#ÓˆÏl ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ü ˛ˆÏÙ xyˆÏ§–
xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yñ ˆÎ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ l#!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zz˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ˆ§áyˆÏlG Óƒ!=˛ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ܲï˛à%!°
ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z hflÏÓ˚ !Ó˲yàà%!°Ó˚ ˜ÏÓ!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §yÙO§ƒ Ó˚«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚•z
!¢«˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly Ó˚ã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
ˆÎyà§yôlyÎ˚ ˆÎ xT˛y!Aàܲ ÙyˆÏà≈Ó˚ ܲÌy í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆ§à%!°G xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÎ˚ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛
°y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ôyÓ˚îyñ ôƒyl ~ÓÇ §Ùy!ô ˆÎ Ùl/§ÇˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ܲ ~ܲÌy xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÓ!òàîG fl∫#ܲyÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚l– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ ÎÙñ !lÎ˚Ùñ xy§lñ ≤ÃyîyÎ˚yÙ G ≤Ãï˛ƒy•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆÎyàà%!°G ˆÎ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ùl/
§ÇˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ≤Û!ï˛ xyˆÏlñ ˆ§Ü˛ÌyG xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˜Ïò!•Ü˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚y– !¢«˛yÓ˚ ~•z
í˛zˆÏj¢ƒG ˆÎyàò¢≈l myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛– !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˜ò!•Ü˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xy§lñ ≤ÃyîyÎ˚yÙ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚
xl%¢#°lˆÏܲ xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙ xhs˝Ë%≈=˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ !Ó!˲ߨ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ xˆÏlܲà%!° l#!ï˛•z ˆÎyà ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ l#!ï˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ ~ÓÇ xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚
Ó•% ˆÜ˛Ô¢°ñ ˆÎyà§yôlyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°à%!°Ó˚•z !Óܲ“Ó˚)˛õ–
í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ (Conclution) ı
§yÇრò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà !•§yˆÏÓ Ù)°ï˛ ˆÎyà ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zqÓ– ï˛_¥àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆÎyàò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚
!ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô !ܲS%È xy˛õ!_ í˛zë˛ˆÏ°G xydï˛_¥ K˛yl °y˲ Óy í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎyàò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c x˛õ!Ó˚§#Ù
ӈϰ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚–
!¢«˛y G ò¢≈l 41

ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ~ܲܲı ˲yÓÓyòñ ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛Óyòñ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ àÓyò

åIdealism, Naturalism, Pragmatism)

˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ ò¢≈l §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ôyÓ˚îy (Preliminary Concept about Western Philosophy)ı
ˆÎ ¢yflf §Ù@˝Ã˲yˆÏÓ çàÍ G ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ Óƒyáƒy G ï˛yÓ˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚l ï˛yˆÏܲ ò¢≈l lyˆÏÙ !ã˛!•´ï˛
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ò¢≈l !lˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ òy¢≈!lܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà#àï˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
òy¢≈!lܲ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˛ˆÎ õÓ˚Ùï˛_¥•z ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl !Ó£ÏÎ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚G ÙˆÏï˛ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° ôyÓ˚îyà%!°Ó˚
Î%!=˛!§Âô xyˆÏ°yã˛ly•z ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyç– ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# ~ܲˆÏܲ ò¢≈l §Ï¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ òy¢≈!lܲˆÏòÓ˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà# G
!ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚y §¡õˆÏܲ≈ xÓàï˛ •GÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ– ~•z ~ܲˆÏܲ ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ ò¢≈l G !¢«˛y ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ òy¢≈!lܲˆÏòÓ˚
Ùï˛Óyò G !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xÓòyl xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ–
˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ Îyey ¢%Ó˚% @˝Ã#Ü ò¢≈l ˆÌˆÏܲ– ~•z §ÙÎ˚!ê˛ Ü,˛!T˛Ó˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ á%Ó•z à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– ~•z
§ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏl xyˆÏSÈ Óƒy!Ó°l#Î˚ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§– @˝Ã#ܲ Ó!îܲàî Óy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ•z ~•z ≤Ãyã˛#l G
!Óáƒyï˛ Ü,˛!T˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ~•z §%≤Ãyã˛#l §Ë˛ƒï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ à!îï˛¢yflfñ ˆÏçƒy!ï˛£Ï¢yflfñ
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛!ÓK˛ylñ !ã˛!ܲͧy !ÓK˛yl •zï˛ƒy!ò !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆÙôyÓ# @˝Ã#ܲ çlàî !¢«˛y °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ~ÓÇ ï˛y ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#
≤ÃçˆÏß√ §M˛y!°ï˛G •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~•z ˲yÓ!Ó!lÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° @˝Ã#ܲ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏly ¢yáy xyˆÏÎ˚yl#Î˚
§¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xy!Ó˲y≈Ó •Î˚– ~•z xyˆÏÎ˚yl#Î˚ òy¢≈!lܲàî•z ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ ò¢≈lˆÏܲ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •ÓyÓ˚ ˛õÌ ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ°l–
~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ !Î!l Ó%!Âô G Î%!=˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l !ï˛!l •ˆÏ°l !Óáƒyï˛ òy¢≈!lܲ G ˆ§•z
§ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ◊¤˛ à!îï˛K˛ !˛õÌyˆÏàyÓ˚y§– !ï˛!l Ó°ˆÏ°l çí˛¸ çàÍ Ù)°ï˛_¥ lÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §)- Ó˚)˛õG ˆl•z–
Ù)°ï˛_¥ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ §Çáƒy myÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ•z çƒy!Ù!ï˛ G à!îˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãã˛°l
•°– ï˛yÑÓ˚ §¡±òyÎ˚ ˛≤ÃÌ٠ӈϰ!SȈϰl ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ~ܲ!ê˛ @˝Ã•– ܲ˛õyÓ˚!lܲy§ (Copernicus) ~•z !˛õÌyˆÏàyÓ˚#Î˚
§¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ≤ÃÌÙ ï˛yÑÓ˚ ï˛_¥ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ôyÓ˚îy àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
~Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚y ò¢≈lˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ°l ï˛yÓ˚y •ˆÏ°l ‘Eleatics’È– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Óy§
!SÈ° ò!«˛l •zï˛y!°Ó˚ Elea lyÙܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y•z ~Ó˚y Eleatics lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ï˛yшÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ
•ˆÏ° ˆçˆÏlyˆÏÊ˛Ïl§ñ ˆçˆÏly ≤ÃÙ%á Óƒ!=˛àî– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏl Î%!=˛Óyò •z!wÎ˚ §ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zFã˛fiÌyl
ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ~ˆÏ°l ˜mï˛Óyò# §¡±òyÎ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ•Ó˚y!Üœ˛ê˛y§ ~ÓÇ ˆí˛ˆÏÙy!Ü ˛ê˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ lyÙ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ–
ˆ•Ó˚y!Üœ˛ê˛y§ xyà%lˆÏܲ §,!T˛ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ Ù)° í˛z˛õyòyl Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l ~ÓÇ !ï˛!l Ó°ˆÏ°l xyà%ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z
§Ó!ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#°– xyà%l ˆÎÙl 絈ϰ ˆï˛Ùl ˆlˆÏ˲ñ ˆï˛Ù!l ç#Ól çàÍ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%ÈÓ˚•z fiÌy!Î˚c
ˆl•z– ˆí˛ˆÏÙy!Ü ˛ê˛y§ @˝Ã#ܲ ò¢≈lˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ !òˆÏ°l ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyl%Óyò– xƒylyflÒyˆÏàyÓ˚y§ G Ó›Óyò# !SȈϰl–
!ï˛!lG ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l §,!T˛ G ôÁǧ ӈϰ !ܲS%È ˆl•z ÈüÈ §Ó í˛z˛õyòylà%!°•z ÌyˆÏܲñ ¢%ô% ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !Ù◊î G !Ó!Ù◊î
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 42
•° §,!T˛ G ôÁLjϧÓ˚ Ù)° ܲyÓ˚î–
~Ó˚˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§y!Ê˛¤˛ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xË%˛ƒayl– ~•z §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ï,˛£÷Ïy !SÈ° ≤ÃÓ°– ~Ó˚y K˛yl xy•Ó˚î
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l G !Óï˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l– ï˛yÑÓ˚y Ó°ˆÏï˛l Ùyl%£Ï §ÙhflÏ !ܲS%ÈÓ˚ ˆï˛Ô°ò[˛– (Man is the measure of
all things.)
@˝Ã#ܲ òy¢≈!lܲ §ˆÏÜ ˛!ê˛§ˆÏܲ ˆ§•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ° ˆ◊¤˛ K˛yl# ӈϰ x!˲!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– !ï˛!l Ó°ˆÏï˛l
K˛yl•z •° ˆ◊¤˛ à%î (Knowledge is the greatest virtue.)– ~•z K˛yl xç≈l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚
§!ë˛Ü˛ !Óã˛yÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïîñ ï˛#-ò,!T˛ G ≤ÃÎb– !ï˛!l Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ xlhs˝ à%ˆÏîÓ˚ x!ôܲy!Ó˚ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
§%Æà%ˆÏîÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y•z ï˛yÑÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !SÈ° !¢«˛y≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y–
§ˆÏÜ ˛!ê˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ !¢£Ïƒ ˆ≤’ˆÏê˛y åPlato) xyò¢≈ Ó˚yT˛… àí˛¸ˆÏï˛ xyò¢≈ Ùyl%£Ï ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏ°l– ï˛yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÎ˚ §Ùyç Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yôy •ˆÏÓ ~ܲçl òy¢≈!lܲ !Î!l §ï˛ƒÈüÈ!Ù̃yñ ˲yˆÏ°yÈüÈÙ®ñ K˛yl G xK˛yˆÏlÓ˚
˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó%V˛ˆÏÓl– !ï˛!l K˛yl°yˆÏ˲Ó˚ çlƒ •z!wÎ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚Ó%!Âô G Î%!=˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÓ¢# ˆçyÓ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl–
ˆ≤’ˆÏê˛yÓ˚ !¢£Ïƒ xƒy!Ó˚fiê˛ê˛° ï˛yÓ˚ à%Ó˚%Ó˚ ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyî ˆÌˆÏܲ ò¢≈lˆÏܲ x!ô!ÓòƒyÓ˚ xˆÏÌ≈ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ï˛yÑÓ˚
x!˲Ùï˛ •° ÈüÈ ò¢≈l •° ~Ùl ~ܲ !ÓK˛yl Îy §_y ˆÜ˛ §_y !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÈüÈ §_yˆÏܲ !Ó¢%Âô §_y
!•§yˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏáñ §_yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ !òܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– ò¢≈l •° §_yÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ G ï˛yÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ
!Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ¢yflf– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ •zÙyl%ˆÏÎ˚° ܲyrê˛ñ •yÓy≈ê˛ ˆflõ™yÓ˚ñ Óyê˛∆y≈[˛ Ó˚yˆÏ§°ñ xy°ˆÏÊ ˛í˛
ç%ˆÏ°§ ~Î˚yÓ˚ñ ܲyÓ˚ly˛õ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ òy¢≈!lܲˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ ò¢≈l xyÓ˚G !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •Î˚–
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y=˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ê˛y ≤ÃÙy!îï˛ •Î˚ ˆÎñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈l G ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zqˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!Ù
§¡õ)î≈ ˛õ,Ìܲ– ï˛y•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ •GÎ˚y fl∫y˲y!Óܲ– ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈l ~ܲ•z §ˆÏAà ~ܲ!ê˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
¢yflf ~ÓÇ ç#ÓlÙsfG ÓˆÏê˛ñ !ܲv ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ ò¢≈l ≤ÃÌÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ¢yflf Ùye– §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚
!ӈϟ’£Ïî ~ÓÇ Î%!=˛ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ï˛_¥ !lô≈yÓ˚îˆÏܲ•z ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ ò¢≈ˆÏl ≤Ãyôylƒ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ò¢≈l §ÓˆÏ«˛ˆÏe•z ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚
§ˆÏAà Î%=˛– ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ ò¢≈l G ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ñ !ܲv ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §)- xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ G ã˛Ó˚Ù í˛z˛õ°!kôÓ˚ §ˆÏAà
Î%=˛ ly •ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛y Î%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ !òܲà%!°Ó˚ §ˆÏAà– ï˛y•z ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ ò¢≈là%!°Ó˚ §ˆÏAà !¢«˛yÓ˚
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ §¡õÜ≈˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ≤ÃÌyàï˛ !¢«˛y G ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ §Ùܲy°#l •GÎ˚yÎ˚ñ
fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ– ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛
Ùï˛Óyò §¡õˆÏܲ≈ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆ§à%!° ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛y §•ˆÏç í˛z˛õ°!kô
ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ– ~•z ~ܲˆÏܲ Ù)°ï˛ ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ Ë˛yÓÓyòñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò §¡õˆÏܲ≈
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ–
!¢«˛y G ò¢≈l 43

˲yÓÓyò åIdealism)

Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Introduction)ı
˲yÓÓyò •° ò¢≈l¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ ≤Ãyã˛#lï˛Ù ¢yáy– ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ @˝Ã#ܲ òy¢≈!lܲ xƒylyflÒyˆÏàyÓ˚y§
åAnaxagoras) ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ùï˛ÓyˆÏò ≤ÃÌÙ Ë˛yÓÓyˆÏòÓ˚ §)e˛õyï˛ •Î˚– xƒylyflÒyˆÏàyÓ˚y§ çàÍ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛
§!Ü ˛Î˚ ¢!=˛ˆÏܲ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– ~•z §!Ü ˛Î˚ ¢!=˛•z ï˛yÑÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ï˛ly Ó%!Âô Óy Ùl ÈüÈ ÎyÓ˚ lyÙ !ï˛!l
!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ‘Nousi’– çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ¢,C°yñ ˙ܲƒñ ˆ§Ô®Î≈ ~ÓÇ §yÙO§ƒ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚•z !ï˛!l ôyÓ˚îy ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl
ˆÎñ !lÓ%≈!Âô çyà!ï˛Ü˛ ¢!=˛ˆÏܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~à%!°ˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓly– ~•z çàÍ Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ myÓ˚y !lÎ˚!sfï˛– ~Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚
≤Ãyã˛#l òy¢≈!lܲ ˆ≤’ˆÏê˛yÓ˚ !ÓŸªçl#l §ï˛ƒ Óy ôƒylôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ x!ô!ÓòƒyÙ)°Ü˛ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ åMetaphysical Theory)
ÙˆÏôƒ ˲yÓÓyòˆÏܲ áÑ%ˆÏç ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆ≤’ˆÏê˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ çàˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ◊!lÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy xyˆÏSÈ– §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛
ôyÓ˚îy •° !¢Ó xÌy≈Í ¢%˲ Óy ÙAàˆÏ°Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy åIdea of Good)– ˆ≤’ˆÏê˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ~•z ôyÓ˚îy à%!°ˆÏܲ çyly
~ÓÇ ~•z ôyÓ˚îy à%!°Ó˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §¡õÜ≈˛ˆÏܲ çyly•z •° ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyç–
~•z Ùï˛ÓyˆÏò !ÓŸªy§# òy¢≈!lܲÓ˚y xyôƒy!dܲ ¢!=˛ˆÏï˛ Óy Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ xyòˆÏ¢≈ !ÓŸªy§#– ˲yÓÓyò !ÓŸªy§
ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ùyl%£Ï •° §ÙhflÏ !ܲS%ÈÓ˚ |ˆÏôÁ≈– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Ùyl%£Ï G ï˛yÓ˚ xydy Óy §_¥yó Ó› G ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ
ˆÓ!¢ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– ï˛yÓ˚y Ùyl%£Ï ~ÓÇ ~•z §¡õ)î≈ !ÓŸªÓ ·y[˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲ•z ˲yÓÙ)°Ü˛ Óy xyôƒy!dܲ §_¥yÓ˚ xÇ¢
!•§yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~•z Ùï˛yl%ÎyÎ˚# ˲yÓçàÍ Óy xyôƒy!dܲ çàÍ•z ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ §ï˛ƒ– Ó›çàÍ ÙyÎ˚y
Ùye– xyôƒy!dܲ çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# •ˆÏ°l §Ó≈çl#l ÙˆÏlÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# {ŸªÓ˚– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ùlñ ~•z §Ó≈çl#l
ÙˆÏlÓ˚ xÇ¢ Ùye– ï˛y•z Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° °«˛ƒ •ˆÏÓñ ˙ §Ó≈çl#l ÙˆÏlÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# {ŸªÓ˚ Óy ˛õÓ˚ÙÓ ·ˆÏܲ
í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y–
˲yÓÓyò# òy¢≈!lܲÓ˚y xyÓ˚G ӈϰˆÏSÈl Ó · Óy {ŸªÓ˚ ˆÎÙl ˛õÓ˚Ù §ï˛ƒñ ˆï˛Ù!l ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôà%!°G
!ã˛Ó˚hs˝l §ï˛ƒñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôà%!° ˛õ)Ó≈!lôy≈!Ó˚ï˛ñ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ñ !ã˛Ó˚ܲy°#l G x˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l#Î˚– ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚
Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôà%!° lï%˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ly Óy §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓôyˆÏl ˆ§à%!°ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÙˆÏÎ˚•z x≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚
ӈϰ ˲yÓy ÎyÎ˚ ly– {ŸªÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°!kôÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚•zñ ~•z Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôà%!°ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ xyÓ˚ ~•z {zŸªÓ˚
í˛z˛õ°!kô ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z §Ω˛Ó– ܲyÓ˚î Ùyl%£Ï•z çàˆÏï˛ ˆ◊¤˛ ç#Ó– ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ï˛y•z flÀT˛yˆÏܲ
çyly Óy í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy fl∫˲yÓç– ÙˆÏly!Óò Ó˚§‰ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛c •° §ˆÏÓ≈y_Ù Ù)°ƒÓyl
~ÓÇ ï˛y {ŸªˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Ù•_Ù Ü˛ˆÏÙÓ≈ ˚ !lò¢≈l– (Ross- Human personality is the supreme and constitutes
the noblest work of God.) §ï˛ƒñ ˆ§Ô®Î≈ G §yô%ï˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôà%!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õ°!kô •°
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ °«˛ƒ– §ˆÏÜ ˛!ê˛§ñ ˆ≤’ˆÏê˛yñ •zÙyl%ˆÏÎ˚° ܲyrê˛ñ ˆÊ ˛í˛!Ó˚ܲ ˆ•ˆÏà°ñ ˆÊ ˛í˛!Ó˚ܲ Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ°ñ fl∫yÙ#!ÓˆÏÓܲyl®ñ
Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚ñ Ù•ydy àyrô# ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ !ã˛hs˝y!Óòàî ~•z òy¢≈!lܲ Ùï˛ÓyòˆÏܲ ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈl–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 44
!¢«˛yÎ˚ ˲yÓÓyò (Idealism in Education)ı
˲yÓÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ=˛y !•§yˆÏÓ ≤Ãyã˛#l òy¢≈!lܲ §ˆÏÜ ˛!ê˛§ Óy ˆ≤’ˆÏê˛yÓ˚ lyÙ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏ°G !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
~•z òy¢≈!lܲ Ùï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚l ≤ÃÌÙ Ü˛!Ù!lÎ˚y§ åCominius)– ܲ!Ù!lÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ ~•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚y!àܲ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ
˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§#ñ Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ°ñ Ó˚yflÒ •zï˛ƒy!ò !¢«˛y!ÓòÓ˚y xyˆÏÓ˚y !Óhfl,Ïï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l– ˲yÓÓyò ~•z ôyÓ˚îyÎ˚
!ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ Ë˛yˆÏ°y !ç!lˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏl•z ~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫à≈#Î˚ ¢!=˛ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ Óy
≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ §_yÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛ §_y•z ˆ◊¤˛– ܲyÓ˚î ~•z Î%!=˛Óy!ò §_y•z §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ í˛zò‰âyê˛ˆÏl
§«˛Ù– Ù)°ï˛ñ Ùyl%£Ï ~ܲ!ê˛ xyôƒy!dܲ ç#Ó ~ÓÇ ¢%ô% ~•z xôƒydÓyˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y•z Ùyl%£Ï ˛õ¢%Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛yÑÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ•z Ùyl%£Ï ï˛yÓ˚ ~•z xyôƒy!dܲ ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ù hflψÏÓ˚ í˛zߨ#ï˛ •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !¢«˛y •° xyôƒy!dܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y– åEducation is the process of
attaining spirituality.) !Ó!¢T˛ !¢«˛y!Óò Ó˚yflÒ åRusk) ӈϰˆÏSÈl !¢«˛y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xyôƒy!dܲ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚
à![˛ˆÏܲ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– !¢«˛y!Óò Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ°G !¢«˛yˆÏܲñ ˛õÓ˚ÙydyˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kôÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y !•§yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !¢«˛y §¡õˆÏܲ≈ !Ó!˲ߨ ˲yÓÓyò# !¢«˛y òy¢≈!lܲˆÏòÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛yÑÓ˚y ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚
xyò¢≈àï˛ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲÌy !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– Ê˛ˆÏ° !¢«˛yÎ˚ ˲yÓÓyò Ù)°ï˛ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z §#ÙyÓÂô
ˆÌˆÏܲˆÏSÈ– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° ˲yÓÓyò# òy¢≈!lܲÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
xˆÏlܲê˛y ÓyhflÏÓ§¡øï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˲yÓÓyò ï˛y•z !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !òܲˆÏܲ ˛≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
§Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ (Aims of Education)ı
˲yÓÓyò# òy¢≈!lܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏïñ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ï˛y•z •° !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ– ï˛yÓ˚y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛Ó˚Ù
°ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ•z Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òÓƒï˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏß√yã˛l âê˛y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ~•z
!ÓŸªçàÍ •ˆÏFSÈ e%!ê˛•#l ¢,C°yÙ!u˛ï˛ !ã˛hs˝y≤Ãîy°#Ó˚ ≤Ãܲy¢– !ܲS%È §%!l!ò≈T x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ !lÎ˚Ù ~•z !ÓŸªˆÏܲ
!lÎ˚sfl ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ xyÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ùà%!°ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛yÌ≈# ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yˆÏܲ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚y•z •° !¢«˛yÓ˚
í˛zˆÏj¢ƒñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ó› §yÙ!@˝ÃÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xyôƒy!dܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– Ó›§yÙ@˝Ã#
Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ï˛yÍ«˛!îܲ xyl® !òˆÏ°G ï˛yˆÏܲ !ã˛Ó˚hs˝l xylˆÏ®Ó˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ly– Ó›Ó˚ !Óly¢
xyˆÏSÈñ ï˛y•z Ó›§yÙ@˝Ã# !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAà Óƒ!=˛ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ xyl®G !ÓlT˛ •Î˚– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ {ŸªÓ˚ •ˆÏ°l
!ã˛Ó˚ÈüÈxyl®ÙÎ˚– ï˛y•z {ŸªÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°!kôÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚•z Óƒ!=˛ç#ÓˆÏl ã˛Ó˚Ù xyl® xy§ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ
Óƒ!=˛ xydyñ !ÓŸª xydyÓ˚•z xÇ¢– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ xyˆÏdy˛õ°!kôÓ˚ åSelf-realisation) ÙyôƒˆÏÙ•z !ÓŸª xydyˆÏܲ
í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˲yÓÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ~•z xyˆÏdy˛õ°!kô •° !¢«˛yÓ˚ ã˛Ó˚Ù °«˛ƒ–
~SÈyí˛¸yG ˲yÓÓyò# òy¢≈!lܲÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z Ù)° °«˛ƒˆÏܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y ܲï˛Ü˛à%!° !ӈϢ£ÏôÙ≈#
°ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ ܲÌy í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎÙl ï˛yÑÓ˚y ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ Ùyl%£Ï ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ xyôƒy!dܲ ç#Óñ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ~•z
˲yÓÙÎ˚ ç#Ól §¡õˆÏܲ≈ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°y•z !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ– ï˛ÑyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §ÙhflÏñ §Íà%î•z
§%Æ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ çß√àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓlyà%!°ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛ê˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°y !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛Í–
fl∫yÙ# !ÓˆÏÓܲyl® ӈϰˆÏSÈlÈüü !¢«˛y •° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ §_yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ !Óܲy¢– (Swami Vivekananda-
!¢«˛y G ò¢≈l 45
Education is the manifestation of perfection already in man.) ~Ù!l˲yˆÏÓ !Ó!˲ߨ ˲yÓÓyò#
!¢«˛yòy¢≈!lܲˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ Ó›ˆÏܲ!wܲ
lÎ˚– !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ ~ÓÇ xydˆÏܲ!wܲ– !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚
í˛zß¨ï˛ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôà%!° çy@˝Ãï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y•z °«˛ƒ–
õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù (Curriculum)ı
˲yÓÓyò xyôƒy!dܲ ôyÓ˚îy G xyòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !ò܉˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
ï˛yÑÓ˚y ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛≤Ã!ï˛ ˆÓ!¢ à%Ó˚%c !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– òy¢≈!lܲ ˆ≤’ˆÏê˛y
ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ù xyò≈¢ •° {ŸªˆÏÓ˚ §Ê˛°ï˛y ≤Ãy!Æ– ~Ó˚ çlƒ !ï˛!l §ï˛ƒñ ˆ§Ô®Î≈ G
ܲ°ƒyˆÏîÓ˚ xyôƒy!dܲ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôà%!°Ó˚ Ü ˛Ùyàï˛ çyàÓ˚î âê˛yˆÏlyˆÏܲ•z ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ xyò¢≈ ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ xyÓyÓ˚
!¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ xyôƒy!dܲ í˛z˛õ°!kôˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚y ï˛ál ˆ§ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆ˛õÑÔSȈÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙ ~Ùl
!Ó£ÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ÎyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓÔ!Âôܲñ ly®!lܲ G Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôà%!° çy!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛y°y ÎyÎ˚–
!Ó!˲ߨ ˲yÓÓyò# òy¢≈!lܲ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ ˆã˛ï˛ly çy@˝Ãï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˲y£Ïyñ §y!•ï˛ƒñ
•z!ï˛•y§ñ Ë)˛ˆÏày°ñ à!îï˛ G !ÓK˛yl •zï˛ƒy!ò !Ó£ÏÎ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
˜l!ï˛Ü˛ ˆã˛ï˛ly çy@˝Ãï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙ l#!ï˛¢yflfñ x!ô!Óòƒy G ôÙ≈¢yflf •zï˛ƒy!ò !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ܲyÓƒñ !¢“ܲ°y •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ly®!lܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°ˆÏܲ Ó˚)˛õòyˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~•z ò¢≈ˆÏl– !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲÙ≈ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y çy@˝Ãï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˲yÓÓyò ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙ fl∫yfĩ!¢«˛yñ
¢yÓ˚#Ó˚ !¢«˛y ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ •hflÏ!¢ˆÏ“ ≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ܲyÓ˚î í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ fl∫yfĩ SÈyí˛¸y xyôƒy!dܲ
Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô çy@˝Ãï˛ •Î˚ ly– ï˛y•z !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §%fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y=˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ê˛y ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ~ܲçl xyò¢≈ Ùyl%£Ï ~ÓÇ ~ܲçl ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ Óƒ!=˛Ï
àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ•z ˲yÓÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– !ӈϟªÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ §Ù@˝Ã ÙylÓ çy!ï˛Ó˚
§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˙!ï˛•ƒ G xyôƒy!dܲ x!ôܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ~•z ˛õyë˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ à˲#ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õÑÔSȈÏï §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%!°ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õˆÏ˲yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó¢%Âôï˛yÓ˚
Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ç#Ól G !ӈϟªÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §%§¡∫rôÙ)°Ü˛ ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà# àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!¢«˛yòyl ˛õÂô!ï˛ (Methods of Teaching)ı
!¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˲yÓÓyò ˆÎ í˛zFã˛ xyò¢≈ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚˛ õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ
˲yÓÓyò# òy¢≈!lܲ !Ó!˲ߨ !¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ xÓ°¡∫ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏSÈl– ˆÎÙl §ˆÏÜ ˛!ê˛§ ≤Èϟ¿y_Ó˚ ˛õÂô!ï ÈüÈ~Ó˚
ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏSÈl– ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ myÓ˚y §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° •° ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚y G xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y–
!¢«˛î §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ ≤ß¿yÓ!° Îï˛ ˆÓ!¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛ï˛ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õ!ë˛ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ G à%Ó˚%c !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ
˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ G ≤ÃyO° •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– òy¢≈!lܲ ˆ≤’ˆÏê˛y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly G !Óï˛Ü≈˛ ˛åDiscussion and Debate Method)
õÂô!ï˛ xl%§Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏSÈl– ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yÈüÈ˲yÓly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ í˛zͧy• ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
•yÓyê≈˛ ˆflõl§yÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢òyl G Ó=+˛ï˛y ˛õÂô!ï˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ åInstruction and Lecture Method) í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c
!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ï˛yÑÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !¢«˛Ü˛ •ˆÏ°l !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲçl Órô% G òy¢≈!lܲ– ï˛y•z !¢«˛Ü˛ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 46
!lˆÏò≈¢òyˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl ~ÓÇ Óî≈lyÙ)°Ü˛ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl myÓ˚y !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛
âê˛ly G í˛zˆÏj¢ƒÙ)°Ü˛ ï˛ÌƒyÓ!° ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢l ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl– òy¢≈!lܲ Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° !¢«˛y ˛õÂô!ï˛ !•§yˆÏÓ !¢¢%Ó˚ fl∫ï˛/
fl≥)˛ï≈˛ §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y (Spontaneous Self-activity) ~ÓÇ ˆá°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ˲yÓÓyò#àî ÙˆÏl
ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Óƒ!=˛ xyˆÏdy˛õ°!kôÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚•z §Ó≈çl#l xyôƒy!dܲ ˆã˛ï˛lyˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xyÓ˚ ~•z xyˆÏdy˛õ°!kô ܲálG xyˆÏÓ˚y!˛õï˛ •Î˚ ly– ~Ó˚ çlƒ xyd≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚–
!¢«˛Ü˛ (Teacher)ı
˲yÓÓyòÈüÈ~ !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ ÙÎ≈yòyÓ˚ xy§ˆÏl Ó§yˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˲yÓÓyò# òy¢≈!lܲàî ӈϰˆÏSlñ ˆÎ Óƒ!=˛
˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ xyˆÏdy˛õ°!kôÓ˚ hflψÏÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ !ï˛!l•z !¢«˛Ü˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÎyàƒ– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !¢«˛Ü˛ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚
í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôà%!°Ó˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# •ˆÏÓl– !ï˛!l ï˛yÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓl xÌy≈Í
!¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyç K˛yl !Óï˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y lÎ˚ó !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ly ˆòGÎ˚y–
!¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yÎ˚ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛c•z •° ~ܲÙye à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ≤Ã˲yÓ– ï˛yÑÓ˚ Ù%á !l/§,ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›ñ !¢«˛Ì≈#Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ í˛z˛õfiÌy!˛õï˛ •Î˚– !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !¢«˛Ü˛ ÓyhflÏÓï˛yˆÏܲ Ù)ï≈˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°l–
!¢«˛Ü˛•z •ˆÏ°l à%Ó˚%– ≤Ã˲yÓ¢y°# !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ xÓ¢ƒ•z xàyô K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ
!¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° §¡õˆÏܲ≈ xÓ!•ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– !lçfl∫ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ G xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ ÙylòˆÏ[˛Ó˚
myÓ˚y !ï˛!l !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ◊Âôy xç≈ˆÏl §«˛Ù •ˆÏÓl– ˛≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈# ï˛yÓ˚ !lçfl∫ ç#ÓôÙ≈ xl%ÎyÎ˚# §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚
xl%§rôyˆÏl fl∫ï˛ıfl≥)˛ï≈˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyç •ˆÏÓñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ§•z xl%§rôyˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛y
ܲÓ˚y– }!£Ï xÓ˚!Ó® (Rishi Aurubindo) !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ˆÎ Ùhs˝Óƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ï˛y ˲yÓÓyò#
!ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚yˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛ê˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ï˛!l ӈϰˆÏSÈlÈüü The first principle of true teaching is that noth-
ing can be taught. The teacher is not an instructor or task master, he is a helper and
guide.
!¢«˛y°Î˚ (School)ı
˲yÓÓyò xl%ÎyÎ˚# !ÓŸªÓ ·yˆÏu˛Ó˚ Ù)ˆÏ° ˆÎ §yÓ≈çl#l xyôƒy!dܲ §_y !ÓÓ˚yçÙylñ ï˛yшÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y•z
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ã˛Ó˚Ù °«˛ƒ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˆ§•z °ˆÏ«˛ƒ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ°ñ !¢«˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ӈϢ£Ïc xyly ~ܲyhs˝Ë˛yˆÏÓ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ˲yÓÓyò# òy¢≈!lܲàî ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ §Ó≈çl#l xyôƒy!dܲ §_¥yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ•z ~•z !ÓŸªÓ ·yˆÏ[˛ ~ܲ
˙ܲƒ !ÓÓ˚yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ§•z ˙ܲƒˆÏܲ Î!ò •,òˆÏÎ˚ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ !¢«˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ Óy !¢«˛y°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ç#ÓˆÏl ˆ§•z ˙ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛FSÈ!Ó Ê%˛!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ xÌy≈Í xyò¢≈ !¢«˛y°Î˚ •ˆÏÓ !ÓŸªÓ ·yˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ
ˆÎáyˆÏl Óƒ!=˛ñ §Ùyçñ !ÓŸª≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ §Ó!ܲS%È•z Óï≈˛Ùyl– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢«˛y°ˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ç#ÓlÎy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
!òˆÏÎ˚•z !lˆÏçÓ˚ xyôƒy!dܲ §_yˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓñ xlƒylƒ §•˛õyë˛#ˆÏòÓ˚ xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ xyôƒy!dܲ §_¥yˆÏܲ
í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ §Ó≈ˆÏ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ !ÓŸªÈüÈxydyˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
¢,C°y (Discipline)ı
˲yÓÓyò ~•z ôyÓ˚îyÎ˚ !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ ¢,C°y G xyd§ÇΈÏÙÓ˚ Ó¢#Ë)˛ï˛ ly •ˆÏ°ñ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y !ܲS%ȈÏï˛
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyôƒy!dܲ G ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ §Ω˛yÓlyà%!°ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly– xyˆÏdy˛õ°!kôÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§ xyd¢,C°y
 !¢«˛y G ò¢≈l 47
~ܲyhs˝Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– xyã˛Ó˚î!Ó!ôÓ˚ ˆÎ xyò¢≈ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl í˛z˛õfiÌy!˛õï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ï˛y !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚
§ÙhflÏ Ü˛yÎ≈yÓ!°ˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ˲yÓÓyò#Ó˚y ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎ ¢,C°yÓ˚ ܲÌy ˲yÓy •ˆÏFSÈ ï˛y •ˆÏÓ
xhs˝/ç ~ÓÇ fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛– ˆ§áyˆÏl !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yÎ˚ !ã˛hs˝yÎ˚ Óy fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛ •zFSÈyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÓyôyòyˆÏlÓ˚
≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ÌyܲˆÏÓ lyñ §Ó≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe fl∫yô#lï˛y ÓçyÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ï˛ˆÏÓ fl∫yô#lï˛yˆÏܲ !ܲS%È xl%ˆÏÙyòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°G ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚
¢,C°yˆÏï˛•z ˲yÓÓyò !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y xÓ¢ƒ•z !lÎ˚Ù l#!ï˛Ó˚ Ó¢ƒï˛y fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ܲ!ë˛l G ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚
!lÎ˚ÙyÓï≈˛# ç#ÓlÎy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ•z !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zFã˛Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôà%!° ÎÌy §•yl%Ë)˛!ï˛ñ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yñ
òy!Î˚cñ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò §¡õˆÏܲ≈ çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
§#ÙyÓÂôï˛y (Limitation)ı
!¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˲yÓÓyòÈüÈ ~Ó˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° Ù)°ï˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ ~•z !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ÓyhflÏÓ
xÓfiÌyÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ xˆÏlܲ ܲÙñ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ ˜ÓK˛y!lÜ ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà#G Óï≈˛Ùyl !¢«˛yôyÓ˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §Aà!ï˛•#l– !¢«˛yÓ˚
˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ÙÈü~ !ÓK˛yl G xlƒylƒ ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ xl%¢#°lˆÏܲ xӈϕ°y ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl
˜ÓK˛y!lܲ àˆÏÓ£Ïîyñ ˲yÓÓyòÈüÈ~Ó˚ xyôƒy!dܲ çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ !ÓŸªy§ˆÏܲ §ÙÌ≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– ≤Ãyîñ ˛õòyÌ≈!Óòƒyñ Ó˚§yÎ˚î
Óy Ù•yܲy¢ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ Ó›àï˛ çà͈Ïܲ ܲáˆÏly•z xï˛#!wÎ˚Óyò !Ó£ÏÎ˚àï˛ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ §¡∫!°ï˛ ˲yÓÓyòÈüÈ~Ó˚
ï˛_¥ myÓ˚y Óƒyáƒy Óy Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ˲yÓÓyˆÏò ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ Ó•% ¢∑ Óy ôyÓ˚îy xyˆÏSÈñ ÎyˆÏܲ §•ç ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ Óî≈ly
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ lyñ ˆÎÙlÈüÈ xydyñ Ùlñ §_y •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~áyˆÏl !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆÓ!¢ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ܲyÓ˚î xydK˛yl °y˲ G ˆ§•z K˛ylˆÏܲ §Ó≈çl#l K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §yÙO§ƒ !ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyç ˆÜ˛Ó°
x˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– ï˛y•z !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ !¢«˛Ü˛ !lË≈Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ
§¡õˆÏܲ≈ ˲yÓÓyò# òy¢≈!lܲÓ˚y ˆÎ Ùï˛Óyò ˛≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ï˛y xyò¢≈àï˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒ •ˆÏ°G
ÓyhflψÏÓ ï˛y ã˛!Ó˚ï˛yÌ≈ ܲÓ˚y á%Ó•z Ù%¢!ܲ°– xyò¢≈ §yÙy!çܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y !•§yˆÏÓ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ í˛zߨï˛Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚#
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°y !¢«˛yÓ˚ òy!Î˚c •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛Í !ܲv ~•z xyò¢≈ ~ï˛•z §%ò)Ó˚ ≤çyÓ˚# ˆÎñ ˆÏ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §#!Ùï˛
ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ myÓ˚y ˆ§•z xyò¢≈ˆÏܲ ã˛!Ó˚ï˛yÌ≈ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– Ê˛ˆÏ° !¢«˛yÓ˚ ~•z °«˛ƒ !¢«˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yÌ≈# í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ܲÙ≈ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy §M˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÌ≈ •Î˚– ï˛y•z xyò¢≈àï˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˲yÓÓyòÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ e%!ê˛ ly ÌyܲˆÏ°G
ÓyhflÏÓï˛yÓ˚ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ Ù)°ƒ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ù– §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ Ë˛yÓÓyò Ù)°ï˛ Ó%!ÂôÓ,!_Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°ñ ~!ê˛ ¢yŸªï˛ G !fiÌÓ˚ l#!ï˛ ˆÙˆÏl ã˛ˆÏ°– ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ÓyhflÏÓï˛yˆÏܲ ~•z ò¢≈lÈüÈ~ xӈϕ°y ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ly–
K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xï˛ƒhs˝ ˆÓ¢# à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õñ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ ˛õ%hflÏܲ ˆÜ˛!wܲ G ÓyhflÏÓ ç#Ól !ÓÙ)áñ ¢,C°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
xï˛ƒ!ôܲ à%Ó˚%c ≤Ãòyl È üüüÈ Ü˛áˆÏly•z ˆÏܲyˆÏly !¢«˛yò¢≈lÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˛õÎ≈yÆ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ (Conclusion)ı
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y=˛ §#ÙyÓÂôï˛y G e%!ê˛ Ìyܲy §ˆÏ_¥G ~ܲÌy !l!Ÿã˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ §¡õ)î≈ !¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏܲ
§Ó≈yAà§%®Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§ ˲yÓÓyò ˆÎ !Ó!¢T˛ ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà# ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ xyò¢≈ ç#ÓlˆÏÓyô
G §ÙyçÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ˆÏ®ˆÏ•Ó˚ xÓܲy¢ ˆl•z ˆÎ ˲yÓÓyò#
xyòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ !¢«˛y !ÓŸªÈÈüÈÙylÓydyÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ í˛z˛õ°!kôˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 48

≤Ãܲ,!ï˛Óyò åNaturalism)

Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Introduction)ı
˲yÓÓyò ~Ó˚ Ùï˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÓyòG ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ òy¢≈!lܲ Ùï˛Óyò– ~•z òy¢≈!lܲ ôyÓ˚îy xl%ÎyÎ˚# ≤Ãܲ,!ï˛•z
˛õÓ˚Ù §ï˛ƒ– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Ü˛° ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓó ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛•z §Ü˛° òy¢≈!lܲ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù– ~•z Ùï˛ÓyˆÏò !ÓŸªy§# òy¢≈!lܲàî ≤Ãy!îçàˆÏï˛Ó˚ !lÎ˚ÙˆÏܲG ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ !lÎ˚Ù myÓ˚y Óƒyáƒy
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ï˛yÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l Ùyl%£ÏG Ó› çàˆÏï˛Ó˚•z xÇ¢ xÌy≈Í ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò#àî !ÓŸªçàˆÏï˛Ó˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
~ÓÇ âê˛Ùyl xÓfiÌy •zï˛ƒy!ò §Ó!ܲS%ȈÏܲ•z ˜lÓ≈ƒ!=˛Ü˛˛ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà#ˆÏï˛ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
~•z Ùï˛ÓyˆÏò !ÓŸªy§# òy¢≈!lܲàî ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ !ï˛l !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– Ê˛ˆÏ° !ï˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò §,!T˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲò° !ã˛hs˝y!Óò ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ çí˛¸ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yl– ï˛yÑÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
ç#Ól çí˛¸ çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ !lÎ˚Ù myÓ˚y•z ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚ ܲyÓ˚î Ùyl%£Ï çí˛¸ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚•z xÇ¢!ӈϢ£Ï xÌy≈Í Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §Ó!ܲS%È ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒˆÏܲ ˆË˛Ôï˛ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ (Physical Science) !lÎ˚ÙyÓ!°Ó˚ myÓ˚y §%¤%˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Óƒyáƒy
ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÓ– ~•z Ùï˛ÓyòˆÏܲ çí˛¸ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò Óy Ó›Óyò åPhysical Naturalism or Materialism)
Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲò° òy¢≈!lܲ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ Îsf !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛“ly ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xydy Óy xyôƒy!dܲ §_y ӈϰ
!ܲS%È ˆl•z– Ó›çàˆÏï˛ Óy çí˛¸ çàˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ §yÙ@˝Ã# ˆÎÙl Îy!sfܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ ˜ï˛Ó˚# •Î˚ñ ˆï˛Ù!l !ÓŸªÓ ·yˆÏ[˛Ó˚
§Ó!ܲS%È•z ~ܲ Îy!sfܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ §,!T˛˛ •ˆÏFSÈ– §%ï˛yÓ˚yÇ §Ó!ܲS%ȈÏܲ•z Îsf çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ !lÎ˚ÙyÓ!°Ó˚ myÓ˚y Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y
§Ω˛Ó– ~•z ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ Îy!sfܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò (Mechanical Naturalism)–
xyÓ˚ ~ܲ Ùï˛ÓyˆÏò Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ùyl%£Ï ~ܲ §yôyÓ˚l ˜ç!Óܲ §_y åBiological Enity)– ~ܲ•z ˜ç!Óܲ
§_y x!Ë˛Óƒy!=˛Ó˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ hflψÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ Ùyl%ˆÏ£Ï Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ §%¤˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
•ˆÏ° x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !l¡¨hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãy!îÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎ !lÎ˚yÙÓ!° xyˆÏSÈ ˆ§à%!°ˆÏܲ•z ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yà
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~•z Ùï˛ÓyòˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ˜ç!Óܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò (Biological Naturalism)–
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲçl !Óáƒyï˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò# òy¢≈!lܲ •ˆÏ°l ÈüÈ ~!Ó˚T˛ê˛° åAristotle), Ê ˛y!™§ ˆÓܲl
åFrancis Bacon)ñ çуy çƒyܲ%•§z ÓÑ̊ˆ% ¢Ï y (Jean Jaques Roussean), ~°ˆÏòy§ !°Glyí≈˛ •y:!° åAldous
Leonard Huxley)ñ •yÓy≈ê˛ ˆflõlyÓ˚ åHerbert Spencer) ≤ÃÙ%á–
≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛Óyò# !¢«˛yò¢≈l (Naturalism in Education):
xlƒylƒ òy¢≈!lܲ Ùï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛ÓyòG !¢«˛yˆÏܲ lyly !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– !¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌy
Îál ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ù ¢,C°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyÓÂô •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈ° ï˛ál•z ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò Ù%!=˛Ó˚ !l¢yl !òˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏܲ
¢,C°yÙ%=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xy!ÓË≈)˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò !¢«˛y ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ!wܲ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛
!¢«˛y G ò¢≈l 49
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~•z Ùï˛Óyò xl%ÎyÎ˚# !¢«˛y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÃÌyàï˛ ≤Ã!¢«˛î ÓƒÓfiÌy lÎ˚– !¢«˛y •° !¢¢%Ó˚
fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ç#Ól ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y– xT˛yò¢ ¢ï˛y∑# ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xyô%!lܲ ܲy° ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !¢«˛y!ÓòàˆÏîÓ˚ !ã˛hsyˆÏܲ
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò !Ó!˲ߨ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!¢«˛yÓ˚ l#!ï˛ (Principles of Education)ı
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò# ò¢≈l !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲï˛à%!° l#!ï˛ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆ§à%!° •° ÈüÈ
å1ä ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ xl%§Ó˚î åFollow Nature) ı ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò# òy¢≈!lܲ ÓÑ˚%ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ Ùï˛yl%ÎyÎ˚# !¢«˛yÓ˚ ܲyç
¢%ô%Ùye !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ˲!Ó£ÏƒÍ˛ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°y lÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛ ò«˛ï˛y G §•çyï˛ ≤ÃÓ,!_Ó˚
!Óܲy¢ âê˛yˆÏly•z •° !¢«˛yÓ˚ xy§° °«˛ƒ– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛•z •° !¢¢%Ó˚ xyò¢≈ !¢«˛Ü˛– ï˛y•z !Óòƒy°Î˚à%!°ˆÏï˛ Ü,˛!eÙ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆçyí˛¸ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
å2ä xyd!¢ál åSelf Learning) ı ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ !lçfl∫ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
!¢áˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– Ó•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ï˛_¥àï˛ K˛yl ~áyˆÏl ˆàÔî Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
å3ä !¢¢%ˆÏܲ!wܲ !¢«˛y åChild Centred Education): çl ~í˛yÙ‰§‰ åJohn Adams) ≤ÃÌÙ
!¢¢%ˆÏܲ!wܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏSÈl– ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !¢ál ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ !¢¢%•z Ù)° ˆÜ˛w!Ó®%– !¢«˛Ü˛ ~áyˆÏl §•yÎ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚
Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
å4ä !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˛≤Ãà!ï˛¢#° ôyÓ˚îy åProgressive Manner of Education) ı !¢¢%Ó˚ ˜ò!•Ü˛ G
Ùyl!§Ü˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ÙˆÏܲG à!ï˛¢#° •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– !¢¢%Ó˚ ç#Ól !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚ 嘢¢Óñ
Óy°ƒñ ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ä xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ÙˆÏܲG !¢¢%Ó˚ §yôyÓ˚î ÓÎ˚§ ~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˜ï˛!Ó˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
å5ä !¢¢%Ó˚ §¡õ)l≈ fl∫yô#lï˛y (Complete Freedom of the Child) ı ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛
!¢¢%Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yˆÏܲ §¡õ)l≈ fl∫yô#lï˛y !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ôÓ˚yÓyÑôy !lÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÓшÏô
ly ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛l G x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛yÓ˚ §¡õ)l≈ §%ˆÏÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
å6ä •z!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛î åTraining of Senses) ı •z!wÎ˚•z •° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ K˛yl xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl
í˛z˛õyÎ˚– •z!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §!ë˛Ü˛ G ÓyhflÏÓ K˛yl °y˲ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ï˛y•z ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ •z!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛î !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ
ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢¢% ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ K˛yl °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
å7ä Ó›ôÙ≈# !¢«˛y åMaterialistic Education): §%á# G fl∫yFSÈ®ƒ˛õ)î≈ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ Ó› §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛
K˛yl á%Ó•z çÓ%̊Ó˚#– ï˛y•z ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛Óyò#Ó˚y xyôƒy!dܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ Ó›ôÙ≈# !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ˆçyí˛¸ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl–
!¢¢%Ó˚y !Ó!˲ߨ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ G §,!T˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ó›ôÙ≈# K˛yl °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
å8ä ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ !¢«˛y åNegative Education): ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò# òy¢≈!lܲ ÓÑ˚%ˆÏ¢y ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚
ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏSÈl– !ï˛!l ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ ˆÎ !¢«˛y §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ K˛ylòyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ K˛yl xy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚îà%!°ˆÏܲ Óy
K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚à%!°ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ K˛yl @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y•z •° ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛
!¢«˛yñ ~Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° •z!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyç≈l ~ÓÇ Î%!=˛¢!=˛Ó˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ !Óܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yòyl–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 50
!¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ åAims of Education):
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò# òy¢≈!lܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §!ë˛Ü˛ °«˛ƒ !lôy≈Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y á%Ó•z ܲ!ë˛l ܲyç– ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î
•° ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#° ï˛y•z !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒG ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#° •GÎ˚y ÓyM˛l#Î˚– !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò#
òy¢≈!lܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏSÈl– ˜ç!Óܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ •° !¢¢%ˆÏܲ
˲!Ó£ÏƒÍ˛ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ܲˆÏÓ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°yñ çí˛¸ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ G xyl®òyÎ˚ܲ
ç#ÓlÎy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˆòGÎ˚y•z !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ– xˆÏlˆÏܲ ӈϰˆÏSÈl !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ç#Ól ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà
§yÌ≈ܲ˲yˆÏÓ x!˲ˆÏÎyçl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚y•z •° !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ– xyô%!lܲ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ !Ó!¢T˛ !¢«˛y!Óò §ƒyÓ˚
ÌÙy§ ˛õy!¢≈lyl ӈϰˆÏSÈlÈüü ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ï˛y xyly– (Sir
Thomas Percy Nunn- The proper goal of human life is perfection of the invidual.) ï˛y•z
!¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ •° ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !lçfl∫ fl∫yï˛sfƒˆÏܲ Ê%˛!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚y– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ã˛hs˝y!Óò ӈϰl ÈüÈ
!¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ •° !¢¢%ˆÜÏ ˛ ï˛yÓ˚ xyd!¢ál åSelf-learning) ~ÓÇ xyd≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢ (Self-expression) §•yÎ˚ï˛y
ܲÓ˚y– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò# òy¢≈!lܲˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒà%!°ˆÏܲ !ӈϟ’£î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛yÑÓ˚y ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ•z
≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛Ìy•z Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ï˛yшÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ xl%ÎyÎ˚# !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §•yÎ˚ï˛y
ܲÓ˚y•z •° !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ– xyÓ˚ ï˛yÑÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~•z !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ !•§yˆÏÓ !¢¢% xyl®ÙÎ˚ ç#ÓlÎy˛õl
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •ˆÏÓ– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ó›àï˛ ã˛y!•òy ˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛!ÆÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙÏ•z xyl® xyˆÏ§– ï˛y•z ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò#Ó˚y
ÙˆÏl ܲˆÓ˚l !¢«˛y Ùyl%ˆ£ÏÓ˚ Ó›àï˛ ã˛y!•òyà%!° ˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛Æ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •ˆÏÓ–
˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù (Curriculum) ı
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò# òy¢≈!lܲÓ˚y !¢¢%Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Ó!ô!lˆÏ£Ïô xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ«˛˛õyï˛# ll– ï˛yÑÓ˚y ÙˆÏl
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛lñ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !¢¢%Ó˚•z !lçfl∫ òyÓ# G «˛Ùï˛y xyˆÏSÈ ï˛yÑÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚– ï˛y•z !¢¢%ˆÏܲ xÓyô
fl∫yô#lï˛y !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ– ã˛Ó˚Ù ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò# •yÓ≈yê˛ ˆflõl§yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛
Ù)°ï˛/ Óƒ!=˛ fl∫yï˛sfƒÙ)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §Ó≈≤Ãôyl ôÙ≈ •° xyd§ÇÓ˚«˛î åSelf -preservation)– ï˛y•z
!ï˛!l ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙ ~Ùl §Ó !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §ÇÎ%=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl Îy xyd§ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏî ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
§•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !¢¢% ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy xl%ÎyÎ˚# ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ x!˲K˛ï˛y xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ Óy !¢áˆÏÓ–
ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù xl%¢#°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓly– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò# òy¢≈!lܲÓ˚y ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù
!lÓy≈ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚– ï˛yÑÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ Ó›àï˛ xyl® !òˆÏï˛
•ˆÏ° ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ÓK˛ylˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ï˛yшÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù •ˆÏÓ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ xl%¢#°l ≤Ãyôylƒ ˛õyˆÏÓ– !¢¢%Ó˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ܲÌy !ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%!° xhsË%≈˛=˛
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ÈüÈ
å1ä ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ !ÓK˛yl ı ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÌyܲˆÏÓ ˛õòyÌ≈!Óòƒyñ Ó˚§yÎ˚lñ ≤Ãyî#!Óòƒyñ í˛z!qò!Óòƒy •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~•z
!ÓK˛ylà%!° !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ çylˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
!¢«˛y G ò¢≈l 51
å2ä à!îï˛ G ˲y£Ïy ı ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò#Ó˚y à!îï˛ñ ˲y£Ïy G §y!•ï˛ƒˆÏܲ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙ xhsË%≈˛=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏSÈl–
!ê˛É ~•zã˛É •y:!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ §y!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛ G §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%!°ˆÏܲ !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ çy!àˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
å3ä •z!ï˛•y§ G §Ùyç!Óòƒy ı ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyô%!lܲ K˛ylˆÏܲ xyÎ˚_ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ôyÓ˚y
xl%¢#°l ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– •z!ï˛•y§ G §Ùyç!Óòƒy !¢¢%ˆÏܲ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ˆã˛ï˛ly !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ôyÓ˚y!ê˛ xl%¢#°l
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ Óï≈˛Ùyl ç#ÓˆÏl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ í˛z˛õ°!kôˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
å4ä Ü,˛!£Ïܲyç G ܲyÓ˚%!¢“ ı ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%!° !¢¢%ˆÏܲ fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˆòˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î «˛Ùï˛y Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
å5ä ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ G fl∫yfĩ !¢«˛y ı ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò#Ó˚y xyd§ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚ !¢«˛y G fl∫yfĩ !¢«˛yÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlñ ï˛yÑÓ˚y ӈϰˆÏSÈl !¢¢%ˆÏܲ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ xAà §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà
!òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~•z ≤Ã!Ü Î˚yÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z xydÓ˚«˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° !¢áˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
å6ä xÇܲl ı ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò#Ó˚y xÇܲlˆÏܲ !¢¢%Ó˚ xyd≤Ãܲy¢lyÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ˆÜ˛Ô¢° !•§yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
ï˛y•z xÇܲlˆÏܲ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙ xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ ܲyç !•§yˆÏÓ xhs˝Ë≈)˛=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
å7ä ôÙ≈#Î˚ G ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ !¢«˛y ı ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò#Ó˚y ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ !¢¢%Ó˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚
ôÙ≈ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– xyÓ˚ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ !¢¢%Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆçyí˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚ l#!ï˛ˆÏÓyô
ã˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ly– ï˛yÓ˚y ÓyhflÏÓ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ !lÎ˚ˆÏÙ ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ G ¢y!hflÏ °y˲
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ Ùyl àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛°ˆÏÓ–
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò# ôyÓ˚îyÎ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~•z xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈñ ï˛yÓ˚y ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ÙˆÏܲ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛
!l!ò≈T˛ x!˲K˛ï˛y Óy ˛õyë˛ƒ!ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §#ÙyÓÂô ly ˆÓ˚ˆÏáñ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ¢# !Óhfl,Ïï˛ G ÓyhflÏÓ§¡øï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚
≤ÃhflÏyÓ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl–
!¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ (Methods of Teaching):
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÓyòÈüÈ~Ó˚ òy¢≈!lܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !¢¢% xyd§!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yÎ˚ !¢«˛y °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ Ù%რ≤ÃÓ=˛y
Ó˚%шϢy ӈϰˆÏSÈlÈüü Give your Pupil no Verbal lesson. •z!wÎ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛y åLearning
through Senses), •yˆÏï˛ Ü˛°ˆÏÙ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛y åLearning by Doing), ˆá°yFSȈϰ !¢«˛y å˛Play
Way Education) ~à%!° •° ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò# òy¢≈!lܲˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)°Ùsf xÌy≈Í ~•z Ùï˛Óyò xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˆÎ ˛õÂô!ï˛
!¢¢%ˆÏܲ !l!‹;Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏáñ ï˛y ܲál•z xyò¢≈ !¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ly– !¢¢% ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy xl%ÎyÎ˚# ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛
x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢áˆÏÓ– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò#Ó˚y ˛õÂô!ï˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ù)°ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ Ó˚ã˛ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy
ӈϰˆÏSÈl– !Óòƒy°Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚y Îï˛ò)Ó˚ §Ω˛Ó fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ í˛zß√%=˛ ≤Ãyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚
!¢«˛y ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏSÈlÈüü @˝Ãr̈Ïܲ!wܲï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ Ù)ï≈˛ !ç!lˆÏ§Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ x!˲K˛ï˛y°yÏ˲ÈüÈ~Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆçyí˛¸ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 52
!¢«˛Ü˛ åTeacher):
≤Ãܲ, !ï˛ÓyòÈüÈ~ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï òy!Î˚c x˛õ≈î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛Óyò#Ó˚y ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚
ܲyç K˛yl !Óï˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y lÎ˚ñ ï˛yÑÓ˚ ܲyç •ˆÏÓ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ Ó˚ã˛ly ܲÓ˚y ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !¢¢% fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ
x!˲K˛ï˛y xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˛õyˆÏÓ– !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy •ˆÏÓ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚– !ï˛!l !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÙ≈≤Ãîy°# ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyˆÏç §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl !ï˛!l ÈüÈ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢y§l ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl ly– !¢¢%Ó˚y
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y•z ¢y!§ï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
¢,C°y åDiscipline) ı
!¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ¢,C°y fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò# !¢«˛yòy¢≈!lܲàî Ù%=˛¢,C°y åFree Discipline)
Óy fl∫ï˛/fl≥%˛ï≈˛ ¢,C°yˆÏܲ åSpontaneous Discipline) !ӈϢ£Ï à%Ó˚%c !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ï˛yÑÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ xÓòÙl
Óy ¢y!hflÏÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÎ ¢,C°y fiÌy!˛õï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛y !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùl/≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §yÙO§ƒ˛õ)î≈ lÎ˚ó ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
¢,C°y ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ¢,C°y lÎ˚– ~•z ≤çˆÏAà ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò#àî ~ܲ l#!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ÎyˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ñ Ü,˛ï˛
ܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ¢,C°y– ~˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ù≈Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ !lˆÏçÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î !lÎ˚sfl
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y•z •ˆÏÓ ¢,C°y fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl í˛z˛õyÎ˚–
§#ÙyÓÂôï˛y (Limitation) ı
!¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe §¡õ)l≈ ò¢≈l !•§yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò xÓ¢ƒ•z x˛õÎy≈Æ– ~!ê˛ §•çyï˛ ≤ÃÓ,!_ñ xyˆÏÓˆÏà Óy
≤Èϫ˛yˆÏ˲Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲñ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ G ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô
à%!°ˆÏܲ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyòñ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ hflÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ˛õ)î≈ fl∫yô#lï˛y ˆòÎ˚– ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛
!Ó˛õIlܲ ≤ÃÎ˚y§ ܲyÓ˚î fl∫yô#lï˛y ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z Îy á%!¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xl%ˆÏÙyòl˛õˆÏe ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– Ó›ï˛y!sfܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyòñ
ÓyhflψÏÓÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜lÓ≈ƒ!=˛Ü˛ñ Îy!sfܲ Óƒyáƒy ˆòÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §,!T˛¢#° «˛Ùï˛y í˛zˆÏ˛õ!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– §Ùyç
§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ñ §yÙy!çܲ §Ù§ƒy G ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏlÓ˚ !òÜñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ §yÙy!çܲ ˙!ï˛ˆÏ•ƒÓ˚ ≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚
myÓ˚y ~Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ G Ü ˛Ù!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !òܲ!ê˛ ~•z ò¢≈ˆÏl í˛zˆÏ˛õ!«˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ Î!òG !¢«˛Ü˛ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ K˛yl G x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚
x!ôܲyÓ˚# ï˛Ó%G !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ ~•z ò¢≈lÈüÈ~ ÎÌyÎÌ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ly– !¢¢%Ó˚ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ !mï˛#Î˚
§y!Ó˚Ó˚ fiÌyl ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò !¢¢%ˆÏܲ §¡õ)l≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ¢,C°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˆòÎ˚ñ Îy
ΈÏÌT˛ !Ó˛õIlܲ– ~!ê˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl ã˛y!•òyˆÏܲ•z ˆòˆÏá ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˲!Ó£ÏƒÍ ã˛y!•òy G ÙylÓç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛
°«˛ƒ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ (Conclusion) ı
í˛z˛õ!Ó˚í˛z=˛ §#ÙyÓÂôï˛y Ìyܲy §ˆÏ_¥G xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò# ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xÓòyl x§yÙylƒ–
xyô%!lܲ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ!wܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ (Child-centric Education) ôyÓ˚îy Ù)°ï˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ xÓòyl– !¢«˛yÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ ≤Ãyî¢!=˛˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ !¢«˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÎyà§)e Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚˲yˆÏÓ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò– Óƒ!=˛ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò# !¢«˛yò¢≈l §Ùyl˲yˆÏÓ à%Ó˚%c !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ï˛y•z Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛y xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ ÓyhflÏÓ§¡øï˛ G !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ àˆÏí˛¸
í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!¢«˛y G ò¢≈l 53
≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò
(Pragmatism)

Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Introduction) ı
òy¢≈!lܲ ï˛_¥ !•§yˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò# ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° !˲!_ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚ ã˛y°§≈ !˛õÎ˚y§≈ åCharles Sanders
Peirce) ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ ÎyˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyˆÏòÓ˚ çlܲ åFather of Pragmatism) ӈϰ xyáƒy!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚–
˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyl òy¢≈!lܲ í˛z•z!°Î˚yÙ ˆçÙ§‰ı G çl!í˛í˛z•z ~•z òy¢≈!lܲ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ Ù%რ≤ÃÓ=˛yÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ
˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛!ï˛ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò ~ܲ!ê˛ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyl ò¢≈l– ~!ê˛ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ç#ÓlÎyey G !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚yˆÏܲ•z
≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ !lçfl∫ ç#Ólyò¢≈ ~ÓÇ çyï˛#Î˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ myÓ˚y ˛≤Ã˲yÓy!ß∫ï˛– xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ çyï˛#Î˚
ã˛!Ó˚e•z •° !ÓŸªÓ ·yˆÏ[˛Ó˚ §Ó!ܲS%ȈÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y– ~•z çyï˛#Î˚ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ §ˆÏAà
§yÙO§ƒ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zqÓ–
‘Pragmatism’ ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ Ó%ƒÍ˛õ!_àï˛ xÌ≈ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ~!ê˛ @˝Ã#܉˛ ¢∑ ‘Pragma’ ÎyÓ˚
xÌ≈ •° ܲÙ≈ åAction) ~ÓÇ ‘Pragmatikos’ ÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ •° í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛y (Utility) ˆ«˛ˆÏe í˛zq$ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò# ò¢≈l ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ §Ù§ƒyà%!° §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
!àˆÏÎ˚ Ùyl%£Ï ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%!° ˛õÓ˚#«˛y !lÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyà%!°ˆÏܲ Îyã˛y•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ §ï˛ƒˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ò¢≈l Îy ܲÙ≈ˆÏܲ ≤Ãyôylƒ ˆòÎ˚– ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ò¢≈l ÎyÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
ÓyhflÏÓÙ%á# ܲÙ≈≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Îy Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# xÌy≈Í ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)° ܲÌy •°
í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛y–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ~•z ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ !ã˛Ó˚!fiÌÓ˚ Óy !ã˛Ó˚§ï˛ƒ ӈϰ !ܲS%È ˆl•z– §Ó!ܲS%È•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#° G
˛≤Ãà!ï˛¢#°– ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ã˛Ó˚fiÌyÎ˚#ñ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ x!hflÏcˆÏܲ•z xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xlƒylƒ
≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ Ùï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~!ê˛ xˆÏlܲˆÏÓ¢# Ùyl!Óܲ ܲyÓ˚îñ ÙylÓç#Ól G Ùyl!Óܲ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà•z ~!ê˛
§ÇÎ%=˛– ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyˆÏò ÚÓƒ!=˛ÏÛ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ fiÌyl x!ôܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– ~•z ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)°l#!ï˛ •° ˆÎñ Óƒ!=˛Ï
!lˆÏç•z !lˆÏçÓ˚ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôà%!°ˆÏܲ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô ~ܲ•z çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ !fiÌÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲly– Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô
§òy ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#°– ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò#Ó˚y xyÓ˚G !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎñ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà
§!Ü ˛Î˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §y!ôï˛ •Î˚– ï˛y•z ï˛yÓ˚y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ G ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó˚)˛õyÎ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ¢!=˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
ˆçyí˛¸ ˆòl– Óƒ!=˛Ó˚Ï §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §yÌ≈ܲ §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒÙˆÏ•z !lˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ ¢yáy xyˆÏSÈ– ˆ§à%!° •° ÈüÈ ÙylÓï˛yÓyò#ñ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ G ç#Ó˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ– Ùyl!Óܲ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò §ï˛ƒˆÏܲ ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎ §ï˛ƒ ÙylÓ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ G ï˛yÓ˚ ܲ°ƒyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ §yÙy!@˝ÃÜ Ë˛yˆÏÓ §ˆÏhs˝y£Ïçlܲ–
˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò xl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ §ï˛ƒ •° ÎyˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Îyã˛y•z ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyçl ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏܲ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl ܲyˆÏç °yàyˆÏlyÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚•z ç#Ó˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò#Ó˚y
à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~•z òy¢≈!lܲ Ùï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ=˛y •ˆÏ°l í˛z•z!°Î˚yÙ ˆçÙ§‰ñ çl !í˛í˛z•z G Ê˛y!ò≈ly®
¢#°yÓ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò •° ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à!ï˛¢#° ¢yáyó Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò !¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏܲ
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 54
≤ÃӰ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓyhflÏÓ G í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ò¢≈l– ~!ê˛ !¢«˛Ü˛ï˛y G !¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°ˆÏܲ•z ≤Ãôyl ӈϰ ôˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~!ê˛ !Óòƒy°Î˚à%!°ˆÏܲ ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ °ƒyÓˆÏÓ˚ê˛!Ó˚ G GÎ˚yÜ≈˛¢ˆÏ˛õ ˛õÓ˚!îï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ xy¢yÓyò#ñ í˛zͧy•# G˛ ܲÙ≈«˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– ~!ê˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyd!ÓŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚
§M˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!¢«˛yÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò (Pragmatism in Education)ı
≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yl#!ï˛ˆÏܲ lyly!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !òܲ
!ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò# ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà !¢«˛yÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛!ê˛ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyˆÏÓ–
!¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ (Aims of Education)ı
˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò# ò¢≈ˆÏl Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓlˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ G ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛y•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò#Ó˚y !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏlyG !l!ò≈T˛ °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰl!l– ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò# òy¢≈!lܲ !¢«˛y!Óò
çl !í˛í˛z•z ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !lç !lç ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ˛õ,Ìܲ •ˆÏÓ– ï˛y•z
!¢«˛yÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ӈϰ !ܲS%ȈÏܲ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •ˆÏÓ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ lï%˛l lï%˛l
Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚y– !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ˆ§•z§Ó ˜ò!•Ü˛ñ Ùyl!§Ü˛ §yÙy!çܲ G ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ ܲˆÏÙ≈ !lˆÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚yñ ÎyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
ï˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô çy@˝Ãï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ò¢≈l xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ Ùyl%£Ï ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õy!Ó˚˛õy!Ÿª≈ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ≤Ã!ï˛ Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛•z
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#° ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛•z Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ lï%˛l x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ~•z lï%˛l x!˲K˛ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ
!¢«˛y @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÎyàƒï˛y xç≈l ܲÓ˚y•z !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ– xyÓyÓ˚ xyô%!lܲ ≤ÃÌyàï˛ !¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚
!¢«˛yˆÏܲ §yÙy!çܲ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ÓƒÓfiÌy !•§yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ï˛y•z !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ
!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ܲˆÏÓ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°y•z !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ– xï˛~Ó ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò# ò¢≈ˆÏl !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !l!ò≈T˛ï˛y ˆl•z– ˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏl x!˲K˛ï˛y •ˆÏï˛ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §Ó≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛y@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚
ˆÎyàƒï˛y xç≈ˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°•z !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !¢«˛y §yÌ≈ܲ •ˆÏÓ ÓˆÏ° ≤ÈÎ˚yàÓyò#àî !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l–
õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù((Curriculam)ı
!¢«˛yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò#Ó˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !l!ò≈T˛˛ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù Ìyܲy í˛z!ã˛ï˛ lÎ˚–
ï˛yÓ˚y ӈϰˆÏSÈl ~•z ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ !ܲS%È•z fiÌyÎ˚# lÎ˚– §Ó•z §yÙ!Î˚ܲ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#°– !¢¢%Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ lyly
hflψÏÓ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ã˛y!•òyñ ≤ÃÓîï˛yñ Ó˚%!ã˛ §yÙÌ≈ƒ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù !ÓlƒhflÏ •ˆÏÓñ xÌy≈Í ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù •ˆÏÓ
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#° G lÙl#Î˚– ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò#Ó˚y ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ l#!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ˆçyí˛¸
!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆ§!ê˛ •° í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ l#!ï˛– !Óòƒy°Î˚ xÓ¢ƒ•z !¢¢%ˆÏÜ ˆ§•z x!˲K˛ï˛y ˆòˆÏÓ ˆÎà%!° ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛
í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ~ÓÇ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙ ˆ§•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%!°•z xhsË%≈˛=˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎà%!° K˛yˆÏlyˆÏß√£Ï âê˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
ܲÙ≈˛õê%˛ˆÏcÓ˚ çß√ ˆòÎ˚ñ ˆÎà%!° !¢¢%Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ï˛yÓ˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl G ˲!Ó£ÏƒÍ˛ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚– ˆÎÙl
˲y£Ïyñ fl∫yfĩñ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ≤Ã!¢«˛îñ •z!ï˛•y§ G Ë)˛ˆÏày°ñ à!îï˛ñ !ÓK˛ylñ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ à,•!ÓK˛ylñ Ü,˛!£Ï!ÓK˛yl
•zï˛ƒy!ò §ÙhflÏ•z !Óòƒy°Î˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ •GÎ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò#Ó˚y !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ≤çˆÏAà xyˆÏÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ l#!ï˛Ó˚ ܲÌy í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ï˛yÑÓ˚y ӈϰˆÏSÈl x!˲K˛ï˛y Óy ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚
!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›à%!°ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ !•§yˆÏÓ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– òy¢≈!lܲ
!¢«˛y G ò¢≈l 55
çl !í˛í˛z•zÈüÈÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› ~Ùl •ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆ§à%!° SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ G §yÙy!çܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚
§ˆÏAà §¡õ,=˛ •Î˚– xyÓyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò# ò¢≈ˆÏl !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%!°Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙ §yÙy!çܲñ fl∫yô#l
G í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ≤ÈÏîy!òï˛ Ü˛yÎ≈yÓ!°ˆÏܲG xhsË%≈˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°à%!° !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ à%ˆÏîÓ˚
!Óܲy¢ âê˛yÎ˚ñ fl∫yô#l G í˛zˆÏòƒyà# ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ çß√ ˆòÎ˚ñ lyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏcÓ˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ §%¢,C°y çy!àˆÏÎ˚
ˆï˛yˆÏ°– ï˛y•z !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ hflψÏÓ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •° ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛y §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù xÓ¢ƒ•z
ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°ˆÏܲ!wܲ •ˆÏÓ– ~SÈyí˛¸yG ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò#Ó˚y ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙ xyÓ˚G ܲï˛Ü˛à%!° l#!ï˛ xl%§Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl
ˆÎÙl ÈüÈ §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yñ Ó,!_Ù%á#lï˛yñ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ˆÏÎyàƒï˛yñ !ÓK˛ylÙlflÒï˛yñ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒï˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò–
!¢«˛î˛õÂô!ï˛ åMethods of Teaching) ı
!¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ !lô≈yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yñ fl∫yô#lï˛yñ §Ù§ƒy §Ùyôyl •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!ӈϢ£Ï à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò#Ó˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l Ùyl%£Ï ï˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚•z §ï˛ƒˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y•z ï˛yÓ˚y ܲÙ≈ˆÏܲ!wܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– xyÓ˚ ˆ§•z !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚yÓ˚ myÓ˚y
≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛y!Óòàî !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ l#!ï˛ !lôy≈Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y!˲!_ܲ
åActivity Based) !Ó!˲ߨ !¢«˛y˛õÂô!ï˛ Îy Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe çl!≤ÃÎ˚ï˛y xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆ§à%!°Ó˚
Ù)ˆÏ° xyˆÏSÈ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò# l#!ï˛– !¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ~•z l#!ï˛ˆÏܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ≤ÃÓ=˛y
çl !í˛í˛z•z ï˛yÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy §Ùyôyl ˛õÂô!ï˛ åProblem Solving Method) ≤ÃÓï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ°
çl !í˛í˛z•zÈüÈÓ˚ !¢£Ïƒ G xl%àyÙ# í˛z•z!°Î˚yÙ •yí≈˛ !ܲ°˛õƒy!ê˛∆ܲ åWilliam Hard Kilpatrick) ˆ§•z §Ù§ƒy
§Ùyôyl ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyô%!lܲ ≤ÈÏçQ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~•z ≤ÈÏçQ ˛õÂô!ï˛ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚
˛õyë˛ƒ!Ó£ÏÎ˚ Óy x!ç≈ï˛ K˛ylˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ §Ù§ƒyÎ˚ !Ó˲=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ SÈyeÓ˚y ÎyˆÏï˛ xy˛õl ˆã˛T˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y §Ù§ƒyà%!°Ó˚
§Ùyôyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛y°y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– !¢«˛Ü˛ ~áyˆÏl
§•yÎ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
≤ÈÏçQ ˛õÂô!ï˛ åProject Method) ı
!¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy!˲!_ܲ ܲÙ≈!lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ñ §yÙy!çܲ í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ܲÙ≈§¡õyòˆÏl
í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ܲÙ≈˛õ!Ó˚fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛y•z •° ≤ÈÏçQ ˛õÂô!ï˛–
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ≤ÈÏçQ ÙyˆÏl•z ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ù§ƒy– ~áyˆÏl §Ù§ƒy !lÓy≈ã˛l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï–
!¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ~áyˆÏl fl∫ï˛/fl≥%˛ï≈˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÌy≈Í ≤ÈÏçQ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ Ù)° ܲÌy •°
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ §)e á%шÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚
K˛yl xy•Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y–
≤ÈÏçQ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ı
å1ä í˛zˆÏj¢ƒfiÌy˛õl ı ≤ÃÌÙï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyç!ê˛ !ë˛Ü˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ
§ˆÏAà ˆ§•z ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° !ܲ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ §y!ôï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆ§ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛G ï˛yÓ˚y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
å2ä ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ı !mï˛#Î˚ hflψÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ~ÓÇ !¢«˛Ü˛ ܲÙ≈§¡õyòˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ §Ω˛yÓƒ !òܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïî
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly Ó˚ã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
å3ä §¡õyòl ı ~•z hflψÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ܲyˆÏç x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù≈§¡õyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 56
å4ä !Óã˛yÓ˚ܲÓ˚î ı §Ó≈ˆÏ¢£Ï hflψÏÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ Óy ܲyç!ê˛Ó˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛° !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ xÌy≈Í ˆÎ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚
!˲!_ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yç ¢%Ó˚% •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# Ê˛°°y˲ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Óy ï˛y ܲï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ §yÌ≈ܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y !Óã˛yÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáy •Î˚–
í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏçQˆÏܲ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ Ë˛yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ÈüÈ
å1ä §Çàë˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÈÏçQ ı ˆÎˆÏܲyˆÏly ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §,çlôÙ≈# ܲyç ~•z ≤ÈÏçˆÏQÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛– ˆÎÙl lyê˛Ü˛ñ
x!˲lˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚y Óy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ !ç!l§ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yñ •zï˛ƒy!ò–
å2ä í˛z˛õˆÏ˲yàydܲ Óy @˝Ã•îydܲ ≤ÈÏçQ ı È ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%ȈÏܲ í˛z˛õˆÏ˲yà ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ~•z
ܲyç Óy ≤ÈÏçQ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎÙl à“ˆÏ¢ylyñ àyl ˆ¢yly •zï˛ƒy!ò–
å3ä !ӈϢ£Ï !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÈÏçQ ı ~•z çyï˛#Î˚ ≤ÈÏçˆÏQÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° !ӈϢ£Ï ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ!wܲ
ܲyç ܲÓ˚y Óy K˛yl xyÎ˚_ ܲÓ˚y– ˆÎÙlÈ Ü˛!Óï˛y Ù%áfiÌ Ü˛Ó˚yñ xˆÏAܲÓ˚ §%òܲ£Ïy ˆ¢áyñ Ë)˛ˆÏàyˆÏ°Ó˚ ç!Ó˚˛õ ˆ¢áy
•zï˛ƒy!ò–
å4ä §Ù§ƒyÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÈÏçQ ı ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï Ùyl!§Ü˛ §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ˆÏÎ §Ó ˛≤ÈÏçQ @˝Ã•î
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ӈϰ §Ù§ƒyÙ)°Ü˛ ˛˛≤ÈÏçQñ ˆÎÙlÈüÈ @˝Ã•î ˆÜ˛l •Î˚ñ Ü%˛Î˚y¢y ˆÜ˛l •Î˚ •zï˛ƒy!ò–
xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛y!Óòàî !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ≤ÈÏçQ ˛õÂô!ï˛ §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚
ܲyç xˆÏlܲyLjϢ !ÓK˛yl §¡øï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ≤ÈÏçQ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ Ù)°l#!ï˛à%!° xÓ°¡∫l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆ§à%!° •°
í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ l#!ï˛ñ fl∫ï˛/fl≥%˛ï≈˛ï˛yÓ˚ l#!ï˛ñ ÓyhflÏÓï˛yÓ˚ l#!ï˛ñ í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ l#!ï˛ñ §yÙy!çܲ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ l#!ï˛ G
àlï˛y!sfܲ ≤Ãîy°#Ó˚ l#!ï˛– ≤ÈÏçQ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ §!Ü Î˚ï˛yÓyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ï˛y•z ~!ê˛ !¢«˛Ì≈#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ܲÙ≈ˆÏ≤ÃÓ˚îy ˆÎyàyÎ˚– ~à%!° §yôyÓ˚îï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ •Î˚– ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ !lçfl∫
!ã˛hs˝y¢!=˛ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •Î˚ñ ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛Ü˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈# §¡õÜ≈˛ xˆÏlܲ §•ç •Î˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !¢«˛y xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ¢#
Ê˛°≤ç% •Î˚–
!¢«˛Ü˛ åTeacher) :
!¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ òy!Î˚c §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò#Ó˚y ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ ï˛yÑÓ˚ ܲyç •ˆÏÓ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ çlƒ xyò¢≈ ç#Ól ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢
§,!T˛ ܲÓ˚yñ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !¢¢% ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°à%!° xyÎ˚_ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ !¢«˛y ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yˆÏܲ xˆÏ@˝Ã fiÌyl ˆòÎ˚ ï˛y•z !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˛≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ hflψÏÓ˚•z
§!Ü ˛Î˚˲yˆÏÓ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓñ §yôyÓ˚î !lÎ˚Ù xl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ !¢«˛Ü˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ˛“ly Ó˚ã˛ly
ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ !ܲv !¢«˛Ü˛ ~áyˆÏl !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ly– ï˛ˆÏÓ !ï˛!l ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õyˆÏë˛Ó˚
§Ó ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚•z xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl– ï˛yÑÓ˚ òy!Î˚c àï˛yl%à!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õyë˛òyˆÏlÓ˚ òy!Î˚ˆÏcÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ¢#– !ï˛!l
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lÓy≈ã˛ˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
!¢«˛Ì≈# ˆÎ !ӈϢ£Ï §Ù§ƒy !lÓy≈ã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛y ˆÎl !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ •Î˚ñ !¢«˛Ü˛ ˆ§!òˆÏܲ
!¢«˛y G ò¢≈l 57
°«˛ƒ Ó˚yáˆÏÓl xÌy≈Í ~ܲܲÌyÎ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ Órô%ñ §•yÎ˚ܲ ~ÓÇ ˆÎyàƒ !lˆÏò≈¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl–
¢,C°y åDiscipline)ı
≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò ò¢≈l xl%ÎyÎ˚# !¢¢%Ó˚ ¢,C°y •ˆÏÓ xhs˝ç≈yï˛ fl∫ï˛/fl≥%˛ï≈˛– !¢¢%Ó˚y !lˆÏçÓ˚ xy@˝ÃˆÏ••z ܲyç
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓñ §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ó¢,C°ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §%ˆÏÎyà ÌyܲˆÏÓly– ï˛yÓ˚y fl∫ï˛/fl≥%˛ï≈˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
˛≤Ã!ï˛ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ !lˆÏÎ˚ ¢,C°y fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
!¢«˛y°Î˚ åSchool)ı
≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò# òy¢≈!lܲ çl !í˛í˛z•z ӈϰˆÏSÈl ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ !Óòƒy°Î˚ •ˆÏÓ ¢%Âôñ §Ó˚° ~ÓÇ §%§Ù!ß∫ï˛ §Ùyç–
åSchool is a simplified, purified and beter balanced society.) xÌy≈Í §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ Îy !ܲS%È xl%ܲÓ˚î#Î˚ñ
!¢«˛î#Î˚ñ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ˆ§à%!°ˆÏܲ §Ó˚° ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xyò¢≈y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ §yÙO§ƒ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá
!¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ– ~•z !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛cG !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ
x@˝Ãà!ï˛G §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÓ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò# ôyÓ˚îyÎ˚ !¢«˛y°Î˚ !lSÈܲ ˛õyë˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ çlƒ !l!ò≈T˛ fiÌyl
lÎ˚ó ¢%Âô ç#ÓlÎy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ~ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢–
§#ÙyÓÂôï˛y (Limitation)ı ˛
≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò# ò¢≈l !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §ÙyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !lÓ˚AÜ%˛¢ Ùylò[˛ˆÏܲ ˆÙˆÏl
ˆlÎ˚ly– !¢«˛y Ùyl%£ˆÏ ÜÏ ˛ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ lï%˛l ÙylòÏ[˛ §,!T˛ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ¢yŸªï˛ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ§Ôºyï,˛cˆÏÓyô
G §%§Çà!ï˛Ó˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô SÈyí˛¸y Ùyl!Óܲ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l •Î˚ ly– ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò ÙylÓï˛yÓyˆÏòÓ˚
§Îb°y!°ï˛ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôà%!°ˆÏܲ xӈϕ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò xyôƒy!dܲ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôà%!°Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛
ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓyˆÏòÓ˚•z §ÙyÌ≈ܲ– !l/fl∫yÌ≈ ÙylÓï˛yÓyˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z ò¢≈ˆÏl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly fiÌyl ˆl•z– ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò#
ò¢≈lÈüÈ~ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ!ê˛ xˆÏlܲyLjϢ•z xflõT˛– ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò# !¢«˛y˛õÂô!ï˛ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ%=˛ lÎ˚– ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò#àî
Ù%=˛ ˛õë˛l˛õyë˛l ~ÓÇ §yÇflÒ,!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%!°ˆÏܲ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy˛ˆÜ˛yˆÏly˲yˆÏÓ•z Î%!=˛§Aàï˛ lÎ˚–
í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ (Conclusion)ı
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y=˛ §#ÙyÓÂôï˛y Ìyܲy §ˆÏ_¥G ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò !¢«˛yˆÏܲ lyly!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÜ˛yÌyG
~•z ≤Ã˲yÓ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ñ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyG ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛– ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò ÓyhflÏÓÓyò# ò¢≈l •GÎ˚yÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ xyô%!lܲ
!¢«˛y ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÓyhflÏÓ§¡øï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ– !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyòÈüÈ~Ó˚ xÓòyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ
!òܲ •ˆÏ°y §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ– xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ܲÙ≈ˆÏܲ!wܲ ˲yÓôyÓ˚y Ù)°ï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò myÓ˚y
≤Ã˲y!Óï˛– ~•z§Ó !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò# ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ ≤ÃÙy!îï˛–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 58
§yÓ˚§ÇˆÏ«˛˛õ åSummaryä
≤ÃÌÙ ~ܲܲ ı !¢«˛y ~ÓÇ ò¢≈ˆlÏ Ó˚ xÌ≈ñ ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §¡õÜ≈˛

!¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° Óƒ!=˛ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §Ó≈yAà#l !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚y– ~•z §Ó≈yAà#l !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ùyl
ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye Ó›ôÙ#≈ §)ã˛Ü˛ myÓ˚y !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ã˛y•z í˛zߨï˛ï˛Ó˚ ç#Ólyò¢≈– í˛zߨï˛ï˛Ó˚
ç#Ólyò¢≈•z ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒÙ%á# à!ï˛ §M˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛– Óƒ!=˛ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ç#Ólyò¢≈ àˆÏí˛¸
í˛zˆÏë˛ ç#Ólò¢≈l ˆÌˆÏܲ– ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛yñ ç#Ól ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ~•z §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛yÓ˚
~ܲy@˝Ãï˛yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ ç#Ólò¢≈l åPhilosophy of Life.ä– xyÓ˚ ~•z ç#Ólò¢≈l ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲÙ≈ˆÏ≤ÃÓ˚îyÓ˚ §M˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ !¢«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ xÓ¢ƒ•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ~ܲ!ê˛ ç#Ólò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚– ~•z
ç#Ólò¢≈l•z !¢«˛yˆÏܲ Óƒ!=˛ G §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xÌ≈˛õ)î≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ° ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏܲ Óƒy˛õܲ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ï˛y•z ˆçyˆÏ•l àê˛!°ˆÏÎ˚Ó !Ê˛ˆÏã˛ åJohann Gotlieb Ficheä ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛Ó˚)˛õ ~ܲ!ê˛ ç#Ólò¢≈l
SÈyí˛¸y fl∫FSÈï˛y °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ly– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z xyô%!lܲܲyˆÏ° !¢«˛yò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zͲõ!_– ˆÎ ç#Ólò¢≈l
!¢«˛yˆÏܲ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl ï˛yͲõÎ≈Ó• ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ !¢«˛yò¢≈l– ç#Ólò¢≈l ˆÎÙl Ó•%Ù%á#ñ
ˆï˛Ù!l !¢«˛yò¢≈lG Ó•%Ù%á#– ï˛ˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ !¢«˛yò¢≈l !¢«˛yˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ !lçfl∫ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ï˛yͲõÎ≈˛õ)î≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆï˛yˆÏ°– !¢«˛y G ò¢≈l •° ç#Ól ≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ !òܲÈüüüÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ ~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚!ê˛ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ñ í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚•z
°«˛ƒ ~ܲ•zÈüüüÈ Ùyl%£Ï G Ùl%£ÏƒˆÏcÓ˚ §Ù@˝Ã ç#Ól G çà͈Ïܲ ˆÜ˛w ܲˆÏÓ˚•z àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ •zFSÈy
åWill to Liveäñ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ °«˛îñ ≤ÃyˆÏîÓ˚ flõ®lñ §%fiÌ ˆòˆÏ•ñ §ÇÎï˛ ÙˆÏlñ Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ ò#!ƈÏï˛ñ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏô
≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Ùyl%£Ï àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ lï%˛l lï%˛l xôƒyÎ˚ñ Ê˛ˆÏ° §¡õò¢y°# •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ !ÓŸªçàͲÈüüüÈ
§%ò)Ó˚ ˆ§yly!° ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛Ó˚ §yÌ≈ܲ Ó˚)˛õyÎ˚î §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÓ !¢«˛y G ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §yÌ≈ܲ ˆÙ°ÓrôˆÏl–
!mï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲı ã˛yÓy≈ܲ ò¢≈lñ ˜çl ò¢≈l
ã˛yÓy≈ܲ ò¢≈lı ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ ã˛yÓ≈yܲ ò¢≈l ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲÙye çí˛¸Óyò# §¡±òyÎ˚–
çí˛¸Óyò xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ çí˛¸•z ~ܲÙye ï˛_¥ ~ÓÇ çí˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z xˆÏã˛ï˛lñ ˆã˛ï˛lÈüü ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ çyà!ï˛Ü˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚
í˛zͲõ!_ñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ òy¢≈!lܲ !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚yÎ˚ xyôƒy!dܲï˛yÓ˚ xy!ô˛õï˛ƒ ÌyܲˆÏ°G Ó y·îƒ ôÙ≈ G ˜Ó!òܲ !Ü ˛Î˚yܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚
§ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyôƒy!dܲï˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%Âô Ùï˛ÓyòÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ã˛yÓ≈yܲ çí˛¸Óyò ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ã˛yÓ≈yܲ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚
lyÙܲÓ˚î ≤çˆÏAà ˛õ![˛ï˛àˆÏîÓ˚ Ùï˛˜ÏÓ£ÏÙƒ °«˛î#Î˚– ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ã˛yÓ≈yܲ ¢∑!ê˛ Úã˛yÓ˚%Û G ÚÓy܉˛ÈÛüüüÈ
~•z ò%!ê˛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– Úã˛yÓ˚%Û ÙyˆÏl Ùô%Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ÚÓyÜ˛Û ÙyˆÏl ܲÌy– ~Ó˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ˆÎ ò¢≈l
§¡±òyÎ˚ ˆ°yܲy!Î˚ï˛ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ◊%!ï˛Ùô%Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõ!_– Úã˛£Ï≈Û ÙyˆÏl ã˛Ó≈l ܲÓ˚y Óy Åò!Ó˚ܲ ˆË˛yàˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚
xÌ≈yÍ ~•z Ùï˛yl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ÎÑyÓ˚y fiÌ)° •z!wÎ˚§%á ˆË˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ܲ ïÑ˛yÓ˚y•z ã˛yÓ≈yܲ– ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ
ˆ°yܲ˛õ%e Ó,•flõ!ï˛•z çí˛¸ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÓï≈˛Ü˛– Úã˛yÓ≈yÜ˛Û ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ Ù)° xÌ≈ Îy•z ˆ•yܲ ly ˆÜ˛lñ Óï≈˛Ùyl Î%ˆÏà ã˛yÓ≈yܲ
Ó°ˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y çí˛¸Óyò# ly!hflÏܲˆÏܲ•z Ó%ˆÏV˛ Ìy!ܲ– §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y G ˲yÓôyÓ˚y ~•z Ùï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
Óƒ=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÓˆÏ° ~•z ò¢≈lˆÏܲ Úˆ°yܲyÎ˚ï˛ ò¢≈lÛ lyˆÏÙG x!˲!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ã˛yÓ≈yܲàî !ï˛l!ê˛ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚
!Ó˲=˛ÈüüüÈ 1ä ˜Óï˛!u˛Ü˛ §¡±òyÎ˚ñ 2ä ô)ï≈˛ §¡±òyÎ˚ñ 3ä §%!¢!«˛ï˛ §¡±òyÎ˚–
!¢«˛y G ò¢≈l 59
˜çl ò¢≈l ı ˜çl ò¢≈l á%Ó•z ˛≤Ãyã˛#l ò¢≈l ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy˜Ïà!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ Î%ˆÏà ˜çl ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ xy!ÓË≈˛yÓ
âˆÏê˛!SÈ°– ˜çl ò¢≈l¢yflf ˆÓò!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈lï˛sfeˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xlƒï˛Ù– Ú˜çlÛ ¢∑!ê˛ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ Ú!çlÛ ¢∑
ˆÌˆÏܲ– !çl ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÌ≈ çÎ˚#– !Î!l §Ü˛° Ó˚Ü˛Ù Ü˛yÙlyñ Óy§lyñ Ó˚yàñ ˆm£Ï •zï˛ƒy!ò çÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ù%!=˛°y˲
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ !çl– ~•z Ú!çlÛ ~Ó˚ ç#Ólyò¢≈ ÎyÓ˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ
ï˛yшÏòÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚ ˜çl– ˜çl ò¢≈l ~ܲ•z §ˆÏAà ôÙ≈ ~ÓÇ ò¢≈l ò%•z•z– ˜çl ôˆÏÙ≈ ã˛!ÓÁ¢çl !çlˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚ ï˛#Ì≈AܲÓ˚– Úï˛#Ì≈AܲÓ˚Û ¢∑!ê˛G !ӈϢ£Ï ï˛yͲõÎ≈˛õ)î≈ñ ï˛#Ì≈ ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ •° Úlò#Ó˚
âyê˛Û Óy Úˆ§y˛õylÛ– ï˛y•z ˆÎ Óƒ!=˛àî §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ §Ç§yÓ˚Ó˚)˛õ ç°y¢Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z_#î≈ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ§y˛õyl
Ó˚ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ï˛yшÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ•z ˜çl ôˆÏÙ≈ ï˛#Ì≈AܲÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚– ~•z §Ü˛° ï˛#Ì≈AܲÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Ó≈≤ÃÌÙ
ï˛#Ì≈AܲÓ˚ •ˆÏ° }£Ï˲ˆÏòÓ ~ÓÇ §Ó≈ˆÏ¢£Ï ï˛#Ì≈AܲÓ˚ •ˆÏ°l Óô≈Ùylñ ÎyÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚ lyÙ Ù•yÓ#Ó˚– Ù•yÓ#Ó˚ !SȈϰl
ˆàÔï˛ÙÓ%ˆÏÂôÓ˚ §Ù§yÙ!Î˚ܲ Óƒ!=˛ ï˛yÑÓ˚ xy!ÓË≈˛yÓܲy° á #T˛˛õ)Ó≈ £Ï¤˛ ¢ï˛Ü˛– Ó›ï˛ Ù•yÓ#Ó˚ˆÏܲ•z ˜çlôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚
≤ÃÓï≈˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yï˛y ӈϰ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ôyÓ˚îy ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Ù•yÓ#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# ï˛#Ì≈AܲÓ˚ ˛õyŸª≈lyˆÏÌÓ˚ lyÙG
!ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ–
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ ı lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈lñ ˆÎyà ò¢≈l
lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈l ı Î%!=˛ ï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó=˛ÓƒˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ Óy §Ç¢Î˚yï˛#ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
!§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ lƒyÎ˚– ~•z ¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ ò¢≈l Ù)°ï˛ Ó%!Âô G !ӈϟ’£Ïî# «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°– lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈l ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §%≤Ã!§Âô ˜Ó!òܲ £Ïí˛¸‰ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù ò¢≈l¢yflf lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ
≤ÃÓ=˛y !SȈϰl Ù•!£Ï≈ ˆàÔï˛Ù– !ï˛!l x«˛˛õyò lyˆÏÙG ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ !SȈϰl– ï˛y•z lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈lˆÏܲ x«˛lyò ò¢≈l
lyˆÏÙG x!˲!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Ù•!£Ï≈ ÓyͧƒyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ Úl#Î˚ˆÏï˛ xˆÏll •z!ï˛ lƒyÎ˚Ûñ xÌ≈yÍ Î%!=˛Ó˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚
§Ç¢Î˚ Ó˚!•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ Ù#ÙyǧyÎ˚ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ lyÙ•z lƒyÎ˚– Î%!=˛ ï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚
!Óã˛yÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£ÏîˆÏܲ Ùll Óy {«˛y Ó°y •Î˚– lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xl%ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~Ó˚)˛õ !Óã˛yÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚y •Î˚
ӈϰ ~ˆÏܲ xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛# ò¢≈lG Ó°y •Î˚– Î%!=˛!l¤˛ ÙlˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly lƒyÎ˚ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù%áƒ Ü˛yç •GÎ˚yÎ˚
lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈l Óyò!Óòƒy Óy ˆ•ï%˛!Óòƒy Óy xÌ≈¢yflf lyˆÏÙG ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ï˛ˆÏÓ lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈l ¢%ô%Ùye ≤ÃÙy!Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly •Î˚– Ù•!£Ï≈ ÓyͧƒyÎ˚l lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈lˆÏܲ §Ó≈¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ ≤Ãò#˛õ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ӈϰ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ≤Ãò#˛õ
ˆÎÓ˚)˛õ §Ü˛° ˛õòyÌ≈ˆÏܲ xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ myÓ˚y í˛zqy!§ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈lG ˆ§Ó˚)˛õ ≤ÃÙy ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÙyî !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚
myÓ˚y Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙllˆÏܲ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy xlƒylƒ ¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ ï˛_¥ í˛z˛õ°!kôˆÏï˛G §•yÎ˚ܲ •Î˚– ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ¢yáy Óï≈˛Ùyl ÎÌyı 1ä ≤Ãyã˛#l lƒyÎ˚ñ 2ä lÓƒ lƒyÎ˚–
ˆÎyà ò¢≈l ı ˆÎyà ò¢≈l xy!hflÏܲ ò¢≈l ~ÓÇ ~•z ò¢≈l ˆÓˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÙyˆÏîƒ !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚– §yÇრG ˆÎyà
~ܲ•z ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ !˲ߨ !òܲ– Ó›ï˛ ˆÎyà ò¢≈ˆÏl §yÇრò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà•z §)!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÜ˛Ó°
~ܲ!ê˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Óï≈˛Ùyl– §yÇრò¢≈ˆÏl {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ ˆl•z !ܲv ˆÎyà ò¢≈ˆÏl
{ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x!hflÏc fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛– ˆÎyà ò¢≈l xy!hflÏܲ ~ÓÇ §yÇრò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ùylï˛sfÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ≤Ã!§Âô xÌ≈yÍ ~•z ò¢≈l
ˆÓˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÙyˆÏîƒ !ÓŸªy§# ~ÓÇ x!ôܲyÇ¢ !§Âôyhs˝•z §yÇáƒyl%§yÓ˚˚#– ï˛ˆÏÓ {ŸªÓ˚ ≤çˆÏAà ï˛yÑÓ˚y !˲ߨÙï˛–
˙!ï˛•ƒyl%§yˆÏÓ˚ §yÇáƒàî !lÓ˚#ŸªÓ˚Óyò#ñ xyÓ˚ ˆÎyà ò¢≈l ˆ§ŸªÓ˚Óyò#– ï˛y•z §yÇáƒyˆÏܲ !lÓ˚#ŸªÓ˚ §yÇრ~ÓÇ
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 60
ˆÎyàˆÏܲ ˆ§ŸªÓ˚ §yÇრӰy •Î˚– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y §yÇრò¢≈l ˆÎáyˆÏl ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ xy@˝Ã•#ñ ˆÎyà ò¢≈l
ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆ§•z ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà Óy ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚ xy@˝Ã•#– ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛_¥Ù)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚!ê˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÙ)°Ü˛– xyô%!lܲܲyˆÏ°
§yÇრG ˆÎyà ò%!ê˛ fl∫ï˛sf ò¢≈lï˛sfÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ˆÎyà ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y˛õܲ Ù•!£Ï≈ ˛õï˛O!°– ï˛ˆÏÓ !ï˛!l
ˆÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ≤ÃÓï≈˛Ü˛ llñ ˆÜ˛lly ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈G ˆÎyà#Ó˚y ˆÎyà çylˆÏï˛l– ˆÎyà ò¢≈lˆÏܲ ˛õyï˛O° ò¢≈lG Ó°y
•Î˚ñ Ù•!£Ï≈ ˛õï˛O!° Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ˆÎyà§)e Óy ˛õyï˛O°§)e ~•z ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xy!ò xyܲÓ˚ @˝ÃrÌ– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z ˛õï˛O!° ~ÓÇ
˛õy!l!lÓ˚ Ù•y˲y£ÏƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ˛õï˛O!° x!˲ߨ !ܲly ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ Ùï˛yhs˝Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ~ܲܲı ˲yÓÓyòñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyòñ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò
˲yÓÓyò ı ˲yÓÓyò •° ò¢≈l¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ ≤Ãyã˛#lï˛Ù ¢yáy– ~•z Ùï˛ÓyˆÏò !ÓŸªy§# òy¢≈!lܲÓ˚y xyôƒy!dܲ
¢!=˛ˆÏï˛ Óy Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ xyòˆÏ¢≈ !ÓŸªy§#– ˲yÓÓyò !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ùyl%£Ï •° §ÙhflÏ !ܲS%ÈÓ˚ í˛zˆÏôÁ≈– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ
Ùyl%£Ï G ï˛yÓ˚ xydy Óy §_¥yó Ó› G ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ¢# à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– ï˛yÓ˚y Ùyl%£Ï ~ÓÇ ~•z §¡õ)î≈
!ÓŸªÓ ·y[˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲ•z ˲yÓÙ)°Ü˛ Óy xyôƒy!dܲ §_¥yÓ˚ xÇ¢ !•§yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~•z Ùï˛yl%ÎyÎ˚# ˲yÓçàÍ
Óy xyôƒy!dܲ çàÍ•z ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ §ï˛ƒ– Ó›çàÍ ÙyÎ˚y Ùye– xyôƒy!dܲ çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# •ˆÏ°l §Ó≈çl#l
ÙˆÏlÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# {ŸªÓ˚– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ùlñ ~•z §Ó≈çl#l ÙˆÏlÓ˚ xÇ¢ Ùye– ï˛y•z Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° °«˛ƒ
•ˆÏÓñ ˙ §Ó≈çl#l ÙˆÏlÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# {ŸªÓ˚ Óy ˛õÓ˚ÙÓ ·ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y–
≤Ãܲ,!ï˛Óyòı ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ òy¢≈!lܲ Ùï˛Óyò– ~•z òy¢≈!lܲ ôyÓ˚îy xl%ÎyÎ˚# ≤Ãܲ,!ï˛•z ˛õÓ˚Ù
§ï˛ƒ– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Ü˛° ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓó ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛•z §Ü˛° òy¢≈!lܲ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
§«˛Ù– ~•z Ùï˛ÓyˆÏò !ÓŸªy§# òy¢≈!lܲàî ≤Ãyî#çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ !lÎ˚ÙˆÏܲG ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ !lÎ˚Ù myÓ˚y Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
ï˛yÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏl Ùyl%£ÏG Ó› çàˆÏï˛Ó˚•z xÇ¢ xÌy≈Í ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò#àî !ÓŸªçàˆÏï˛Ó˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ~ÓÇ
âê˛Ùyl xÓfiÌy •zï˛ƒy!ò §Ó!ܲS%ȈÏܲ•z ˜lÓƒ!≈˛_≈ܲ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà#ˆÏï˛ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò !¢«˛yˆÏܲ lyly !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– !¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌy Îál ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ù ¢,C°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
xyÓÂô •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈ° ï˛ál•z ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò Ù%!=˛Ó˚ !l¢yl !òˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏܲ ¢,C°yÙ%=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xy!ÓË≈)˛ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò !¢«˛y ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ!wܲ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~•z Ùï˛Óyò
xl%ÎyÎ˚# !¢«˛y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÃÌyàï˛ ≤Ã!¢«˛î ÓƒÓfiÌy lÎ˚– !¢«˛y •° !¢¢%Ó˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ç#Ól ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò ı ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ò¢≈l ÎyÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÓyhflÏÓÙ%á# ܲÙ≈≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Îy Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# xÌy≈Í ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)° ܲÌy •° í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛y– ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò#ˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛ñ ~•z ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ !ã˛Ó˚!fiÌÓ˚ Óy !ã˛Ó˚§ï˛ƒ ӈϰ !ܲS%È ˆl•z– §Ó!ܲS%È•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#° G ˛≤Ãà!ï˛¢#°– ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò
ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ã˛Ó˚fiÌyÎ˚#ñ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ x!hflÏcˆÏܲ•z xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xlƒylƒ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ Ùï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
~!ê˛ xˆÏlܲˆÏÓ¢# Ùyl!Óܲ ܲyÓ˚î ÙylÓç#Ól G Ùyl!Óܲ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà•z ~!ê˛ §ÇÎ%=˛– ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyˆÏò ÚÓƒ!=˛ÏÛ
~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ fiÌyl x!ôܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– ~•z ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)°l#!ï˛ •° ˆÎñ Óƒ!=˛Ï !lˆÏç•z !lˆÏçÓ˚
Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôà%!°ˆÏܲ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô ~ܲ•z çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ !fiÌÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲly– Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô §òy
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#°– ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò#Ó˚y xyÓ˚G !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎñ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §!Ü ˛Î˚
x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §y!ôï˛ •Î˚– ï˛y•z ï˛yÓ˚y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ G ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó˚)˛õyÎ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ¢!=˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆçyí˛¸
ˆòl– Óƒ!=˛Ó˚Ï §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §yÌ≈ܲ §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒÙˆÏ•z !lˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
!¢«˛y G ò¢≈l 61

xl%¢#°l#
§!ë˛Ü˛ í˛z_Ó˚ ÓySÈy•z ܲˆÏÓ˚y / 1 ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿
1ä lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yï˛y •ˆÏ°lÈüüüÈ
åܲä Ù•!£Ï≈ ÓyͧyÎ˚l åáä Ù•!£Ï≈ ˆàÔï˛Ù åàä Óyã˛flõ!ï˛ !Ù◊ åâä çÎ˚hs˝ ˲R
2ä lƒyÎ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÙyîÈÈ _____È ≤ÃܲyÓ˚–
åÜ˛ä ˛õÑyã˛ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ åáä lÎ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ åàä !ï˛l ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ åâä ã˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚
3ä ˆÎyà ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yï˛y •ˆÏ°lÈ_____È –
åÜ˛ä ˛Ù•!£Ï≈ ˛õï˛O!° åáä ˛õyŸª≈lyÌ åàä }£Ï˲ˆÏòÓ åâä ˆàÔï˛Ù Ó%Âô
1 ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿ / ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓyˆÏܲƒ
1ä ˛≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ Ù%რ≤ÃÓ=˛y ˆÜ˛ !SȈϰl⁄
2ä Ó,!_ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÌ≈ !ܲ⁄
3ä lƒyÎ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ xl%Ùyl Ü˛ï˛ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ G !ܲ !ܲ⁄
2 ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿ / §Ó≈y!ôܲ 40!ê˛ ¢∑
1ä ˛‘Philosophy’- ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ Ó%ƒÍ˛õ!_àï˛ xÌ≈ !°á–
2ä lƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÎ˚!ê˛ ¢yáy G !ܲ !ܲ⁄
3ä !ã˛_Ë)˛!Ù Ü˛ï˛ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ G !ܲ !ܲ⁄
6 ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿ / §Ó≈y!ôܲ 150!ê˛ ¢∑
1ä !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ G ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˲yÓÓyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy Óƒ=˛ ܲÏÓ˚–
2ä ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈l §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !Ó¢ò xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÏÓ˚–
3ä xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ˆÎyà ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 62

!mï˛#Î˚ xôƒyÎ˚ / Ù•yl ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ !¢«˛y!Óòàî

♦ ≤ÃÌÙ ~ܲܲ ı çуy çƒyÜ%˛•z§ ÓÑ˚%ˆÏ¢y
♦ !mï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ ı ˆçy•yl ˆ•l!Ó˚ܲ ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§#
♦ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ ı ˆÊ ˛í˛y!Ó˚ܲ˛ í˛z•z°ˆÏ•Ù xàyfiê˛ Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ°
♦ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ~ܲܲ ı Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#˚
Ù•yl ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ !¢«˛y!Óòàî 63

!mï˛#Î˚ xôƒyÎ˚
Ù•yl ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ !¢«˛y!Óòàî
(Great Western Educators)

í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ (Objectives)ı
l !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y çуy çƒyÜ%˛•z§ ÓÑ̊%ˆÏ¢yÈÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒñ !¢«˛yò¢≈lñ !¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ñ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ùñ !¢«˛Ü˛ñ ¢,C°yñ
!¢«˛yÎ˚ ï˛yÑÓ˚ x§yÙylƒ xÓòyl •zï˛ƒy!ò §¡õˆÏܲ≈ xÓàï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
l !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ˆçy•yl ˆ•l!Ó˚ܲ ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§#ÈÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒñ !¢«˛yò¢≈lñ !¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ñ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ùñ
!¢«˛Ü˛ñ ¢,C°yñ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ï˛yÑÓ˚ x§yÙylƒ xÓòyl •zï˛ƒy!ò §¡õˆÏܲ≈ çylˆÏÓ–
l !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ˆÊ ˛í˛y!Ó˚ܲ í˛z•z°ˆÏ•Ù xàyfiê˛ Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ°Ó˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒñ !¢«˛yò¢≈lñ !¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ñ
˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ùñ !¢«˛Ü˛ñ ¢,C°yñ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ï˛yÑÓ˚ x§yÙylƒ xÓòyl •zï˛ƒy!ò §¡õˆÏܲ≈ xÓàï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
l !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#Ó˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒñ !¢«˛yò¢≈lñ !¢«˛y˛õÂô!ï˛ñ !¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ñ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ùñ
!¢!«˛Ü˛y˛ñ ¢,C°yñ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ï˛yÑÓ˚ x§yÙylƒ xÓòyl •zï˛ƒy!ò §¡õˆÏܲ≈ xÓàï˛ •ˆÏÓ–

≤Ãyܲ‰ÈüÈܲÌl (Pre-face)ı
àï˛yl%à!ï˛Ü˛ !¢«˛yÎ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚ K˛yl xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •ï˛ñ x!ôܲyÇ¢ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ˛õÂô!ï˛
!SÈ° Ù%áfiÌ Ü˛Ó˚yñ ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸yñ ˆ°áy G âl âl ˛õÓ˚#«˛y @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •ï˛– !¢¢%Ó˚ ˜ò!•Ü˛ñ Ùyl!§Ü˛ñ
≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ G §yÙy!çܲ !òܲ‰à%!° í˛zˆÏ˛õ!«˛ï˛ !SÈ°ñ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ !lçfl∫ ã˛y!•òyñ Ùï˛yÙï˛ñ
˛õSÈ®ÈüÈx˛õSÈ® •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏlyÓ˚)˛õ Ù)°ƒ•z ˆòGÎ˚y •ï˛ ly– Ê˛ˆÏ° !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó!•ç≈yï˛ ¢,C°yÓ˚ xy◊Î˚ !lˆÏï˛
•ï˛ xÌ≈yͲ ¢y!hflÏ !l®y •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ myÓ˚y ¢,C°y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáy •ï˛– !¢«˛Ü˛ G !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛ !SÈ° ¢y§Ü˛
G ¢y!§ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ùï˛ó Óyôƒï˛yñ xyl%àï˛ƒ •zï˛ƒy!ò !SÈ° !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ çlƒ xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ ܲÙ≈– !¢«˛y !SÈ° !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
~ܲˆÏã˛!ê˛Î˚y G !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈ Ü%˛!«˛àï˛ñ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •ï˛ Ù)°ï˛ ÓÎ˚flÒ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Û!ï˛ !•§yˆÏÓ–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ !¢¢%Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ï˛ xÓyhflÏÓñ xflõT˛– Óï≈˛Ùyl !¢¢%ˆÏܲ!wܲ !¢«˛y ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ !¢«˛y
ÓƒÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ §¡õ)î≈ !˲ߨ– ~•z !¢¢%ˆÏܲ!wܲ !¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ !¢¢% fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ !¢áˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢!=˛Ó˚ !lÎ˚sfî ˆl•zñ ¢,C°y xhs˝ç≈yï˛ñ Ó!•ç≈yï˛ lÎ˚– ¢,C°y fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– !¢«˛Ü˛ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ~ܲÙye §Ó≈ÙÎ˚ ܲï≈˛y llñ !¢«˛yÌ≈# xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ §!Ü ˛Î˚– !¢«˛yˆÏܲ
ç#ÓlôyÓ˚yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ x!˲ߨ ӈϰ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– Óï≈˛Ùyl !¢¢%ˆÏܲ!wܲ !¢«˛y !ܲS%È Ù•yl !¢«˛y!Óò ~Ó˚ x§yÙylƒ
xÓòyl ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÓÑ˚%ˆÏ¢yñ ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§#ñ Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° G ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#Ó˚ lyÙ
!ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 64
!¢¢%ˆÏܲ!wܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ù)° çlܲ •ˆÏ°l Ó˚%шϢy– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ü,˛!eÙ !¢«˛y§)!ã˛ ã˛y˛õyˆÏly
ã˛°ˆÏÓ lyñ ¢,C°y •ˆÏÓ fl∫ï˛/fl≥)≈˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛y ˆçyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛y˛õyˆÏly ã˛°ˆÏÓ ly– Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !¢«˛y •ˆÏÓ !¢¢%Ó˚
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !˲!_ܲñ !¢¢%Ó˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢!=˛Ó˚ •hflψϫ˛˛õ ã˛°ˆÏÓ ly– Ó˚%шϢy ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !Óáƒyï˛ @˝ÃrÌ
Ú~!Ù°Û ~ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyò¢≈ !¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ Óî≈ly ˆòl– Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ •yï˛ ôˆÏÓ˚•z !¢¢%ÈüÈˆÜ˛!wܲ !¢«˛y åChild-centric
Educationä ~Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ çß√ ˆlÎ˚–
Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ!wܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !¢«˛y!Óòàî ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ
~ˆÏܲ ÓyhflÏÓ@˝Ãy•ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§# G Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° xlƒï˛Ù–
ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§#Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ §yÙÌ≈ƒ G ¢!=˛à%!°Ó˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ G §%£ÏÙ !Óܲy¢•z •° ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ¢,C°y–
ˆ˛õhflyÏ °Í§#•z •ˆÏ°l ≤ÃÌÙ !¢«˛Ü˛ !Î!l !¢«˛yˆÏܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ)î≈ ≤ÈãÏ ˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SȈ°
Ï l–
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ¢,C°y ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚ ˛!lÎ˚sfî Óy ¢y§ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏÓ lyñ xy§ˆÏÓ §•yl%Ë)˛!ï˛ G ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ
ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸y G !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yô#l ܲÙ≈ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ– !¢¢%Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ •z!wÎ˚ §ÇˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛yòyˆÏl
ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§# !ÓŸªy§# !SȈϰl ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚•z !ï˛!l Ó›!˲!_ܲ ˛õyë˛ åObject Lessonä lyˆÏÙ
≤Ãà!ï˛¢#° ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛Ó˚ í˛zqyÓl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–
Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !Óáƒyï˛ Ú!ܲu˛yÓ˚àyˆÏê≈˛lÛ lyˆÏÙ ≤Ã!§Âô !¢¢% !¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ í˛zqyÓl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ïÑ˛yÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ !¢«˛y •° xyd!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y G §yÙy!çܲ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛y– ï˛y•z
!ܲu˛yÓ˚àyˆÏê≈˛l ≤ÃÌyÎ˚ ˆá°yñ àylñ §,çlÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yñ ˆÎÔÌܲÙ≈ •zï˛ƒy!ò •° !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ù)° ÙyôƒÙ–
!¢¢%Ó˚ xy@˝Ã•ñ Ü ˛Ù!Óܲy¢ñ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒñ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌy àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛ˆÏSÈ
ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#Ó˚ lyÙ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ– Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ˆÎñ !¢¢%Ó˚ !¢«˛y •°
!¢¢%Ó˚ xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î §Ω˛yÓlyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏß√£Ïî Óy !Óܲy¢– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ !¢¢%Ó˚ !¢«˛yÎ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢!=˛Ó˚ •hflψϫ˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚
fiÌyl ˆl•z– !¢¢%Ó˚ !¢«˛y •ˆÏÓ fl∫ï˛/≤ÈÏîy!òï˛ G fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛– ï˛y•z ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˛õ)î≈ÈüÈfl∫yô#lï˛y– ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z
çß√ !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#Ó˚ !Óáƒyï˛ fl∫Î˚Ç !¢«˛yÓ˚ åAuto Educationä ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛–
Óï≈˛Ùyl !¢¢%ˆÏܲ!wܲ !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌy ã˛y°% •ÓyÓ˚ ˛ˆ˛õSȈÏl Ó˚%шϢy ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§#ñ Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ°ñ ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# ~ˆÏòÓ˚
xÓòyl xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– !lˆÏ¡¨ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛y ò¢≈l ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xÓòyl §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲÓ˚y •°–
Ù•yl ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ !¢«˛y!Óòàî 65

≤ÃÌÙ ~ܲܲ
çуy çƒyÜ%˛•z§ Óш%˚ ¢Ï y
(Jean Jacques Rousseau)

Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Introduction)ı
çуy çƒyÜ%˛•z§ Ó˚%шϢy 1712 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 28 ç%l ˆçˆÏl˲yÎ˚ çß√@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚l– Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÓ˚ lyÙ !SÈ°
xy•zçƒyܲ åIssac Rousseauä ~ÓÇ Ùyï˛yÓ˚ lyÙ !SÈ° §%çyl Óylyí≈˛ åSuzane Banardä– Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÓ˚
Ù)° ÓƒÓ§y !SÈ° â!í˛¸ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ùyï˛y !SȈϰl í˛zFã˛ ÓÇ¢#Î˚ Ù!•°y ~ÓÇ Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ Îál Ùye lÎ˚ !òlñ
ï˛ál ï˛ÑyÓ˚ Ùyï˛y 絈ÏÓ˚ åPuerperal Feverä ~ ÙyÓ˚y Îyl ~ÓÇ Ùyï˛yÓ˚ xܲfløyÍ Ù,ï%˛ƒ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ÓÑ˚%ˆÏ¢y
˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° ӈϰ!SȈϰlñ “The first of my misfortunes.”
Ó˚%шϢy !SȈϰl !¢«˛y!Óò òy¢≈!lܲñ ˆ°áܲñ §%Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ xï˛ƒhs˝ Ó•%Ù%á# ≤Ã!ï˛Ë˛y§¡õߨ– !ï˛!l ïÑ˛yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ G çß√fiÌyl §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ à!Ó≈ï˛ !SȈϰl ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ !lò¢≈l •° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !°!áï˛ ˆÓ¢#Ó˚ ˲yà @˝ÃˆÏrÌ
!ï˛!l ÚÚJean- Jacques Rousseau, Citizen of GenevaÛÛ !°áˆÏï˛l– ò¢ ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ Ó˚%шϢyˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛
@˝ÃyÙƒ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ˲!ï≈˛ ܲÓ˚yˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ !ܲv !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õí˛¸y¢%ˆÏly Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ ˲y° °yˆÏà!lñ ï˛y•z !Óòƒy°Î˚
˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛y Ù)°ï˛ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà §ÙˆÏÎ˚•z @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SˆÏ°l ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ G ç#Ól x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚
Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚–
Îál ÓÑ˚%ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ Ùye ò¢ ÓSÈÓ˚ !SÈ°ñ ï˛ál ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !˛õï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ xy•zlàï˛ V˛yˆÏÙ°yÎ˚ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈ°
~ܲ !Ó_¢y°# Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ÓÇ xy•zlàï˛ V˛yˆÏÙ°yÓ˚ •yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%!=˛ ˛õyÓyÓ˚ çlƒ !ï˛!l ÓÑ˚%ˆÏ¢yˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚
!lÎ˚l åNyanä lyÙܲ fiÌyˆÏl ã˛ˆÏ° Îyl ~ÓÇ Ó˚%шϢy ˆ§áyˆÏl ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙyÙyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Óí˛¸ •l– ÓÑ˚%ˆÏ¢yÓ˚
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù xl%Ó˚yà !SÈ° §Çà#ï˛ åMusicä ~ÓÇ §Aà#ï˛ ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÓÑ˚%ˆÏ¢y x§yÙylƒ xÓòyl ˆÓ˚ˆÏá
ˆàˆÏSÈl–
20 ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ Ó˚%шϢy Î!òG ~ܲçl ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà# !¢«˛yÌ≈# !SȈϰl lyñ !ܲv ò¢≈l åPhilosophyäñ
à!îï˛ åMathematicsäñ §Çà#ï˛ åMusicä !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%!° !lˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ xy@˝Ã• ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– 27 ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§
!ï˛!l !°Î˚l åLyonä ~ !¢«˛Ü˛ !•§yˆÏÓ ã˛yÜ%˛Ó˚# @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚l– Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ ˆ°áy @˝ÃrÌ ÚÚDiscourse on the Arts
and SciencesÛÛ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ áƒy!ï˛Ó˚ ¢#ˆÏ£Ï≈ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏSÈ ˆòÎ˚– !ï˛!l ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !°!áï˛ Opera “Le devin du Village”
(The Village Soothsayer) ÈüÈ~Ó˚ çlƒ ¢∑ G §Aà#ï˛ !°ˆÏál ~ÓÇ ~•z Opera Ó˚yçy ˛õM˛ò¢ °%•zÈüÈ~Ó˚
§¡ø%ˆÏá 1752 §yˆÏ° ≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ Ó˚yçy ~ï˛•z xyl!®ï˛ •l ˆÎñ Ó˚%шϢyˆÏܲ §ÙhflÏ ç#ÓlÓƒy˛õ# ˆ˛õl¢l
~Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÈl–
!ܲv 1762 §y° !SÈ° Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl xï˛ƒhs˝ !Ó˛õÎ≈Î˚ܲyÓ˚#ñ ܲyÓ˚î ~•z ÓSȈÏÓ˚•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ°áy ò%!ê˛ @˝ÃrÌ
“Emile” ~ÓÇ “The Social Contract” ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° Îy §ÙhflÏ Ê ˛yˆÏ™ Óƒy˛õܲ xyˆÏ°yí˛¸lÈüÈ~Ó˚ §,!T˛
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 66
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Ê˛ˆÏ° ï˛Íܲy°#l Ê˛Ó˚y§# §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô ˆ@˝ÃÆyÓ˚# ˛õˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚yly çyÓ˚# ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z Ó˚%шϢy ˆ@˝ÃÆyÓ˚
~í˛¸yˆÏï˛ §%•zçyÓ˚°ƒyu˛ åSwitzerlandä ã˛ˆÏ° Îyl !ܲv ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° §%•zçyÓ˚°ƒyu˛ ~Ó˚ ܲï≈,˛˛õ«˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛
xÙyl!Óܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏܲ “Emile” G “The Social Contract” ˆ°áyÓ˚ çlƒ !l®y ܲˆÏÓ˚– 1767
§yˆÏ°Ó˚ 22 ˆÙ Ó˚%ˆÏ¢y Ê ˛yˆÏ™ ≤Ãï˛ƒyÓï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚l– Î!òG !ï˛!l SÈplyÙ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚l !ܲv çlàî ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ !ã˛lˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ xï˛ƒhs˝ xyl!®ï˛ •Î˚ G xï˛ƒhs §¡øyl ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ (Aims of Education)ı
Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye K˛yl §M˛Î˚ lÎ˚– !¢¢%Ó˚ xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ §yÙˆÏÌ≈ƒÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ §yôl•z •ˆÏÓ
!¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ– ˜¢¢ˆÏÓ !¢¢%Ó˚ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ÈüÈfl∫yfĩ àë˛l ܲÓ˚y•z •° !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ ~ÓÇ ~ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ xÌÓy
§yÙy!çܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆl•z–
Óy°ƒÜ˛yˆÏ° !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ •ˆÏÓ !¢¢%Ó˚ •z!wÎ˚ G Ùyl!§Ü˛Ó,!_Ó˚ xl%¢#°l–
˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ •ˆÏÓ §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ K˛yl xy•Ó˚î ~ÓÇ ~•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !¢¢% ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ K˛yl xç≈l
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ–
Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ flf# !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ •° ˆÎñ flf#ˆÏܲ ˛õ%Ó˚%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆÎyàƒ ç#Ól §!Aàl# !•§yˆÏÓ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°y–
˛õ%Ó˚%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓlˆÏܲ §%á# G xyl®ÙÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°y•z •° lyÓ˚#ç#ÓˆÏl !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ– ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛
˛õy![˛ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆl•z– ï˛yÓ˚y l,ï˛ƒñ à#ï˛ñ ˆ§°y•z G xlƒylƒ à,•fiÌ°#Ó˚ ܲyçܲÙ≈ !¢áˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y
•ˆÏÓ ôÙ≈ ˛õÓ˚yÎ˚îy–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ÈÈüüÈ !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ù)° °«˛ƒ •° !l¡¨Ó˚)˛õ ı
l !¢¢%ˆÏܲ §!Ü ˛Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°y–
l !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ܲˆÏÙ≈!wÎ˚à%!° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y xç≈ˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚y–
l !¢¢%Ó˚ K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚à%!°ˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y–
l !¢¢%Ó˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛yà%!° ΈÏÌy˛õÎ%=˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚y xÌ≈yÍ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚
ôyÓ˚îy xl%ÎyÎ˚# !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ù)° °«˛ƒ •° !¢¢%Ó˚ ˆò• ÙˆÏlÓ˚ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚yñ ÎyˆÏï˛
ï˛yÓ˚y ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛ §%!lÎ˚!sfï˛ G fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ ç#ÓlÎy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!¢«˛yò¢≈l (Educational Philosophy)ı
xT˛yò¢ ¢ï˛Ü˛ ~Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝yçyàï˛ xyˆÏ°y!í˛¸ï˛ •Î˚ lï%˛l ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ ˲yÓlyÎ˚– ≤ây§!lܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ ôÙ≈#Î˚
˛õ!Ó˚Ùu˛ˆÏ°ñ !¢«˛yÎ˚ñ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ lylyhflψÏÓ˚ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ≤ß¿•#l xyl%àï˛ƒñ ô %˛õò# !ã˛hs˝yñ xlí˛¸ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôñ
Ü%˛§ÇflÒyÓ˚ñ §yôyÓ˚î !l˛õ#í˛¸l •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ Óyï˛yÓÓ˚ˆÏl !Óã˛yÓ˚Ó%!Âôñ !çK˛y§yfl∫Ó˚)˛õ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y flõ!®ï˛ •°–
Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ fiÌyl !SÈ° §ÓyÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚– ˆ§•z ˲yÓly @˝Ãy§ ܲÓ˚° §ÙhflÏ !ã˛hs˝y˲yÓlyÓ˚
çàÍ– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ùll¢#°ï˛y S%ÈшÏÎ˚ ˆà° Ó˚yT˛…!ã˛hs˝yñ ôÙ≈#Î˚ ˆã˛ï˛lyñ §Ùyçl#!ï˛ñ !¢«˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò– Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !¢¢%Ó˚
!¢«˛y •ˆÏÓ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ ܲyÓ˚î ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ •yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Îy !ܲS%È xyˆÏ§ ï˛y §Ó•z ˲yˆÏ°y !ܲv §Ó !ܲS%È•z
Ù•yl ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ !¢«˛y!Óòàî 67
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~ˆÏ§ lT˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– !ï˛!l ~•z ôyÓ˚îyÎ˚ !ÓŸªy§# !SȈϰl ˆÎñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# !¢«˛y•z •° xyò¢≈
!¢«˛y– Emile lyÙܲ @˝ÃˆÏrÌ !ï˛!l Ú≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Û ¢∑!ê˛ˆÏܲ !ï˛l!ê˛ xˆÏÌ≈ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ÎÌy ı
(1) Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ åPsychological Natureä
(2) çyà!ï˛Ü˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ åPhysical Natureä
(3) ˜ç!Óܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ åBiological Natureä
(1) Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ åPsychological Natureä ı
Ó˚%шϢy ӈϰ!SȈϰlñ The child is a book which the teacher is to read from page to page.
xÌ≈yÍ !¢«˛yÌ≈# •° ~ܲ!ê˛ @˝ÃrÌ ÎyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˛õ,¤˛y !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛˛ •ˆÏÓ– Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛
Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ó%V˛yÎ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ò_ ¢!=˛ñ §Ω˛yÓlyñ ã˛y!•òyñ ˛õSÈ®ñ x˛õSÈ®ñ ≤ÃÓ,!_ñ ≤Èϫ˛y˲ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ §Ùß∫Î˚ˆÏܲ–
Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ !¢«˛y ~•z ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%!°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õ)î≈ §yÙO§ƒ˛õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ !¢¢% ÓÏí˛¸ •ÓyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yñ !¢«˛Ü˛ñ §ÙyçÓƒÓfiÌy •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ã˛yˆÏ˛õ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%!°Ó˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ !Óܲy¢ Óƒy•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏܲ ܲï˛à%!° Ü,˛!eÙ xyã˛Ó˚î G x˲ƒy§ !¢áˆÏï˛
Óyôƒ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ !ܲv ~•z !¢«˛y •° ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# !¢«˛y–
(2) çyà!ï˛Ü˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ åPhysical Natureä ı
!¢¢%Ó˚ !¢«˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy •°ÈüüÈ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyG– åBack to Nature.ä xÌ≈yÍ
ˆ§áyˆÏl !¢¢% àySÈ˛õy°yñ lò#ñ ˛õ¢%ÈüÈ˛õyá#ñ Ê˛°ÈüÈÊ%˛° •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ §ˆÏAà â!lT˛ •ÓyÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˛õyˆÏÓ– Ó˚%шϢy !¢¢%ˆÏܲ
làˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü,˛!eÙ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ°!SȈϰl ܲyÓ˚î ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ làÓ˚ •° ÚÙylÓçy!ï˛Ó˚ ܲÓÓ˚áyly–Û
(Cities are the graves of human civilisation.)
!¢¢%Ó˚ !¢«˛y •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ° ˆÎáyˆÏl !¢%¢%Ó˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ à%îyÓ!° !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈yÆ §%ˆÏÎyà
ÌyܲˆÏÓ– çyà!ï˛Ü˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ó˚%шϢy Ù)°ï˛ Ó%!V˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆ§•z ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ xÓfiÌyˆÏܲ Îy Ó˚yT˛…ñ §Ùyç •zï˛ƒy!ò
§,!T˛ •ÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏà !ÓòƒÙyl !SÈ°– ~•z ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ xÓfiÌyˆÏܲ Ó˚%шϢy lyÙ !òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ xÓfiÌy ~ÓÇ
~•z ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ˆÎ Ùyl%£Ï Óy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛y ï˛yÓ˚ lyÙ Ó˚%шϢy !òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ Ùyl%£Ï– ~•z ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ Ùyl%£Ï
x!ÓÜ,˛ï˛ G !Ó¢%Âô ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ !SÈ° !ܲv §Ùyç G xlƒylƒ §ÇfiÌy §,!T˛ •ÓyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ ~•z !Ó¢%Âô ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛
ܲ°%!£Ïï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ï˛y•z §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ Ü,˛!eÙ xyÓ•yGÎ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚%шϢy !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ°!SȈϰl–
(3) ˜ç!Óܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ åBiological Natureä ı
!¢¢% ܲï˛Ü˛à%!° ˜ç!Óܲ §_y !lˆÏÎ˚ çß√yÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È §•çyï˛ ≤ÃÓ,!_ G ã˛y!•òy Óï≈˛Ùyl ÌyˆÏܲ–
§yÙy!çܲ Ü,˛!eÙ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ˆ§•z ˜ç!Óܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ÎÌyÎÌ !Óܲy¢ âê˛y §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ •Î˚ ly– !¢¢%Ó˚ !¢«˛y •ˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ àySÈ˛õy°yñ lò#ñ ˛õy•yí˛¸ñ xyܲy¢ñ Óyï˛y§ñ ˆÓ˚yòñ ç°ñ ˛õ¢%ÈüÈ˛õy!á •zï˛ƒy!ò !lˆÏÎ˚ xÌ≈yÍ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚
§%ˆÏÎyà !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢¢% ≤Ãܲ!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ â!lT˛ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ ~ˆÏ§ !¢áˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !¢¢%Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ
!¢«˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛•z •ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ G ≤Ãôyl !¢«˛yòyï˛y– ~•z ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛ !¢«˛y˛ •ˆÏÓ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ Ó˚#!ï˛l#!ï˛ñ
!lÎ˚Ù≤ÃÌy xl%ÎyÎ˚# lÎ˚– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !lçfl∫ fl∫Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲS%È ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ !lÎ˚Ù Ùyl%£Ï
ç#Ól x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ§•z ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ò_ !lÎ˚Ù xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛y !lÎ˚!sfï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 68
!¢«˛l ˛õÂô!ï˛ (Method of Teaching)ı
Ó˚%шϢy ï˛ÑyÓ˚ Ú~!Ù°Û lyÙܲ @˝ÃˆÏrÌ ò%!ê˛ Ü˛y“!lܲ ã˛!Ó˚e å~!Ù° ı ˆSȈϰñ ˆ§y!Ê˛ ı ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ä ~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ïÑ˛yÓ˚
!¢«˛l ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ)î≈ ôyÓ˚îy !ÓÓ,ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl !Ó!˲ߨ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ– Ó˚%шϢy ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !°!áï˛ ÚÚ~!Ù°ÛÛ
lyÙܲ @˝ÃˆÏrÌ ˆÙyê˛ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ áˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ hflÏÓ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ Ë˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ≤ÃÌÙ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ áˆÏ[˛
ܲy“!lܲ ˛õ%e å~!Ù°ä ~Ó˚ !¢«˛y ~ÓÇ ˛õM˛ áˆÏ[˛ ܲy“!lܲ ܲlƒy ˆ§y!Ê˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Ó˚%шϢy ~!وϰÓ˚ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ hflψÏÓ˚ !Ó˲=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ÎÌyÈüÈ
(ܲ) ~ܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õÑyã˛ ÓͧˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢«˛y
(á) ˛õÑyã˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyˆÏÓ˚y ÓͧˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢«˛y
(à) ÓyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ÓͧˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢«˛y
(â) ˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ü%˛!í˛¸ ÓͧˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢«˛y
(ܲ) ~ܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õÑyã˛ ÓͧˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢«˛y ı
!¢¢%Ó˚ çˆÏß√Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ï˛yÓ˚ !¢«˛y xyÓ˚Ω˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– x!ï˛ ˜¢¢ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ü,˛!eÙ !¢«˛yÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ ly– xAàÈüÈ≤Ãï˛ƒˆÏAàÓ˚ fl∫yô#l §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~•z ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ ï˛yÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ fl∫yfĩ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–
Ê˛ˆÏ° §Ó˚° §•ç ˛õyã˛ƒ áyòƒ G •yÕÒy ˆ˛õy¢yܲ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ G ï˛yÓ˚ ÎÌyÎÌ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ
°«˛ƒ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˛õÑyã˛ ÓͧÓ˚ xÓ!ô !¢¢%Ó˚ !¢«˛y •ˆÏÓ !lSÈܲ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚ÈÙ)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ~ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛
G ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ˆòÓyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆl•z– Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ Îï˛ ¢!=˛¢y°# •ˆÏÓ
ï˛ï˛•z ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ xl%àï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ò%Ó≈°ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ•z xyˆÏ§ Îï˛ ò%l≈#!ï˛– ï˛y•z !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ !òܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ §Ó°
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– Ê˛ˆÏ° !¢¢%!ê˛ Ü ˛Ù¢ §Í •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ–
(á) ˛õÑyã˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyˆÏÓ˚y ÓͧˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢«˛y ı
~ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚%шϢy ~!وϰÓ˚ !¢«˛y ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ !¢«˛y (Negative Education) ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ Ê˛°yÊ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
ï˛_¥ (Theory of Natural Consequence)ÈüüüÈ ~•z ò%•z l#!ï˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚
!¢«˛y ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye Ùyl!§Ü˛ Ó,!_Ó˚ xl%¢#°l G •z!wÎ˚à%!°ˆÏܲ §Ó° G ˛õ%T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §#ÙyÓÂô
ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ~•z hflψÏÓ˚ Ú≤ÈÏã˛T˛y G Ë%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ (Trial and Error) Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !¢áˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ÓyˆÏÓ˚y ÓͧÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝
!¢¢%ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó•z ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ Ó°y •ˆÏÓ ly Óy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢y!hflÏ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÓ ly– !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙlˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ fl∫yFSÈ®ƒ
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ àï˛yl%à!ï˛Ü˛ ≤ÃÌyÎ˚ lylyÓ˚)˛õ ˲yÓôyÓ˚yñ xyã˛Ó˚î G
!ÓŸªy§ !¢¢%Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛y˛õyˆÏlyÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó˚%шϢy ï˛#Ó  ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛
ã˛yÎ˚ ˆÎñ !¢¢% ÓÎ˚flÒ Óƒ!=˛ •ÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏà xÓ!ô ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢¢%•z ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
(à) ÓyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ÓͧˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢«˛y ı
~ §ÙÎ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ !¢«˛y (Positive Education) ¢%Ó˚% •ˆÏÓ Ü˛yÓ˚î !¢¢% ~•z §ÙÎ˚ xÓ!ô ï˛yÓ˚
K˛yl xy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒÙà%!° ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ~•z ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ¢%Ó˚% •ˆÏÓ §ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ K˛yl
xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y– Ó˚%шϢy ~ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚G !ӈϢ£Ï ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó•z ˛˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ ˆòl !l !ܲv ÚÓ˚!Ól§l Ü %˛ˆÏ¢yÛ
Ù•yl ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ !¢«˛y!Óòàî 69
•° ~ܲÙye Ó•z Îy !¢¢% ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z Ó•z ˆÌˆÏܲ !¢¢% xyd!lË≈˛Ó˚ï˛yñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ç#ÓlÎy˛õlñ
≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ x§yÓ˚ï˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%!° ~•z Ó•z ˛õˆÏí˛¸ !¢áˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•°•z
•ˆÏÓ ~ܲÙye ˛õÌ!lˆÏò≈¢Ü˛ ~ÓÇ !¢¢%Ó˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•°•z •ˆÏÓ §Ó !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲyÙƒ–
~•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•° ≤ÃÓ,!_ á%Ó ≤ÃÓ° •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏ벖 ~•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !¢¢% ˛õÎ≈ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ë)˛ˆÏày°
!¢áˆÏÓñ ˜l§!à≈ܲ âê˛ly ˆòˆÏá ˆçƒy!ï˛!Ó≈òƒy !¢áˆÏÓ– !¢¢%Ó˚ çlƒ àï˛yl%à!ï˛Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù
ÌyܲˆÏÓ ly !ܲv ~•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó,!_Ù%á# !¢«˛y Ù)°ï˛ Ü,˛!£Ïܲyç ~Ó˚ !¢«˛y ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó˚Ñ%ˆÏ¢y ӈϰˆÏSÈl–
(âä ˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ü%˛!í˛¸ ÓͧˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢«˛y ı
~•z ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ ~!Ù° ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !¢áˆÏÓ !ܲS%È ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ !¢«˛y– ˆÙÔ!áܲ í˛z˛õˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ùôƒ
!òˆÏÎ˚ !¢áˆÏÓ ly– ܲyÓ˚î ~•z §ÙÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ !Óܲy¢ ¢%Ó˚% •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z §ÙÎ˚!ê˛ •° !¢¢%Ó˚ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛
G §yÙy!çܲ à%îyÓ!° !¢«˛yÓ˚ ܲy°– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§•z !¢«˛y !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ x!ï˛ §yÓôyˆÏl ~ÓÇ !ë˛Ü˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚– ~Ùl!ܲ
18 ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§G •Î˚ˆÏï˛y í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ §ÙÎ˚ lÎ˚– ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îÙˆÏlÓ˚ (Maturation) çlƒ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
•Î˚– ~ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ !¢«˛yÌ≈# !¢áˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y xl%ÎyÎ˚#–
ˆ§y!Ê˛Ó˚ !¢«˛y ı
ˆ§y!Ê˛ lyÙܲ ܲy“!lܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛lƒyÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ӈϰˆÏSÈl ˆÎñ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ çß√•z •Û°
˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ç#Ól§!Aàl# •ÓyÓ˚ çlƒ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˆ§y!Ê˛Ó˚ !¢«˛yG ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆ§•z °ˆÏ«˛ƒ– ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚
Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚%шϢy Óƒ!=˛ fl∫yï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰl !l– Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ Ù%=˛ fl∫yô#lï˛y ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ lÎ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
xyã˛Ó˚î §ÇÎÙ# •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ôÙ≈ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ó˚%шϢy ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛y
~•z °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ôy!Óï˛ •ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛ xyò¢≈ à,!•l# G xyò¢≈ Ùyï˛y •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z Ó˚%шϢy lyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ
ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ !¢«˛yÎ˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ •ÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ˆòl!lñ ܲyÓ˚l !ï˛!l ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛lÈüü!¢!«˛ï˛ Ó˚Ùl# ï˛yÓ˚
fl∫yÙ#ñ §hs˝yl G §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Ü˛!ë˛l Óƒy!ôfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛–
≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ Ê˛°yÊ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ï˛_¥ åTheory of Natural Consequenceä ı
ˆÎ !¢«˛y K˛ylòyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ñ K˛yl xy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚îà%!° Óy K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚à%!°ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ K˛yl
xy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°ñ ï˛y•z •° ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ !¢«˛y (Negative Education)– ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ !¢«˛y
l#!ï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# !¢¢%ˆÏܲ Ù%=˛ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ fl∫yô#lï˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~•z fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ
!¢¢% !lçfl∫ §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ x!˲K˛ï˛y xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ˆ§ çß√àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §Í– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
x˲ƒy§ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ lÎ˚– !lçfl∫ x!˲K˛ï˛yÎ˚ Îy !¢áˆÏÓ ï˛y•z •° ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ !¢«˛y– xyà%ˆÏl •yï˛
!òˆÏï˛ •yï˛ ˛õ%í˛¸ˆÓÏ ñ Ü%˛áyòƒ ˆáˆÏ° ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ áyÓ˚y˛õ •ˆÏÓñ ~•z§Ó x!˲K˛ï˛y !¢¢% Ó•z ˛õˆÏí˛¸ çylˆÏÓ ly– !lˆÏçÓ˚ ÓyhflÓÏ
ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ x!˲K˛ï˛y xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ – Ó˚ˆÑ% ¢Ï y ~•z !¢«˛î l#!ï˛ˆÏܲ ӈϰˆÏSÈlüüÈ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ Ê˛°yÊ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ï˛_¥–
~•z ï˛_¥ xl%ÎyÎ˚# !¢¢%Ó˚ !¢«˛y •ˆÏÓ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ xÓyô §M˛y°l– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛•z •ˆÏÓ !¢¢%Ó˚ ~ܲÙye
!¢«˛Ü˛– Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ˜¢¢Ó •° !Óã˛yÓ˚Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ !l!oï˛ xÓfiÌy ~ÓÇ !¢¢%Ó˚ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ !¢«˛yˆÏï˛G Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
•hflψϫ˛˛õ ÌyܲˆÏÓ ly– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛•z ˆ§áyˆÏl •ˆÏÓ ~ܲÙye !¢«˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ !¢¢% ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˲yˆÏ°y وϮÓ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ñ
˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ Óy ¢y!hflÏ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˛õyˆÏÓñ Ùyl%£Ï ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏÓ ly–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 70
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ !¢¢% xyà%ˆÏl ≤ÃÌÙÓyÓ˚ •yï˛ !òˆÏ° àÓ˚Ù ˆÓyô ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ G !lˆÏç ˆÌˆÏܲ•z •yï˛
§!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆlˆÏÓ– !ë˛Ü˛ ˆï˛Ù!l ˆÓ!¢ Ó,!T˛ !˲çˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ ˛ë˛y[˛y °yàˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ!¢ Ó,!T˛ !˲çˆÏÓ ly xÌ≈yÍ §ÙhflÏ
ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ Ê˛°yÊ˛° !¢¢% !lˆÏç•z ˆË˛yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ G ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ !¢«˛y °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ •° §Ó ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓˆÏí˛¸y !¢«˛Ü˛– ˆ§ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ !¢áˆÏÓ G Ë%˛° ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ !lˆÏç
~ÓÇ §ÇˆÏ¢yôl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlˆÏÓ– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÎ !¢«˛y °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ï˛y •ˆÏÓ !ã˛Ó˚fiÌyÎ˚#–
˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù (Curriculum)ı
˜¢¢ˆÏÓ !¢¢%Ó˚ !¢«˛y •ˆÏÓ Ù)°ï˛ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚ !˲!_ܲ ~ÓÇ !¢¢%Ó˚ xAàÈüÈ≤Ãï˛ƒAà G •z!wÎ˚ §M˛y°là%!° ÎyˆÏï˛
˛õ%T˛ G §Ó° •Î˚ ˆ§!òˆÏܲ °«˛ƒ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
Óy°ƒÜ˛y° ı ~•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ àï˛yl%à!ï˛Ü˛ ≤ÃÌyÎ˚ !ܲS%È !¢«˛y ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÓ ly– ï˛yˆÏܲ ˲y£Ïyñ •z!ï˛•y§ñ
Ë)˛ˆÏày° •zï˛ƒy!ò ˆ¢áÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆl•zñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ~•z ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ ôÙ≈ !¢«˛y ˆòÓyÓ˚G ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl
ˆl•z– !¢¢% ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î G ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ çàÍ ˆÌˆÏܲ K˛yl xy•Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !¢«˛y •ˆÏÓ
ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ !¢«˛y Óy Negative Education.
˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ ı ÓyˆÏÓ˚y ÓͧˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ !¢«˛y åPositive Educationä ¢%Ó˚% •ˆÏÓ– ~•z
hflψÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï Ó•z ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢G ˆòl!l– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z hflψÏÓ˚ ˆí˛!lˆÏÎ˚° !í˛ˆÏÊ˛yÓ˚ (Daniel Defoe)È˚
ˆ°áy @˝ÃrÌ åRobinson Crusoeä ÚÓ˚!Ól§l Ü %˛ˆÏ¢yÛ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏSÈl–
ˆÎÔÓˆÏl ı ~•z hflψÏÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ §yÙy!çܲ ܲï≈˛Óƒñ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yñ ◊Âôyñ ˲y°Óy§yñ §•yl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xÓàï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yˆÏly •ˆÏÓ– ~•z hflψÏÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒñ à!îï˛ñ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ !ÓK˛ylñ §Aà#ï˛ñ xAܲlñ !¢“ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛
!Ó£ÏÎ˚à%!° ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙ fiÌyl ˛õyˆÏÓ–
!¢«˛Ü˛ (Teacher)ı
Ó˚%шϢy ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !¢«˛yl#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°G ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ àï˛yl%à!ï˛Ü˛ òy!Î˚c
xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚l !l– !ï˛!l ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ !¢«˛Ü˛ •ˆÏÓl ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ !¢!«˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ !¢«˛yl#!ï˛ˆÏï˛
xyfiÌyÓylñ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ§ÓyÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– !ï˛!l !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ç#Ól !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ òy!Î˚c !l/fl∫yÌ≈˲yˆÏÓ
@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl– Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy •ˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ˆÏܲÓ˚ñ Órô%Ó˚ G ˛õÌ ≤Ãò¢≈ˆÏܲÓ˚– !ï˛!l !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚
!lï˛ƒ §•ã˛Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ç#Ól í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ Ó˚ã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl– !¢«˛Ü˛ •ˆÏÓl !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îñ
í˛zqyÓlñ §Ùß∫Î˚ §yôˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ˛õÌ ≤Ãò¢≈ܲ– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyç •ˆÏÓ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ xy@˝Ã• §M˛yÓ˚
ܲÓ˚yˆÏly ~ÓÇ !¢¢% !lˆÏç ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ï˛y !¢áˆÏÓ– !¢¢% ˛õÓ˚#«˛y !lÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !¢áˆÏÓ G ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ K˛yl °y˲
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– !¢«˛Ü˛ ˆçyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲS%È !¢áyˆÏÓly–
¢,C°y (Discipline)ı
Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ ¢,C°yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚•z Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– !Óܲy¢Ùyl Óƒ!=˛ !lˆÏçÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
!˲!_ˆÏï˛•z åDiscipline by Natural Consequencesä !lˆÏçˆÏܲ §ÇˆÏ¢y!ôï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÓÏ – ~•z ¢,C°y xyd¢,C°y
Ù•yl ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ !¢«˛y!Óòàî 71
Óy Ù%=˛ ¢,C°y– xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛y !ÓK˛yˆÏl ~•z Ù%=˛ ¢,C°y ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ çlܲ •ˆÏ°l Ó˚%шϢy– Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ¢,C°y •ˆÏÓ
Ù%=˛ ¢,C°y åFree Disciplineä ~ÓÇ ¢,C°y xyˆÏÓ˚y!˛õï˛ •ˆÏÓ ly– Ù%=˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ•z !¢«˛yÌ≈# ï˛yÓ˚ !lçfl∫
xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §«˛Ù •ˆÏÓ– !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢y!hflÏ ˆòGÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ly ï˛yÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó˚%шϢy ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ ÚÚ!¢¢%ˆÏܲ fl∫yô#lï˛y òyGÛÛ ~ÓÇ ¢,C°y Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏlyÓ˚)˛õ ¢y!hflÏ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y
ã˛°ˆÏÓ ly– ¢y!hflÏ !¢¢% ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ~•z !¢«˛y •ˆÏÓ !ã˛Ó˚fiÌyÎ˚#–
@˝ÃrÌ (Writings)ı
l Discourse on Inequality
l The Social Contract/Principles of Political Right
l Emile/On Education
l The Cunning Man
l Julie or the New Eloise
l Four Plays
l The Reveries of Solitary Walker
l Confessions
l The Creed of a Savoyard Priest
l Discourse on the Arts and Science
l Eassay on the Origin of Languages
l Letters on the Elements of Botany
l Letter on the French Music
l A Complete Dictionary of Music
l Letter to Monsieus d’ Alembert on the Theatre
l The Profession of a Faith of a Savoyard Vicar
xÓòyl (Contribution)ı
l !¢¢%Ó˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛yÓ˚ xy@˝Ã•ñ ≤ÃÓ,!_ñ ã˛y!•òyñ §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ Ùï˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%!°Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛ xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
l !¢«˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !¢¢%Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xy@˝Ã• G ≤ÃÓ,!_
xl%ÎyÎ˚# §¡õ)î≈ Ù%=˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ x!˲K˛ï˛y °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
l ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙ Ó,!_Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yñ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲyçñ l#!ï˛ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ fiÌyl !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 72
l fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ¢,C°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ó˚%шϢy•z xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó˚%c ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–
l Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w ܲˆÏÓ˚•z ≤Ãà!ï˛¢#° !¢«˛y ÓyhflÏÓ@˝Ãy•# •ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°–
l Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ !¢«˛yò¢≈lˆÏܲ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚•z Óï≈˛Ùyl !¢«˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ~Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
fiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
l !¢«˛yÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛fl∫yï˛sfñ Óƒ!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒñ fl∫yô#lï˛yñ xyl®ÙÎ˚ !¢«˛y ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yñ xydÈüÈ¢C , °yñ §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yñ
§,çl¢#°ï˛y •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ Ùï˛ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ!wܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyà%!° Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ myÓ˚y•z ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
§#ÙyÓÂôï˛y (Limitation)ı
l Ó%̊шϢy ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ ≤ÃÌy G ï˛_¥à%!°ˆÏܲ !Óly !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ l§ƒyÍ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ !¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ Ù® SÈyí˛¸y !ܲS%È•z °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l–
l Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ó!î≈ï˛ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ Ê˛°yÊ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ï˛_¥ ˆÙyˆÏê˛G Î%!=˛@˝Ãy•ƒ lÎ˚ ܲyÓ˚î xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚
Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yÎ≈ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ç#Ól §Ç¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚G ܲyÓ˚î •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙlÈüÈ xyà%l flõ¢≈ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ §yÓ˚y
¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚ xyà%l ˆ°ˆÏà ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– •z•y SÈyí˛¸yG x˛õÓ˚yô G ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ¢y!hflÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyl%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §¡õÜ≈˛ ˆl•z–
l ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ Ùï˛Óyò xï˛ƒhs˝ Ó˚«˛î¢#° !SÈ° ܲyÓ˚î ÚÚ~!Ù°ÛÛ lyÙܲ @˝ÃˆÏrÌ
ˆ§y!Ê˛ lyÙܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!l ӈϰˆÏSÈl ˆÎñ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ çß√•z Ù)°ï˛ •Î˚
˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ç#Ól§!Aàl# •ÓyÓ˚ çlƒ– ï˛y•z Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ lyÓ˚# !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly xÙyl!Óܲ–
l Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ !¢«˛yò¢≈l xl%ÎyÎ˚# !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy xï˛ƒhs˝ ˆàÔî–
l !¢¢%Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !lçfl∫˲yˆÏÓ !¢«˛y @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ •Î˚ ly–
l Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ¢,C°y •ˆÏÓ Ù%=˛ ¢,C°y !ܲv ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ¢,C°yÎ˚ !¢«˛îÈüÈ!¢ál ÓƒÓfiÌy §%fiÌ˲yˆÏÓ
ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáy §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ ÙˆÏl •Î˚ ly–
l §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ˲yˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%È•z Ó˚%шϢy @˝Ãy•ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚l !l–
í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ (Conclusion)ı
Ê ˛yˆÏ™ ≤Ãï˛ƒyÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yà ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ù!hflÏ‹Ò
!ÓÜ,˛!ï˛ â!ê˛ï˛ åParanoiaäñ í˛zˆÏmà åAnxietyä xlƒï˛Ù– ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ 1776 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 24 xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ ~ܲ ò%â≈ê˛lyÎ˚
˛õ!ï˛ï˛ •l– The Great Dane lyÙܲ fiÌyˆÏl ~ÓÇ ˆ§áyˆÏl ≤Ãã˛[˛ ôyE˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛[˛ ò%â≈ê˛lyÎ˚ fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ
åNeurologicalä «˛!ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ «˛!ï˛ •GÎ˚y ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ù,à#ˆÏÓ˚yà
åEpilepsyä ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚– 1778 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 22 ç%°y•z Ê ˛yˆÏ™ Ó˚%шϢy “Othello” lyÙܲ @˝ÃˆÏrÌÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ ‘Willow
Song’ ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ §%ˆÏÓ˚ !˛õÎ˚yˆÏly Óyçy!FSȈϰl ~ÓÇ ˆ§!òl ÙyÜ%≈˛•z§ !àÓ˚yÓ˚!í˛l åMarqauis
 Ù•yl ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ !¢«˛y!Óòàî 73
Girardinä ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ áyGÎ˚yÈüÈòyGÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ ˆ§!òl ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ Ó˚=˛«˛Ó˚î ¢%Ó˚%
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ Apoplectic StrokeÈüÈ~ Ù,ï%˛ƒ •Î˚–
Ó˚%шϢy ïÑ˛yÓ˚ @˝ÃrÌ “The Social Contract” ~Ó˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ °y•zl ~ !°ˆÏá!SȈϰlñ “Man is born
free, and everywhere he is in chains.” ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ !ÓÓ%̊ˆÏÂô•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ ç#Ól í˛zͧà≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
Ó˚%шϢy•z !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ §)e˛õyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈# ïÑ˛yÓ˚ fl∫yï˛sfƒ xl%ÎyÎ˚#
!¢«˛y @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓÈüüüÈ ~ܲÌy !ï˛!l•z Ù)°ï˛ à%Ó˚%c ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– !¢¢%Ó˚ çlƒ !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛
¢,C°yÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰ!SȈϰl– Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ !¢«˛y !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ !•§yˆÏÓ•z xyô%!lܲ !¢¢%ÈüÈˆÜ˛!wܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ çß√
~ÓÇ ï˛y•z Ó˚%шϢyˆÏܲ xyô%!lܲ !¢¢%ÈüÈˆÜ˛!wܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ çlܲ Ó°y •Î˚–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 74

!mï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ
ˆçy•yl ˆ•l!Ó˚ܲ ˆ˛õhflyÏ °Í§#
(Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi)

Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Introduction)ı
!¢¢%ˆÏܲ !ܲS%È ˆ¢áyˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏܲ ˲yˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ çylˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓÈüüÈÈ ÓÑ˚%ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ ~•z Ùï˛ÓyòˆÏܲ §Ó≈yˆÏ˛õ«˛y §yÌ≈ܲ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ !˛õSȈÏl ˆÎ Ù•yl !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ xÓòyl !SÈ° ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆçy•yl ˆ•l!Ó˚ܲ ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§# xlƒï˛Ù–
ˆçy•yl ˆ•l!Ó˚ܲ ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§# §%•zçyÓ˚°ƒyu˛ åSwitzerlandä ~Ó˚ ç%!Ó˚ܲ åZurichä ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ 1746 §yˆÏ°Ó˚
12 çyl%Î˚yÓ˚# çß√@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– x!ï˛ ˜¢¢ˆÏÓ•z ï˛ÑyÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒ •Î˚ñ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§#Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ !¢«˛yÓ˚
òy!Î˚c ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ùyï˛yÓ˚˛ ~ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– !ï˛!l @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢yly ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ °ƒy!ê˛l G
@˝Ã#ܲ !¢ˆÏálñ Schola Abbatissana ~ÓÇ Schola Corolina ˆÌˆÏܲ– ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§# 1761 §yˆÏ°
Gymnasium ~ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ Johann Jakol Bodmen G Johann Jakol Breitingen
ˆÌˆÏܲ @˝Ã#ܲ (Greek) G !•Ó % (Hebrew) !¢ˆÏál– ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§# í˛zFã˛ !¢«˛y @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚l Collegium
Humanitatis ~ÓÇ Collegium Humanitacis ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ˆ§áyˆÏl !ï˛!l ˲y£Ïy G ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !¢«˛y
°y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
!¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §ÙˆÏÓòly G ˆ§ÓyÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ ˆÌˆÏܲ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !¢«˛y !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ í˛zqÓ– ï˛y•z ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ xˆÏlˆÏܲ
ÚÚÊ˛yòyÓ˚ ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§#ÛÛ ÓˆÏ°G xyáƒy ˆòl– !ï˛!l §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ çlƒ ܲï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl Óy
§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ܲ°ƒyî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl !ܲly ˆ§ê˛y Óí˛¸ ܲÌy lÎ˚ó !ï˛!l §Ùyç ܲ°ƒyˆÏî §Ù@˝Ã ç#Ól !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ˆ§ê˛y•z Óí˛¸ ܲÌy– !ï˛!l !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §ÙyçÈüȘÓK˛y!lܲ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà G ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàÓ˚
≤ÃÓï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚l– xT˛yò¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲ Ê˛Ó˚y§# !ã˛hs˝ylyÎ˚ܲ Ó˚%шϢy ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ ÙôƒÎ%à#Î˚ !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô ï˛#Ó 
≤Ã!ï˛Óyò ˆây£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl !ܲv ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ~•z xyâyï˛ !SÈ° §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ ï˛_¥§Ó≈fl∫ xyܲ!fløܲ ~ÓÇ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛–
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° xˆÏlܲ !ã˛hs˝y!Óò xl%≤Ãy!îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– ~•z §Ó !ã˛hs˝y!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ˆçy•yl ˆ•l!Ó˚ܲ ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§# xlƒï˛Ù– ÓÑ˚%ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ @˝ÃrÌ Ú~!Ù°Û Îál ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ï˛ál ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§
!SÈ° ˆ£Ïy° ÓSÈÓ˚– !ï˛!l ÓÑ˚%ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ !¢«˛yò¢≈l myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl !ܲv ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§#Ó˚ !¢«˛yò¢≈l !SÈ°
ÓÑ˚%ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ §¡õ)î≈ ˛õ,Ìܲñ ܲyÓ˚î ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§#Ó˚ !¢«˛yò¢≈ˆÏl ܲÙ≈Ù%á#lï˛y xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ¢# !SÈ°– ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§#
ç#ÓˆÏl Ó•% Ó,!_ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ !˛õSȈÏl òyÎ˚# !SÈ° ï˛ÑyÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ x!fiÌÓ˚ï˛y !ܲv ~•z x!fiÌÓ˚ï˛yÓ˚
Ù)ˆÏ° !SÈ° ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ç#Ól ò¢≈l– !ï˛!l ÙylˆÏÓÓ˚ ܲ°ƒyî §yôl ã˛y•zˆÏï˛l ~ÓÇ !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ܲ°ƒyîܲyÙ# ¢!=˛•z !ӈϢ£Ï ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l Óy ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ê˛° lÎ˚ñ ܲ°ƒyîÙÎ˚ ¢!=˛ •° ï˛yÓ˚ xhs/ç §_¥y–
!ï˛!l ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ §Í ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# ܲˆÏÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ í˛zߨ!ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ ÙylÓܲ°ƒyî
•ˆÏÓ– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~•z ç#Ólò¢≈lˆÏܲ ~ܲ ܲÌyÎ˚ ÙylÓï˛yÓyò åHumanismä Ó°y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !¢«˛yò¢≈lG ï˛ÑyÓ˚
Ù•yl ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ !¢«˛y!Óòàî 75
ç#Ólò¢≈l myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§# !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ˆÎñ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §Ùyç §ÇflÒyÓ˚ §Ω˛Ó– !ï˛!l !¢«˛yˆÏܲ §Ùyç §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
˛õrÌy !•§yˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– !ï˛!l !¢«˛yˆÏܲ çlçyàÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õrÌy !•§yˆÏÓ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏܲ
§Ó≈çl#l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y•z §yÓ˚y ç#Ól ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈl– !ï˛!l ~•z í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ !lí˛z•Ê‰˛ åNuhofä lyÙܲ fiÌyˆÏl
1774 §yˆÏ° ~ xlyÌ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ !Óòƒy°Î˚ fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– !ï˛!l ò,ì˛¸Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆây£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎ
~•z çàˆÏï˛ Îy !ܲS%È Ë˛y°ñ Îy !ܲS%È §Íñ Îy !ܲS%È Ù•Í ï˛yˆÏï˛ §Ü˛° Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §Ùyl x!ôܲyÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– !¢«˛yÓ˚
ܲyç •° Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ӈϰ Îy !ܲS%È ≤Ãy˛õƒ ï˛y ï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õy•zˆÏÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§#
!¢«˛yˆÏܲ §yÙy!çܲ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl xyÓ˚ ~ê˛y•z •° ï˛ÑÑyÓ˚ !¢«˛yò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ
ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛ï˛y–
!ï˛!l ӈϰ!SȈϰl !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ •ˆÏÓ !¢¢%Ó˚ xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ §Ω˛yÓlyà%!°Ó˚ §%§yÙO§ƒ˛õ)î≈ !Óܲy¢– åNatural
progressive and harmonious development of all power of the human being.) !ï˛!l ç#Ól
!Óܲy¢ˆÏܲ í˛z!qò Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ܲyÓ˚î Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎÙl Ó,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ §Ω˛yÓly !l!•ï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆï˛Ù!l !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒG !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ó Ó˚Ü˛Ù §Ω˛yÓly ÌyˆÏܲ– í˛z!qò ˆÎÙl ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚
fl∫y˲y!Óܲ !lÎ˚ˆÏÙ áyòƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óí˛¸ •Î˚ñ !¢¢%G ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ §Ó˚OyÙ ˆÎyàyí˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚
!lˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ !lÎ˚ˆÏÙ Óí˛¸ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛y•z !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ •° !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòyl ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚yˆÏly
lÎ˚ ÓÓ˚Ç !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ •° !¢¢%Ó˚ ~•z fl∫y˲y!Óܲ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ˆÎl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óyôy §,!T˛ ly •Î˚ ï˛y ˆòáy– !ï˛!l
Óƒ!=˛ ܲ°ƒyˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §yÙy!çܲ í˛zߨ!ï˛ §yôl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏSÈl
~ÓÇ ï˛y •° ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ fl∫yÓ°¡∫# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°y xÌ≈yÍ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Ùyl%£Ï ÎyˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õyç≈l¢#° •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ !òˆÏܲ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚yG !¢«˛yÓ˚ ܲyç–
!¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ (Aims of Education)ı
ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§#Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ •ˆÏÓ !¢¢%Ó˚ xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ §Ω˛yÓlyÓ˚ §%£ÏÙ !Óܲy¢ §yôl ܲÓ˚y– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛
!¢¢% ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛yñ xy@˝Ã• G §Ω˛yÓly !lˆÏÎ˚ çß√@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ •ˆÏÓ ˆ§à%!°Ó˚ ÎÌyÎÌ
!Óܲy¢ §yôl ܲÓ˚yñ ˜ò!•Ü˛ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà !¢¢%Ó˚ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ •ˆÏÓ !¢«˛yÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù °«˛ƒ– !¢«˛y !¢¢%Ó˚
ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ !Óܲy¢ âê˛yˆÏÓ G Ùyl!§Ü˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ Ó,!Âô âê˛yˆÏÓ– ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§# !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ fl∫yÓ°¡∫# ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛l
ï˛y•z !ï˛!l ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ Ó,!_ !¢«˛yG !òˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ÎyˆÏï˛
!¢«˛yÌ≈# í˛z˛õyç≈l«˛Ù •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ ˆ§•zçlƒ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ !ܲS%È Ü˛yç !¢áˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§#Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !¢«˛y •°
!¢¢%Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ ¢!=˛ Ù)°ï˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ G §%£ÏÙ !Óܲy¢– !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyç •ˆÏÓ !¢¢%Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ¢!=˛
G !Ó!˲ߨ §_yÓ°#Ó˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ çyly– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ !¢¢%Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ G
ˆ§•z ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# !¢¢%Ó˚ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
!¢«˛yò¢≈l (Educational Philosophy)ı
!¢¢%Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˲y°Ë˛yˆÏÓ çyly ÙyˆÏl•z •° !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Ë˛y°Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •GÎ˚y
~ÓÇ ˆ§•z ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ xyòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚•z !¢¢%Ó˚ !¢«˛y ˛õÂô!ï˛ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°y•z •ˆÏÓ §yÌ≈ܲ
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 76
!¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˆ§y˛õyl– !¢«˛yˆÏܲ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ xyÏòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ !˛õSȈÏl ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§# Ù)°ï˛
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ ç#Ól•z í˛zͧà≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§# !¢«˛yï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ xlƒï˛Ù ~ܲ!ê˛ !òܲ •° ˆÎñ !ï˛!l !¢«˛yˆÏܲ
˜l!ï˛Ü˛ G §yÙy!çܲ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l– !¢«˛y ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye !¢¢%Ó˚ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ G
Ùyl!§Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ §yôl ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ï˛y•z lÎ˚ñ ˆ§•z §yˆÏÌ Ó,•_Ó˚ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒG xl%Ó˚)˛õ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
xylˆÏÓ– §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚l G ˛õ%l/àë˛ˆÏl !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ï˛y ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§#Ó˚ !¢«˛yï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ Ù)°Ü˛Ìy– ˆ˛õhflϰͧ#Ó˚
ÙˆÏï˛ !¢«˛y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï ˆ◊!î Óy òˆÏ°Ó˚ çlƒ lÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç !¢«˛y •° §Ó≈çl#l ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚ xyçß√
x!ôܲyÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ◊!îñ ôÙ≈ñ Óî≈ !l!Ó≈ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï §Ó≈çlàˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ §Ó≈çl#l !¢«˛y Ù)°ï˛ ˛≤Ãà!ï˛¢#° ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛yÎ˚ܲ– ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§# °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎñ !¢¢% ˆÎ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ¢!=˛ñ xy@˝Ã•ñ §Ω˛yÓly G !ÓܲyˆÏ¢yß√%áï˛y
!lˆÏÎ˚ çß√@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆ§à%!°ˆÏܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ lyˆÏÙ lT˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ܲyÓ˚î §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢«˛y •ˆÏÓ ~à%!°ˆÏܲ
˛õ)l≈ G Óyôy•#l˲yˆÏÓ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y– ï˛y•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ xyò¢≈ !¢«˛y •° !¢¢%Ó˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ñ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ñ
˜ò!•Ü˛ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ §Ó≈yAà#l !Óܲy¢– ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§#Ó˚ !¢«˛yï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ Ù)° !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •° ˆÎñ !ï˛!l !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲê˛y §•ç G ≤Ã#!ï˛ÙÎ˚ xyÓ•yGÎ˚y §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰ!SȈϰl–
!¢«˛l ˛õÂô!ï˛ (Method of Teaching)ı
ˆ˛õhflÏy§Í§# ӈϰ!SȈϰl ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ç#Ólyò¢≈ àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ°ñ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §Ü˛° ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ°ñ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ ÓyhflÏÓ x!˲K˛ï˛yˆÏܲ!wܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ï˛y•z !ï˛!l Ó›ˆÏܲ!wܲ G ÓyhflÏÓ x!˲K˛ï˛y
!˲!_ܲ !¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§# Ù)°ï˛ ÓÑ˚%ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò myÓ˚y !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ ~!lˆÏÎ˚ !ܲS%È ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÈüÈ!lÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏV˛!SȈϰl ˆÎ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏܲ Î!ò ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛
§¡õ)î≈ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ¢#â •z ï˛y ÜÑ˛yê˛yàySÈ G xyàySÈyÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ •ˆÏÓñ ˆï˛Ù!l !¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚
•yˆÏï˛ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ !òˆÏ° ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ !Ó¢,C°yÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚–
!¢«˛y ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%!° •° ı
l !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° •ˆÏÓ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î åObservationä G •z!wÎ˚ylyË)˛!ï˛ åSense perceptionä–
l ˲y£Ïy !¢«˛y •ˆÏÓ Ù)ï≈˛ Ó›Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ–
l !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›ˆÏܲ «%˛o «%˛o í˛z˛õyòyˆÏl !ÓlƒhflÏ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
l !¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚Ï !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ç#Ól !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ï˛Ìƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ lÎ˚–
l !¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ ~Ó˚ ÎÌyˆÏÎyàƒ ÙÎ≈yòy !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢«˛Ü˛ÈüÈ!¢«˛yÌ≈#
§¡õÜ≈˛ §%fiÌ G §%®Ó˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
l !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛Ìƒ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲÓ˚y lÎ˚ ÓÓ˚Ç !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚
!¢!«˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z xl%ÎyÎ˚# ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y•z •° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ !¢«˛y ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ–
 Ù•yl ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ !¢«˛y!Óòàî 77
˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù (Curriculum)ı
“I want to psychologize education” xÌ≈yÍ ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§# !¢«˛yˆÏܲ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !˲!_ˆÏï˛
≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– Óƒ!=˛ G §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ °«˛ƒ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§# ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù ˜ï˛!Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ˆÙÔ!áܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï à%Ó˚%c ly !òˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!l Ó›!˲!_ܲ ˛õyë˛òyl åObject LessonäÈüÈ~Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛ à%Ó˚%c ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– !ï˛!l ã˛y•zˆÏï˛l ˆÎ !¢¢%Ó˚y Ù)ï≈˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› åConcrete Lessonä ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î
ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢áˆÏÓ– !ï˛!l !¢¢%Ó˚ ÓyhflÏÓ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ Î%=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !¢«˛y •ˆÏÓ
!¢¢%Ó˚ ÓÎ˚§ xl%ÎyÎ˚# §•ç ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲ!ë˛l ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ Ü˛!ë˛l !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ «%˛o «%˛o ~ܲˆÏܲ ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚
!¢«˛y !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§#Ó˚ ≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙ ˆ°áy˛õí˛¸yñ à!îï˛G Ù)°ï˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛ à!îï˛ (Mental
Mathematics) fiÌyl ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙ Ë)˛ˆÏày°ñ •z!ï˛•y§ñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ åNatural Studyäñ xAܲl
åDrawingäñ §Aà#ï˛ åMusicäñ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ã˛ã≈˛yñ Ü,˛!£ÏܲyÎ≈ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ à%Ó˚%c ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– !ï˛!l
Ù)°ï˛ §yÙy!çܲ˛ ܲ°ƒyˆÏîÓ˚ •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– !ï˛!l ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !Óòƒy°Î˚ ~Ó˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù
Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ò%!ê˛ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ °«˛ƒ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!SȈϰl– !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ˆ°áy˛õí˛¸y G à!îï˛ åReading,
Writing, ArithmaticäüÈ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy !SÈ° !ÓŸª ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˙ܲƒ
fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ôÁ!l åSoundäñ xÓÎ˚Ó åFormä ~ÓÇ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ åNumberä K˛yl ~ܲyhs˝Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
ï˛y•z !ï˛!l ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙ ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòyl ã˛ã≈˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚
!¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏl Ó!•ç≈àÍ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•° çy@˝Ãï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ •z!ï˛•y§ñ Ë)˛ˆÏày° •zï˛ƒy!ò !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚
ÙˆÏl §•ˆÏç ˆã˛ï˛ly çy@˝Ãï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– !ï˛!l !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˜ç!Óܲ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ˆò•ã˛ã≈˛yˆÏܲ
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ §Aà#ï˛G ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙ fiÌyl ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§# ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ò#â≈ ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zqyÓl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ lyÙ í˛z!l
ˆòl Ó›!˲!_ܲ ˛õyë˛òyl åObject Lessonä– ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ Ù)° l#!ï˛ •° ˆÎñ !¢¢%Ó˚ !¢«˛y !lSÈܲ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ•z ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÓ lyñ ˆÜ˛yl Ù)ï≈˛ Ó›ˆÏܲ åConcrete Objectä ˆÜ˛w ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
Ó›!ê˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈# ˆÎ K˛yl °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ï˛y ÓyhflÏÓôÙ≈# G fiÌyÎ˚# •ˆÏÓ– ~SÈyí˛¸y ~Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !¢¢%Ó˚
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î G Ü%˛¢°ï˛y Ó,!Âô ˛õyˆÏÓ– ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢¢%Ó˚ §Ù@˝Ã ÙˆÏlÓ˚ !Óܲy¢§yôl §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚
í˛zˆÏ벖 ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§#Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !¢«˛y •° ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ˆSÈò•#l !Óܲy¢ ~ÓÇ ï˛y xyˆÏ§ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ~Ùl ܲï˛Ü˛à%!° !ӈϢ£Ï
!òˆÏܲÓ˚ ã˛ã≈˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ– ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z !ӈϢ£Ï !òܲà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ã˛ã≈˛yˆÏܲ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏï˛
!¢¢%Ó˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl hflψÏÓ˚•z ï˛yÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ §%£ÏÙ G §¡õ)î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏ벖 ~•z ã˛ã≈˛yG xyÓyÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ Ü˛ÌyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ lÎ˚ ÓÓ˚Ç Ù)ï≈˛ Ó› åConcrete Objectä ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– Ù)°ï˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ~•z ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛
Óƒyáƒy ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§#Ó˚ Ó›!˲!_ܲ ˛õyë˛òyl åObject Lessonä ~Ó˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ çß√ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§# ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ !¢«˛yÎ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ à!îˆÏï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï à%Ó%̊c ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§#Ó˚ ≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛
˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙ à!îï˛ ˆ¢áyˆÏly •ï˛ Ù)ï≈˛ Ó›Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ– ˆ°áy G xyÑܲy í˛z˲Î˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áyñ
ÓÜ ˛ˆÏÓ˚áy ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛Ó˚ §ÙyˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y Ü%˛¢°ï˛y xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛y–
˲y£Ïy !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Óylyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ x«˛Ó˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ Óyò !òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ fiÌyˆÏl í˛zFã˛yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 78
¢∑yÇ¢ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– Ê˛ˆÏ° ˲y£Ïy ˆ°áyG xˆÏlܲˆÏÓ¢# §•ç§yôƒ G
í˛z˛õˆÏ˲yàƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛!SÈ°– Ë)˛ˆÏày° !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛G !ï˛!l ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§#
§Ó≈òy•z ã˛y•zˆÏï˛l ˆÎ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ hflψÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ K˛yl Óy !Óòƒy ˆòGÎ˚y lÎ˚ ÓÓ˚Ç ï˛yÓ˚ !¢«˛y @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚È
«˛Ùï˛y Ó,!Âô G !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ï˛yÓ˚ x!ç≈ï˛ K˛ylˆÏܲG §%§Ù!rôï˛
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ !¢«˛yòyl §Ó≈òy•z !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ôy!Óï˛ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛
xLjϢÓ˚ çlƒ ΈÏÌT˛ §ÙÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢¢% ˲y°Ë˛yˆÏÓ !°áˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛î §Ó≈òy §yôyÓ˚î G
§•çÓ› !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢%Ó˚% •ˆÏÓ G ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ !Óܲy¢ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ–
!Óòƒy°Î˚ (School)ı
ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§# ~•z ôyÓ˚îyÎ˚ !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ˆÎñ !¢¢%Ó˚ •z!wÎ˚à%!°Ó˚ ÎÌyÎÌ !Óܲy¢ G ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î
«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ í˛zÍܲ£Ï≈ §yôl•z •° !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ ~ÓÇ ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ–
ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§#Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ Ü,˛!eÙ G ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚ •ˆÏÓ ly ÓÓ˚Ç !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ •ˆÏÓ à,ˆÏ•Ó˚ Ùï˛
≤Ã#!ï˛ÙÎ˚ G Ùô%Ó˚ xÌ≈yÍ !Óòƒy°Î˚ •ˆÏÓ à,ˆÏ•Ó˚•z ≤Ã!ï˛FSÈ!Ó åTransformed Home)– ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§# ïÑ˛yÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛Ó° ˆ°áy˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §#ÙyÓÂô ly ˆÓ˚ˆÏá §%ˆÏï˛yܲyê˛yñ ܲy˛õí˛¸Ó%ly •zï˛ƒy!ò
lyly ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°ˆÏܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ xAà#Ë)˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈# ˆfl¨• G ≤Ã#!ï˛Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚
Óí˛¸ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ï˛!l xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó˚%c ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§#Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !¢«˛y •ˆÏÓ
§ÓyÓ˚ çlƒ xÌ≈yÍ !ӈϢ£Ï ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆ◊!îñ ôÙ≈ñ Óî≈ñ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ çlƒ lÎ˚–
!¢«˛Ü˛ (Teacher)ı
ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§#Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î (Observation) ~ÓÇ •z!wÎ˚yl%Ë)˛!ï˛ (Sense-perception) •° §ÙhflÏ
!¢«˛yÓ˚ !˲!_– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ !¢«˛y •° §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlƒ– xyÓ˚ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈–
!¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ~ܲˆÏܲÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈yÆ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî §ÙÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#
˲y°Ë˛yˆÏÓ §¡õ)î≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !¢«˛Ü˛ÈüÈ!¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ §Ó≈òy ˲y°Óy§yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛
•ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
¢,C°y (Discipline)ı
ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§#Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !¢«˛y •° !¢¢%Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ò_ ¢!=˛à%!°Ó˚ §%£ÏÙ !Óܲy¢ ~ÓÇ ~•z !Óܲy¢ xy§ˆÏÓ !¢¢%Ó˚
Ó,!Âô ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §yÙO§ƒ˛õ)î≈ G §%§Ç•ï˛ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ ¢,C°y •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ Ù%=˛ ¢,C°y–
ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ¢,C°yÓ˚ Óyôy !lˆÏ£Ïô ÌyܲˆÏ° !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y !Óòƒy°Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ü ˛Ù¢ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚– Ê˛ˆÏ° !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚
Ùyl!§Ü˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !òܲà%!° Óƒy•ï˛ •Î˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ¢,C°y •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ Ù%=˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˲yˆÏÓ xyˆÏÓ˚y!˛õï˛
•ˆÏÓ ly–
Ù•yl ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ !¢«˛y!Óòàî 79
@˝ÃrÌ (Writings)
l How Gertrude Teaches Her Children
l Leonard and Gertrude
l Letters on Early Education
l The Evening Hours of a Hermit
l Christopher and Elizababeth
l The Education of Man
l Letters of Pestalozzi on the Education of Infancy : Addressed to Mother
xÓòyl (Contribution)ı
!¢«˛yÎ˚ ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§#Ó˚ §Ó ˆÌˆÏܲ Óí˛¸ xÓòyl •° ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ åPsychological Tendencyä
≤ÃÓï≈˛l– ˛õyë˛ƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ !¢¢%Ó˚ §yÙÌ≈ƒ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ܲy!ë˛ˆÏlƒÓ˚ Ü ˛Ùyl%§yˆÏÓ˚ §yçyˆÏlyÓ˚ ܲÌy !ï˛!l §Ó≈≤ÃÌÙ
ӈϰ!SȈϰl– ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§# ÓÑ˚%ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ !ã˛hs˝yˆÏܲ !¢«˛y ˆ«˛ˆÏe §ÙƒÜ˛Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãà!ï˛¢#° !¢«˛yÓ˚
Ó˚)˛õ!ê˛ flõT˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– !¢¢%Ó˚ !¢«˛y !ï˛!l ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ !òˆÏï˛ ã˛yl!lñ ÓÓ˚Ç
!¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !ï˛!l ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly G !lÎ˚sfˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ«˛y˛õyï˛# !SȈϰl– ≤Ãà!ï˛¢#° !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õ!ê˛ !ӈϟªÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl
§yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ §Ó≈§yôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ G §ÙyòÓ˚ xyòyÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–
§#ÙyÓÂôï˛y (Limitation)ı
l ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ !¢«˛yò¢≈l !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ˆ«˛ˆÏe §%flõT˛ !SÈ° ly–
l !ï˛!l Ù)°ï˛ Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆ«˛ˆÏe xrô˲yˆÏÓ xl%ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–
l ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !¢«˛yò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ÓyhflÏÓyÎ˚ˆÏl §Ù§ƒy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
l ˆ˛õhfly°Í§#Ó˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%Èê˛y xflõT˛ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ (Conclusion) :
ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§# §%•zçyÓ˚°ƒyu˛ åSwitzerlandäÈüÈ~ x§Çრ!¢«˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ïÑ˛yÓ˚
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° °«˛ƒ !SÈ° “Learning by head, hard and heart”. ~•z Ù•yl !¢«˛y!Óò 1827 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 17
ˆÊ˛Ó %Î˚yÓ˚# ˛õÓ˚ˆÏ°yܲ àÙl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xÓòyˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° 1830 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §%•zçyÓ˚°ƒyu˛ ÈüÈ~ !lÓ˚«˛Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Ó•%° ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî •…y§ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– !¢«˛yÓ˚ Î%à§!rô«˛ˆÏî ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§#Ó˚ xy!ÓË≈˛yÓ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ~ÓÇ ÙôƒÎ%à#Î˚
ÓƒÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ xyô%!lܲ Î%ˆÏà í˛z_Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ù%•)Ïï≈˛ !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xÓòyl xlfl∫#ܲyÎ≈– ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§#Ó˚ myÓ˚y•z
!¢«˛yçàˆÏï˛ Ó•% lï%˛l !Ó£ÏÎ˚ xyd≤Ãܲy¢ âˆÏê˛!SÈ° ~ÓÇ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !¢«˛yÎ˚ lyly §Ù§ƒy !lˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Óƒy˛õ# ˆÎ
lyly!Óô àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ã˛°ˆÏSÈ ~Ó˚ Ù)ˆÏ° ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§#Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xˆÏÌ≈
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !˲!_Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 80

ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ
Ê ˛í˛y!Ó˚ܲ˛ í˛z•z°ˆÏ•Ù xàyfiê˛ Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ°
(Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel)

Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Introduction)ı
ˆÊ ˛í˛y!Ó˚ܲ˛ í˛z•z°ˆÏ•Ù xàyfiê˛ Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° 1782 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 21 ~!≤ð çyÙ≈y!lˆÏï˛ çß√@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !˛õï˛y !SȈϰl ã˛yˆÏã≈˛Ó˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y!•ï˛– Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ°ÈüÈ~Ó˚ çˆÏß√Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ùyï˛yÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ xÓl!ï˛
•ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏӈϰÓ˚ Ùyï˛yÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒ •Î˚ Îál ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ Ùye lÎ˚ Ùy§ ÓSÈÓ˚– Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏӈϰÈÓ˚ !˛õï˛y
˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ !ÓÓy• ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° !ÓÙyï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Ùyl%£Ï •l– Ùyï,˛ˆÏfl¨• Ó!M˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛ xyÜ,˛T˛ •l ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆ§ÓyÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ çy@˝Ãï˛ •Î˚– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !ã˛hs˝y ˆÌˆÏܲ {ŸªÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y
Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏӈϰÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°–
1802 §y° ˆÌˆÏܲ 1805 §y° xÓ!ô !ï˛!l ç!Ù ˛õ!Ó˚ò¢≈ܲ (Land Surveyor) !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
1805 §yˆÏ° Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° Ê ˛yAܲÊ%˛ˆÏê˛ !lÙ≈yîÓ˚#!ï˛ åArchitectureä !lˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸y¢%ly ܲˆÏÓ˚l– 1802 §y° ˆÌˆÏܲ
1812 §y° xÓ!ô Ê ˛ˆÏΈ˚ ÓÏ ° ˲y£Ïy ~ÓÇ !ÓK˛yl !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆày!ê˛lˆÏçl !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ åUnitersity of Gottingenä
˛õí˛¸y¢%ly ܲˆÏÓ˚l– 1812 §y° ˆÌˆÏܲ 1816 §y° xÓ!ô á!l!ÓK˛yl‡ôyï%˛!Óòƒy åMineralogyä xôƒÎ˚l
ܲˆÏÓ˚l Óy!°≈l !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚ åUnivesity of BerlinäÈüÈ~–
Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° !SȈϰl ˆçy•yl ˆ•l!Ó˚ܲ ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§#Ó˚ xl%àyÙ#– 1805 §yˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚
ܲyˆÏç ˆÎyàòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÑÓ˚ ܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ Óƒy!Æ !Ó!˲ߨ !òˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yÑÓ˚
ç#ÓˆÏl xï˛ƒhs˝ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ âê˛ly •° ˆÎ 1816 §yˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏܲ fiê˛Ü˛°ˆÏ•yÙ (Stockholm)-~
xôƒy˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ çlƒ xy•¥yl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ !ܲv !ï˛!l ï˛y !Ê˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ German General Educational Institute
fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
!¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ (Aims of Education)ı
Ùl%£Ïƒç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛Ó˚Ù °«˛ƒ •° !ÓŸªÓ ·yˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ xyôƒy!dܲ ˙ܲƒ !ÓòƒÙyl ï˛yˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ •ˆÏÓ ˆ§•z ã˛Ó˚Ù §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y– ~Ó˚ çlƒ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚
ˆl•z ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î !¢¢% !lˆÏç•z •° §!Ü ˛Î˚– ~•z §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ï˛yÓ˚ §Ü˛° §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ–
!¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyç •ˆÏÓ ¢%ô% ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚y–
 Ù•yl ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ !¢«˛y!Óòàî 81
!¢«˛yò¢≈l (Educational Philosophy)ı
Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° !SȈϰl Ù)°ï˛ ˲yÓÓyò# ~ÓÇ !ï˛!l !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ˆÎ çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ ç#Ól G ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚
§_yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢!=˛ !ÓÓ˚yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ¢!=˛ •° {ŸªÓ˚– !ï˛!l !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ˆÎ ÙylÓç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ G
§Ù@˝Ã !ÓŸªçàˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ù)ˆÏ° xyˆÏSÈ ~ܲ ~ܲܲ xôƒyd¢!=˛ ~ÓÇ ÙylÓ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲÙye í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° ˆ§•z
xyôƒy!dܲ ¢!=˛ G §Ó≈¢!=˛Ùyl {ŸªÓ˚ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y–
Ó˚%шϢy G ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§#Ó˚ lƒyÎ˚ Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏӈϰÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ !¢«˛y!ã˛hs˝y G ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w ܲˆÏÓ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛!SÈ°–
!ï˛!l ӈϰ!SȈϰlñ Come let us live for the children. Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° Ù)°ï˛ !SȈϰl ~ܲçl çyÙ≈yl òy¢≈!lܲ–
!ï˛!l •zÙyl%ˆÎÏ °˚ ܲyrê˛ åImmanuel Kantäñ çà≈ í˛z•° z ˆÏ•Ù ˆÊ ˛í˛y!Ó˚ܲ ˆ•ˆÏà° åGeorg Wilhelm Friedrich
Hegeläñ ˆçy•yl àê˛!°Ó !Ê˛ã‰˛ê˛ åJohann Gotlieb Fichteä ≤ÃÙ%á !Óáƒyï˛ òy¢≈!lܲˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ
≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– ~SÈyí˛¸yG Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° ˆçlÈüÈÓƒy˛õ!ê˛fiê˛ !˛õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚# xyhs˝ˆÏl ˆí˛ ÙˆÏlê˛ ˆÜ˛Ë˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆí˛
°ƒyÙyˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ åJean-Beptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de LamarekäÈüÈ~Ó˚ !ÓÓï≈˛lÓyò
åTheory of Evolutionä myÓ˚y xï˛ƒhs˝ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ!˚ SȈ° Ï l– Ê ˛ˆÏΈ˚ ÓÏ ˆÏ°Ó˚ !¢«˛yò¢≈ˆlÏ Ë˛yÓÓyò G !ÓÓï≈˛lÓyò
~•z ò%•z !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚yÓ˚ x˛õ)Ó≈ §Ùß∫Î˚ âˆÏê˛!SÈ° ~ÓÇ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ !¢«˛yò¢≈ˆÏl xyôƒydÓyòñ !ÓÓï≈˛lÓyòñ
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ܲÙ≈Óyò !Ù!◊ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ– Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ°ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !¢«˛yò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›ˆÏܲ !lˆÏ¡¨ !ÓÓ,ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y
•° ı
xyôƒy!dܲ ~ܲï˛yÓ˚ ï˛_¥ åTheory of Divine Unityäı
Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏӈϰÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ §Ù@˝Ã !ӈϟª !l!•ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ܲ xyôƒy!dܲ ˙ܲƒ ~ÓÇ {ŸªÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ ¢!=˛Ó˚ í˛zͧ G
§Ó!ܲS%È ~ܲ xyôƒy!dܲ ˙ˆÏܲƒ ÓÑyôy– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ÙylÓç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° °«˛ƒ •ˆÏÓ !ӈϟªÓ˚ xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ xyôƒy!dܲ
~ܲï˛yˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y G ~•z xyˆÏdy˛õ°!kô•z •° ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ !¢«˛y– ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃•z !¢¢%Ó˚
xhs˝Ó˚!fiÌï˛ xyôƒy!dܲ ~ܲï˛yˆÏܲ çy!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛y°y ÎyÎ˚–
xyd§!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ ï˛_¥ åTheory of Self Activityäı
!¢¢%Ó˚ xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yˆÏܲ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆl•z ~ÓÇ !¢¢%Ó˚
§•çyï˛ xydÈüȧ!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y ÎyˆÏï˛ ly •Î˚ ˆ§!òˆÏܲ °«˛ƒ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° ~•z ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óƒyáƒy
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎñ §Ó≈Ó›Ó˚ !ã˛Ó˚hs˝l ˙ܲƒ Óy x!˲ߨï˛y ~ÓÇ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ °«˛ƒ •° ~•z ¢yŸªï˛ fl∫à#≈Î˚
~ܲï˛yˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y G !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚y– !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒG ï˛y•z •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ çlƒ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆl•z ܲyÓ˚î !¢¢% !lˆÏç•z fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ §!Ü ˛Î˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !¢¢%Ó˚ ~•z x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î
§!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yˆÏܲ•z Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° ÎÌyÌ≈˲yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl G à%Ó˚%c ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–
í˛zˆÏß√£Ïî ï˛_¥ åTheory of Unfoldmentä ı
Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏӈϰÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy xl%ÎyÎ˚# xyôƒy!dܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô Óy xyˆÏdy˛õ°!kô Ü ˛Ù!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚
Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛Ó˚ lyÙ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl í˛zˆÏß√£Ïî åUnfoldmentä– !¢¢% ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛
Îy •ˆÏÓ ï˛y !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ÃÌÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !l!•ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ G !¢¢% ~•z Ó•%Ù%á# Ü ˛Ù!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •ˆÏï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ– !¢«˛yˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏß√£Ïî ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°•z ˛Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° í˛z!qò ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §ˆÏAà !¢¢%Ó˚
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 82
Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎÙl §Ù@˝Ã Ó,«˛!ê˛ §%Æ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆï˛Ù!l ~ܲ!ê˛
!¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §ÙhflÏ !ܲS%È §%Æ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ !¢¢%Ó˚ Ü ˛Ù!ÓܲyˆÏ¢ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly˲yˆÏÓ•z Óyôy ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛
lÎ˚–
õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù (Curriculum)ı
Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ åNature StudyäÈüÈ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï à%Ó˚%c ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– !ï˛!l ~•z
ôyÓ˚îyÎ˚ !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ˆÎñ !¢¢%Ó˚ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ G xyôƒy!dܲ ã˛!Ó˚e !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §•yÎ˚ܲ •° Ù)°ï˛ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ K˛yl–
Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙ à!îï˛ñ ˲y£Ïyñ xÇܲlñ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ܲyçñ ܲyˆÏë˛Ó˚ ܲyçñ ÓyàyˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyçñ lyã˛ñ
àylñ ˆá°y •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï à%Ó˚%c ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙ ôÙ#≈Î˚ G
˜l!ï˛Ü˛ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ à%Ó˚%c ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ܲyÓ˚î ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ~à%!°Ó˚ myÓ˚y {ŸªÓ˚ ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ
!¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ–
Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰ!SȈϰlñ ܲyÓ˚î ïÑ˛yÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~ܲ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ ˙ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ ~ÓÇ ~•z §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ myÓ˚y
í˛zò‰Ó%Âô •ˆÏ° !¢¢% ï˛yÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ç#ÓˆÏl ˙ܲƒ xylˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓñ Ê˛ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ ~Ó˚ ˛õÌ
§%àÙ •ˆÏÓ–
Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏӈϰÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ Ë˛y£Ïy •° Ù)°ï˛ §yLjÏܲ!ï˛Ü˛ ˲yÓ ÎyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óƒ!=˛ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ !ÓŸª§_yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˙ܲƒ
fiÌy˛õˆÏl §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ܲˆÏÌy˛õÜ˛ÌˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xyˆÏ§ ï˛y•z !ï˛!l
ܲÌy Ó°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï à%Ó˚%c ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–
Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° à!îï˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï à%Ó˚%c ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlñ ܲyÓ˚î ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ôÙ≈ ˆÎÙlÈÈüü •,òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
§yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ˆï˛Ù!l à!îï˛ G Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ó%!ÂôÓ,!_Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛– à!îï˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ ¢!=˛ˆÏܲ ˆÎÙl !Óܲ!¢ï˛
•ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆï˛Ù!l !ÓŸªçàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˙ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ §)e á%шÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚G ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ à%Ó˚%c ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó!î≈ï˛ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚
ܲyç ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ fiÌyl x!ôܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– ܲyÓ˚î ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ~Ó˚ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛y xyˆÏSÈ–
Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲyç Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ó%!V˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ܲyòyñ Óy!°ñ ܲyë˛ñ ܲyˆÏë˛Ó˚ à%шÏí˛¸y !òˆÏÎ˚ lyly !ç!l§ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°y
~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ âlÓ›Ó˚ §ˆÏAà !¢¢%Ó˚ !l!Óí˛¸ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏ벖 xyÓyÓ˚ ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚ ܲyçñ Ùyò%Ó˚ ˆÓyly
•zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚ í˛zqyÓl# ¢!=˛Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ âˆÏê˛ñ •hflÏ §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ò«˛ï˛y ÓyˆÏí˛¸– lï%˛l Ó› §,!T˛Ó˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢¢% xyl® í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲˆÏÓ˚ G !lˆÏçÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y !¢¢% ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
§,!T˛Ó˚ xyl® G ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ flÀT˛yˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° lyã˛ñ àylñ ˆá°yˆÏܲ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰ!SȈϰl ܲyÓ˚î ~à%!°Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢¢%
fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ÓŸªçàˆÏï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õÜ≈˛ fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° •z!ï˛•y§ñ Ë)˛ˆÏày°ñ
!ÓK˛yl ˛õyë˛ˆÏܲ xl%Órô fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰ!SȈϰl– Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° xAܲl ˛õyë˛ˆÏܲ
xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó˚%c ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ܲyÓ˚î ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y !¢¢%Ó˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆ§Ô®Î≈ˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚
!Óܲy¢ âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
 Ù•yl ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ !¢«˛y!Óòàî 83
!Óòƒy°Î˚ (School)ı
Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏӈϰÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !Óòƒy°Î˚ •ˆÏÓ «%˛o §Ùyç ˆÎáyˆÏl !¢¢%Ó˚y §Ùyç ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ à%îyÓ!°
ˆÎÙlÈüü §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yñ §•Ù!Ù≈ï˛yñ ܲï≈˛ÓƒˆÏÓyôñ lƒyÎ˚ñ §ï˛ï˛yñ !ÓŸªhflÏï˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° ~•z
ôyÓ˚îyÎ˚ !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ˆÎñ !ÓŸª Ó ·yˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˆÎ ˙ܲƒ !ÓÓ˚yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚G ˆ§•z ˙ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°l
•GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ myÓ˚y !¢¢% §Ùyç ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°à%!°
xyÎ˚_ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •ˆÏÓ– ï˛y•z Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° !Óòƒy°Î˚ˆÏܲ ÚÚEpitome of the WorldÛÛ å!ӈϟªÓ˚ «%˛o §ÇflÒÓ˚îä
ӈϰ xyáƒy!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyç •° ˛õyë˛òyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ K˛yl ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y lÎ˚
ÓÓ˚Ç !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ç#Ól í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y–
!¢«˛Ü˛ (Teacher)ı
Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏӈϰÈÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ •ˆÏÓ !ÓŸªÓ ·yˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ ˛õÓ˚Ù ¢yŸªï˛ G xyôƒy!dܲ ˙ܲƒ !ÓòƒÙyl
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ çlƒ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆl•z– Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏӈϰÈÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !¢¢%Ó˚y
•° í˛zòƒyˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚yàySÈ G !¢«˛Ü˛ •ˆÏÓl Ùy°#– !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyç •° !¢¢%ˆÏܲ §%fiÌ G §%®Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ !Óܲ!¢ï˛
•ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ !¢¢%Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yÌ≈ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚y– ~SÈyí˛¸yG !¢«˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ
!¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛ xy@˝Ã• xl%ÎyÎ˚# !ӈϟªÓ˚ ˙ܲƒ í˛z˛õ°!kôÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xyd!ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl ܲyÓ˚î
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ fl∫ï˛/fl≥))˛ï≈˛ §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˲yˆÏ°y Ê˛° °y˲ ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚
•ˆÏÓ ly–
¢,C°y (Discipline)ı
Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° Ü,˛!eÙ Óy xyˆÏÓ˚y!˛õï˛ ¢,C°yÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# !SȈϰl ~ÓÇ !¢¢%Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ ÎyˆÏï˛ fl∫yô#l G
§!Ü ˛Î˚˲yˆÏÓ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï à%Ó˚%c ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚y ¢,C°y !¢áˆÏÓ fl∫#Î˚ ܲyçܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚
åSelf-activitiesä ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~ÓÇ ˆçyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÓÑyôyôÓ˚y !ܲS%È !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ã˛y˛õyˆÏly ã˛°ˆÏÓly–
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ¢,C°y §yÙy!çܲ ç#ÓlÎy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# •ˆÏÓ Îy !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚y !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ò°àï˛ Ü˛yçܲÙ≈ G
!Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢áˆÏÓ– Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏӈϰÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ¢y!hflÏ G ¢y§l ~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl fiÌyl ˆl•z ¢,C°y
Ó˚«˛yÎ˚–
!¢«˛î˛˛õÂô!ï˛ (Method of Teaching)ı
Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏӈϰÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ xydÈüȧ!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y•z •ˆÏÓ !¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ù)° !˲!_– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ˆá°y•z •° !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ù)°
ÙyôƒÙ G ˆá°yÓ˚ myÓ˚y•z !¢¢% xyl®ñ fl∫yô#lï˛y G ï,˛!Æ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó!î≈ï˛ !¢«˛y
˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÙÔ!áܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ xydÈüÈ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ x!ôܲ à%Ó˚%c ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– !ï˛!l ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛
!¢«˛y ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛c !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlƒ ly§≈y!Ó˚ àyl åNursery Songsäñ ÙyòyÓ˚ ˆ≤’ åMother
playä ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ G ܲyç åGift and OccupationäÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–
ÙyòyÓ˚ ˆ≤’ !¢¢%Ó˚ xAà §M˛y°ˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà §,!T˛ˆÏï˛
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 84
§•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° 1837 §yˆÏ° ÚBad BlackenburgÛÈüÈ~ !¢¢% !¢«˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛yˆÏ°l ~ÓÇ
ò%ÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~Ó˚ lyÙܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ÚKindergartenÛ lyˆÏÙ– Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎ §Ù@˝Ã ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚
˛õ%là≈ë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ÚKindergartenÛ ÈüÈ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ •° !¢¢% í˛zòƒyl xÌ≈yÍ
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ !Óòƒy°Î˚ •° ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòƒylfl∫Ó˚)˛õ– !¢¢%Ó˚y •° ˆ§•z í˛zòƒyˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚yàySÈ G !¢«˛Ü˛ •ˆÏ°l ï˛yÓ˚
Ùy°#– !¢«˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y !¢¢%Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏӈϰÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !¢«˛y ˆçyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ ã˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ lyñ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ¢y!hflÏ G ¢y§l •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ fiÌyl !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆàÔî •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛–
fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛ xylˆÏ®Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ !¢«˛y !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ G ~•z xyd§!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yˆÏܲ !ï˛!l !¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ù)°
˛õÂô!ï˛ !•§yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !¢¢%Ó˚ ~•z xyd§!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y §Ó ˆÌˆÏܲ §yÌ≈ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy¢ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
ˆá°yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ– ܲyÓ˚î Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏӈϰÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !¢¢% !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà áy˛õ áyGÎ˚yˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚
G ˆá°yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !ã˛Ó˚¢yŸªï˛ §ï˛ƒ {ŸªÓ˚ˆÜ˛ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ï˛!l !ܲu˛yÓ˚àyˆÏê˛≈l ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ ÎÌyÌ≈•z ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ Nature reveals God to the
child. xÌ≈yÍ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ §¡ø%ˆÏá {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy ≤Ãfl≥%˛!ê˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!ܲu˛yÓ˚àyˆÏê≈˛l ˛õÂô!ï˛ ı
!ï˛!l !ܲu˛yÓ˚àyˆÏê≈˛l ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ó›!˲!_ܲ !¢«˛y ˛õÂô!ï˛ G •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛yòyl ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚
≤ÃÓï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚l– Ó›à%!°Ó˚ lyÙ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl Úí˛z˛õ•yÓ˚Û (Gift) G ܲyçà%!°Ó˚ lyÙ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ÚÓ,!_Û (Occupation)–
~•z§Ó Ó›Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ !lÎ˚ÙyÓ!°ˆÏܲ §yLjÏܲ!ï˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !¢¢%Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~à%!°Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢¢% Ó›çàï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~à%!° !¢¢%Ó˚ xhs˝ò¢≈ˆÏl
§•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ç!l§ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ñ ܲyˆÏë˛Ó˚ ܲyçñ ïÑ˛yï˛ ˆÓylyñ SÈ!Ó xÑyܲy •zï˛ƒy!òˆÏܲ !ï˛!l
Ó,!_ !•§yˆÏÓ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ ~à%!°Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢¢% !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˛õyÎ˚–
Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏӈϰÓ˚ !¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !òܲ •° SÈí˛¸y G àyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛yòyl– àylˆÏܲ !ï˛!l
ò%ÈüÈ˲yˆÏà ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlÈüü ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ àyl G ˆá°yÓ˚ àyl– !ï˛!l §yï˛!ê˛ ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ àyl G ˛õM˛y¢!ê˛ ˆá°yÓ˚ àyˆÏlÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛y ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏSÈl– àylà%!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ï˛!l ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛
˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ÎÌyÈüü
1) ˆSÈyê˛ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ Ó˚)˛õܲÌyÓ˚ àyl– ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y !¢¢%Ó˚ ܲ“ly¢!=˛ˆÏܲ çy@˝Ãï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚–
2) xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸yˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó›Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛!ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ àyl–
3) ã˛wñ §)Î≈ñ ï˛yÓ˚y ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ !ÓÓÓ˚î §Çܲ!°ï˛ àyl–
4) ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ ã˛!Ó˚e àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# í˛z˛õˆÏò¢Ù)°Ü˛ àyl–
Ù•yl ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ !¢«˛y!Óòàî 85
!ܲu˛yÓ˚àyˆÏê≈˛l ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒı
l xyd§!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y åSelf-activityä ~ÓÇ ˆá°yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛y åPlayway Educationä ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚
≤Ãôyl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ– ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ SÈí˛¸yñ àyl •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ myÓ˚y !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ÌyˆÏܲ–
l !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ •z!wÎ˚à%!°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï à%Ó˚%c ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– !¢¢% K˛yl Óy
x!˲K˛ï˛y §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚ •z!wÎ˚à%!°Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~ÓÇ !¢¢% Ó!•ç≈àˆÏï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õÜ≈˛ fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
§«˛Ù •Î˚–
l !¢«˛yÎ˚ xyl®yl%Ë%˛!ï˛ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚y !ܲu˛yÓ˚àyˆÏê≈˛l ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ xlƒï˛Ù ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ çlƒ Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ°
!¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆá°yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏSÈl–
l §Çà#ï˛ !ܲu˛yÓ˚àyˆÏê≈˛l ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ x˛õÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ– àyˆÏlÓ˚ G ï˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !¢¢%Ó˚y
fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ xyÜ,˛T˛ •Î˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ xy@˝Ã•G Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚–
l ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ åNature Studyä Ê˛ˆÏ° ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢¢%Ó˚y
!ÓŸªÓ ·y[˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛!ï˛ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ G •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲyç åGift and Occupationäı
!¢«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° ò%!ê˛ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰ!SȈϰl ÎÌyÈüü í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ åGiftä ~ÓÇ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲyç
åOccupationä– !ï˛!l !¢¢%Ó˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ hflÏÓ˚ xl%ÎyÎ˚# G çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ !lÎ˚Ùà%!°Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ G Ó•% §ÇáƒÜ˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ xy@˝Ã• xyܲ£Ï≈îܲyÓ˚# •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲyç xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
ˆày°Ü˛ •ˆÏFSÈ ˙ܲƒ G §%áÈüȧyÙOˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ ˆ◊¤˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î– ˆày°Ü˛ •° {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ– Ó°ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
ˆày°Ü˛ ï˛Ìy {ŸªÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y G !ӈϟªÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ù ˆÓyV˛y xˆÏlܲê˛y §•ç •Î˚–
ܲyˆÏë˛Ó˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ˆày°Ü˛ñ !ܲí˛zÓ G !§!°u˛yÓ˚ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !¢¢% ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ˆày°ˆÏܲÓ˚ ï%˛°ly
ܲˆÏÓ˚ lï%˛l ò%!ê˛ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ G §yò,¢ƒ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
xyÓyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏë˛Ó˚ âlܲˆÏܲ 4 !ê˛ §Ùyl ˆSÈyê˛ âlˆÏܲ á![˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚ñ !§Ç•y§lñ
òÓ˚çyñ !§Ñ!í˛¸ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y Ó%V˛yˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ !ܲS%ÈÓ˚ Ù)° í˛zͧ •° ~ܲ xÌ≈yÍ
{ŸªÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ lyly Ó›Ó˚ §,!T˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚à%!° ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !¢¢% !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚)˛õ G ˆ◊!îÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ çƒy!Ù!ï˛ñ
!eˆÏܲyî!Ù!ï˛Ó˚ lyly Ó˚)˛õ àë˛ˆÏl !¢¢% í˛zͧy!•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ åGiftä •° !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲí˛zÓñ Ó°
•zï˛ƒy!ò ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚à%!° •° ≤Ãï˛#ܲ !Ó!˲ߨ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ó ˆÎÙlÈüü Ó° •° xyôƒy!dܲï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ– í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚à%!°Ó˚
xyÜ,˛!ï˛ ˛x˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#° !ܲv ܲyçà%!° •° ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#° xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó› ˆÎÙlÈüü Ùy!ê˛ñ ܲyí≈˛ˆÏÓyí≈˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò–
í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚à%!° ˛õyÓyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ܲyç åOccupationä xyÓ˚Ω˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ G ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xï˛ƒhs˝ !l!Óí˛¸
§¡õÜ≈˛ !ÓòƒÙyl ÌyˆÏܲ– Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ӈϰÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ó!î≈ï˛ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ ~ÓÇ
!Ó!˲ߨ •z!wÎ˚à%!°Ó˚ xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy Ù)°ï˛ xˆÏlܲê˛y•z ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 86
Ù)°ï˛ ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§#Ó˚ Ó›!˲!_ܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ•z åObjective Lessonä Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° xˆÏlܲê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ°È !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛ §ÇáƒÜ˛ Ù)ï≈˛ Ó›Ó˚ ≤ÃÓï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ
~à%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%ȈÏܲ !ï˛!l í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ åGiftä G xyÓyÓ˚ !ܲS%ȈÏܲ ܲyç åOccupationä lyÙ !òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl–
Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚à%!°ˆÏܲ !ӈϢ£Ï !ӈϢ£Ï xyÜ,˛!ï˛§¡õߨ G !ӈϢ£Ï !ӈϢ£Ï Ó›Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ !¢¢%Ó˚ ܲyˆÏç
í˛z˛õfiÌy!˛õï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yˆÏlyÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ Ó›Ó˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#° ˆ§à%!° ܲyˆÏçÓ˚
åOccupationä ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙlÈüü Óy!°ñ Ùy!ê˛ñ ܲyí≈˛ˆÏÓyí≈˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò–
Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏӈϰÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ !¢¢% ~ܲy •ˆÏ°G ˆ§ ˆÎ xyÓ˚ ò¢çˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲê˛y !ÓÓ˚yê˛ §_yÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛
xÇ¢ñ ~•z ã˛Ó˚Ù §ï˛ƒê˛y !¢¢%Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ !lï˛yhs˝•z çyly ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ ˆÎÔÌܲÙ≈ñ §!¡ø!°ï˛ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò
Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ !¢«˛y˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ xlƒï˛Ù ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ– ~Ó˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏl Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏӈϰÓ˚ !¢«˛y ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛Ó˚ xÓòyl
xlfl∫#ܲyÎ≈–
ˆá°yñ àylñ SÈ!Ó xÑyܲyñ à“ Ó°y •zï˛ƒy!ò Ó•%!Óò ܲyçˆÏܲ !¢¢%Ó˚ ˜ò!lܲ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ Ó˚yáy
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆá°y xlƒï˛Ù– Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏӈϰÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ≤Ã˲yÓ¢y°# í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î
•° à“ñ ~à%!° !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùl ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˲y£Ïyñ àylñ ˆá°y §Ü˛° Ó›ˆÏܲ•z ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ–
@˝ÃrÌ (Writings)ı
l The Education of Man
l Autobiography of Friedrich Froebel
l The Pedagogics of the Kindergarten
l Inventing Kindergarten : An Autobiography of Friedrich Froebel
l Letters on the Kindergarten
l Revival : Autobiography of Friedrich Froebel
l Mother-play and Nursery Songs
xÓòyl (Contribution)ı
l Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° •ˆÏ°l ~Ùl ~ܲçl !¢«˛y!Óò !Î!l !ܲu˛yÓ˚àyˆÏê˛≈l !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛yÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ òy¢≈!lܲ Óƒyáƒy ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !¢«˛yò¢≈l xl%ÎyÎ˚# !¢¢%Ó˚ §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚
~ܲÙye ÙyôƒÙ ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ §yÌ≈ܲ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° ӈϰ!SȈϰl ˆÎ
!¢¢%Ó˚ Ü ˛Ù!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ G fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛ ÙyôƒÙ •° ˆá°y– Ê˛ˆÏ° !¢«˛yÎ˚ ˆá°yÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl
o%ï˛ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲ •ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
l Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° !¢«˛yÎ˚ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲyçñ à“ Ó°yñ àyl •zï˛ƒy!òˆÏܲ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ
ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ˛õ%Ñ!Ìàï˛ !ÓòƒyÎ˚ G !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ã˛yÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §#ÙyÓÂô Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ã˛yl!lñ Ê˛ˆÏ°
!¢«˛yÎ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y òyˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ à%Ó%̊c ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ܲyÓ˚îñ !¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó!•/¢!=˛Ó˚ •hflψϫ˛˛õ G Ü,˛!eÙï˛y
§¡õ)î≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ !¢«˛y ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ°!SȈϰl– •z•y
Ù•yl ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ !¢«˛y!Óòàî 87
SÈyí˛¸yG !ï˛!l ˛õÑyã˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyê˛ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰ!SȈϰlñ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˜¢¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ
§%ò)ì˛¸ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ˲!Ó£ÏƒÍ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚
•ˆÏÓ–
l ˆá°yˆÏܲ !¢«˛yÎ˚ !ï˛!l !ӈϢ£Ï à%Ó˚%c ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ò¢≈l G flõˆÏ¢≈!wÎ˚ §ˆÏï˛ç
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyly ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ G ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ Ê˛ˆÏ° ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y
Ó!•ç≈àˆÏï˛Ó˚ K˛yl •z!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ•z xyˆÏ§–
l !¢«˛yÎ˚ xydÈüȧ!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y ˆÎ xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ï˛y Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆá°yñ à“ñ àylñ xÇܲl •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ §•ç G !ã˛_yܲ£Ï≈ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚
§yÌ≈ܲ ≤ÃÎ˚y§ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–
l Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° ò°ÓÂô ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï à%Ó˚%c ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ G ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ •z!wÎ˚ ã˛ã≈˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
l Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° !ܲu˛yÓ˚àyˆÏê≈˛ˆÏl ˆÎ í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚à%!°Ó˚ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏSÈl ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï xl%Ü ˛Ù Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ ≤Ãà!ï˛¢#° !¢«˛yl#!ï˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ !SȈϰl G ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ !¢«˛y
ÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–
l !ï˛!l ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !Óòƒy°Î˚ˆÏܲ §Ùyç ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛FSÈ!Ó !•§yˆÏÓ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰ!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ
!Óòƒy°Î˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~•z ôyÓ˚îy Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !¢«˛yÎ˚ xï˛ƒhs˝ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲ–
l Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° Î%!=˛ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎñ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓyV˛y ã˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚
ˆòGÎ˚y lÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç ï˛yÓ˚ xyd §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y xl%ÎyÎ˚# !l!ò≈T˛ ˛õˆÏÌ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚y–
l Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° !¢¢%Ó˚ !¢«˛y ïÑ˛yÓ˚ fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛ ܲÙ≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ !¢¢%Ó˚ ܲÙ≈
!lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl xÓyô fl∫yô#lï˛y òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
l Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ°•z §Ó≈≤ÃÌÙ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ ˆá°y!˲!_ܲ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰ!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ Ó,!_§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
ܲÙ≈ˆÏܲ!wܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–
§#ÙyÓÂôï˛y (Limitation)ı
l ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° Ù)°ï˛ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yl!l– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ ã˛Ó˚Ù
˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ çˆÏß√Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z !l!•ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛y•z ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢!=˛•z ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
xylˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
l Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏӈϰÓ˚ !¢«˛yï˛ˆÏ_¥ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ù)°ƒ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚!l ~ÓÇ §ÙhflÏ âê˛ly•z ˛õ)Ó≈
!lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ G §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ lï%˛l Óy x≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ ӈϰ !ܲS%È•z ˆl•z– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ ˛õ)Ó≈
!lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ñ ï˛y•z !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ˆÎ !¢«˛y!ê˛ ˆòGÎ˚y ˆ•yܲ Óy ly ˆ•yܲ !¢¢% ï˛yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ !àˆÏÎ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆ˛õÑÔSȈÏÓ•z–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c xˆÏlܲê˛y•z Ü˛Ù ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 88
l Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° Ó!î≈ï˛ “Theory of Unfoldment” xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly «˛Ùï˛y ˆl•z !¢¢%Ó˚
!¢«˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚–
l !¢«˛yÎ˚ ≤Ãï˛#ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° §Ù@˝Ã !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌy•z ò%ˆÏÓ≈yôƒ G Ó˚•§ƒÙÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
~ÓÇ !¢«˛yÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛#ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ lÎ˚– ≤Ãï˛#ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
!ÓÙ)ï≈˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ !¢«˛yòyl ܲÓ˚y xˆÏlܲê˛y•z ܲT˛§yôƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚–
l Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ !¢«˛y ˛õÂô!ï˛ Ù)°ï˛ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ≤ÈÏÎyçƒ !ܲv í˛zFã˛hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ
!ï˛!l §%!l!ò≈T˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒyáƒy ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l !l–
l !ܲu˛yÓ˚àyˆÏê≈˛l ≤ÃÌyÎ˚ !°ál G ˛õë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï à%Ó˚%c ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚!l–
l !¢¢%Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛§_yÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° ÓÇ¢ôyÓ˚yˆÏܲ•z à%Ó˚%c ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ°
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l !ܲv !¢¢%Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ó•%°yLjϢ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°
~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ÓÇ¢à!ï˛ ~ܲÙye •z•yÓ˚ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ly–
l Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ !ܲˆÏ§Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §%!l!ò≈T˛ Î%!=˛ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚l !lñ Ê˛ˆÏ° !ܲˆÏ§Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ï˛y Ù)°ï˛ xˆÏlܲê˛y•z xflõT˛ G
ò%ˆÏÓ≈yôƒ–
l Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏӈϰÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ !¢«˛y ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ åNature Studyä ~ÓÇ Ó›!˲!_ܲ ˛õyë˛òyl
åObject Lessonä ~Ó˚ ܲÌy Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !ܲv ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ §Ó!ܲS%È
!¢áyˆÏly §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ •Î˚ ly–
l ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢¢% ï˛yÓ˚ xy@˝Ã•ñ Ó˚%!ã˛ñ §yÙÌ≈ƒ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˛õ,Ìܲñ ï˛y•z §ÙhflÏ !¢¢%Ó˚ !¢«˛y ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚lyñ !ܲv Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l–
l Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° ˆÎ§Ó í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ ~Ó˚ ܲÌy í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ï˛yÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Î%!=˛ Óy l#!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÙyî
˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly ~ÓÇ ~à%!° §Ü˛° ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà#G lÎ˚–
l Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ӈϰÓ˚ !¢«˛y ˛õÂô!ï˛ í˛zFã˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ˛õÂô!ï˛ lÎ˚–
l Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !ܲu˛yÓ˚àyˆÏê≈˛l ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ Úí˛z˛õ•yÓ˚Û ~Ó˚ ܲÌyà%!° ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ï˛y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Î%!=˛Ó˚
!˲!_ˆÏï˛ •Î˚!l ÓÓ˚Ç ~à%!°Ó˚ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!Ù •° Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ°ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò¢≈l G ˜Ó!ã˛ˆÏeƒÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˙ܲƒ–
l !ܲu˛yÓ˚àyˆÏê≈˛l ˛õÂô!ï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyë˛òyl ~Ó˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ !¢«˛î G !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ ÎyÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚y x!ôܲyÇ¢ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ lÎ˚–
í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ (Conclusion)ı
Ü,˛!eÙ !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô !Ó!˲ߨ òy¢≈!lܲàî §Ó˚Ó •ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ ïÑ˛yÓ˚y !¢¢%ˆÏܲ!wܲ !¢«˛y
ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ≤çyˆÏÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– Ù)°ï˛ Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏӈϰÓ˚ ܲÙ≈ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÓ˚ çlƒ•z !¢«˛y Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !¢¢%ˆÏܲ!wܲ
G Îy!sfܲï˛yÓ˚ Óyôl ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%=˛– ÓÇ¢à!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ˆÎ xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ï˛y Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛
Ù•yl ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ !¢«˛y!Óòàî 89
ò,!T˛˛õyˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ •l ~ÓÇ ˛õ%Ñ!Ìàï˛ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛y Îy ã˛yÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y §yÌ≈ܲ !¢«˛y
°y˲ ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ •Î˚ lyó ~•z ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛G Ù)°ï˛ Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏӈϰÓ˚ !ܲu˛yÓ˚àyˆÏê≈˛l ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ç#Ólò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
§yˆÏÌ xÓ°%Æ •Î˚ ï˛y lÎ˚ ÓÓ˚Ç ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylà%!° ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ܲyˆÏ° ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ §Ù@˝Ã ˆòˆÏ¢ §Ùyò,ï˛ •Î˚ñ Ê˛ˆÏ°
!ӈϟªÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆòˆÏ¢ ~•z !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xl%ܲÓ˚ˆÏî !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲy!ôܲ !Óòƒy°Î˚ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏ벖
Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ӈϰÓ˚ ç#Ólò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˲yÓÓyò åIdealismä ~ÓÇ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ !ÓÓï≈˛lÓyò åScientific
EvolutionäÈüÈ~Ó˚ §Ùß∫Î˚ âˆÏê˛!SÈ°– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓlÈüÈò¢≈ˆÏl ≤Ãyã˛#l ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ í˛z˛õ!l£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ôÁ!l ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ù@˝Ã ç#Ól G ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §_yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ•z ¢!=˛ !ÓÓ˚yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ~•z ¢!=˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚
§ÙhflÏ âê˛lyˆÏܲ ~ܲܲ !lÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ §)ˆÏe xyÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈ– ˛Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° Ù)°ï˛ ~•z ôyÓ˚îyÎ˚ !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l
ˆÎñ Óƒ!=˛ xyhs˝!Ó˚ܲ í˛z˛õ°!kôÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ó!•ç≈àˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ˆÏܲ !Óã˛yÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° !¢¢%Ó˚ §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– !ï˛!l !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ òy!Î˚c G ˛õ%l!lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚l
ܲyÓ˚î ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyç •° !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyd§!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y çy@˝Ãï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yñ K˛yl òyl ܲÓ˚y lÎ˚– !¢¢%ˆÏܲ
ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyôÙ#≈ xl%ÎyÎ˚# !¢«˛y !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ~ê˛y•z !SÈ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ Ù)° ܲÌy– !ï˛!l !¢«˛yˆÏܲ
ˆá°y!˲!_ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe K˛ylôÙ#≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ G Ó,!_Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl
~ÓÇ xyô%!lܲ xˆÏÌ≈ ~à%!°ˆÏܲ•z !¢«˛î §•yÎ˚ܲ ≤Ãò#˛õî åTeaching Aidsä !•§yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
xyÓ˚ ~ §ÙhflÏ !ܲS%ÈÓ˚ çlƒ Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏӈϰÓ˚ xÓòyl xlfl∫#ܲyÎ≈– !ï˛!l 1852 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 21 ˆ¢ ç%l ˛õÓ˚ˆÏ°yܲ àÙl
ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 90

ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ~ܲܲ
Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#
(Maria Montessori)

Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Introduction)ı
Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# 1870 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 31ˆ¢ xyàT˛ •zê˛y!°Ó˚ !ã˛Î˚yÓ˚yˆÏ˲°# åChiaravalleä lyÙܲ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚
çß√@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– Ùy!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÓ˚ lyÙ !SÈ° xƒy°§yl‰ˆÏí˛¸y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# åAlessandro Montessoriä
~ÓÇ Ùyï˛yÓ˚ lyÙ !SÈ° ˆÓ˚!l°ˆÏí˛ ˆfiê˛yØy!l åRenilde Stoppaniä– ˆSÈyˆÏê˛yˆÏÓ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ•z Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#
!SȈϰl xï˛ƒhs˝ ˆÙôyÓ#ñ xyd§ˆÏã˛ï˛l ~ÓÇ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ xy¢yÓyò#– !ï˛!l x!ï˛ §•ˆÏç•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !¢áˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏï˛l G í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏï˛l–
SÈÎ˚ ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#ñ 1876 §yˆÏ° ‘Public Elementary School’ÈüÈ~ ˲!ï˛≈ •lñ ˆï˛Ó˚
ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ xÌ≈yÍ 1884 §yˆÏ° Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÚRegia Scuola Technica Michelangelo BuonarrotiÛ ˆï˛
˲!ï≈˛ •l– ˆ£Ïy° ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ xÌ≈yÍ 1886 §yˆÏ° Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# ÚRegio Institute Technico
Leonardo da VinciÛ ˆï˛ ˲!ï≈˛ •l ~ÓÇ Ü%˛!í˛¸ ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ fl¨yï˛Ü˛ •l– 1893 §yˆÏ° Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#
ˆÓ˚yÙ !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚ åUniversity of RomeäÈüÈ~ ˲!ï≈˛˛ •l ~ÓÇ 1896 §yˆÏ° ≤ÃÌÙ •zê˛y!°Î˚ Ù!•°y
!•§yˆÏ Ó ˆÙ!í˛!§ˆÏ l fl¨ y ï˛Ü˛ •l– !ï˛!l•z !SÈ ˆ Ï ° l ≤ÃÌÙ •z ê ˛y!°Î˚ Ù!•°y !ã˛!ܲͧܲ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚ y Ù
!ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ !ã˛!ܲͧy !Ó˲yˆÏà ܲÙ≈ç#Ól ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# Î!òG ~ܲçl
≤Ã!¢!«˛ï˛y !¢!«˛Ü˛y !SȈϰl ly !ܲv !ï˛!l !¢«˛yÓ˚ ï˛_¥à%ˆÏ°y xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y í˛z˛õ°!kô
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏly í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ §¡õ)î≈ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏly
•ˆÏFSÈ– !ï˛!l ã˛y•zˆÏï˛l ˆÎ !¢¢%Ó˚ çlƒ !¢«˛y§ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°ˆÏܲ ~Ùl §%˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ÓlƒhflÏ Ü˛Ó˚y
í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛c ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏ벖 ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~•z !ã˛hs˝yˆÏܲ ÓyhflÏÓy!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚
çlƒ ˆÎ !¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌy ≤ÃÓï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ §Ù!T˛àï˛ !¢«˛yòyl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛
Óƒ!=˛àï˛ !¢«˛yòylˆÏܲ §Ó≈y!ôܲ à%Ó˚%c ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– ï˛y•z Ó°y •Î˚ Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# ˆ◊!î !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒ
â^˝ê˛y Óy!çˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– åShe tolled the knell of class teaching.ä
!¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ (Aims of Education)ı
Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ˆÎñ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl °«˛ƒ •° !¢¢%Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î §Ω˛yÓlyÓ˚ !Óܲy¢
§yôl– !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ çß√àï˛ «˛Ùï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ fl∫yô#l ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ í˛zˆÏß√ˆÏ£Ï
§y•y΃ ܲÓ˚y•z •° !¢«˛yÓ˚ ܲyç– ï˛y•z Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# fl∫ÈüÈ!¢ál G Óƒ!=˛ fl∫yï˛ˆÏsfƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ï˛ à%Ó˚%c
!òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl–
Ù•yl ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ !¢«˛y!Óòàî 91
!¢«˛yò¢≈l (Philosophy of Education)ı
Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#G Ù)°ï˛ ˆçl ÙyÜ≈˛ ˆà§˛õyí≈˛ •zê˛yí≈˛ åJean Marc Gaspard Itardä ~ÓÇ
~ˆÏí˛yÎ˚yí≈˛ ˆ§à%•zl åEdouard Seguinäñ ˆÊ ˛í˛y!Ó˚ܲ í˛z•z!°Î˚yÙ xàyT˛ ˛Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° åFriedrich Wilhelm
August Froebeläñ çƒÑy çƒyÜ%˛•z§ Ó˚%шϢy åJean-Jacques Rosseauäñ ˆçy•yl ˆ•l!Ó˚܉˛ ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§#
åJohann Heinrich PestalozziäÈüÈ~Ó˚ !¢«˛yò¢≈l myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ l#!ï˛Ó˚
!Óܲy¢ âê˛yˆÏ°l ÎyÓ˚ §Ó≈≤ÃÌÙ !SÈ° •z!wÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !«˛≤Ãï˛y òyl ~ÓÇ xï˛/˛õÓ˚ Ó%!ÂôÙ_yÓ˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛î–
Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#Ó˚ ç#Ól ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ° !SÈ° ˆ§ÓyÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ xyÓ˚ ~•z ˆ§ÓyÓ˚ xl%ˆÏ≤ÃÓ˚îy Ó˚˛) õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛
•Î˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe– !ï˛!l í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎ xK˛ï˛y•z Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ Ó˚Ü˛Ù !Ó˛õÎ≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ܲyÓ˚î ï˛y•z ï˛yÓ˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ í˛zߨ!ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏܲ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ !¢«˛y !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ xÌ≈yÍ !ï˛!l !¢«˛yˆÏܲ ÓyhflÏÓ
ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà# ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏá!SȈϰl– !ï˛!l ӈϰ!SȈϰlñ Education is the active help given to the
normal expansion of the life of the child. xÌ≈yÍ !¢¢%Ó˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ç#Ól !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÎ §!Ü ˛Î˚
§•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛y•z •° !¢«˛y–
Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !¢«˛y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyò¢≈ lÎ˚ ÓÓ˚Ç Ü˛ï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ùß∫Î˚– !ï˛!l
!ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l !¢¢% ܲï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ G «˛Ùï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ çß√yÎ˚– xyÓ˚ ~•z ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ
ˆ§ fl∫yï˛sfƒ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏáñ Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !¢«˛yò¢≈ˆÏl ~•z Óƒ!=˛ fl∫yï˛ˆÏsfƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c ≤Ãòyl
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ ~•z ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ çß√ !òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ !lçfl∫ «˛Ùï˛y xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#Ó˚ !¢«˛yò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° ܲÌy •° ò%!ê˛ ı ~ܲ!ê˛
•° !Óܲy¢ ~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚!ê˛ •° fl∫yï˛sfƒ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ fl∫yï˛sfƒ xl%ÎyÎ˚# !¢¢%Ó˚
ç#Ól !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚y–
!¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ (Method of Teaching)ı
Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# «˛#îÓ%!Âô §¡õߨ G e%!ê˛Î%=˛ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛!ܲͧy G Ùyl!§Ü˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ
ˆ§à%•zl G •zê˛yˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ x˲y!Óï˛ §yÊ˛°ƒ °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚
!ï˛!l fl∫y˲y!Óܲ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ܲÌy xl%ôyÓl ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l– ï˛Íܲy°#l §ÙˆÏÎ˚
!¢«˛y !SÈ° Ù)°ï˛ ˛õ%Ñ!̈Ïܲ!wܲó ˛õ%Ñ!Ìàï˛ !Óòƒy xy•Ó˚î !SÈ° !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲÙye ܲyçñ !¢«˛Ü˛ !SÈ°
~ܲÙye Ó=˛y ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yÌ≈# !SÈ° !l!‹;Î˚ ˆ◊yï˛yó Ê˛ˆÏ° •zFSÈyÎ˚ ˆ•yܲ Óy x!lFSÈyÎ˚ ˆ•yܲ !¢«˛Ü˛
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ!¢ï˛ K˛yl !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ à°yô/ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ï˛– !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛§_¥yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ !SÈ° lyñ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §•çyï˛ ≤ÃÓ,!_ñ ≤Èϫ˛y˲ñ ܲÙ≈≤ÃÓîï˛yñ fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛ ≤ÃyîÈ ≤ÃÓy• ˆÓˆÏï˛Ó˚ ¢y§ˆÏl xÓò!Ùï˛ •ï˛–
!˛õl‰ÓÂô ≤Ãçy˛õ!ï˛ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ï˛yÓ˚y !lŸã˛° ÌyÜ˛ï˛– åCrows of butterflies transfixed with pins.ä
Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z xÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%!=˛Ó˚ çlƒ Ó˚%ˆÏá òÑyí˛¸yˆÏ°l ~ÓÇ 1907 §yˆÏ° ˆÓ˚yÙÈüÈ~
≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l ܲy§y òy•z ÓyÙ!Ó!l (Casa dei Bambini) ÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ •°ÈüÈ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ à,•– ïÑ˛yÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!l ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !¢«˛y˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ¢%Ó%˚ ܲÓ˚ˆ°Ï l Îy x§yÙylƒ §Ê˛°ï˛y °y˲ ܲÓ˚° ~ÓÇ
x!ï˛ x“ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÚÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# ˛õÂô!ï˛Û lyˆÏÙ !Ó˛õ%° áƒy!ï˛ G çl!≤ÃÎ˚ï˛y °y˲ ܲÓ˚°–
Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#Ó˚ !¢«˛y ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ !SÈ° fl∫yô#lï˛y ~ÓÇ ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 92
fl∫yô#lï˛y•z ≤ÃÌÙ G ˆ¢£Ï ܲÌy– åFreedom first, freedom second and freedom last.ä Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y
ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# !SȈϰl !¢¢% ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §•yl%Ë)˛!ï˛¢#° G ˜lÓƒ!=˛Ü˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ÓyhflÏÓÓyò# §ÇflÒyÓ˚ܲ–
!ï˛!l•z !¢«˛yÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛fl∫yï˛sfï˛y G xyd§!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yˆÏܲ à%Ó˚%c ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ
ܲÙ≈!˲!_ܲ G x!˲K˛ï˛yˆÏܲ!wܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– !¢¢%Ó˚ §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y G fl∫yô#lï˛yˆÏܲ
~ܲe !•§yˆÏÓ àîƒ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ !¢¢%Ó˚ xyd!ÓܲyˆÏ¢ x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ ӈϰ àîƒ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ï˛!l
ã˛y•zˆÏï˛l ˆÎñ fl∫yô#lï˛y G xyd§!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢¢%Ó˚y ˲!Ó£ÏƒÍ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ã›ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
xyd§!Ü  ˛ Î˚ ï ˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏ A à §ˆÏ A à xyd!ÓŸªy§ Óy Ú Auto- E ducation ÛÈ ü È ~ Ó˚ ܲÌyG ÓˆÏ ° ˆÏ S È l –
xyd!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÎÙl xyd!ÓŸªy§ âˆÏê˛ ˆï˛Ù!l xyd!Óܲy¢ ly •ˆÏ° xyd!¢«˛îG §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ lÎ˚
xÌ≈yÍ í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚•z ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°– ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆ¢áy åLearning by Doingä ~ÓÇ !lˆÏç ˆ¢áy
åSelf-learningä– ~ê˛y•z •° Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#Ó˚ !¢«˛y ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !òܲ– xyd!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢¢%Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛§_¥yÈüÈÓƒ!=˛fl∫yï˛sfƒ G xyd≤Ãï˛ƒÎ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏ벖 Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#Ó˚ !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚
xlƒï˛Ù !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •° Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Û!ï˛ åMental Setä– Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# ӈϰ!SȈϰl ˆÎ !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Îál
ˆ¢áyÓ˚ xy@˝Ã• xy˛õly ˆÌˆÏܲ çß√yˆÏÓ !¢¢% ï˛ál•z !¢áˆÏÓ– !¢¢% ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ܲS%È !¢áˆÏï˛ ã˛yGÎ˚yÓ˚
xy@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚!ê˛ Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# ӈϰ!SȈϰlñ ‘Psychological MomentÛ– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Óƒ!=˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ Gë˛yÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ à%î•z !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §%Æ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ܲyç •° í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y òyˆÏlÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°y– !¢¢%Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛c àë˛l ܲÓ˚y G ˆ§•z §ˆÏAà §yÙy!çܲ ܲ°ƒyî
§yôl ܲÓ˚y•z !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ӈϰ Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l–
Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#Ó˚ !¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ Ù)° !ï˛l!ê˛ l#!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ !SÈ° ~ÓÇ ˆ§à%!° •° !l¡¨Ó˚)˛õı
≤ÃÌÙï˛ı !¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ï˛!l !¢¢%Ó˚ •z!wÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyç≈lyÓ˚ åSense Trainingä í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c ≤Ãòyl
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– !¢¢%Ó˚y ≤Ãôylï˛ •z!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚ Ó!•ç≈àï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ x!˲K˛ï˛y xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y
ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !ã˛!ܲͧy ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó%ˆÏV˛!SȈϰl ˆÎ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ùyl!§Ü˛ xl@˝Ã§Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚
çlƒ òyÎ˚# •° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ •z!wÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ x«˛Ùï˛y xÌ≈yÍ •z!wÎ˚ˆÏܲ ÎÌyÎÌ˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
ly ӈϰ !¢¢%Ó˚y x!˲K˛ï˛y xç≈ˆÏl ÓƒÌ≈ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚y Ùyl!§Ü˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ !˛õ!SȈÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸–
ï˛y•z !¢¢%ˆÏܲ !¢«˛y !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ≤Ã̈ÏÙ•z ï˛yÓ˚ •z!wÎ˚ˆÏܲ x!˲K˛ï˛y @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ã!¢«˛î !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~•z
ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !ï˛!l !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Îy!sfܲ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ Ú!í˛í˛yܲ!ê˛Ü‰˛
xƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ê˛y§Û åDidactic Apparatusä–
!mï˛#Î˚ï˛ı Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# !¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó%̊c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–
!ï˛!l ~•z ôyÓ˚îyÎ˚ !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ˆÎñ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛yÎ˚ Îy !¢áˆÏÓ ï˛y•z •° ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ !¢«˛y– ~•z
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyd§!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛îˆÏܲ !ï˛!l ӈϰˆÏSÈl fl∫Î˚Ç !¢«˛y åAuto-educationäñ fl∫Î˚Ç !¢«˛y
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ xyl®òyÎ˚ܲ– !ï˛!l ˆÎñ Ú!í˛í˛y܉˛!ê˛Ü‰˛ xƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ê˛y§Û ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ Ë%˛° G
e%!ê˛ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xyã˛Ó˚îÈüÈ!lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy xyˆÏSÈ– ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ §ÙhflÏ Ó˚Ü˛Ù Ùyl!§Ü˛
«˛Ùï˛y§¡õߨ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ !¢«˛y ˆòGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
Ù•yl ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ !¢«˛y!Óòàî 93
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ï˛ı Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ l#!ï˛ åPrinciple of Freedomä
≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ï˛!l ïÑ˛yÓ˚ fl∫Î˚Ç !¢«˛yÓ˚ l#!ï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# !¢«˛yˆÏܲ xyd«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ !•§yˆÏÓ Óî≈ly
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– xyÓ˚ ˆ§•z xyd«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ°ñ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xÓyô
fl∫yô#lï˛y !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– !ï˛!l ~•z fl∫yô#lï˛yˆÏܲ•z !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆÎyàƒ ÙyôƒÙ !•§yˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#Ó˚ !¢«˛î §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ l#!ï˛•z ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛– ~à%ˆÏ°y ˛õ,Ìܲ˲yˆÏÓ
fl∫yô#l l#!ï˛ lÎ˚– fl∫Î˚Ç !¢«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ !lˆÏçÓ˚ •z!wÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ï˛y•z •z!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛î
~ÓÇ •z!wÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ fl∫Î˚Ç !¢«˛y˛ •ˆÏÓ fl∫yô#l ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢– fl∫yô#lï˛y ly !òˆÏ° fl∫Î˚Ç !¢«˛y
•ˆÏÓ ly xÌ≈yÍ !¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ l#!ï˛•z x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈–
!¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ı
Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# !¢«˛î l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye Î%!=˛!˲!_ܲ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ˆòl !l– !ï˛!l
ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàˆÏ«˛e SÈÎ˚ ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §#ÙyÓÂô !SÈ°–
!ï˛!l ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ~•z l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ü ˛ˆÏÙ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–
≤ÃÌÙï˛ı !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓlÎy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# !ܲS%È x˲ƒy§ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !ï˛!l ܲï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y
§yôyÓ˚î ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚
fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyd!lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˛õÓ˚!lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°ï˛y
fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ xhs˝Ó˚yÎ˚– ï˛y•z ܲy˛õí˛¸ ܲyã˛yñ âÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yñ òÑyï˛ Ùyçyñ lá ܲyê˛yñ xy§ÓyÓ˛õe
˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yñ ç%ˆÏï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •ï˛ ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y
xyd!lË≈˛Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~SÈyí˛¸y !¢¢%Ó˚ ˜ò!•Ü˛ ˆ˛õ¢# §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §yÙO§ƒ xylyÓ˚ çlƒ
!Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒyÎ˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyG ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– !ï˛!l ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~•z çyï˛#Î˚ ˜ò!•Ü˛ ã˛ã≈˛yÓ˚
§%ˆÏÎyà òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚l– •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲyçñ •Ñyê˛y •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~•z çyï˛#Î˚ ˜ò!•Ü˛ ã˛ã≈˛y §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ •Î˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ xyd!lË≈˛Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏ벖
!mï˛#Î˚ ï ˛ı !¢«˛yˆÏ « ˛ˆÏ e Ùy!Ó˚ Î ˚ y ÙˆÏ h s˝ fl ∫ Ó ˚ # •z ! wÎ˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏ î Ó˚ å Sense Trainingä l#!ï˛ˆÏ Ü ˛
§Ó˚y§!Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~•z í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ•z !ï˛!l ÚÚDidactic ApparatusÛÛ à%ˆÏ°y ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
~à%ˆÏ°y myÓ˚y !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y •z!wÎ˚yl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ !¢ál í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ˜ò!•Ü˛ G Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Û!ï˛
xyˆÏ§– Ú!í˛í˛yܲ!ê˛Ü˛˛ xƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ê˛y§‰Û åDidactic Apparatusä à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyˆÏSÈ Ü˛yˆÏë˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚yñ ܲyàçñ xy§ÓyÓ˛õeñ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù%oyñ ˆ˛õl!§°ñ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ í˛z°ñ Óy:ñ ârê˛yñ âlܲñ
!Ó!˲ߨ ï˛y˛õÙyeyÓ˚ ç° •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~•z §ÙhflÏ Ó›à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢¢%ñ xyܲyÓ˚ñ Gçlñ Ó˚Ç •zï˛ƒy!ò §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
ôyÓ˚îy ˛õyÎ˚– flõˆÏ¢≈!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !Ó!˲ߨ ï˛y˛õÙyeyÓ˚ ç° xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y
•Î˚– xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ !¢!Ó˚§ ܲyàç flõ¢≈ ܲÓ˚yG ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– ¢∑yl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ ÓyˆÏ: !Ó!˲ߨ
˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ l%!í˛¸ ì%˛!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ¢∑ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– xyܲyÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !Ó!˲ߨ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚
ܲyˆÏë˛Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚yà%ˆÏ°y ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Gçl ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ !Ó!˲ߨ GçˆÏlÓ˚ !ç!l§Ï ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°ly
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 94
!¢!«˛Ü˛y !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î !lˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏÓl ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛Ó˚ lyÙ Ó°ˆÏÓl– ˆÎÙl
Ó˚ÇÈüÈ~Ó˚ !•§yˆÏÓüüüÈ ~ê˛y l#°ñ Gê˛y °y°ñ ˆ§ê˛y §Ó%ç •zï˛ƒy!ò ~ÓÇ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ !¢!«˛Ü˛y !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚Ç
G ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ lyÙ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ GÎ˚y!ܲӕy° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏÓl– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ !¢!«˛Ü˛y !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛
Ó˚ÇÈüÈ~Ó˚ lyÙ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ§!ê˛ ˆòáyˆÏï˛ Ó°ˆÏÓló ~•z˲yˆÏÓ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏl !ï˛l!ê˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ
ã˛ˆÏ°üüÈ §ÇˆÏÎyà ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y åAssociationäñ ≤Ãï˛ƒy!˲K˛y ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y åProcess of Recognitionä ~ÓÇ flø,!ï˛Ó˚
˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y åProcess of Recallä– Ê˛ˆÏ° ~•z˲yˆÏÓ !¢¢%Ó˚ !¢ál ¢!=˛¢y°# •Î˚–
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ï˛ı ~•z •z!wÎ˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ°áy˛õí˛¸y G à!îï˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#Ó˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ xyˆÏà ˆ°áy ˆ¢áyˆÏly •Î˚– ˆ°áy ˆ¢áyˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ï˛!l !¢ál
§M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ l#!ï˛ˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–
Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#Ó˚ ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ !¢«˛yÎ˚ñ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y Ù)°ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚–
!¢!Ó˚§ ܲyàˆÏç Óî≈à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyê˛Ü˛yˆÏly •Î˚ ~ÓÇ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ •yï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
flõ¢≈ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°y •Î˚– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚y ˆ˛õl!§ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ§•z flõ¢≈yl%Ë)˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ
§M˛y!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y Îál Óî≈à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ flõ¢≈yl%Ë)˛!ï˛ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚
≤Û!ï˛ xyˆÏ§– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ˛õyï˛°y ˆ°y•yÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚ˆÏܲyî !Ó!¢T˛ ˆÊ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ˛õl!§° ôˆÏÓ˚ !¢¢%
ˆ°áy x˲ƒy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˙ ˆÊ ˛Ù ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ï˛yÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ G Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ °y•zl ê˛ylˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ˛õí˛¸y
ˆ¢áyˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# ܲyí≈˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏí≈˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ¢∑ ˆ°áy ÌyˆÏܲó xyÓ˚
~•z ¢∑à%ˆÏ°y •° !¢¢%Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ Ó›Ó˚ lyÙ– ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ í˛zFã˛yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ó›Ó˚ Óy Ó›Ó˚
SÈ!ÓÓ˚ !lˆÏã˛ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ˆ§!ê˛ fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ lyÙ !°áˆÏï˛ Ó°y •Î˚– Óyܲƒ ˆ¢áyˆÏlyÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏeG ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyí≈˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– Ê˛ˆÏ° ¢∑ G Ó›Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲê˛y §ÇˆÏÎyàˆÏÓyô •Î˚
!¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏl G•z ¢∑!ê˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓ˚îy ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ !¢¢% ÓyܲƒG !¢áˆÏÓ– ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ Ó›Ó˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ àîly !¢«˛y ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ñ ˆÎÙl lyly Ó˚ÇÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õ%Ñ!ï˛Ó˚ Ùy°yñ !§!í˛¸ñ Ó˚!Aàl ÙyˆÏÓ≈°ñ ˆ≤’ˆÏê˛Ó˚
ˆÊ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §ÇÎ%=˛ !¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚!Aàl ˛õ%Ñ!ï˛ Óy ÙyˆÏÓ≈° åò¢!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáy ÌyܲˆÏÓä ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ !¢¢% §Ó!ܲS%È•z !¢áˆÏÓ Ù)ï≈˛ Ó› Óy ÚConcrete ObjectÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ xÌ≈yÍ ˆÜ˛yˆÏlyÓ˚)˛õ
!ÓÙ)ï≈˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ lÎ˚– ~˲yˆÏÓ•z !¢¢%Ó˚y fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Ó˚)˛õñ
Ó˚Çñ xyܲyÓ˚ñ ¢∑ñ flõˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ •z!wÎ˚yl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ñ ܲyç G !Ó!˲ߨ Ó›Ó˚ §¡∫ˆÏrô K˛ylˆÏܲ ~ܲ§)ˆÏe àÑÿÏï˛ G !¢áˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ
xhs˝ç≈yï˛ ¢,C°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ñ xyd§!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛§_y àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù (Curriculum)ı
Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ l#!ï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˛õyë˛òyˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲ§ˆÏAà §Ü˛ˆÏ° !وϰ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%È
ˆ¢áyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚ §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚îG âê˛ˆÏÓ ÓˆÏ° Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l– Ù)°ï˛ ~•z
xyò¢≈ˆÏܲ §yÙˆÏl ˆÓ˚ˆÏá•z !ï˛!l ˆÎ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù Ó˚ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyˆÏSÈ üüüÈ •z!wÎ˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛îñ
Ù•yl ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ !¢«˛y!Óòàî 95
xyd!¢álñ ܲyç Óy §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y– ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ !SÈ° ˲y£Ïyñ à!îï˛ñ çƒy!Ù!ï˛Ü˛ xAܲîñ ˆ°áy
•zï˛ƒy!ò– !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ Ù)° ˆÎ !ï˛l!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚•z ˆÓˆÏSÈ !lˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ï˛y •° ı ˆ°áy åWritingäñ
˛õí˛¸y åReadingäñ à!îï˛ åArithmeticä– ~SÈyí˛¸yñ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ç#ÓlÎy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ܲï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y
§yôyÓ˚î x˲ƒy§ G ò«˛ï˛y àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c !òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– ˆÎÙl ÈüÈ ˜ò!•Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚FSÈߨï˛y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚
x˲ƒy§ñ !lˆÏçÓ˚ çyÙyܲy˛õí˛¸ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ x˲ƒy§ •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~SÈyí˛¸y !¢¢%Ó˚ ˜ò!•Ü˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §•yÎ˚ï˛y
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !ï˛!l ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ã˛ã≈˛y Óy ÓƒyÎ˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– !¢¢% !¢«˛yˆÏܲ
xyl®òyÎ˚ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ x˲ƒy§ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# á%Ó
§yôyÓ˚î !ܲS%È •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲyç åCraftä ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ ܲÌyG ӈϰˆÏSÈl–
!¢!«˛Ü˛y (Directress)ı
Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !lˆÏçÓ˚y•z
!¢«˛y°y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z àï˛yl%à!ï˛Ü˛ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ fiÌyl ˆl•z ÓÓ˚Ç ~Ó˚ fiÌyˆÏl xyˆÏSÈ l#Ó˚Ó
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛Ü˛ G §•yl%Ë)˛!ï˛¢#° ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°Ü˛y ~ÓÇ !Î!l !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ ÌyܲˆÏÓl ~ܲçl ˆfl¨•ÙÎ˚# Ùyï˛yÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°Ü˛yÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ åDirectressä– !ï˛!l !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !l!Óí˛¸Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓlñ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyç •°
!¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢y§l ly ܲÓ˚y ÓÓ˚Ç ˆfl¨• !Óï˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y– !ï˛!l •ˆÏÓl !¢¢%Ó˚ Órô%Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !Î!l ˆfl¨ˆÏ•ñ ÙÙï˛yÎ˚
!¢¢%Ó˚ xyd!Óܲy¢ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ §ç#Ó G ≤ÃyîÓhs˝ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏÓl– !ï˛!l ˆáÎ˚y° Ó˚yáˆÏÓl !¢¢% ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚
!lçfl∫ fl∫yFSÈ®ƒñ xydÈüÈx!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ G !lç fl∫˲yÓôÙ≈ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ xyd!Óܲy¢ âê˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!Óòƒy°Î˚ (School)ı
Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#Ó˚ §Ù@˝Ã !¢«˛y ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù ˛õÂô!ï˛ñ
!¢¢% ~ÓÇ !¢«˛Ü˛Èüü ~ §ÙhflÏ !ܲS%Ó˚È §Ùy•yˆÏÓ˚•z §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ùy!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ◊!îܲ«˛•#l
!¢¢% !lˆÏÜ˛ï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ §y!ߨˆÏôƒ•z !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ Ë˛!ӣσˆÏï˛Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛!¢¢%– !¢¢%
~áyˆÏl ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛ xyl®ÙÎ˚ xyd§!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚– !¢¢% !lˆÏÜ˛ï˛ˆÏl !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛
ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚ñ ˆê˛!Ó°ñ ˆíflÒñ lyly ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ Îsf˛õy!ï˛Èüü ≤Ã!ï˛!òl !lˆÏçÓ˚y•z Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ˆÏl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyç ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– Ê˛ˆÏ° •z!wÎ˚ §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ òy!Î˚c¢#°ï˛y G
xyd≤Ãï˛ƒÎ˚ˆÏÓyô àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ– Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#Ó˚ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ G ¢y!hflÏÓ˚ fiÌyl !SÈ° ly ܲyÓ˚î
Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ~•z ôyÓ˚îyÎ˚ !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ˆÎ ¢y!hflÏ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆòy£Ï ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •Î˚ ly ÓÓ˚Ç !¢¢%Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ xÓl!ï˛ xyˆÏl ~ÓÇ ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ G ¢y!hflÏ !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ°y˲ G x•ÇܲyÓ˚ˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ çß√ ˆòÎ˚–
Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# ã˛y•zˆÏï˛l ˆÎñ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚y §!Ü ˛Î˚˲yˆÏÓ ã˛°yˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y !¢á%ܲ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
!Ó£ÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ à!ï˛ˆÏܲ Óƒy•ï˛ ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y xï˛ƒhs˝ §çyà !SȈϰl– Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y
ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# ~•z ôyÓ˚îyÎ˚ !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ˆÎñ !¢¢%Ó˚ §Ω˛yÓlyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §%ˆÏÎyà §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆòGÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ !Óòƒy°Î˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛– Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y •y°Ü˛y
ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˆê˛!ӈϰÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ !¢¢%Ó˚y !lˆÏçÓ˚y•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ lí˛¸yã˛í˛¸y ܲÓ˚yˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛ xÌ≈yÍ
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 96
!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ §Ó!ܲS%È•z !SÈ° fl∫yô#l G à!ï˛¢#°– ˆ◊!îܲ«˛ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚FSÈߨ Ó˚yáyñ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚
ˆê˛!ӈϰÓ˚ !Ólƒy§ G ˛õˆÏÓ˚ G•zà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !ë˛Ü˛ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˆòGÎ˚yñ !lˆÏçÓ˚ Îsf˛õy!ï˛ G í˛z˛õܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Îb
ˆlGÎ˚yñ áyÓyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !lˆÏç !lˆÏç @’y§ ~ÓÇ !í˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y G áyòƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢l •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
!¢¢%Ó˚y §!Ü ˛Î˚ G fl∫yÓ°¡∫# •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ xydܲÙ≈ˆÏܲ xy◊Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §•çyï˛
§Ω˛yÓlyÓ˚ fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˲!Ó£ÏƒÍ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ã›ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏ벖
¢,C°y (Discipline)ı
Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !¢¢% !¢«˛y ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ¢,C°y xˆÏÌ≈ Ù%=˛ Óy xhs˝ç≈yï˛ ¢,C°y•z •° Ù)°
ܲÌy– !ï˛!l !¢¢%Ó˚ fl∫yô#lï˛yˆÏܲ•z ≤ÃÌÙ G ˆ¢£Ï ӈϰ à%Ó˚%c ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ï˛!l !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ˆÎ
!¢¢%Ó˚ ÙlˆÏܲ lyí˛¸y !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°•z !¢¢% §Ó Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ !Ó!ô G !lˆÏ£ÏˆÏôÓ˚ ¢,C°yÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ
ˆÓшÏô ly ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ï˛yÓ˚ fl∫yô#l §_yÓ˚ fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ Óyôy ly !òˆÏ° !¢¢% !lˆÏç ˆÌˆÏܲ•z xyd§ÇÎÙ# G
xyd !lÎ˚!sfï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ– ï˛y•z ¢,C°y •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ xhs˝ç≈yï˛ ¢,C°y Îy Ü,˛!eÙ˲yˆÏÓ xyˆÏÓ˚y!˛õï˛ •ˆÏÓ ly–
ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# !¢«˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° !¢¢%Ó˚ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ G xÓyô fl∫yô#lï˛y˚– xyÓ˚ ~•z
fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈ ˆfl∫FSÈyã˛yÓ˚ lÎ˚ ÓÓ˚Ç §!Ü ˛Î˚ ܲyç•z •° fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ Ù)°Ó›– ¢,C°y xy§ˆÏÓ fl∫yô#l ܲyˆÏçÓ˚
Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢,C°y Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ã˛y˛õyˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢y§l lÎ˚– ¢,C°y ˆfl∫FSÈyÜ,˛ï˛ l#!ï˛!lÎ˚Ù G
xyòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ xl%ܲÓ˚îñ ¢,C°y xyd§ÇÎÙ G xyd!lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyÓ,!_– fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ù[˛ˆÏ°•z !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
¢,C°yˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ í˛zˆÏß√£Ï •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
@˝ÃrÌ (Writings)ı
l The Montessori Method
l The Absorbent Mind
l The Discovery of the Child
l The Montessori Reader
l The Secret of Childhood
l The Advanced Montessori Method
l The Mass Explained to Children
l The Child in the Family
l Dr. Montessori’s Own Handbook
l Education for a New World
l To Educate the Human Potential
Ù•yl ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ !¢«˛y!Óòàî 97
xÓòyl (Contribution)ı
Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#Ó˚ !¢«˛yÎ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !ܲS%È xÓòyl !lˆÏ¡¨ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •° ı
fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛ fl∫yô#lï˛y ı !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛ fl∫yô#lï˛y ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ §yôl•z •°
Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#Ó˚ !¢«˛y ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ– ܲï,≈˛cÙÎ˚# !¢!«˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ˛ÓòˆÏ° !ï˛!l fiÌyl
!òˆÏ°l §•yl%Ë)˛!ï˛¢#° ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°Ü˛yÓ˚ åDirectressä–
§!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y ı !¢¢% fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛yˆÏçÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ x!˲K˛ï˛y °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ §!Ü ˛Î˚Ù)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
!¢«˛y °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ¢y!hflÏ G ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˛õ«˛˛õyï˛# ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# !SȈϰl ly–
•z!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛î ı !í˛í˛y܉˛!ê˛Ü‰˛ xƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ê˛y§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ myÓ˚y !¢¢%Ó˚y ˆá°y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ
fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ x!˲K˛ï˛y °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
Óƒ!=˛fl∫yï˛sfƒ ı≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢¢% ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lçfl∫ «˛Ùï˛yñ Ó%!Âôñ xyã˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ •zï˛ƒy!òˆÏï˛ ˛õ,Ìܲ– ï˛y•z
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ çlƒ ~ܲ•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ly ÓÓ˚Ç ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lçfl∫
«˛Ùï˛y G fl∫yï˛sfƒï˛y xl%ÎyÎ˚# !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •ÓyÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
§#ÙyÓÂôï˛y (Limitation)ı
l ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃË)˛ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ÚDidactic ApparatusÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y §Ó˚OyˆÏÙÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚y
xï˛ƒhs˝ ÓƒÎ˚ §yˆÏ˛õ«˛ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚–
l Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#Ó˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ •z!wÎ˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛î åSense TrainingäÈüÈ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c ≤Ãòyl
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !ܲv ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye •z!wÎ˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛îÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢¢%Ó˚ !¢«˛y §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚
ly–
l Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#Ó˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ §,çlÙ)°Ü˛ ܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ !òܲ!ê˛Ó˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ à%Ó˚%c ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚!l–
l Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# lyly!Óô !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ §Ó˚OyÙà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ lï%˛l !ܲS%È Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˆl•z
~ÓÇ ÓyhflÏÓ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §¡õÜ≈˛ ˆl•z– ï˛y•z ÓyhflÏÓ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÎyà§)e xˆÏlܲê˛y•z Ü˛Ù–
l Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#Ó˚ !¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ !ӈϟ’£ÏîôÙ≈#– ÙlˆÏܲ á![˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Ùyl!§Ü˛
xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ x!ï˛ §)- !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ G ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ •z!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xy°yòy xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲˆÏÓ˚
!ï˛!l ÙˆÏly!Ó˲yçlÓyò åCompartmentalisation of the Mindä G Ùyl!§Ü˛ í˛zÍܲ£Ï≈î
ï˛_¥ˆÏܲ•z åMental Disciplineä ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §ÙÌ≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
l Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#Ó˚ !¢«˛y˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ à!ï˛!Ó!ôÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y ÌyܲˆÏ°G !Ó!˲ߨ
í˛z˛õܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓyÓ˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ ˆl•zó Ê˛ˆÏ° ~•z í˛z˛õܲÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y•z lï%˛l !ܲS%È
§,!T˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y !Ó°%Æ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ~à%ˆÏ°y !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î G à!ï˛!Ó!ô !lÎ˚sfî
ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 98
í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ (Conclusion)ı
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï !òlà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛G Ùy!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ ç#Ól ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ lƒyÎ˚•z fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ í˛zj#˛õly
•zï˛ƒy!òˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ ÌyÜ˛ï˛– 1952 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 6 ˆÙ Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# 82 ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ ˆlòyÓ˚°ƒyu˛§
(Netherlands)ÈüüÈ~Ó˚ lÓ˚!í˛ç‰Ü˛ xyl ˆç (Noordwijk an Zee) ˛lyÙܲ fiÌyˆÏl õÓ˚ˆÏ°yܲ àÙl
ܲˆÏÓ˚l– Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# ~•z ôyÓ˚îyÎ˚ !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ˆÎñ !¢«˛y •° !¢¢%Ó˚ xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î í˛zˆÏß√£Ïî Óy
!Óܲy¢ó ï˛y•z Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢!=˛Ó˚ •hflψϫ˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ fiÌyl ˆl•z– !¢¢%Ó˚ !¢«˛y •ˆÏÓ fl∫ï˛/≤ÈÏîy!òï˛ G
fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛– ~çlƒ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˛õ)î≈ fl∫yô#lï˛y ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z çß√ !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#Ó˚
fl∫Î˚Ç!¢«˛yÓ˚ åAuto-educationä ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛– Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# Ù)°ï˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ ~!àˆÏÎ˚
!SȈϰl– !ï˛!l ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ lÎ˚ñ ÙylÓ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚G xˆÏlܲ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏß√yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#Ó˚ !°!áï˛ @˝ÃŗÙ)• §yÓ˚y !ӈϟª ˛õí˛¸yˆÏly •ˆÏFSÈ ~ÓÇ xl%Óy!òï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ– ïÑ˛yÓ˚
≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ !¢«˛y˛õÂô!ï˛ §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ˆàˆÏ° §Ù@˝Ã !ӈϟªÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛•z xˆÏlܲê˛y
§yÌ≈ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ– Ù)°ï˛ Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#•z !¢¢%ˆÏܲ!wܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ®y°lˆÏܲ
fiÌyÎ˚#˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ Óï≈˛Ùyl !¢¢%ˆÏܲ!wܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÓyhflÏÓyÎ˚ˆÏl Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y
ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#Ó˚ xÓòyl xlfl∫#ܲyÎ≈–
Ù•yl ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ !¢«˛y!Óòàî 99

§yÓ˚§ÇˆÏ«˛˛õ åSummary)
≤ÃÌÙ ~ܲܲ ÈüÈ çƒÑy çƒyÜ%˛•z§ Ó˚Ñ%ˆÏ¢y
Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye K˛yl §M˛Î˚ lÎ˚– !¢¢%Ó˚ xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ §yÙˆÏÌ≈ƒÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ §yôl•z •ˆÏÓ
!¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ– ˜¢¢ˆÏÓ !¢¢%Ó˚ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ÈüÈfl∫yfĩ àë˛l ܲÓ˚y•z •° !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ ~ÓÇ ~ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ xÌÓy
§yÙy!çܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl ˆl•z– Óy°ƒÜ˛yˆÏ° !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ •ˆÏÓ !¢¢%Ó˚ •z!wÎ˚ G Ùyl!§Ü˛Ó,!_Ó˚ xl%¢#°l–
˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ •ˆÏÓ §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ K˛yl xy•Ó˚î ~Ó˚ ~•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !¢¢% ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ K˛yl xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚
ÌyܲˆÏÓ– Ó˚%шϢy ӈϰ!SȈϰlÈÈüü The child is a book which the teacher is to read from page to
page. xÌ≈yÍ !¢«˛yÌ≈# •° ~ܲ!ê˛ @˝ÃrÌ ÎyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˛õ,¤˛y !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛˛ •ˆÏÓ– Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ó%V˛yÎ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ò_ ¢!=˛ñ §Ω˛yÓlyñ ã˛y!•òyñ ˛õSÈ®ñ x˛õSÈ®ñ ≤ÃÓ,!_ñ ≤Èϫ˛y˲ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚
§Ùß∫Î˚ ˆÜ˛– Ó%̊шϢyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ !¢«˛y ~•z ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%!°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õ)î≈ §yÙO§ƒ˛õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛
•ˆÏÓ– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ !¢¢% ÓÏí˛¸ •ÓyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yñ !¢«˛Ü˛ñ §ÙyçÓƒÓfiÌy •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ã˛yˆÏ˛õ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%!°Ó˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ !Óܲy¢ Óƒy•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏܲ ܲï˛à%!° Ü,˛!eÙ xyã˛Ó˚î G x˲ƒy§ !¢áˆÏï˛
Óyôƒ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ !ܲv ~•z !¢«˛y •° ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# !¢«˛y– !¢¢%Ó˚ !¢«˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy •°ÈüüüÈ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyG–
!mï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲı ˆçy•yl ˆ•l!Ó˚ܲ ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§#
ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§# !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ˆÎñ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §Ùyç §ÇflÒyÓ˚ §Ω˛Ó– !ï˛!l !¢«˛yˆÏܲ §Ùyç §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
˛õrÌy !•§yˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– !ï˛!l !¢«˛yˆÏܲ çlçyàÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õrÌy !•§yˆÏÓ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏܲ
§Ó≈çl#l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y•z §yÓ˚y ç#Ól ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈl– ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§# !¢«˛yˆÏܲ §yÙy!çܲ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚
!•§yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl xyÓ˚ ~ê˛y•z •° ï˛ÑÑyÓ˚ !¢«˛yò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛ï˛y– !ï˛!l ӈϰ!SȈϰl
!¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ •ˆÏÓ !¢¢%Ó˚ xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ §Ω˛yÓlyà%!°Ó˚ §%§yÙO§ƒ˛õ)î≈ !Óܲy¢– åNatural progressive and
harmonious development of all power of the human being.) !ï˛!l ç#Ól !Óܲy¢ ˆÜ˛ í˛z!qò
Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ܲyÓ˚î Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎÙl Ó,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ §Ω˛yÓly !l!•ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆï˛Ù!l
!¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ G !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ó Ó˚Ü˛Ù §Ω˛yÓly ÌyˆÏܲ– í˛z!qò ˆÎÙl ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ !lÎ˚ˆÏÙ áyòƒ
§Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óí˛¸ •Î˚ñ !¢¢% G ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ §Ó˚OyÙ ˆÎyàyí˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ !lÎ˚ˆÏÙ
Óí˛¸ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛y•z !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ •° !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòyl ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚yˆÏly lÎ˚ ÓÓ˚Ç !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ
•° !¢¢%Ó˚ ~•z fl∫y˲y!Óܲ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ˆÎl ˆÜ˛yl Óyôy §,!T˛ ly •Î˚ ï˛y ˆòáy– !¢«˛yÎ˚ ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§#Ó˚ §Ó
ˆÌˆÏܲ Óí˛¸ xÓòyl •° ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ (Psychological Tendency) ≤ÃÓï≈˛l– ˛õyë˛ƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ
!¢¢%Ó˚ §yÙÌ≈ƒ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ܲy!ë˛ˆÏlƒÓ˚ Ü ˛Ùyl%§yˆÏÓ˚ §yçyˆÏlyÓ˚ ܲÌy !ï˛!l ≤ÃÌ٠ӈϰ!SȈϰl–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 100
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲı ˆÊ ˛í˛y!Ó˚ܲ˛ í˛z•z!°Î˚yÙ˛ Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ°
Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° !SȈϰl Ù)°ï˛ ˲yÓÓyò# ~ÓÇ !ï˛!l !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ˆÎ çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ ç#Ól G ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚
§_yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢!=˛ !ÓÓ˚yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ¢!=˛ •° {ŸªÓ˚– !ï˛!l !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ˆÎ ÙylÓç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ G
§Ù@˝Ã !ÓŸªçàˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ù)ˆÏ° xyˆÏSÈ ~ܲ ~ܲܲ xyôƒyd¢!=˛ ~ÓÇ ÙylÓ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲÙye í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° ˆ§•z
xyôƒy!dܲ ¢!=˛ G §Ó≈¢!=˛Ùyl {ŸªÓ˚ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y– Ùl%£Ïƒç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛Ó˚Ù °«˛ƒ •° !ÓŸªÓ ·yˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ˆÎ xyôƒy!dܲ ˙ܲƒ !ÓòƒÙyl ï˛yˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ •ˆÏÓ ˆ§•z ã˛Ó˚Ù §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°!kô
ܲÓ˚y– ~Ó˚ çlƒ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆl•z ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î !¢¢% !lˆÏç•z •° §!Ü ˛Î˚– ~•z §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ï˛yÓ˚ §Ü˛° §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ– !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyç •ˆÏÓ ¢%ô% ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlƒ
~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚y– !¢«˛yÎ˚ xydÈüȧ!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y ˆÎ xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ï˛y Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl
~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆá°yñ à“ñ àylñ xÇܲl •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ §•ç G !ã˛_yܲ£Ï≈ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚
§yÌ≈ܲ ≤ÃÎ˚y§ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– !Óòƒy°Î˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !¢«˛yÎ˚ xï˛ƒhs˝ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲ–
ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ~ܲܲ ı Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#
Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# !¢«˛yÓ˚ ï˛_¥à%ˆÏ°y xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl
ˆÎ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏly í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ §¡õ)î≈ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏly •ˆÏFSÈ– !ï˛!l
ã˛y•zˆÏï˛l ˆÎ !¢¢%Ó˚ çlƒ !¢«˛y§ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°ˆÏܲ ~Ùl §%˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ÓlƒhflÏ Ü˛Ó˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ÎyˆÏï˛
!¢¢%Ó˚y Óƒ!=˛c ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏ벖 ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~•z !ã˛hs˝yˆÏܲ ÓyhflÏÓy!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎ
!¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌy ≤ÃÓï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ §Ù!T˛àï˛ !¢«˛yòyl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ Óƒ!=˛àï˛
!¢«˛yòylˆÏܲ §Ó≈y!ôܲ à%Ó˚%c ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !¢«˛y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyò¢≈ lÎ˚ ÓÓ˚Ç
ܲï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ùß∫Î˚– !ï˛!l !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l !¢¢% ܲï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ G «˛Ùï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ çß√yÎ˚–
xyÓ˚ ~•z ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ§ fl∫yï˛sfƒ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏáñ Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !¢«˛yò¢≈ˆÏl ~•z
Óƒ!=˛ fl∫yï˛ˆÏsfƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ ~•z ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ çß√ !òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ
ï˛yÓ˚ !lçfl∫ «˛Ùï˛y xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– !ï˛!l•z !¢«˛yÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚
Óƒ!=˛ fl∫ y ïsf ï ˛y G xyd§!Ü  ˛ Î˚ ï ˛yˆÏ Ü ˛ à% Ó ˚ % c ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ! SÈ ˆ Ï ° l ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yˆÏ Ü ˛ ܲÙ≈ ! ˲!_ܲ G
x!˲K˛ï˛yˆÏܲ!wܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– !¢¢%Ó˚ §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y G fl∫yô#lï˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲe !•§yˆÏÓ àîƒ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ !¢¢%Ó˚ xyd!ÓܲyˆÏ¢ x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ ӈϰ àîƒ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ï˛!l ã˛y•zˆÏï˛l ˆÎñ fl∫yô#lï˛y
G xyd§!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢¢%Ó˚y ˲!Ó£ÏƒÍ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ã›ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– xyd§!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà
§ˆÏAà xyd!ÓŸªy§ Óy ÚAuto-EducationÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ܲÌyG ӈϰˆÏSÈl– xyd!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÎÙl xyd!ÓŸªy§
âˆÏê˛ ˆï˛Ù!l xyd!Óܲy¢ ly •ˆÏ° xyd!¢«˛îG §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ lÎ˚ ÈüüüÈ xÌ≈yÍ í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚•z ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°–
ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆ¢áy åLearning by Doingä ~ÓÇ !lˆÏç ˆ¢áy åSelf-learningä– ~ê˛y•z •° Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y
ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#Ó˚ !¢«˛y ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !òܲ– xyd!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢¢%Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛§_¥yÈüÈÓƒ!=˛fl∫yï˛sfƒ G
xyd≤Ãï˛ƒÎ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏ벖 Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#Ó˚ !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •° Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Û!ï˛ åMental
Ù•yl ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ !¢«˛y!Óòàî 101
Setä– Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# ӈϰ!SȈϰl ˆÎ !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Îál ˆ¢áyÓ˚ xy@˝Ã• xy˛õly ˆÌˆÏܲ çß√yˆÏÓ !¢¢%
ï˛ál•z !¢áˆÏÓ– !¢¢% ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ܲS%È !¢áˆÏï˛ ã˛yGÎ˚yÓ˚ xy@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚!ê˛ Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# ӈϰ!SȈϰlñ
‘Psychological MomentÛ– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Óƒ!=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Gë˛yÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ à%î•z !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §%Æ
xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ܲyç •° í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y òyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°y–
!¢¢%Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛c àë˛l ܲÓ˚y G ˆ§•z§ˆÏAà §yÙy!çܲ ܲ°ƒyî §yôl ܲÓ˚y•z !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ӈϰ
Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 102

xl%¢#°l#
1 ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿ / ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓyˆÏܲƒ
1ä ‘Emile’ ~•z @˝ÃrÌ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛ !°ˆÏá!SȈϰl⁄
2ä Ó›!˲!_ܲ ˛õyë˛òyl åObject Lessonä ˆÜ˛ í˛zqyÓl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl⁄
3ä Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° ܲˆÏÓ çß√@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl⁄
2 ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿ / §Ó≈y!ôܲ 40!ê˛ ¢∑
1ä Úí˛z˛õ•yÓ˚Û G ÚÓ,!_Û Ó°ˆÏï˛ !ܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚⁄
2ä ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ !¢«˛y !ܲ⁄
3ä í˛zˆÏß√£Ïî ï˛_¥ !ܲ⁄
3 ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿ / §Ó≈y!ôܲ 60!ê˛ ¢∑
1ä Ó˚%шϢy ≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ÙÈüÈ~Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy˛ !°á–
2ä ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§#Ó˚ ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ !¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ !°á–
3ä Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ°ÈüÈ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ !°á–
4 ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿ / §Ó≈y!ôܲ 100!ê˛ ¢∑
1ä !¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ xÓòyl §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚–
2ä ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§#ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !¢«˛yò¢≈l §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ !°á–
3ä ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#Ó˚ !¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ Ù)° !ï˛l!ê˛ l#!ï˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚–
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !òܲ§Ù)• 103

ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ xôƒyÎ˚ ı !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !òܲ§Ù)•

v ≤ÃÌÙ ~ܲܲ ı Óƒ!=˛ fl∫yï˛sfƒï˛yı xÌ≈ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲òñ ܲyÓ˚îñ !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚
≤Ã˲yÓ
v !mï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ ı ˆ≤ãÏîyı xÌ≈ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲òñ í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)•ñ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛y
v ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ ı Ó%!Âôı xÌ≈ñ ˛ï˛_¥ åã˛y°≈§ !flõÎ˚yÓ˚ÙƒyÏl ~Ó˚ !mÈüÈí˛z˛õyòyl ï˛_¥ñ °%•z§ !°Î˚l
ÌyˆÏfiê˛yî≈ ~Ó˚ Ó•% í˛z˛õyòyl ï˛_¥äñ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà
v ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ~ܲܲ ı §,çl¢#°ï˛yı xÌ≈ñ §,çl¢#° !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢
!¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 104

ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ xôƒyÎ˚
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !òܲ§Ù)•
(Psychological Aspects in Education)

í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ (Objectives)ı
l !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y Óƒ!=˛ fl∫yï˛sfƒ Óy Óƒ!=˛ ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲òñ ܲyÓ˚îñ !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ~Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ •zï˛ƒy!ò
§Ï¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xÓàï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
l !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ xÌ≈ñ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ã˛Ü ˛ñ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲òñ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲ§Ù)•ñ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚
≤Ã˲yÓñ í˛z˛õyòyl •zï˛ƒy!ò §¡õˆÏܲ≈ çylˆÏÓ–
l !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ xÌ≈ñ Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ ï˛_¥ñ Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà •zï˛ƒy!ò §¡õˆÏܲ≈ çylˆÏÓ–
l !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈ñ §,çl¢#° !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚
Ë)˛!Ùܲy •zï˛ƒy!ò §¡õˆÏܲ≈ xÓàï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
≤Ãyܲ‰ÈüÈܲÌl (Pre-face)ı
xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ çß√àï˛ «˛Ùï˛y Óy §Ω˛yÓly Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ÎÌyÎÌ !Óܲy¢
§yôl ܲÓ˚y xyÓ˚ ~•z í˛zˆÏj¢ƒˆÏܲ ÓyhflÏÓyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛y lyly !òܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°– ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛y §¡õߨ !¢«˛yÌ≈#àî lï%˛l lï%˛l K˛ylˆÏܲ §•ˆÏç Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ñ
@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ xydfiÌ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆ§•z ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y !ã˛!•´ï˛ Óy xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#àî
≤Ã!ï˛!lÎ˚ï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈl–
~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Óƒ!=˛fl∫yï˛sfƒñ ˆ≤ãÏîyñ Ó%!Âôñ G §,çl¢#°ï˛y
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ–
ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §yÙÌ≈ƒñ xy@˝Ã•ñ ÙˆÏly˲yÓñ ã˛y!•òy §¡õߨ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y Ó,!Âô
G !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ hflψÏÓ˚G !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xy@˝Ã•ñ ÙˆÏly˲yÓñ ã˛y!•òy •zï˛ƒy!ò !ӣψÏÎ˚ lyly fl∫yï˛sfƒ ˆòáy
ÎyÎ˚– !¢«˛yÌ≈#àîˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yï˛sfƒ xl%ÎyÎ˚# !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §•yÎ˚ï˛y òyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy
Ìyܲy !ӈϢ£Ï ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ K˛yl !¢«˛yˆÏܲ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ñ §yÙÌ≈ƒ (Potentialities)ñ
fl∫yï˛sfƒï˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò !ӣψÏÎ˚ ï˛Ìƒ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy òyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚
ÎÌyÎÌ !Óܲy¢ §yôl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
≤Ãyî#Ó˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yl ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏl ÌyˆÏܲ ~ܲ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ¢!=˛ Óy í˛zòƒÙ– ÎyˆÏܲ ÙˆÏly!ÏÓK˛yl#àî
lyÙ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆ≤ãÏîy– ˆ≤ãÏîy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ x˲yÓˆÏÓyô ˆÌˆÏܲ §,T˛ ~Ùl ~ܲ í˛zˆÏ_!çï˛ xÓfiÌy Îy ï˛yˆÏܲ !l!ò≈T˛
 !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !òܲ§Ù)• 105
°ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ !ӈϢ£Ï xyã˛Ó˚î !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ly ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏly ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~•z
xÓfiÌy ÓçyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z!ã˛Í !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ˆ≤ãÏîy §,!T˛ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ¢áyÓ˚ xy@˝Ã• ÓyˆÏí˛¸– ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ~ê˛yG §!ï˛ƒ ˆÎñ §Ü˛° !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ ~ܲ•z ˛õrÌyÎ˚ ˆ≤Ã!£Ïï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y
ÎyÎ˚ ly– ܲyÓ˚î !˲ߨ !˲ߨ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xy@˝Ã•ñ ÙˆÏly˲yÓñ Ó%!Âôñ ˆ¢áyÓ˚ñ ôÓ˚l •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ≤ãÏîy §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ !Ó!˲ߨ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ~ÓÇ !¢«˛y ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà# xl%ÎyÎ˚# !¢«˛Ü˛ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ
!Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!£Ïï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓl ~ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ~áyˆÏl ≤Ãyôylƒ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
x˛õÓ˚ ˆÎ !òܲ!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ à%Ó˚%c ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y •° Ó%!Âô– ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%È
o%ï˛ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˆ¢áyñ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yÙ)°Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%È ˆ¢áy !lË≈˛Ó˚˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ ÙyeyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚–
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ xyô%!lܲ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy !¢«˛yˆÏܲ Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ §¡∫ˆÏrô Ù)°ƒÓyl lyly ï˛Ìƒ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y
§ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •° xyô%!lܲ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy Ó%!Âô ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ lyly !l˲≈Ó˚ˆÏÎyàƒ ˛õrÌy xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
!¢«˛yÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ ç!ê˛° §Ù§ƒyˆÏܲ §Ùyôyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ÙylÓ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ G §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ Ù)ˆÏ° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ §,çl¢#°ï˛y– ~•z §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ x˲yˆÏÓ §yÙy!çܲ
G §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ Ó˚%Âô •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ à%îyÓ!°Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ §yôl– ˆ§
!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ !¢«˛y ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ K˛ylˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏç °y!àˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ §,çl¢#° !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl
~ÓÇ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î≈y !òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ï%˛°ˆÏÓl ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 106

≤ÃÌÙ ~ܲܲ
Óƒ!=˛ fl∫yï˛sfƒï˛yı xÌ≈ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲òñ ܲyÓ˚îñ !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ
åIndividual Difference: Meaning, Types, Influence in
Educationä

Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Introduction)ı
fl∫yï˛sfƒ •° ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ç#Ó ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ– ï˛y•z ~ܲ•z Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó#ç ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ ò%!ê˛
àySÈñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ñ ˆÓí˛¸y° Óy ˆÜ˛yl ˛õ¢%Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ çß√ ˆlGÎ˚y ò%!ê˛ ÓyFã˛yñ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õy!áÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ çß√
ˆlGÎ˚y ò%!ê˛ ÓyFã˛yñ !ܲÇÓy ~ܲ•z ÓyÓyÈüÈÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ ÙylÓ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ Î!ò ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ !Ù!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆò!á ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆòáÓ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ò%!ê˛ §ç#Ó ≤Ãyî#•z •%Ó•% ~ܲ•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù •Î˚ ly– ~Ùlܲ# ÎÙç ò%!ê˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒG ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Óï≈˛Ùyl ÌyˆÏܲ–
Ùyl%ˆÏ£Ï Ùyl%ˆÏ£Ï ˆÎ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ xyˆÏSÈ ï˛y ≤Ãyã˛#lܲy° ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˛õ![˛ï˛àˆÏîÓ˚ ò,!T˛ xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÈPlato,
Aristotle, Rousseauüü È~•z ≤ÈÏ˲ò fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ÈPlato- Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ !Ó!˲ߨï˛y xl%ÎyÎ˚#
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ òˆÏ° ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ܲyˆÏ° xÌ≈yÍ |l!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ ÓÇ¢yl%Ü ˛ˆÏÙ !ÓŸªy§#
ÈGalton- ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ §)e˛õyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l– ~SÈyí˛¸y ÈCattell, Alfred Binet ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#àîG ~ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyly àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
§ÇK˛y (Definition)ı
Óƒ!=˛ ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ §ÇK˛yÎ˚ ˆ≤’ˆÏê˛y ӈϰˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ò%çl Óƒ!=˛ §¡õ)î≈ ~ܲ•zÓ˚ܲÙ˲yˆÏÓ ç¡øyÎ˚ ly–
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z ~ܲçl xlƒ ܲyÓ˚G ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy •Î˚ó ~ܲçl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ˛õ¢yÓ˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ñ
~ÓÇ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆ˛õ¢yÓ˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛– (Plato - No two persons are born exactly alike; but
each differs from the other in natural endowments, one being suited for one occupation
and the other for another.)
ܲƒyê˛yÓ˚ à%í˛üüüÈ Óƒ!=˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ •° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy ~ܲy!ôܲ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛ÓˆÏà≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Óy ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ– (Cater Good- Individual differences stand for “the variations or deviations
among individuals in regard to a single characteristic or a number of characteristics.)
Ùyl%ˆÏ£Ï Ùyl%ˆÏ£Ï ~•z ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ܲ#ñ !ܲÇÓy ~•z ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ü˛ï˛ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •Î˚ •zï˛ƒy!ò !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚
!ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ˆÎ ¢yáy àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏܲ ӈϰ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ xl%¢#°lܲyÓ˚#
ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy Óy ÈDifferential Psychology –
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !òܲ§Ù)• 107
•zLjÏÓ˚!çˆÏï˛ Ó°y •Î˚È No two individuals are alike– ï˛y•z ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ~ܲ•z ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ ò%Ûçl Óƒ!=˛
ˆÜ˛í˛z °¡∫yñ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÓшÏê˛ñ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÓ˚yàyñ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÙyê˛yñ ˆÜ˛í˛z ܲyˆÏ°yñ ˆÜ˛í˛z Ê˛§≈yñ ܲyÓ˚G Ó˚. ÙyV˛y!Ó˚– ˆÜ˛í˛z
xˆÏ“ˆÏï˛•z ˆÓ˚ˆÏà GˆÏë˛ñ ˆÜ˛í˛z xyÓyÓ˚ ¢yhs˝ fl∫˲yˆÏÓÓ˚– ˆÜ˛í˛z !l¤%˛Ó˚ñ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛yÙ° ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚– ˆÜ˛í˛z ÓyhflÏÓôÙ#≈ñ
ˆÜ˛í˛z ܲ“ly!Ó°y§#– ˆÜ˛í˛z !Ù¢%ܲñ ˆÜ˛í˛z x!Ù¢%ܲ– ˆÜ˛í˛z ≤ÃáÓ˚ Ó%!Âô §¡õߨñ ˆÜ˛í˛z xyÓyÓ˚ Ü˛Ù Ó%!Âô §¡õߨñ
ܲyÓ˚G Ó%!Âô ÙyV˛y!Ó˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •zï˛ƒy!ò lyly ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ xlƒ Óƒ!=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly˲yˆÏÓ
˛õ,Ìܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈ– Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ~•z !lçfl∫ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Îy ~ܲ Óƒ!=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈñ
ï˛yˆÏܲ•z ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÎ˚ Ó°y •Î˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ Óy Óƒ!=˛ fl∫yï˛sfƒ åÈIndividual Differenceä–
Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò åÈTypes of Individual Differenceä ı

Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ

§•çyï˛ x!ç≈ï˛

˜ò!•Ü˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛ Ùl/≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛

(Physical) (Mental) (Temperamental)

§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ §yÙy!çܲ ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ !¢«˛yàï˛

(Cultural) (Social) (Emotional) (Educational)

Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒà%!° ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ≤Ãôylï˛ ò%!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ÈüüüÈ 1ä §•çyï˛
åÈInbornä 2ä x!ç≈ï˛ åÈAchievedä
1ä §•çyï˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ ı !¢¢% çˆÏß√Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚ §)ˆÏe ˆÎ
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%!° ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ÓÇ¢ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ xl%ÎyÎ˚# §•çyï˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒG ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ
~ˆÏܲ•z ӈϰ §•çyï˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ– ~•z ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%!° !¢¢% ï˛yÓ˚ ÓyÓyÈüÈÙy Óy ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈ ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ Ê˛§≈y ÓyÓyÈüÈÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §hs˝ylàî Ê˛§≈y •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛ˆÏÓ ÓyÓyÈüÈÙy SÈyí˛¸yG ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈
ÓÇ¢ôÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒG !¢¢% çß√àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
2ä x!ç≈ï˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ ı §•çyï˛ ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ° ˆÎÙl ÓÇ¢à!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆï˛Ù!l x!ç≈ï˛ ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚
Ù)ˆÏ° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ– ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ÈüüüÈ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚
ˆÎ§Ó Óƒ!=˛ñ Ó› Óy ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ xÌÓy §yÙy!çܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ
ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚Èı ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ !¢¢%Ó˚ §yÙy!çܲ xyã˛yÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚îñ !¢«˛yñ §Çà#ï˛ !¢«˛yñ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §%ÈüÈx˲ƒy§ xyÎ˚_
ܲÓ˚y •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~•z x!ç≈ï˛ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ ÙylG §ÓyÓ˚ ~ܲ•z •Î˚ ly– ~áyˆÏlG ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 108
§•çyï˛ G x!ç≈ï˛ ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒG xyÓyÓ˚ lyly ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •Î˚– !lˆÏ¡¨ ï˛y xyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛ •°ÈüüüÈ
1É §•çyï˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ:
˜ò!•Ü˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ ı ˜ò!•Ü˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà xlƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ
~ܲ•z ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ ò%Ûçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆã˛•yÓ˚yñ í˛zFã˛ï˛yñ Gçlñ ˜ò!•Ü˛ fl∫yfĩñ ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛yñ ˜ò!•Ü˛ ¢!=˛ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚
!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ~ܲçˆÏlÓ˚ ˆã˛•yÓ˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà xlƒçˆÏlÓ˚ ˆã˛•yÓ˚yÓ˚ x!Ù° ˆòáy
ÎyÎ˚– ˆÜ˛í˛z °¡∫y ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÓшÏê˛ñ ˆÜ˛í˛z ܲyˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛í˛z Ê˛§≈yñ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÓ˚yày ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÙyê˛yñ ܲyÓ˚G ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ¢!=˛ ˆÓ!¢
ܲyÓ˚G ܲÙñ ܲyÓ˚G ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛y ˆÓ!¢ ܲyÓ˚G Ü˛Ù– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y à°yÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚ñ xAàÈ˲!AàÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲG ~ܲçˆÏlÓ˚
§ˆÏAà xlƒçˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛Ê˛yÍ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~•z ˜ò!•Ü˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ çy!ï˛àï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏîG •Î˚– xyÓ˚ ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
~ܲçl !lˆÏ@˝Ãy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ~ܲçl •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚yˆÏlÓ˚ àyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó˚.ñ ˆã˛•yÓ˚y •zï˛ƒy!ò !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆòáy
ÎyÎ˚–
Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ ı Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yàï˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲG Óƒ!=˛ÏˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ
ˆÜ˛í˛z ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ ˆ¢ˆÏáñ ܲyÓ˚G !¢áˆÏï˛ ˆò!Ó˚ •Î˚– ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ò#â≈!òl ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z
ˆÓ!¢!òl ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG ˆÜ˛í˛z xlyÎ˚yˆÏ§ Îy ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚G ˛õˆÏ«˛ ï˛y
ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆò!Ó˚ •Î˚– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y xl%Ó˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛eG Óƒ!=˛ˆÏ˲ˆÏò !˲ߨ •Î˚– Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲG ~ܲ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
§ˆÏAà xlƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˛Ê˛ˆÏ° ܲyÓ˚G Ó%!Âô ≤ÃáÓ˚ñ ˆÜ˛í˛z ÙyV˛y!Ó˚ Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z
Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ò%Ó≈° •Î˚– ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàòyˆÏlÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲG ~ܲ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà
xlƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y !ӈϢ£Ï Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛y ≤Ãò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲG Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛
Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛í˛z ܲZ˛ §Çà#ˆÏï˛ñ ˆÜ˛í˛z Óy Îsf §Çà#ˆÏï˛ ò«˛ï˛y ˆòáyˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚
ˆÜ˛í˛z l,ˆÏï˛ƒñ ˆÜ˛í˛z Óy •hflÏ!¢“ •zï˛ƒy!òˆÏï˛ ò«˛ï˛y ˆòáyˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
Ùl/≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ ı Ùl/≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲG Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– xyÓ˚ ~•z
ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛yÙ° ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ñ ˆÜ˛í˛z í˛z@˝Ã ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ñ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z ô#Ó˚ÈüÈ!fiÌÓ˚ G ë˛yu˛y ˆÙçyˆÏçÓ˚ñ
xyÓyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚G ˆÙçyç á%Ó•z Ó˚%«˛– ܲyÓ˚G xyã˛Ó˚î xï˛ƒhs˝ xyÜ ˛ÙîôÙ#≈ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z §•ˆÏç•z xˆÏlƒÓ˚ Ó¢ƒï˛y
fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
2É x!ç≈ï˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒı
§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ ı ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ çl§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚•z !lçfl∫ ≤ÃÌyñ Ó˚#!ï˛ÈüÈl#!ï˛ñ xyã˛Ó˚îôyÓ˚yñ áyòƒy˲ƒy§ñ §ÇflÒyÓ˚
•zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !lçfl∫ ˲y[˛yÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ÎyˆÏܲ ˙ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ Ó°y •Î˚– ˆ§•z !ӈϢ£Ï §ÙyˆÏç ˆÎ !¢¢%!ê˛
çß√yÎ˚ ˆ§ ˆ§•z §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˲y[˛yÓ˚!ê˛Ó˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# •Î˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà xlƒ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚
˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛y•z á%Ó fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ~•z §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏܲ xydfiÌ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y •ˆÏÎ˚ Gë˛y Ùyl%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà
xlƒ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– !ë˛Ü˛ ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ~ܲçl ˲yÓ˚ï˛#ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ~ܲçl
•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚yl Óy xy!Ê ˛Ü˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
 !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !òܲ§Ù)• 109
§yÙy!çܲ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ ı !¢¢% ~ܲ!ê˛ §yÙy!çܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ çß√@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ §yÙy!çܲ §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ Ü ˛Ù¢ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– !¢¢%Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏl ≤ÃÌÙ §yÙy!çܲ §Çàë˛l •° ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚•z ܲï˛à%!° !lçfl∫ xyò¢≈ñ ˲yÓ ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚î ôÑyã˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ Îy ˙ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢¢%Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˜òl!®l
ç#ÓlÈüÈÎy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ xydfiÌ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ò%!ê˛ !˲ߨ ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ÓˆÏí˛¸y •ˆÏÎ˚ Gë˛y
ò%!ê˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ xyò¢≈ñ xyã˛Ó˚î ôÑyã˛ñ Ó˚%!ã˛ñ !ÓŸªy§ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ӈϢ£Ï ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ܲyˆÏ°
!¢¢% Ü ˛Ù¢ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ Gë˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAà !Óòƒy°Î˚ñ Üœ˛yÓñ x!Ê˛§ •zï˛ƒy!ò xyÓ˚G lyly ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚
xÇ¢#òyÓ˚ •Î˚– Ê˛ˆÏ° ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒG Ü ˛Ù¢ Óyí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ ı ≤Èϫ˛y˲ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §yôyÓ˚î ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •ˆÏ°G ~Ó˚ ï˛#Ó ï˛y G ≤Ãܲy¢Ë˛Aà#Ó˚
!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z •Î˚ˆÏï˛y xˆÏ“ˆÏï˛•z ˆÓ˚ˆÏà Îyl
xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z xï˛ƒhs˝ ˜ôÎ≈¢#°– ï˛y•z §•ˆÏç Ó˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚l ly– ˆÜ˛í˛z á%Ó §yÙylƒ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÎÙl xylˆÏ® í˛zFS¥È°
•ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z xˆÏ“ˆÏï˛•z •ï˛y¢yÎ˚ ˆË˛ˆÏ. ˛õˆÏí˛¸l– ˆÜ˛í˛z xyÓyÓ˚ xyl® ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎÙl
§Ó≈òy !l!ò≈T˛ ÙyeyˆÏܲ ÓçyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ã˛ˆÏ°l xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ §•ˆÏç !lÓ˚y¢ •l ly– ˆÜ˛í˛z Ó˚yà •ˆÏ°
xlƒˆÏܲ xyÜ ˛Ùî ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ !ç!l§˛õe ˲y.ã%˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ~Ùl!ܲ •ï˛ƒyÓ˚ åMurderä ÙˆÏï˛y x˛õÓ˚yôG ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆÊ˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z Ó˚yà •ˆÏ° ܲyÓ˚G §ˆÏAà ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ ã˛yl ly ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛•yÓ˚yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛Ó° Ó˚yˆÏàÓ˚
x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ Ê%˛ˆÏê˛ GˆÏ벖 !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG ˛≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !˲ߨï˛y ˆã˛yˆÏá ˛õˆÏí˛¸– í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•§yˆÏÓ Ó°y
ÎyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ò%Ûçl !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏܲ !¢«˛Ü˛ ˆ◊!î ¢,C°y ˲Aà ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚yˆÏô !ï˛Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲçl
!§Âôyhs˝ !l° xyÓ˚ ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly– xlƒçl ˛õÓ˚!òl ˆÌˆÏܲ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ï ly xy§yÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ !l°–
ܲálG ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly âê˛ly ~ܲçlˆÏܲ xyl® !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xlƒçlˆÏܲ ܲT˛ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ
Ó˚yhflÏy !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓyFã˛y Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ˆÏܲ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏá ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSȈϰ ï˛yÓ˚ àyˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y !ì˛° S%ÈÑí˛¸ˆÏ° Ü%˛Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ÓyFã˛y!ê˛ ÎsfîyÎ˚ !ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆòÔˆÏí˛¸ ˛õy°y°– ~!ê˛ ˆòˆÏá ˆSȈϰ!ê˛Ó˚ á%Ó Ùçy °yàˆÏ°y ï˛y•z ˆ§
•y§ˆÏï˛ °yàˆÏ°y !ܲv xlƒ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˆSȈϰ Ü%˛Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓyFã˛y!ê˛Ó˚ ~•z x§•yÎ˚ xÓfiÌy ˆòˆÏá ~ÓÇ Ü˛T˛ ˆòˆÏá
ÙˆÏl ÙˆÏl ˲#£Ïî ܲT˛ ˆ˛õ°–
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ ˛≤Èϫ˛y˲Ù)°Ü˛ ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏl ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ñ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §Aà#ÈüȧyÌ# ~ÓÇ
ã˛yÓ˚!òˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ §!¡ø!°ï˛ ≤Ã˲yÓ Óï≈˛Ùyl ÌyˆÏܲ–
!¢«˛yàï˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ ı !¢«˛yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õܲ xÌ≈ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yl x!ç≈ï˛ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ•z !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î
Ó°y ÎyÎ˚– !ܲv ~áyˆÏl !¢«˛yˆÏܲ ˆ§•z xˆÏÌ≈ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ ˆÎ xˆÏÌ≈ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚
xÌ≈yÍ !Óòƒy°Î˚ñ Ù•y!Óòƒy°Î˚ Óy !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õyë˛Ü ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
!ӈϢ£Ï !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆÎ §%§ÇÓÂô ~ÓÇ §%˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛ K˛yl xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛ï˛ê˛y ˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ï˛y ˆòáyˆÏï˛
ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ çˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲï˛ê˛y ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ–
~•z ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyî ˆÌˆÏܲ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•° Óy xy@˝Ã• ~ܲ•z ˆ◊!îÓ˚ §Ü˛°
!¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ §Ùyl lÎ˚– ܲyÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢ñ ܲyÓ˚G ÙyV˛y!Ó˚ñ ܲyÓ˚G Ü˛Ù– ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ ˆ¢ˆÏáñ
ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆ¢ˆÏá ˆò!Ó˚ˆÏï˛– ܲyÓ˚G §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆVÑ˛yܲñ ܲyÓ˚G !ÓK˛yˆÏlñ ܲyÓ˚G xAܲˆÏlñ ܲyÓ˚G §Aà#ˆÏï˛
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 110
ܲyÓ˚G ˆá°yô%°yÎ˚ •zï˛ƒy!ò– ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°G ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚
ò#â≈ §ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàˆÏܲ ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÜ˛í˛z ï˛y ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– !¢«˛yàï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ï˛y ≤Ãò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG
ܲyÓ˚G ˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ï˛y á%Ó í˛zߨï˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ñ ܲyˆÏÓ˚y ÙyV˛y!Ó˚ñ ܲyˆÏÓ˚y !l¡¨ÙyˆÏlÓ˚–
!¢«˛yàï˛ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨï˛yÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ !lçfl∫ ˛õ)Ó≈ x!˲K˛ï˛yñ !Óòƒy°Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚
§ˆÏAà ï˛yÓ˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏlÓ˚ Ùyeyñ ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ñ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ !lçfl∫ fl∫yfĩ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !Ó!˲ߨ
!ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ–
Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î åCauses of Individual Differenceä
ˆÜ˛l Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ~ !lˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#àî lyly ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ~Ó˚ÙˆÏôƒ ≤Ãôyl ܲyÓ˚îà%!°Ó˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •°ÈüüüÈ
1ä ÓÇ¢à!ï˛ åHeredityä ı Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏl ÓÇ¢à!ï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ Ë)˛!Ùܲy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ÓÇ¢à!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ àyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó˚.ñ í˛zFã˛ï˛yñ Ù%ˆÏáÓ˚ àí˛¸lñ ã%˛° G ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚yÓ˚ Ó˚. •zï˛ƒy!ò
!Ó!˲ߨ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ÓÇ¢à!ï˛Óyò#àî ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Ó%!Âô ÓÇ¢à!ï˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y ≤ÃyÆ •Î˚– ܲyˆÏç•z ÓÇ¢àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
ˆÎ ˆÎÙl Ó%!Âô !lˆÏÎ˚ çß√yÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ •yçyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚G Óyí˛¸yˆÏly ÎyÎ˚ ly– ï˛ˆÏÓ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ çß√àï˛
Ó%!ÂôˆÏܲ ï˛#«¯˛ï˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xlƒylƒ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛
˛õyÌ≈ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ°G Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÓÇ¢àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤ÃyÆ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨï˛y–
2ä ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ åEnvironmentä ı xyô%!lܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#àî !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚l Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÌ≈ˆÏܲƒÓ˚
Ù)ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ÓÇ¢à!ï˛ lÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚G ~ܲ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ Ë)˛!Ùܲy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye Ó›
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ lyñ §yÙy!çܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏܲG ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– §yÙy!çܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ §yÙy!çܲ
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ñ Ó˚#!ï˛ÈüÈl#!ï˛ñ §yÙy!çܲ í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚ñ xyã˛yÓ˚ÈüÈxyã˛Ó˚îñ xyò¢≈ •zï˛ƒy!ò §Ó!ܲS%ÈÓ˚ !Ù!°ï˛ ≤Ã˲yÓ–
xyô%!lܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#àî !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚l !¢¢%Ó˚ çß√àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤ÃyÆ Óƒ!=˛cˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ myÓ˚y
í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°y ÎyÎ˚– xyÓ˚ ~˲yˆÏÓ•z !˲ߨ !˲ߨ ÓÇ¢ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ !lˆÏÎ˚ çß√@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ Óƒ!=˛c§¡õߨ Ùyl%£Ï ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨï˛y Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝y Ó%!Âôñ
xyã˛Ó˚îñ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õñ ≤ÃÓîï˛yñ ç#ÓlÈüÈÎy˛õl ˆÜ˛Ô¢° •zï˛ƒy!ò ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l §yôˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy
Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ §,!T˛Ó˚ ~ܲ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲyÓ˚î–
3ä çy!ï˛àï˛ ≤ÈÏ˲ò åRacial Differenceä ı !ӈϢ£Ï !ӈϢ£Ï çy!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ӈϢ£Ï !ӈϢ£Ï ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ
ÌyˆÏܲ Îy ~ܲ çy!ï˛Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà xlƒ çy!ï˛Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ÈÏ˲ò §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙlÈüüÈ çy˛õy!làî ˲o
~ÓÇ Ü˛ˆÏë˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚◊Ù# •Î˚– ~Ó˚y Ü˛Ù Ü˛Ìy Ó°y ˛õSÈ® ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚àî ¢y!hs˝Ó˚ !˛õÎ˚y§#– Ó˚y!¢Î˚ylàî °¡∫y
~ÓÇ ÙçÓ%ï˛ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# •Î˚– çyÙ≈y!làî §ÙÎ˚!l¤˛ •Î˚–
4ä !°Aààï˛ ≤ÈÏ˲ò åSex Differenceä ı lyÓ˚# G ˛õ%Ó˚%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˜ò!•Ü˛ àë˛lñ •Ñyê˛yÈüÈã˛°yÓ˚ ôÓ˚lñ
à°yÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚ñ ܲÌy Ó°yÓ˚ ˲Aà#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y lyÓ˚#Ó˚y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˆÜ˛yÙ° fl∫˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫˲yˆÏÓ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ ܲy!ë˛lƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ˛õ!Ó˚◊Ù§yôƒ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏÓ˚y lyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚
 !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !òܲ§Ù)• 111
ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ò«˛ï˛y ˆòáyˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˲y£Ïyàï˛ §yÙˆÏÌ≈ƒ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ò«˛ï˛y ˆòáyˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– fløÓ˚î «˛Ùï˛y G ˆ§Ô®Î≈ ˲yÓlyÎ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ lyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y ≤ÃáÓ˚ï˛Ó˚– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ §Çáƒy
àîly Óy !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏÓ˚y lyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ò«˛ï˛y ˆòáyˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xyˆÏÓà ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !òܲ
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ lyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ Ó!•/≤Ãܲy¢ ˆÓ!¢–
5ä §yÙy!çܲ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ !˲ߨï˛y åDifference in Social Statusä ı §yÙy!çܲ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ !˲ߨï˛y
Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤Ãܲy¢ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xy!Ù≈ÈüÈxy°Ê˛y
x˲#«˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ ï˛Ìƒ xl%ÎyÎ˚# Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ çlÓ•%° ~°yܲyÎ˚ Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚y Ü˛Ù çlÓ§!ï˛˛õ)î≈
~°yܲy Óy @˝ÃyÙ#î ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ÓˆÏí˛¸y •ˆÏÎ˚ Gë˛y Ùyl%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ Ó%!ÂôÙyl •Î˚ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yàï˛ §%ˆÏÎyà
§%!ÓôyG ~Ó˚y ˆÓ!¢ ˆË˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚–
6ä xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ !˲ߨï˛y åDifference in Economic Conditionä ı ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#àî
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ ï˛Ìƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl Ó,!_àï˛ xyÌ≈ÈüȧyÙy!çܲ xÓfiÌy ~ÓÇ Ó%!ÂôÓ˚
§yôyÓ˚î ÙyeyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ~ܲ !lÜ˛ê˛ §¡õÜ≈˛ Óï≈˛Ùyl– ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ í˛zFã˛ Ó,!_Ù)°Ü˛ hflψÏÓ˚ ˆÎ§Ó x!˲˲yÓܲàî
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ï˛yÓ˚y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆSȈϰˆÏÙˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ÓyhflÏÓ G ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÓ!¢ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l Îy
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §hs˝ylˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ o%ï˛ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ âê˛yˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ§Ó ˆSȈϰˆÏÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y
í˛zFã˛!Ó_ ˛õ!Ó˚Ù[˛ˆÏ° ÓˆÏí˛¸y •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛ ï˛yÓ˚y !l¡¨!Ó_ ˛õ!Ó˚Ù[˛ˆÏ° ÓˆÏí˛¸y •ˆÏÎ˚ Gë˛y ˆSȈϰˆÏÙˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚
Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ ò«˛ï˛y §¡õߨ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y xyÌ≈ÈüȧyÙy!çܲ ˛õyÌ≈ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
!¢¢%Ó˚ xy@˝Ã•ñ ≤ÃÓîï˛yñ xyˆÏÓà ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˲Aà#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
7ä !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ •yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨï˛y åDifference in Development Rateäı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ •yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !Ó!˲ߨï˛y
Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚# ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !¢¢%Ó˚ ï˛yÓ˚ §ÙÓÎ˚§#ˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ á%Ó o%ï˛ !Óܲy¢
âˆÏê˛ñ ܲyÓ˚G !Óܲy¢ •Î˚ ô#Ó˚à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~•z !Óܲy¢ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲñ Ùyl!§Ü˛ñ ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲñ §yÙy!çܲ •zï˛ƒy!ò ˆÎ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚•z •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ܲyÓ˚î ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !¢¢%Ó˚•z !lçfl∫ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ à!ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛y•z fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
~ܲ•z ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
8ä Óƒ!=˛c åPersonalityäı Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ !˲ߨï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîG Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
ˆÎÙlÈüü ˆÜ˛í˛z •Î˚ xhs˝Ù%≈á# Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ñ ˆÜ˛í˛z Ó!•Ù%≈á#– ˆÜ˛í˛z xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó˚%àΩ˛#Ó˚ñ ˆÜ˛í˛z §òy •y§ƒÙÎ˚– ˆÜ˛í˛z
x!fiÌÓ˚ !ã˛ˆÏ_Ó˚ñ ˆÜ˛í˛z ¢yhs˝ fl∫˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ñ ˆÜ˛í˛z í˛zòƒÙ# xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z !lˆÏŸã˛T˛ ˛≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚– ˆÜ˛í˛z Ü,˛˛õîñ ˆÜ˛í˛z
í˛zòyÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚– Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ §Ç°«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ !˲ߨï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !˲ߨ Óƒ!=˛c àˆÏí˛¸ GˆÏ벖
!¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ (Influence of Individual Difference in Education)ı
xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ !lçfl∫ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ÎÌyÎÌ !Óܲy¢ â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ §Ó≈yAà#l !Óܲy¢
§yôl ܲÓ˚y– !ܲv !Ó!˲ߨ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ xy@˝Ã•ñ ˆ¢áyÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yñ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ñ ≤ÃÓîï˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò xy°yòy
xy°yòy– ~•z xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒˆÏܲ ÓyhflÏÓy!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒˆÏܲ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y Óy
~!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛z˛õyÎ˚ ˆl•z– xyˆÏà ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •ï˛ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ Îï˛ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ xyˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚y Ùyl!§Ü˛
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 112
!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ùyl– !ܲv Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ l#!ï˛ xy!Ó‹ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ~ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌy !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆÜ˛yl‰ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y !lˆÏ¡¨
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •°ÈüüüÈ
1ä !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îyı ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ò«˛ï˛yñ
xy@˝Ã•ñ ≤ÃÓîï˛yñ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ §Ç°«˛î •zï˛ƒy!ò §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ôyÓ˚îy àë˛l ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z K˛ylˆÏܲ !˲!_
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆ§•z˲yˆÏÓ !¢«˛yòyl ܲÓ˚y– xyÓ˚ ~•zçlƒ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x˲#«˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛àî
!¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ xy@˝Ã•ñ ≤ÃÓîï˛yñ Ó%!Âôñ Óƒ!=˛c •zï˛ƒy!ò §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy àë˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l–
2ä ˆ◊!îÓ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ §#!Ùï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ı ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ §Çáƒy !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ
≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏã˛ ˛õí˛¸y !Ë˛í˛¸ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ Óƒ!=˛àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ lçÓ˚ Ó˚yáy §Ω˛Ó •Î˚ ly– ~Ùï˛yÓfiÌyÎ˚
ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ï˛l ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
3ä Ó•%Ù%á# ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù xl%§Ó˚î ı ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y•z §Ü˛° !¢«˛yÌ#≈ ~ܲ•zÓ˚ܲÙ
˛õyë˛Ü ˛Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z˛õÜ,˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ï˛y•z !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z!ã˛ï˛ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ ˲yÓlyˆÏܲ ÙˆÏl ˆÓ˚ˆÏá
!¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ xy@˝Ã•ñ ≤ÃÓîï˛yñ «˛Ùï˛yñ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y xl%ÎyÎ˚# Ó•%Ù%á# ˛õyë˛Ü ˛Ù àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°y Îy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lçfl∫
ã˛y!•òy ˆÙê˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ lï%˛l lï%˛l !ӣψÏÎ˚ xy@˝Ã•ˆÏܲ àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛°ˆÏÓ–
4ä Ó•%Ù%á# ˛õyë˛òyl ˛õÂô!ï˛ xl%§Ó˚î ı ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye Ó•%Ù%á# ˛õyë˛Ü ˛Ù•z lÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒˆÏܲ
à%Ó˚%còyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyë˛òyl ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛G !Ó!˲ߨï˛y xyly ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ï˛y•z !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y xl%ÎyÎ˚#
ˆá°y!˲!_ܲ !¢«˛y˛õÂô!ï˛ñ ≤ÈÏçQ ˛õÂô!ï˛ñ ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# ˛õÂô!ï˛ñ à“ Ó°y ˛õÂô!ï˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
5ä Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ!˲!_ܲ ≤Ãò#˛õî !lÓ≈yã˛l ı !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ xy@˝Ã• G ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yˆÏܲ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚
!¢«˛Ü˛ ˛õyë˛òylܲyˆÏ° ~Ùl ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ãò#˛õî !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl Îy ˛õyˆÏë˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ xyÜ,˛T˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
6ä §•˛õyë˛Ü ˛!Ùܲ ÓƒÓfiÌy ı §Ü˛° !¢«˛yÌ#≈•z ˛õyë˛Ü ˛!Ùܲ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ï˛y ˆòáyˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ lyG •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÌy ÙyÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ
!ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚G ˆÎÙlÈüü lyê˛Ü˛ñ §Çà#ï˛ñ !Óï˛Ü≈˛ñ Ó˚ã˛ly ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yñ xyܲ!fløܲ Ó=+˛ï˛yñ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆá°yô%°yñ
~lÉ!§É!§ñ ~lÉ~§É~§ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yçl ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ï˛y ly ˆòáyˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°G •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !¢«˛yÌ#≈ §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ï˛y ˆòáyˆÏlyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ï,˛!Æ á%шÏç ˆ˛õˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
7ä à,•Ü˛yç ı Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ ܲÌy ÙyÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá !¢«˛Ü˛ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ à,•Ü˛yç ˆòˆÏÓl–
8ä !¢«˛yàï˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ly ı !¢«˛y°y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ#≈àî !Ó!˲ߨ §ÙÎ˚ lyly ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚
§¡ø%á#l •Î˚– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛Ü˛àî !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !òܲ§Ù)• 113
!¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ly òyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl– ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ#≈àî Ó,!_ !lÓ≈yã˛lñ Ó•z !lÓ≈yã˛lñ !Ó£ÏÎ˚
!lÓ≈yã˛lñ §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyç !lÓ≈yã˛l§• !Ó!˲ߨ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ §Ù§ƒyÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆ§ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !¢«˛Ü˛àî ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ
í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ly òyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆ§ !lˆÏç•z §Ù§ƒy ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z_Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÌ á%шÏç ˛õyÎ˚–
9ä ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ !Ó!˲ߨÙ%á# ܲyç ı !¢«˛Ü˛ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ !Ó!˲ߨÙ%á# ܲyç !òˆÏÎ˚G !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛
˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ ˆÙyܲyˆÏÓ°y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xy@˝Ã• Óy ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚
Homogeneous Óy §Ùçyï˛#Î˚ ò° àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y !ܲÇÓy ܲálG Heterogeneous Óy
!Ó§Ùçyï˛#Î˚ ò° àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ Co-operative Learning ~Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ (Conclusion)ı
xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ í˛z˛õ§Ç•yˆÏÓ˚ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ≤Ãyã˛#îܲyˆÏ° ˆÎáyˆÏl §ÓyÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°y
•ï˛ñ ˆ§áyˆÏl á%Ó x“§ÇáƒÜ˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ë˛y ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˆ˛õï˛– í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ Óy
§%ˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ x˲yˆÏÓ•z Ó•% ≤Ã!ï˛Ë˛y•z xAÜ%˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ÓlT˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲv Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl §ÙhflÏ §Ë˛ƒˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏï˛•z
Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒˆÏܲ ≤Ãyôylƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó•%Ù%á# ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yçl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎáyˆÏl Óƒ!=˛ ï˛yÓ˚ !lçfl∫
Ó˚%!ã˛ñ §yÙÌ≈ƒ G ã˛y!•òy xl%ÎyÎ˚# !¢«˛y °yˆÏ˲Ó˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ë˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˛õyˆÏFSÈ–
Îy Óƒ!=˛Ü˛°ƒyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ §Ùyçܲ°ƒyî §yôˆÏlÓ˚G §•yÎ˚ܲ •ˆÏFSÈ–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 114

!mï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ
ˆ≤ãîÏ yı xÌ≈ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆËÏ ˛òñ í˛˛z õyòyl§Ù)•ñ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ˆ≤ãîÏ yÓ˚ í˛˛z õˆÏÎy!àï˛y
(Motivation: Meaning, Types, Factors, Implication of
Education)

Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Introduction)ı
ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Çàë˛lˆÏܲ !Ü ˛Î˚y¢#° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
ˆÎÙl ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õyáy ã˛y°yˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° !Óò%ƒÍ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ ày!í˛¸ ã˛y°yˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° çµy°y!l ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– !ë˛Ü˛ ˆï˛Ù!l
ÙylÓˆÏò• §Çàë˛lˆÏܲ !Ü ˛Î˚y¢#° ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°G ~ܲ !ӈϢ£Ï ¢!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ܲ# ˆ§•z ¢!=˛⁄ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#àî
ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆ§•z ¢!=˛ •° Úˆ≤ãÏîyÛ– xyÓ˚G flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏ° Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#àˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yÙ)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏl ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ã˛y!•òyç!lï˛ x˲yÓˆÏÓyô ~ÓÇ
ã˛y!•òy ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y– ~•z ã˛y!•òy ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ §ˆÏã˛T˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Îy Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y •°
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ¢!=˛ Óy í˛zòƒÙ– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z í˛zòƒÙ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ùyl%£Ï ܲálG §ˆÏã˛ï˛l ÌyˆÏܲ ܲálG Óy
xˆÏã˛ï˛l– ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#àî ~•z í˛zòƒˆÏÙÓ˚•z lyÙ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆ≤ãÏîy–
xÌ≈ (Meaning)ı
ˆ≤ãÏîy ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ •zLjÏÓ˚!ç ≤Ã!ï˛¢∑ •° Motivation– Motivation ¢∑!ê˛ Latin å°ƒy!ê˛lä ¢∑
‘Movere’ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ– ÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ •° ‘to move’ xÌ≈yÍ à!ï˛¢#° •GÎ˚y– xyÓyÓ˚ñ ˆ≤ãÏîy ¢∑!ê˛ ÓyÇ°y
¢∑ Úˆ≤ãÏÛ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõ!_ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÌ≈ Úã˛y˛õÛ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy Óy x˲yÓˆÏÓyô ˆÌˆÏܲ ÙˆÏlÓ˚
ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óy Óy!•ˆÏÓ˚ ã˛y˛õ §,,!T˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly °«˛ƒ xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ÙˆÏl ˆÎ ï˛yí˛¸ly Óy í˛zòƒÙ §,!T˛
•Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ•z ˆ≤ãÏîy Ó°y •Î˚– xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ xhs˝!l!•≈ï˛ ¢!=˛ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ
xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ à!ï˛ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !l!ò≈T˛ !òˆÏܲ‡°ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ•z ˆ≤ãÏîy Ó°y •Î˚ xÌ≈yÍ
í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤ÈÏîy!òï˛ •ˆÏ° ˆÎ §!Ü ˛Î˚ Óy àï˛#Î˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy §,!T˛ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆ≤ãÏîy ӈϰ– ~•z xÓfiÌy
í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ °y˲ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ï˛#Ó  xyܲyA«˛y Óy •zFSÈyÓ˚ í˛zòÎ˚ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Îï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ly x˲#T˛ !§Âô •Î˚ñ ï˛ï˛«˛î
˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~•z àï˛#Î˚ xÓfiÌy ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
§ÇK˛y (Definition)ı
!Ó!˲ߨ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl# !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ §ÇK˛y òyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ !ܲS%È •° !l¡¨Ó˚)˛õüüüÈ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ•lÈüü ˆ≤ãÏîy •° ~Ùl !ܲS%È Îy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyçˆÏܲ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ Óy ï˛y!í˛¸ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îy ˆ§•z Óƒ!=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óy
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– (Cohen - Something that drives people to do what they do.)
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !òܲ§Ù)• 115
í˛z°Ê˛Ü‰˛üüüÈÈ ˆ≤ãÏîy •° ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ xÓfiÌy Îy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ í˛zm%Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !lˆÏò≈!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚– (Woolfolk - An internal state that arouses, directs and maintains
behaviour.)
ÓƒyÓ˚lüüüÈ ˆ≤ãÏîy •° ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢!=˛ Îy °«˛ƒy!˲Ù%á# xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ í˛zI#!Óï˛ G !lˆÏò≈!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– (Baron -
The force that energies and directs a behaviour towards a goal.)
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ §ÇK˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ê˛y flõT˛ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆ≤ãÏîy Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ï˛y ~ܲ
ܲÌyÎ˚ Ó°y xï˛ƒhs˝ ܲ!ë˛l Óƒy˛õyÓ˚– ï˛y•z ~áyˆÏl ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# §ÇK˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈüüÈ
ˆ≤ãÏîy •° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ x˲yÓ ˆÓyô ˆÌˆÏܲ §,T˛ ~Ùl í˛zˆÏ_!çï˛ xÓfiÌy Óy ï˛yí˛¸ly Îy ï˛yˆÏܲ !l!ò≈T˛
°ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚– °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ly
ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏly ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~•z xÓfiÌy ÓçyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ˆ≤ãÏîyã˛Ü ˛ ı 1Ù hflÏÓ˚
x˲yÓˆÏÓyô

4Ì≈ hflÏÓ˚ 2Î˚ hflÏÓ˚

°«˛ƒ Óy ï˛yí˛¸ly
í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ

3Î˚ hflÏÓ˚
§•yÎ˚ܲ

!ã˛e ı ˆ≤ãÏîy ã˛Ü ˛

ˆ≤ãÏîy !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ hflÏÓ˚ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~•z hflÏÓ˚à%!° ã˛Ü ˛yܲyˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
ˆ≤ãÏîyã˛Ü ˛ §¡õߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚– hflÏÓ˚à%!° •°Èüü å1ä Óƒ!=˛ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ x˲yÓˆÏÓyô Óy ã˛y!•òy åNeedäñ å2ä ï˛yí˛¸ly
åDriveäñ (3) !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ xyã˛Ó˚î åSelected Behaviouräñ å4ä °«˛ƒ Óy í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ åGoalä–
ˆ≤ãÏîyã˛ˆÏÜ ˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ hflψÏÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !l!ò≈T˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӣψÏÎ˚ x˲yÓˆÏÓyô ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚ Óy ã˛y!•òy çyˆÏà–
!mï˛#Î˚ hflψÏÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ÙˆÏl ~ܲ xfl∫!hflÏܲÓ˚ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚ ÎyˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ï˛yí˛¸ly– ï,˛ï˛#Î˚hflψÏÓ˚
°«˛ƒ Ó›ˆÏܲ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏl ˆÎ ï˛yí˛¸ly §,!T˛ •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%!=˛ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ãyî# ˆÎ§Ó
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 116
xyã˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ §•yÎ˚ܲ xyã˛Ó˚î ӈϰ– ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ Óy §Ó≈ˆÏ¢£Ï hflÏÓ˚ •° °«˛ƒÓ› °y˲ ܲÓ˚y Óy í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ §yôl
ܲÓ˚y– °«˛ƒÓ› °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xfl∫!hflÏܲÓ˚ xÓfiÌy ò)Ó˚ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï,˛!Æ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ lï%˛l ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ã˛y!•òy çyˆÏà ~ÓÇ ï,˛!Æ °yˆÏ˲Ó˚ ˆã˛T˛y ã˛ˆÏ°– ~˲yˆÏÓ•z çß√ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù,ï%˛ƒ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏl ˆ≤ãÏîy ã˛Ü ˛yܲyˆÏÓ˚
xyÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ ≤çˆÏAà ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛Ìy Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆ≤ãÏîy ܲáˆÏly•z !ã˛Ó˚fiÌyÎ˚# lÎ˚– Î!ò
í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ˛õ)Ó˚î x§Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ál ˙ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆ≤ãÏîy ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚–
ˆ≤ãÏîyã˛Ü ˛!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏly Îyܲ üüÈ
ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ° ÌyˆÏܲ x˲yÓˆÏÓyô– ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y Îyܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy ˆçˆÏàˆÏSÈ–
Ê˛ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ çˆÏ°Ó˚ x˲yÓˆÏÓyô ˆòáy ˆòˆÏÓ– !mï˛#Î˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ x˲yˆÏÓ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ xfl∫!hflÏܲÓ˚
xÓfiÌy ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •° ÎyˆÏܲ Ó°y •ˆÏÓ ï˛yí˛¸ly– ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yí˛¸lyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ xfl∫!hflÏܲÓ˚
xÓfiÌy §,!T˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ§ §•yÎ˚ܲ xyã˛Ó˚î xÌ≈yÍ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆáÑyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ç°
ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ° ï˛y ˛õyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ xfl∫!hflÏ ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛ï,˛!Æ °y˲ •ˆÏÓ– !ܲv Îï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ly
ˆ§ ˛õyl#Î˚ ç° ˛õyˆÏFSÈñ ï˛ï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z xfl∫!hflÏܲÓ˚ xÓfiÌy ÓçyÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ §•yÎ˚ܲ
xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ï˛ˆÏÓ Î!ò ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˙ Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛ ˛õyl#Î˚ ç° ˛õyGÎ˚y x§Ω˛Ó ï˛ál ˆ§ §•yÎ˚ܲ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y
Ìy!ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆ≤ãÏîy ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyˆÏÓ– ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xï,˛!Æ ˆÓyô ˆòáy ˆòˆÏÓ– ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly ï˛y •ï˛y¢yñ
ˆÜ ˛yô •zï˛ƒy!ò ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏÓà §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ (Features of Motivation)ı
ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆ≤ãÏî !Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ
1ä ã˛y!•òy G x˲yÓˆÏÓyô ı ˆ≤ãÏîy Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ã˛y!•òy ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zq)ï˛ x˲yÓˆÏÓyô ˆÌˆÏܲ §,!T˛
•Î˚–
2ä ܲÙ≈ §¡õyòˆÏlÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ܲ ı ˆ≤ãÏîy !lˆÏç ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyç §¡õߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ lyñ !ܲv ܲÙ≈§¡õyòˆÏl
!ӈϢ£Ï §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
3ä °«˛ƒy!˲Ù%ˆÏá ã˛y°ly ı ˆ≤ãÏîy Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛
!•§yˆÏÓ °«˛ƒ xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óƒ!=˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛Æ •Î˚–
4ä xlƒ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ly ı ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛zˆÏj¢ƒˆÏܲ
≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ≤ãÏîy Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ !l!ò≈T˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏî §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
5ä !ã˛Ó˚fiÌyÎ˚# lÎ˚ ı ˆ≤ãÏîy ܲál•z !ã˛Ó˚fiÌyÎ˚# lÎ˚– Î!ò ܲálG ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ˛õ)Ó˚î x§Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÎ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ál ˆ≤ãÏîy ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚–
6ä í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y ı ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆ≤ãÏîyÎ%=˛ !Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Óƒ!=˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l ÌyˆÏܲ–
ï˛y ly •ˆÏ° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ !Ü ˛Î˚y !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÓ ly–
7ä ˆ≤ãÏîyÎ%=˛ !Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §•yÓfiÌyl ı ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲy!ôܲ ã˛y!•òyñ ï˛yí˛¸ly G
ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ í˛zqÓ âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §#!Ùï˛ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï ã˛y!•òy!ê˛Ó˚ ï˛#Ó ï˛yÓ˚
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !òܲ§Ù)• 117
ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˙ !ӈϢ£Ï ã˛y!•òy!ê˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ x!˲Ù%á#ï˛y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ ~ܲ•z ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚
ï˛y!àˆÏò xyÙÓ˚y ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ x!ôܲ °«˛ƒÓ›Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛G x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ìy!ܲ–
8ä ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáy ı !Ó!˲ߨ §ÙÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˜ò!•Ü˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛ñ §yÙy!çܲ •zï˛ƒy!ò !Ó!˲ߨ
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ§Ó ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚ñ ˆ≤ãÏîy !Ü ˛Î˚y Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z ã˛y!•òy ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ï,˛!Æ
≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ê˛ˆÏ° Óƒ!=˛ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ Ó˚«˛y •Î˚–
9ä •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ G ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ !òܲ ı Óƒ!=˛ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ≤ãÏîy ˆÎ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye
•z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y lÎ˚ ܲálGÈüÈܲálG ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲG !Ü ˛Î˚y¢#° •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ ≤âǧy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ≤ãÏîy çyàyÎ˚– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ !l®y Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ≤ãÏîy çyàyÎ˚– Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ !l®yÓ˚ ˲ˆÏÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛ xˆÏlܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z lyly
xlƒyÎ˚ Óy x§yÙy!çܲ xyã˛Ó˚î ˆÌˆÏܲ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ !ÓÓ˚ï˛ Ó˚yˆÏá–
10ä ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ •…y§ÈüÈÓ,!Âô ı ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ã˛y!•òy ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ˛Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ ˆ≤ãÏîy çyˆÏàñ ï˛y ï,˛Æ
•ÓyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆ§•z ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ°ƒ •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
ï˛y ˛õ)Ó˚î ly •GÎ˚y ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ï˛yÓ˚ ï˛#Ó ï˛y Ü ˛Ù¢ Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò (Types of Motivation)ı ˆ≤ãÏîy Ù)°ï˛ ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲÈüüüÈ
1ä xhs˝ç≈yï˛ åIntrinsicäñ 2ä Ó!•ç≈yï˛ åExtrinsicä–
1ä xhs˝ç≈yï˛ ˆ≤ãÏîy ı Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ~ܲ !ӈϢ£Ï x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î xÓfiÌyÓ˚ òÓ˚%l Îál ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ï˛y!àò xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏܲ ӈϰ xhs˝ç≈yï˛ ˆ≤ãÏîy– ˆÎÙlÈüüÈ •zwyî# !lÎ˚!Ùï˛
!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ ܲyÓ˚î !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢!ê˛ ï˛yˆÏܲ xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
2ä Ó!•ç≈yï˛ ˆ≤ãÏîy ı Óy!•ƒÜ˛ í˛zˆÏmyôˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛ Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
ï˛y!àò xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ӈϰ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ˆ≤ãÏîy Óy Ó!•ç≈yï˛ ˆ≤ãÏîy– ˆÎÙlÈüü •zwl#° ≤ÃyÎ˚•z lyly S%ȈÏï˛yÎ˚
fl%Ò° ܲyÙy•z ܲˆÏÓ˚– !Óòƒy°Î˚ ܲï,≈˛˛õ«˛ •ë˛yÍ ˆly!ê˛¢ çy!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°lñ ˆÎ SÈyˆÏeÓ˚ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ •yÓ˚
¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y 75 ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚ Ü˛Ù •ˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ Ó§ˆÏï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÓ ly– °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ˆà° ~ál ˆÌˆÏܲ
•zwl#° xyÓ˚ fl%Ò° ܲyÙy•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly–
~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ ˆ≤ãÏîy ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy§ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙlñ •zwyî#Ó˚– xyÓyÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ܲyÓ˚îG Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ˆ≤Ã!£Ïï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙlÈüü ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ Î!ò Ó§ˆÏï˛ ly ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ~•z ˲ˆÏÎ˚ •zwl#° ~ál
ˆÌˆÏܲ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
xï˛ƒ!ôܲ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ı
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Úx!ï˛Û ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xï˛ƒ!ôܲ ˆ≤ãÏîyG åExcessive Motivationä Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛
«˛!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚– ܲyÓ˚î xï˛ƒ!ôܲ ˆ≤Ã!£Ïï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !lÎ˚sfî •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚ñ Îy §•ç
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏܲG ç!ê˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ xî≈Ó ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ ≤ß¿˛õe ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ Ù•yá%!¢– ܲyÓ˚î §Óà%ˆÏ°y
≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚•z ï˛yÓ˚ òyÓ˚%î˲yˆÏÓ çyly– ˆÜ˛yl‰!ê˛ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ˆÜ˛yl‰!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ˆ§ xyˆÏà !°áˆÏÓ ï˛y ˆ§ ˲yÓˆÏSÈ–
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˛õÓ˚#«˛y ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï xylˆÏ® °yÊ˛yˆÏï˛ °yÊ˛yˆÏï˛ ˆ§ Óy!í˛¸ ~°– Óy!í˛¸ ~ˆÏ§ ≤ß¿˛õe!ê˛ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚
ˆã˛yˆÏá ˛õí˛¸Ï°ñ ≤ß¿˛õˆÏe ˆÎáyˆÏl ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ ~ܲܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚
!òˆÏï˛ Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆ§áyˆÏl ˆ§ Ë%˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ~ܲܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈ–
ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲ §Ù)• (Factors of Motivation)ı
ÙˆÏly!ÓòàˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ Ü˛ï˛à%ˆÏ°y í˛z˛õyòyl Óy ¢ï≈˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ à!ï˛ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~à%!°ˆÏܲ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚
!lô≈yÓ˚ܲ Ó°y •Î˚– !lô≈yÓ˚ܲà%ˆÏ°y !l¡¨Ó˚)˛õ ıÈüÈ
xy@˝Ã• ı xy@˝Ã• ˆ≤ãÏîy !Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲ– Óƒ!=˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ã˛y!•òyˆÏܲ ï,˛Æ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
ã˛y•zˆÏ° ã˛y!•òy ï,˛!ÆÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# !Ó!˲ߨ °«˛ƒ Ó›Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÎ!ê˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ xl%Ó˚yà Óy xy@˝Ã• Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲ•z ˆ§ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy ï,˛Æ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙlÈüü «%˛ôyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ Îál Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy çyˆÏà
ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ áyòƒÓ› ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ ÙySÈÈüÈ˲yï˛ñ Ó˚%!ê˛ÈüȧÓ!çñ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛°ñ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ÎyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xy@˝Ã• Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲ•z ˆ§ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•° ı ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•° ˆ≤ãÏîy §,!T˛Ó˚ xlƒï˛Ù í˛z˛õyòyl– ï˛y•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•° §,!T˛ •ˆÏ° ï˛y
Îï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !lÓ,_ ly •Î˚ ï˛ï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲê˛y xfl∫!hflÏܲÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ Óï≈˛Ùyl ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÎÙlÈüü
ܲyÓ˚G ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õyGÎ˚y Ó˚!.l ܲyàˆÏç ˆÙyí˛¸y í˛z˛õ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õƒyˆÏܲê˛!ê˛Ó˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ܲ# xyˆÏSÈ ï˛y çylyÓ˚ çlƒ
ˆÎ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•° §,!T˛ •Î˚ ï˛y Îï˛«˛î ly ˛õƒyˆÏܲê˛!ê˛ á%ˆÏ° ˆòáy •ˆÏFSÈ ï˛ï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ÓçyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
í˛zÍܲZ˛y ı ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӣψÏÎ˚ í˛zÍܲZ˛y Óy í˛zˆÏmà ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏ° Îï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ly í˛zÍܲZ˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î!ê˛ ò)Ó˚ •ˆÏFSÈ
ï˛ï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~•z xÓfiÌy ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÎÙlÈüü •yˆÏï˛ §ÙÎ˚ Ü˛Ù– Óƒ!=˛ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ çlƒ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏï˛
!l!ò≈T˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !l!ò≈T˛ çyÎ˚ày!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õÑÔSȈÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z xÓfiÌyÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ í˛zÍܲZ˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚
ï˛y !l!ò≈T˛ fiÌyl!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ly ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏly ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ÓçyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô ı ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ §yÙy!çܲ xyòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ Ë˛y°ÈüÈÙ®ñ lƒyÎ˚ÈüÈxlƒyÎ˚ñ
í˛z!ã˛ï˛ÈüÈxl%!ã˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !lçfl∫ Ùy˛õܲy!ë˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ÎyˆÏܲ ˙ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô ӈϰ– ~!ê˛•z Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨÙ%á#
xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ í˛zm%Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !lçfl∫ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô ˆ≤ãÏî !Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲ– ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ ÓyˆÏ§
í˛zˆÏë˛ Ó§yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ °«˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l ~ܲçl Ó,Âô ˆ°yܲ ÓyˆÏ§ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈl !ܲv Ó§yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !§ê˛
ly ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚•z ÎyˆÏFSÈl– ï˛y ˆòˆÏá Óƒ!=˛!ê˛ ï˛Í«˛îyÍ ï˛yÓ˚ !§ê˛!ê˛ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó,Âô ˆ°yܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆ§áyˆÏl
Ó§ˆÏï˛ Ó°ˆÏ°l– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yÓ˚ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy xl%ÎyÎ˚# ~ê˛yˆÏܲ•z í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ܲyç ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ Îy
ï˛yˆÏܲ ~•z ܲyç!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ xl%≤Ãy!îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
§yÊ˛°ƒ ı Óƒ!=˛ Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyˆÏç §Ê˛°ï˛y °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ ï,˛!ƈÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚
çyàÓ˚î âˆÏê˛ ˆ§ê˛y•z ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ lï%˛l ܲyˆÏç xyd!lˆÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy ˆçyàyÎ˚– •zLjÏÓ˚!ç ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃÓyò
ÓyˆÏܲƒ Ó°y •Î˚Èüü ÚNothing succeeds like successÛ xÌ≈yÍ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îyòyÎ˚ܲ xyÓ˚ !ܲS%È•z
ˆl•z– ˆÎÙlÈüü ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ãò_ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyç Îál !¢«˛yÌ#≈ §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ •Î˚ ï˛ál ï˛y
ï˛yˆÏܲ ï,˛!Æ ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ܲyç!ê˛G ˆ§ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ í˛zͧy• ˆÓyô ܲˆÏÓ˚–
 !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !òܲ§Ù)• 119
x˲ƒy§ ı Óƒ!=˛ Îál x˲ƒy§Ó¢ï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •Î˚ ï˛ál Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ x˲ƒy§•z
ï˛yˆÏܲ ˙ ܲyç!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ≤Ã!£Ïï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎÙlÈüüÈ â%Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏë˛ ÎyÓ˚ ã˛yÈüÈ˛õyˆÏlÓ˚ x˲ƒy§ xyˆÏSÈ ˆ§ â%Ù
˲y.ˆÏ°•z ã˛y ˛õyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ í˛zò‰@˝Ã#Ó •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ Îï˛«˛î ly ˆ§ ã˛y ˛õyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛ï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
~ܲê˛y xfl∫!hflÏܲÓ˚ xÓfiÌy ÓçyÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yÓ˚ x˲ƒy§•z ï˛yˆÏܲ ã˛yÈüÈ˛õyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ≤Ã!£Ïï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏSÈ–
˛ õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ı !l!ò≈T˛ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ˙ ܲyç!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ≤Ã!£Ïï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙlÈüü
ˆÜ˛y°y•° Ó!ç≈ï˛ ¢yhs˝Èüȧ%®Ó˚ñ ˛õ!Ó˚FSÈߨ ˆ◊!î ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛ ÙˆÏlyÎyà# •ˆÏï˛ ˆ≤Ã!£Ïï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
xyd!ÓŸªy§ ı Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z xyd!ÓŸªy§ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ܲyç!ê˛ ÎÌyÎÌ˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚y
xÓ¢ƒ•z §Ω˛Ó– ~ê˛y•z ï˛yˆÏܲ ܲyç!ê˛ §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ≤ãÏîy ˆçyàyÎ˚– ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ ˆÜ˛y°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚ 24 ˛õÓ˚àlyÓ˚
Ùy§ò%Ó˚ Ó˚•Ùyl ˆÎ !ӈϟª ≤ÃÌÙ Ùyl%£Ïñ !Î!l ï˛yÓ˚ x§yÓ˚ ˛õy !lˆÏÎ˚G •zÇ!°¢ ã˛ƒyˆÏl° ˛õyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl–
!lí˛z!ç°ƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ ˆçʉ˛ˆÏ°y ~ÓÇ ÙyÜ≈˛ •zÇ!°¢ lyˆÏÙ ò%çl Óƒ!=˛ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ò%ˆÏê˛y ˛õyÈüÈ•z ˆl•z– ~•z xÓfiÌyÎ˚
ï˛yÓ˚y ~˲yˆÏÓ˚ˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ ã)˛ˆÏí˛¸yÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ ~˲yˆÏÓ˚fiê˛ !ÓçÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
~•z ò%ˆÏê˛y í˛zòy•Ó˚î•z ≤ÃÙyî ܲˆÏÓ˚ Úxy!Ù ˛õyÓ˚ÓÛ ~•z xyd!ÓŸªy§•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆ≤Ã!£Ïï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚
ã)˛ˆÏí˛¸yÎ˚ ˆ˛õÑÔSȈÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
í˛zˆÏmyôܲ ı !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zˆÏmyôܲñ ˆ≤ãÏîy §,!T˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §•yÎ˚ܲ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z í˛zˆÏmyôܲ
Ù)ï≈˛ Ó› Óy !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy ò%•zÈüÈ•z •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ °«˛ƒÓhfl%ψÏܲ•z í˛zˆÏmyôܲ Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– í˛z˛õÎ%=˛
í˛zˆÏmyôܲ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ≤ãÏîy §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ Îy Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !l!ò≈T˛
xyã˛Ó˚î §¡õyòˆÏl xy@˝Ã•# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §yÙˆÏl !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ ˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ï˛yÓ˚
≤âǧy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ≤ãÏîy §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Îy ï˛yˆÏܲ fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ë˛!ӣσˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚G ˲yˆÏ°y ܲyç
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
•zFSÈy ı ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%È ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ Óy °y˲ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ •zFSÈy Óƒ!=˛ÙˆÏl ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢!=˛¢y°# !lô≈yÓ˚ܲ !•§yˆÏÓ
ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙlÈüü ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ°yܲçlñ §•˛õyë˛#ñ !¢«˛Ü˛ñ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤âǧy Óy xl%ˆÏÙyòl
˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ •zFSÈyñ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÎ˚ §yÊ˛°ƒ °yˆÏ˲Ó˚ •zFSÈy •zï˛ƒy!ò !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •zFSÈyÓ˚ ÓyhflÏÓyÎ˚l ˆ≤ãÏîy !•§yˆÏÓ
ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!¢«˛yÎ˚ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ (Influence of Motivation in Education)ı
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#àî ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l !¢«˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ~ܲ x!ï˛ !lÜ˛ê˛ §¡õÜ≈˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ≤ãÏîy SÈyí˛¸y
!¢ál §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– !¢ál !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏܲ lï%˛l K˛yl xç≈ˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ò«˛ï˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xyÓ˚ ˆ≤ãÏîy
!¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏï˛ xl%≤Ãy!îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Îï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ly °«˛ƒ °y˲ •ˆÏFSÈ ï˛ï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝
ï˛yÓ˚ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z xÓfiÌy ÓçyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏlyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏl ˆÎ §v!T˛ çyˆÏà ï˛y ï˛yˆÏܲ
˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xy@˝Ã•# G ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– ï˛y•z Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ !¢ál G !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy §%ò)Ó˚ ≤çyÓ˚#– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛y ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏl ˆ≤ãÏîy ~ܲ!ê˛ x!ï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly G xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 120
ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆ≤ãÏîy §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ly ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚
xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ §Ω˛yÓlyÓ˚ ÎÌyÎÌ !Óܲy¢ §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z ï˛y!àò ÎyˆÏܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#àî ˆ≤ãÏîy ӈϰl ï˛y
§,!T˛ ܲÓ˚y xï˛ƒhs˝ ç!ê˛° Óƒy˛õyÓ˚– ܲyÓ˚î §Ü˛° !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ~ܲ•z ˛õrÌyÎ˚ ~•z ï˛y!àò §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó
lÎ˚– ܲyÓ˚î ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ ~ܲçˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛y!àò §M˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°G xlƒçˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ lyG
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ ≤çˆÏAà ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛Ìy ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáy òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÎ !¢«˛Ü˛ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ˆ≤ãÏîy §M˛yÓ˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l lyñ !ï˛!l ¢%ô%Ùye xl%Ü)˛° ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ G ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– !¢«˛Ü˛ ˆÎ !Ó!˲ߨ
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚à%!° xÓ°¡∫l ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏß√£Ï âê˛yˆÏÓl ˆ§ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y
ÌyܲˆÏÓ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ˆ≤ãÏîy §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚– xyÓ˚ ~•z í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ !ï˛!l !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›ˆÏܲ
!¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xÌ≈ˆÏÓyôܲ G ï˛yͲõÎ≈˛õ)î≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆ§•z !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚
xy@˝Ã• §,!T˛ •Î˚– ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ !ï˛!l °«˛ Ó˚yáˆÏÓl !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›!ê˛ ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ §yÙÌ≈ƒG «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚
Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° ly ÎyÎ˚– xyÓ˚ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ˆ≤ãÏîy çy@˝Ãï˛ •ˆÏ°•z !¢«˛yÌ#≈ §!Ü ˛Î˚˲yˆÏÓ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ
~!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ fl∫Î˚Ç !¢ál åSelf-learningä ≤ÃÓîï˛y Ó,!Âô ˛õyˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ xyhs˝!Ó˚ܲ˲yˆÏÓ
!¢«˛yÎ˚ ÙˆÏly!lˆÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
!ܲv xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ x˛õ!Ó˚˛õE˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ !l!ò≈T˛ °«˛ƒ G xyò¢≈ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ x˲yÓ
•zï˛ƒy!ò ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ G fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛ xy@˝Ã• §,!T˛ •Î˚ ly– ï˛ál Ó!•ç≈yï˛
ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ åExternal Motivationä §•yÎ˚ï˛y @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈ ~•z lÎ˚ ˆÎ Óy!•ƒÜ˛
ˆ≤ãÏîy Ü,˛!eÙ– ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ó!•ç≈yï˛ ˆ≤ãÏîy Ó°yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î •° ~!ê˛ !¢ál ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !l!•ï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ ly– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !ܲS%È Óy•ƒÈüÈ≤ÈÏÓ˚yã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ åExternal Incentiveä §•yÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚
§M˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– !ܲS%È xhs˝ç≈yï˛ G Ó!•ç≈yï˛ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ §,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •° Îy !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏܲ
!¢áˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲÈüüüÈ
xhs˝ç≈yï˛ ˆ≤ãÏîy §,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# í˛z˛õyòyl ı
ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•° ı !¢«˛Ü˛ !¢«˛yòylܲyˆÏ° !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢l ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl ÎyˆÏï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
!¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•° çy@˝Ãï˛ •Î˚– !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ ~•z ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•°•z ï˛yˆÏܲ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylˆÏï˛ ˆ≤Ã!£Ïï˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
xyd!ÓŸªy§ ı !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ xyd!ÓŸªy§ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°y ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆ§ !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ ˆ§
ܲyç!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ•z– xyÓ˚ ~•z xyd!ÓŸªy§•z ï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õyˆÏë˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›!ê˛ˆÏܲ xyÎ˚_ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
ˆÓyôàÙƒï˛y G ˛õ!Ó˚lÙˆÏlÓ˚ hflÏÓ˚ xl%ÎyÎ˚# Óƒyáƒy ı !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ G Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚lÙˆÏlÓ˚ hflÏÓ˚
xl%ÎyÎ˚# ~ÓÇ §•ˆÏç ˆ§ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õyˆÏë˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆ§ §•ˆÏç•z ˆ≤Ã!£Ïï˛
•ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÙˆÏlyÎyà# •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ– ï˛y•z !¢«˛Ü˛ ˛õyë˛òylܲyˆÏ° xÓ¢ƒ•z ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛
lçÓ˚ ˆòˆÏÓl–
˛ õyˆÏë˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ àë˛l ı xyˆÏ°yÈüÈ•yGÎ˚yÎ%=˛ñ ˆÜ˛y°y•° Ó!ç≈ï˛ ¢yhs˝Èüȧ%®Ó˚ñ ˛õ!Ó˚FSÈߨ ˆ◊!î
 !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !òܲ§Ù)• 121
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ñ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏܲ ˆ≤Ã!£Ïï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà# •ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ !¢«˛Ü˛ ˛õyˆÏë˛Ó˚ xl%Ü)˛°
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛ˆÏ° !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏܲ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l–
Ó,•Í °«˛ƒ fiÌy˛õl ı !¢«˛Ü˛ñ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ §yÙˆÏl ï˛yÓ˚ ˲!Ó£ÏƒÍ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# Ó,•Í °«˛ƒ fiÌy˛õl
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏܲ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y ~ÓÇ ÓyhflÏÓy!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ fl∫≤¿ ˆòáyˆÏ° ï˛y !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ §M˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
Ó!•çy≈ï˛ ˆ≤ãÏîy §,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# í˛z˛õyòylı
≤âǧy G ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ı !¢«˛Ü˛ñ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ ≤âǧy ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ ˛õrÌyÎ˚ !ܲÇÓy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›ôÙ#≈
˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ Ù)ï≈˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ≤ãÏîy §M˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚lñ ï˛ˆÏÓ
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ Ó›ôÙ#≈ ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆ≤ãÏîy §M˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°G
˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ ˛õrÌyÎ˚ ˆ≤ãÏîy §M˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ï˛ˆÏÓ Ó›ôÙ#≈ ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ !ܲÇÓy ≤âǧyÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛y ˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ òyl •zï˛ƒy!ò ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õrÌyÎ˚•z ˆ≤ãÏîy §M˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚y ˆ•yܲ ly ˆÜ˛l
ˆòáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ï˛y ÎyˆÏï˛ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ xhs˝ç ˆ≤ãÏîy çy@˝Ãï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
¢y!hflÏ ı §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ˆÏܲ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ¢y!hs˝ˆÏܲ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆ≤ãÏîy §,!T˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒÙ ӈϰ
ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ¢y!hflÏÓ˚ ˲Î˚ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏܲ lyly xÓy!M˛ï˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ˆÌˆÏܲ !ÓÓ˚ï˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˆ≤Ã!£Ïï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ˜ò!•Ü˛ ¢y!hflÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ ¢y!hflÏ•z í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ˆ≤ãÏîy §,!T˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
!¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ˛ṏÏܲ §%àÙ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– §ˆÏÓ≈y˛õ!Ó˚ ¢y!hflÏòylܲyˆÏ° !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ ˆáÎ˚y° Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ !ï˛!l ÎyˆÏï˛
ܲálG í˛zˆÏ_!çï˛ Óy ˆÜ ˛yôyrô •ˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏܲ ¢y!hflÏ ly ˆòl–
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y ı˛ õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏl xˆÏlƒÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ x!ôܲ §yÊ˛°ƒ
°yˆÏ˲Ó˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy ˆçyàyÎ˚– ï˛y•z !¢«˛yòylܲyˆÏ° !¢«˛Ü˛ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §%fiÌ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛ˆÏ° !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ §M˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– ï˛ˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÎyˆÏï˛ •ï˛y¢yÓ˚ §M˛yÓ˚ ly •Î˚ ˆ§!òˆÏܲ !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ °«˛ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y
!Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •Î˚– ˆÎÙlÈüü1ä Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y xÌ≈yÍ ~ܲ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ §ˆÏAà xlƒ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y 2ä ò°àï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y xÌ≈yÍ ~ܲò° !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ §ˆÏAà xlƒò° !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y 3ä
xyd≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y xÌ≈yÍ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ܲyÓ˚ ˆÎyàƒï˛yˆÏܲ x!ï˛Ü ˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ x!ôܲï˛Ó˚
ˆÎyàƒï˛y ≤Ãò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ §ˆÏã˛T˛ •GÎ˚y– ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyd≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ê˛°≤ç) G Óy!N˛ï˛
≤ÈÏã˛T˛y–
x@˝Ãà!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy ı !¢«˛Ü˛ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy !òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚
§M˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– ~çlƒ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏܲ §%ò,ì˛¸ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– !¢«˛yÌ#≈àî !l!ò≈T˛ °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛
ï˛yÓ˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛° ˆòˆÏá ˆ§ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ SÈyˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ Óy
x@˝Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y §ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 122
!¢ál §•yÎ˚ܲ ≤Ãò#˛õˆÏîÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ı !Ó!˲ߨ ò,!T˛ G ◊Óî@˝Ãy•ƒ ≤Ãò#˛õî ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚
!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›ˆÏܲ x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ xyܲ£Ï≈î#Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ° !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲˆÏâÎ˚yÙ# ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%!=˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
!¢ál ˛x!˲Ù%á# ˆ≤ãÏîy §M˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l–
í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ (Conclusion)ı
§ÓˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ˆ≤ãÏîy §,!T˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Ó!FSÈߨ âê˛ly lÎ˚– ï˛y•z !¢«˛Ü˛
!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ Óy ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ xl%Ü)˛° ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ §,!T˛Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ °«˛ Ó˚yáˆÏÓl ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y xÓy!M˛ï˛ Ë%˛°
Óy °«˛ƒ!Ó•#î xyã˛Ó˚î Óy x!˲K˛ï˛yñ xÓ§yòñ •ï˛y¢y •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ ly •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ fl∫yfĩ
(Mental Health) ÎyˆÏï˛ xê%˛ê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~çlƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §%§¡õÜ≈˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈# §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ï˛Ìƒ
çylˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ @˝Ã•ˆÏî §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– xyÓ˚ ~˲yˆÏÓ•z ˆ≤ãÏîy §,!T˛Ó˚
§ÙhflÏ xyˆÏÎ˚yçl §yÌ≈ܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ–
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !òܲ§Ù)• 123

ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ
Ó%!Âôı xÌ≈ñ ˛ï˛_¥ åã˛y°≈§ !flõÎ˚yÓ˚ÙƒyÏl ~Ó˚ !mÈüÈí˛z˛õyòyl ï˛_¥ñ °%•z§
!°Î˚l ÌyˆÏfiê˛yl≈ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ó•% í˛z˛õyòyl ï˛_¥äñ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà
(Intelligence: Meaning, Theories -- Charles Spearman’s Two
Factor Theory, Louis Leon Thurstone’s Multiple Factor Theory)

Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Introduction)ı
˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏl ܲˆÏÌy˛õÜ˛ÌˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù ≤ÃyÎ˚•z Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÎ !¢¢%!ê˛ Óy Óƒ!=˛!ê˛ á%Ó Ó%!ÂôÙyl
Óy Ü˛Ù Ó%!Âô §¡õߨ– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Óƒ!=˛ Óy !¢¢%!ê˛Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xˆÏlƒÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛
!Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùhs˝Óƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲ– ˆÎÙlÈüü Ó°y •Î˚ ÓyFã˛y!ê˛ ˆÓ¢ Ó%!ÂôÙyl ܲyÓ˚î ~•z
ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§•z ܲ# §%®Ó˚ à%!SȈÏÎ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ˆòÎ˚ !ܲÇÓy ~•z ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§•z ܲ# §%®Ó˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ܲyç !lˆÏç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xyÓyÓ˚
Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §•ˆÏç•z Ùy!lˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏï˛ ˆò!áñ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó%!ÂôÙyl Ó!°– xyÓ˚ ˆÎ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
ly ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó!° Ó%!Âô ܲÙñxÌ≈yÍ Ó%!ÂôˆÏܲ lylyÓ˚Ü˛Ù Ü˛yˆÏç G ܲÌyÓyï≈˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ùy˛õˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚– ÙˆÏl
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §Ü˛° ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ó%!Âô– |l!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲ •yÓ≈yê˛ ˆflõ™yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §ƒyÓ˚
Ê ˛y!™§ àƒyŒê˛l ≤ÃÌ٠ӈϰl ˆÎñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î «˛Ùï˛y xyˆÏSÈ Îy Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛yç
G !ã˛hs˝yÎ˚ §«˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xÌ≈ (Meaning)ı
Ó%!Âô ܲ#⁄ ~ܲܲÌyÎ˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y ï˛y ˆÓyV˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l !l– ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÎ˚ ï˛y•z Ó%!Âô ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃÓ°
!Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚– Óy!ܲǕy٠ӈϰˆÏSÈlÈüü !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y•z •° Ó%!Âô– åBuckingham- Intelligence is
the ability to learn.ä
fiê˛yl≈ ӈϰˆÏSÈlÈüü Ó%!Âô •° ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ lï%˛l lï%˛l §Ù§ƒy ~ÓÇ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §Aà!ï˛!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ
Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛y– åStern- Intelligence is the mental adaptabality to new problems and
condition of life.ä
ê˛yÓ˚Ùƒyl ӈϰˆÏSÈlÈüü Ó%!Âô •° !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ !ã˛hs˝l «˛Ùï˛y– åTerman- Intelligence is ability to carry
on abstract thinking.ä
GˆÏÎ˚§°yÓ˚ ӈϰˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ Ó%!Âô •° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚yñ Î%!=˛˛õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚#˲yˆÏÓ ˆÙyܲyˆÏÓ°y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y– åWechsler- Intelligence
is the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully to think rationally
and to deal effectively with the environment.ä
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 124
!Ó!˲ߨ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚ §ÇK˛yˆÏܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ Ó%!Âô ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲܲ Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛y lÎ˚–
!Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ Ó!•/≤Ãܲy¢ âˆÏê˛– ˆ§•z !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î
§ÇK˛yÎ˚ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ
Ó%!Âô •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ¢!=˛ ÎyÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ xyÙÓ˚y §)-ñ ç!ê˛° G !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ !ã˛hs˝y
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ ÎÌy§Ω˛Ó Ü˛Ù §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ó!˲ߨ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ lï%˛l lï%˛l ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà
!lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ áy˛õ áy•zˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– !Ó!˲ߨ !ӣψÏÎ˚ K˛ylñ ò«˛ï˛y G ˆÜ˛Ô¢° §•ˆÏç xyÎ˚_ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ
xï˛#ï˛ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ lï%˛l ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ !Ó!˲ߨ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §!ë˛Ü˛ §¡õÜ≈˛
!lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlˆÏÓyˆÏô ≤ÃÓ,!_ G ≤Èϫ˛y˲ˆÏܲ §ÇÎï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒˆÏܲ !§Âô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÙ≈¢!=˛ˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–
Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ ï˛_¥ (Theories of Intelligence)ı
Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ §ÇK˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ àë˛l !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ àë˛l §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ ≤Ãyã˛#l
Ùï˛Óyòà%!°ˆÏܲ !ï˛l!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– 1ä Ó˚yçï˛sfÓyò åMonarchic Viewäñ å2ä §yÙhs˝ï˛sfÓyò
åOligarchic Viewäñ 3ä xÓ˚yçܲÓyò åAnarchic Viewä–
1ä Ó˚yçï˛sfÓyò ı ~•z Ùï˛Óyò xl%ÎyÎ˚# Ó%!ÂôˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ¢!=˛ Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈ˆÏ¢
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ xyã˛Ó˚î !lÎ˚!sfï˛ •Î˚–
2ä §yÙhs˝ï˛sfÓyò ı ~•z Ùï˛Óyò xl%ÎyÎ˚# Ó%!Âô ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲܲ Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛y lÎ˚– Ó%!Âô ܲï˛à%!°
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ §Ùß∫Î˚– ˆÎà%!° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ùyl%£Ï !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ ܲyç §¡õߨ
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
3ä xÓ˚yçܲÓyò ı Ó%!Âô ܲï˛à%!° ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ §Çàë˛l– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ•z Óƒ!=˛
!ӈϢ£Ï ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !ӈϢ£Ï xyã˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó%!Âô §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~•z !ï˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy !¢«˛y!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
Ó•%!òl ôˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ !SÈ°– !ܲv ~•z ôyÓ˚îyà%!° àˆÏÓ£Ïîy!˲!_ܲ ly •GÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆï˛Ùl˲yˆÏÓ @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒ •ˆÏÎ˚
GˆÏë˛!l– xyô%!lܲܲyˆÏ° !Ó!˲ߨ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#àˆÏîÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó%!Âô §¡∫ˆÏrô ˆÎ§Ü˛° Ùï˛Óyò àˆÏí˛¸
í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò%!ê˛Ó˚ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y •°Èü
flõ#Î˚yÓ˚ÙƒyˆÏlÓ˚ !mÈüÈí˛z˛õyòyl ï˛_¥ åSpearman’s Two Factor Theoryäı
!Ó !ê˛¢ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl# ã˛y°≈§ ~í˛GÎ˚yí≈˛ flõ#Î˚yÓ˚Ùƒyl åCharles Edward Spearmanä 1904 §yˆÏ°
American Journal of PhychologyÈüÈˆï˛ Ó%!Âô §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !mÈüÈí˛z˛õyòyl ï˛_¥ §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚
Ê˛°yÊ˛°!ê˛ ‘General Intelligence Objectively Determined and Measured’ lyˆÏÙ ~ܲ ≤ÃÓˆÏrô
≤ÃÌÙ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– flõ#Î˚yÓ˚ÙƒyˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z ï˛_¥!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ~ÓÇ ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ Î%!=˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛–
flõ#Î˚yÓ˚Ùƒyl Ó•% !¢«˛yÌ#≈ ~ÓÇ ˆSȈϰÈüȈوÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ ܲyç Óy !Óã˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyç §¡õyòl
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ ܲyç Óy !Óã˛yÓ˚
!ÓˆÏÓã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòyl Óy «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ •°
 !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !òܲ§Ù)• 125
§yôyÓ˚î Ùyl!§Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòyl Óy general factor– ÎyˆÏܲ §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ ‘g’ lyÙ ˆòl– xlƒ!ê˛ •° ˙ !l!ò≈T˛
ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï í˛z˛õyòyl Óy special factor – ÎyˆÏܲ !ï˛!l §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ ‘s’ lyÙ ˆòl– ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ
àyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ °yˆÏàÈüüüÈ ‘g’ ~Ó˚ !ܲS%Èê˛y  àyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ‘s’
§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ °yˆÏàÈüüüÈ ‘g’ ~Ó˚ !ܲS%Èê˛y  §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ‘s’
SÈ!Ó xÑyܲyÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ °yˆÏàÈüüüÈ ‘g’ ~Ó˚ !ܲS%Èê˛y  SÈ!Ó xÑyܲyÓ˚˚ ‘s’
flõ#Î˚yÓ˚ÙƒyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛Ùye ‘g’ í˛z˛õyòyl Óy §yôyÓ˚î í˛z˛õyòyl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
xyÓ!¢ƒÜ˛ í˛z˛õyòyl Îy §Ó ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ ܲyˆÏç Óï≈˛Ùyl ÌyˆÏܲ– ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî !Ó!˲ߨ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õ,Ìܲ
˛õ,Ìܲ– x˛õÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòyl!ê˛ •ˆÏFSÈ ‘s’ í˛z˛õyòyl– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ !Ó!˲ߨï˛yÓ˚ !òܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç x§ÇრÓ˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§ˆÏ•ï%˛ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ !òܲ !òˆÏÎ˚G ‘s’ x§Çრ•ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲy!ôܲ ‘s’ í˛z˛õyòyl
ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z ‘s’ í˛z˛õyòyl §Ó ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù •Î˚ ly– !˲ߨ !˲ߨ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎÙl
~!ê˛ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •Î˚– xyÓyÓ˚ ˛õ,Ìܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG ï˛y•z ‘s’ ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ÌyˆÏܲ–
!Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ çƒy!Ù!ï˛Ü˛ !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ï˛y ˆòáˆÏï˛ !l¡¨Ó˚)˛õ •Î˚ÈüüüÈ
5 lÇ
SR

1 lÇ
SM 4 lÇ
SP
g
2 lÇ
3 lÇ
SL
SD

í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y=˛ çƒy!Ù!ï˛Ü˛ !ã˛e!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y Ó,_!ê˛ •° §yôyÓ˚î í˛z˛õyòyl Óy ‘g’ – xyÓ˚ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y í˛z˛õÓ,_à%!°
•° ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó%!ÂôÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyç– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe 1 lÇ Ü˛yç xÌ≈yÍ §Çà#ï˛ ÈüÈ~ åMusicä Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ °yàˆÏSÈ Èg  §Çà#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ò«˛ï˛y Óyñ 2lÇ Ü˛yç xÌ≈yÍ §y!•ï˛ƒÈüÈ~ åLiteratureä
!ӈϢ£Ï ˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ °yàˆÏSÈ g  §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ï˛y Óy SLñ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ܲyç xÌ≈yÍ l,ˆÏï˛ƒ
åDance) ˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ °yàˆÏSÈ g  l,ˆÏï˛ƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ï˛y Óy SDñ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ܲyç xÌ≈yÍ SÈ!Ó
xÑyܲyÓ˚ åPaintingä !ӈϢ£Ï ˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ °yàˆÏSÈ g  SÈ!Ó xÑyܲyÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !ӈϢ£Ï Óy SPñ ˛õM˛Ù ܲyç
xÌ≈yÍ xyÓ,!_ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ åRecitationä !ӈϢ£Ï ˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ °yàˆÏSÈ g  xyÓ,!_ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
!ӈϢ£Ï ˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ï˛y Óy SR–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 126
flõ#Î˚yÓ˚Ùƒyl ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ï˛_¥!ê˛ˆÏܲ ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ Î%!=˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ï˛!l Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛ylÙ)°Ü˛
˛õÂô!ï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §¡õÜ≈˛ !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ÎyˆÏܲ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚
Ó°y •Î˚ §•à!ï˛– §•à!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyîˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ §•àyAܲ– ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ •zLjÏÓ˚!ç ÚrÛ x«˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚–
flõ#Î˚yÓ˚Ùƒyl ˜Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ƒ åaäñ §¡õ)î≈ ܲÓ˚y åpäñ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒÜ˛Ó˚î åbäñ Óç≈l ܲÓ˚y åqä ~•z ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ §•àyAܲ !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ï˛yÓ˚y !ӈϢ£Ï !lÎ˚Ù ˆÙˆÏl ã˛ˆÏ°– ~•z !lÎ˚ÙˆÏܲ !ï˛!l !ӈϢ£Ï ~ܲ!ê˛
§Ù#ܲÓ˚î myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~!ê˛ •°ÈüüüÈ
rap × rbq – raq × rbp = 0
~ˆÏܲ flõ#Î˚yÓ˚Ùƒyl ˆê˛ê˛∆yí˛ §Ù#ܲÓ˚î ӈϰˆÏSÈl– rap × rbq – raq × rbp ˆÜ˛ ӈϰˆÏSÈl ˆê˛ê˛∆yí˛
˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Óy xhs˝Ó˚– ˆê˛ê˛∆yí˛ §Ù#ܲÓ˚ˆÏî ~•z §•àyˆÏAܲÓ˚ Ùyl Ó§yˆÏ° ˆê˛ê˛∆yí˛ xhs˝Ó˚ ¢)lƒ •Î˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ §Ó§ÙÎ˚ ~•z
xhs˝Ó˚ ¢)lƒ•z •ˆÏÓ ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲÌy ˆl•z– ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ lyly e%!ê˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~Ó˚ !ܲS%È ï˛yÓ˚ï˛Ùƒ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!mÈüÈí˛z˛õyòyl ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ı
˛ õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ܲyˆÏ° lyly!Óô §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏÎ˚ flõ#Î˚yÓ˚Ùƒyl ï˛yÓ˚ Ùï˛ˆÏܲ !ܲS%Èê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚
Group Factor Óy ò°ÓÂô í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ ˆòlñ Îy §yôyÓ˚î «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y §Ó≈çl#l lÎ˚
xyÓyÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !l!ò≈T˛ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ lÎ˚– ~Ó˚ ÙyV˛yÙy!V˛ ~ܲy!ôܲ ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ
ܲyˆÏç ~Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ §Ó ܲyˆÏç lÎ˚–
§yôyÓ˚î Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ı §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ Óy g í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%!°
•°ÈüüüÈ
1ä !¢¢% çß√ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# •Î˚– ~!ê˛ ÓÇ¢àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤ÃyÆ •Î˚–
2ä ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !¢«˛yñ x!˲K˛ï˛y Óy ≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly–
3ä §Ó ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ ~!ê˛ xyÓ!¢ƒÜ˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚–
4ä !l!ò≈T˛ ÓÎ˚§ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~•z §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ~!ê˛ Órô •ˆÏÎ˚
ÎyÎ˚–
5ä ˆÎ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛y Îï˛ ˆÓ!¢ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆ§ !ӈϢ£ÏôÙ#≈ ܲyˆÏç ï˛ï˛ §Ê˛°ï˛y
˛õyÎ˚–
6ä §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛y §ÓyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÌyܲˆÏ°G !˲ߨ !˲ߨ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏîÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ
~!ê˛ xy°yòy xy°yòy •Î˚–
!ӈϢ£Ï Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ı !ӈϢ£Ï Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛y Óy s í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%!° •°ÈüüüÈ
1ä ~•z «˛Ùï˛y x!ç≈ï˛– ˆÎÙlÈüü àyl ˆ¢áyñ ˆ§°y•z ˆ¢áyñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ˆ¢áy–
2ä ~•z «˛Ùï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈l¢#°– !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢«˛y Óy ≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚y
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !òܲ§Ù)• 127
ÎyÎ˚– ã˛ã≈˛yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~Ó˚ ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ âˆÏê˛–
3ä !˲ߨ !˲ߨ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z «˛Ùï˛yG !˲ߨ !˲ߨ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
4ä ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z «˛Ùï˛y ~ܲy!ôܲ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ ˆÜ˛í˛z à!îˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ò¢#≈
•GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ §Çà#ˆÏï˛G ò«˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˲yˆÏ°y ˆ°áܲG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
5ä ç!ê˛° ܲÙ≈ §¡õyòˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ò%•z Óy ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ «˛Ùï˛y ~ܲ!eï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚–
6ä ~•z «˛Ùï˛y §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ §•ˆÏÎyà# !•§yˆÏÓ !Ü ˛Î˚y¢#° •Î˚– ~ܲܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~•z «˛Ùï˛y
ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly–

§yôyÓ˚î G !ӈϢ£Ï Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ

§yôyÓ˚î Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛y !ӈϢ£Ï Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛y
1É §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛y çß√àï˛– !ӈϢ£Ï Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛y çß√àï˛˛ G x!ç≈ï˛–
2É ~•z «˛Ùï˛y ~ܲê˛y !l!ò≈T˛ ÓÎ˚§ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !Óܲy¢ !ӈϢ£Ï Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛y ≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛–
°y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áy ˆl•z–
3É §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛y §Ó≈çl#l– !ӈϢ£Ï Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛y §Ó≈çl#l lÎ˚–
4É §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲܲ !ÓˆÏ ¢ £Ï Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛y §ÇáƒyÎ˚ Ó•% G
«˛Ùï˛y– ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚!lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛–
5É Ü˛Ù≈ ˆ Ï Ë ˛ˆÏ ò §yôyÓ˚ î Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ܲÙ≈ˆÏ˲ˆÏò !ӈϢ£Ï Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ âˆÏê˛– ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •Î˚–
6É §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õ Ó%!Âô !ӈϢ£Ï Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õ ≤ÃÓîï˛y x˲#«˛y
x˲#«˛y ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~Ó˚ §)ã˛Ü˛ •° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛ylG §)ã˛Ü˛ ˆl•z–
Ó%ÂôƒAܲ–
7É §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛y xl%¢#°l§yˆÏ˛õ«˛ !ӈϢ£Ï Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛y xl%¢#°l§yˆÏ˛õ«˛–
lÎ˚–
8É §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛y fl∫yô#l •GÎ˚yÎ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛y ~ܲܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚lyñ ~!ê˛
~ܲܲ˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ §•ˆÏÎyà# •ˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
9É §yôyÓ˚ î Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛y §Ó≈ ˆ Ï « ˛ˆÏ e !ӈϢ£Ï Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛y §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚
ܲÙ≈!l˛õ%î !ӈϢ£ÏK˛ Óƒ!=˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚ ܲÙ≈!l˛õ%î !ӈϢ£ÏK˛ Óƒ!=˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 128
ÌyˆÏfiê˛y≈ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó•% í˛z˛õyòyl ï˛_¥ åThurstone’s Multiple Factor Theoryäı
≤Ã!§Âô xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyl ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl# °%•z§ !°Î˚l ÌyˆÏfiê˛y≈l åLouis Leon Thurstoneä flõ#Î˚yÓ˚ÙƒyˆÏlÓ˚
§yôyÓ˚î ¢!=˛ Óy g ~Ó˚ x!hflÏcˆÏܲ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §•à!ï˛ åCo-
relationä ÌyܲˆÏ°G ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî á%Ó Ü˛Ù– ˆ§•zçlƒ ˆ§à%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùye §yôyÓ˚î í˛z˛õyòyl xyˆÏSÈ
~Ó˚Ü˛Ù !§Âôyhs˝ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ÌyˆÏfiê≈˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xˆÏlܲà%!° ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛
í˛z˛õyòyl xyˆÏSÈ– ~•z í˛z˛õyòylà%!°ˆÏܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !ï˛!l Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ xÓï˛yÓ˚îy
ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ lyÙ Ú§Ó˚° àë˛lÛ åSimple Structureä ˛õÂô!ï˛–
ÌyˆÏfiê≈˛yl 240 çl SÈyˆÏeÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ 56 ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ x˲#«˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛° G xlƒylƒ
˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •l ˆÎñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §yï˛!ê˛ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ Ùyl!§Ü˛
¢!=˛Ó˚ åPrimary Mental Abilityä x!hflÏc Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~à%!° ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ G fl∫yô#l– ~à%!° •°ÈüüüÈ
1ä fiÌyl !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y åSpatial Abilityä ı ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ Ó›
Óy Ó›à%!° ܲï˛ê˛y fiÌyl òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ ï˛y ܲy“!lܲ˲yˆÏÓ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y– ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ Ó§yÓ˚ âÓ˚!ê˛
!Ó!˲ߨ xy§ÓyÓ˛õe !òˆÏÎ˚ §yçyˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆÜ˛yl‰ xy§ÓyÓ˛õeà%!° !ë˛Ü˛ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚yáˆÏ° âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
fiÌyl!ê˛ˆÏܲ ÎÌyÎÌ˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yl‰ Ó› ܲï˛ê˛y fiÌyl òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ ï˛y ÙˆÏl ÙˆÏl
!ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y– ~•z «˛Ùï˛y!ê˛ˆÏܲ §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ S x«˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
2ä §Çáƒy ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y åNumerical Abilityä ı o%ï˛ G §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §Çáƒy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy
ܲÓ˚yñ àîly ܲÓ˚yñ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §¡õÜ≈˛ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚yñ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y ~•z ˆ◊!îÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛– ~•z «˛Ùï˛y ˆÓ!¢ ÌyܲˆÏ° Óƒ!=˛ §Çáƒy ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ ò«˛
•ˆÏÓ– ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õÈÈ N Èx«˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
3ä ˲y£Ïy ˆÓyˆÏôÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y åVerbal Comprehension Abilityä ı xˆÏlƒÓ˚ ˲y£Ïy ˆÓyV˛yñ
§yÓ°#°Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚y– ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ ˛õí˛¸yñ ˆ°áyñ ˆ¢yly– ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ ÚVÛ x«˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y
≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
4ä ˲y£Ïyàï˛ í˛zÍܲ£Ï≈ï˛y åWord Fluencyä ı í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ §ÙÎ˚ o%ï˛ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ¢∑ Óy Óyܲƒ ã˛Î˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚
ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ˲yÓ flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Óƒ=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y– ˆÎÙlÈüü ~ܲçl §%Ó=˛y á%Ó o%ï˛ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §!ë˛Ü˛ §ÙÎ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛
¢∑ ã˛Î˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ˲yÓˆÏܲ xˆÏlƒÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– ˲y£Ïyàï˛ í˛zÍܲ£Ï≈ï˛yˆÏܲ §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ
ÚWÛ Èx«˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
5ä flø,!ï˛ åMemoryä ı Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ Ó!•/≤Ãܲy¢ xˆÏlܲê˛y•z !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– flø,!ï˛
•° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢ál G x!˲K˛ï˛yç!lï˛ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ˲y[˛yÓ˚– ˆÎ Îï˛ o%ï˛ ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ G
ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ ï˛ï˛ ≤ÃáÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ ÚMÛ x«˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
6ä ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ o%ï˛ï˛y åPerceptual Speedä ı xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ @˝Ãy•Ü˛ •z!wÎ˚ xÌ≈yÍ ã˛«%˛ñ
ܲî≈ñ ly!§Ü˛yñ !ç•¥y G cˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çàÍ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlˆÏÓyˆÏô !lˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
ܲˆÏÓ˚ §yí˛¸y !òˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– ˆÎ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÎÌyÎÌ˲yˆÏÓ o%ï˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î «˛Ùï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !ï˛!l Ü˛Ù §ÙˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢
 !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !òܲ§Ù)• 129
ï˛Ìƒ xy•Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚lñ xˆÏlܲ o%ï˛ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ §ÙhflÏ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
ï˛Í˛õÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ ÚPÛ x«˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ ~ܲçl ò«˛
Proof reader ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z «˛Ùï˛y Óï≈˛Ùyl ÌyˆÏܲ Îy ï˛yˆÏܲ o%ï˛ G §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
≤Ãy܉˛ÈüÈ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ ≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ •z!wÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
§çyà G ò«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°y–
7ä ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛y åReasoning Abilityä ı ˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏl ã˛°yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Î%!=˛¢!=˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
xlƒï˛Ù •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ñ Îy xlƒ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ !ӈϢ£Ï «˛Ùï˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÎyÓ˚ ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛
«˛Ùï˛y Îï˛ ˆÓ!¢ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ï˛ï˛ o%ï˛ !§Âôyhs˝ ˛@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yñ !Ó!˲ߨ âê˛lyÓ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚yñ !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy
àë˛l ܲÓ˚yñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly âê˛lyÓ˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚y •zï˛ƒy!ò §Ω˛Ó •Î˚– ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ ÚRÛ x«˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y
≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
ÌyˆÏfiê˛y≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ Ó%!Âô •ˆÏFSÈ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y=˛ §yï˛!ê˛ §yÙˆÏÌ≈ƒÓ˚ ~ܲ §!¡ø!°ï˛ Ó˚)˛õ– xÓ¢ƒ §ÙhflÏ Ó%!ÂôÙ)°Ü˛
ܲyˆÏç ˆÎ §yï˛!ê˛ §yÙÌ≈ƒ•z í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y lÎ˚– ˆ«˛e !ӈϢˆÏ£Ï ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ §yï˛!ê˛ §yÙˆÏÌ≈ƒÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ §yÙÌ≈ƒà%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!eï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˙ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲyç!ê˛ §¡õߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~˲yˆÏÓ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyˆÏç
!Ó!˲ߨ §yÙ̃≈à%ˆÏ°y ܲálG Óy §Óà%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!eï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç!ê˛ §¡õߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ¢!=˛ ܲál
ˆçyê˛ÓÂô •ˆÏÓ ï˛y ܲyç!ê˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛_¥!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚y •°ÈüüüÈ

M V
3 lÇ Ü˛yç 2 lÇ Ü˛yç
R P
N S

W
1 lÇ Ü˛yç
ÌyˆÏfiê≈˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !ã˛eÓ˚)˛õ
!ã˛e!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈ 1 lÇ Ü˛yç §¡õyòˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe fiÌyl !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y åSäñ §Çáƒy
ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y åNäñ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ o%ï˛ï˛y (P)ñ ˲y£Ïyàï˛ í˛zÍܲ£Ï≈ï˛yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y (W) ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– 2 lÇ Ü˛yˆÏç
˲y£Ïy ˆÓyˆÏôÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y (V)ñ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ o%ï˛ï˛y (P)ñ fiÌyl !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y (S) ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– 3lÇ
ܲyç §¡õyòˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe flø,!ï˛ åMäñ ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛y (R)ñ §Çáƒy ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y åNäñ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚
o%ï˛ï˛y (P) ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ 烖 Ó°y Óy•%°ƒÈüü ܲyç!ê˛Ó˚ ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ¢!=˛ ܲál ˆçyê˛ ÓÑyôˆÏÓ–
~ ≤çˆÏAà í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ ˆÎñ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z §yï˛!ê˛ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ §ÓܲÛ!ê˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚!l– ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛
~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ˛õ!¢àï˛ «˛Ùï˛y åMotor abilityä ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ– xyÓ˚G ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ flø,!ï˛ åMä
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 130
í˛z˛õyòyl!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒ=˛ •Î˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ çlƒ ˆÎ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòylà%!° §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ӈϰ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛y •° ÈüüüÈ
5ÈüÈ7 ÓSÈÓ˚ ÈüüüÈ V, P, S, ˆ˛õ!¢àï˛ «˛Ùï˛y
7Èü11 ÓSÈÓ˚ ÈüüüÈ V, P, S, R, N
11ÈüÈ17 ÓSÈÓ˚ ÈüüüÈ V, S, R, N, W
ÌyˆÏfiê˛≈yˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ò%!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏç Îï˛ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî §yôyÓ˚î í˛z˛õyòyl ÌyܲˆÏÓñ ˙ ò%!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛ï˛
ˆÓ!¢ §• §¡õÜ≈˛ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏÓ– flõ#Î˚yÓ˚ÙƒyˆÏlÓ˚ ÚgÛ Óy §yôyÓ˚î í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛z˛õyòyl•z §Ó
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ ܲyˆÏç ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ ly–
Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà (Educational Implication of Intelligence)ı
!¢«˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ ~ܲ !l!Óí˛¸ §¡õÜ≈˛ Óï≈˛Ùyl– Ó%!Âô SÈyí˛¸y !¢ál x§Ω˛Ó– xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ Ó%!Âô
•ˆÏFSÈ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)°!˲!_– !¢ál ܲï˛ê˛y ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# Óy Ê˛°≤ç) •ˆÏÓ ï˛y !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ ÙyeyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– ~SÈyí˛¸y
!¢«˛yÓ˚ xAà !•§yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Ó£ÏÎ˚ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ñ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ ôyÓ˚îy àë˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ
˲y£ÏyˆÏܲ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !¢«˛yòyl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛G Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ myÓ˚y !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚– ܲyÓ˚î ~!ê˛ §Ó≈çl fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛
§ï˛ƒ ˆÎ !l¡¨Ó%!Âô §¡õߨ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ó%!Âô §¡õߨ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ !¢«˛yòyl ܲÓ˚y §•ç– í˛zß¨ï˛ Ó%!Âô
§¡õߨ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y Ü˛Ù §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ü˛Ù ˛õ!Ó˚◊ˆÏÙ ˆÓ!¢ !¢áˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ !Ó!˲ߨ !òܲà%!° Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚ ï˛y !l¡¨Ó˚)˛õ ÈüÈ
!ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ı ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ÙyeyÓ˚ Ó%!Âô §¡õߨ !¢«˛yÌ≈#àî ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z í˛zß¨ï˛ Ó%!Âô §¡õߨñ
ˆÜ˛í˛z ÙyV˛y!Ó˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z x“Ó%!Âô §¡õߨ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~Ùï˛yÓfiÌyÎ˚ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆÜ˛yl‰
Ó%!ÂôÙyeyÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈# Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y Ùyly !ӈϢ£Ï ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ x˲#«˛y !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ
Ó%!ÂôÙyeyÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛!„ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏî §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z xl%ÎyÎ˚# !¢«˛Ü˛ !¢«˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
!¢«˛yÌ≈# !lÓ≈yã˛l ı !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ K˛yl°yˆÏ˲Ó˚ §yÙÌ≈ƒ xˆÏlܲê˛y•z !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
!¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ§≈Ó˚ çlƒ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ó%!Âô §¡õߨ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚– ˆ§ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !ӈϢ£Ï §•yÎ˚ܲ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ùyl!§Ü˛ !ÓÜ,˛!ï˛ !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ı !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ §%fiÌï˛y ï˛yÓ˚ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ x@˝Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ §•yÎ˚ܲ–
!¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ lylyÓ˚Ü˛Ù Ùyl!§Ü˛ x§%fiÌï˛yÎ˚ ˆË˛yˆÏà– Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ x˲#«˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ xˆÏlܲ
§ÙÎ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~•z§Ó Ùyl!§Ü˛ x§%fiÌï˛y !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ !ã˛!ܲͧyÓ˚ çlƒ !ӈϢ£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚
§y•y΃ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÙy!îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ !ÓÜ,˛!ï˛
xyˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ IQ §yôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ Ü˛Ù •Î˚–
 !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !òܲ§Ù)• 131
!¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ôyÓ˚îy ı !¢«˛yÌ≈# ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ܲï˛ò)Ó˚ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ
ï˛yÓ˚ xˆÏlܲê˛y•z !l˲≈Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– ܲyÓ˚î ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÙy!îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚
Ó%ÂôƒyAܲ 70 ~Ó˚ l#ˆÏã˛ ï˛yÓ˚y 10/11 ÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ≤ÃÌÙ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° §ˆÏÓy≈Fã˛ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈
ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ~ˆÏàyˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó%ÂôƒyAܲ 70-85 ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛yÓ˚y §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ xT˛Ù ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ §ÙyÆ
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó%ÂôƒyAܲ 85-100 ~Ó˚˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛yÓ˚y ÙyV˛y!Ó˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈# !•§yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓ!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚–
xyÓ˚ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó%ÂôƒyAܲ 100 Óy ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆ°
Ï !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚ hflÓÏ ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !¢«˛y°y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚
ï˛y•z !¢«˛Ü˛ Î!ò xyˆÏà ˆÌˆÏܲ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ï˛y•ˆÏ° !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˲!ӣσÍ
x@˝Ãà!ï˛ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ˛õ)Óy≈l%Ùyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z xl%ÎyÎ˚# !¢«˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly Ó˚ã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l–
ˆ◊!îܲÓ˚î ı ~ܲ•z ˆÙôy§¡õߨ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ•z §ˆÏAà ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˛õyë˛òyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° !¢«˛Ü˛ G !¢«˛yÌ≈#
í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚•z §%!Óôy •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õyë˛òyl !ӈϢ£Ï Ê˛°≤ç) •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏÏ벖 §ÙÎ˚ G ¢!=˛Ó˚ x˛õã˛Î˚ Ü˛Ù •Î˚– Ó%!ÂôÓ˚
x˲#«˛y !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲ•z ˆÙôy§¡õߨ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ◊!îܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !ӈϢ£Ï §•yÎ˚ï˛y òyl
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ly ı !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛y xl%ÎyÎ˚# !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l ï˛yÓ˚ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ §yÊ˛°ƒˆÏܲ
ï˛Ó˚y!ß∫ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– xˆÏlܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ x˲yˆÏÓ !¢«˛yÌ≈# Ë%˛° !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy
ï˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl ÓƒÌ≈ï˛y ÓˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏl– ~•z ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚ •yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛y•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl
í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ly– xyô%!lܲܲyˆÏ° !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ly òyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ x˲#«˛yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õܲ
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚% •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ Ùyey ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛ ˆ§ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ôyÓ˚y xl%§Ó˚î
ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ §yÊ˛°ƒ °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆ§ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ly òyl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ Îy !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ G ◊ˆÏÙÓ˚
x˛õã˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §Ω˛yÓlyˆÏܲ •…y§ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ (Conclusion)ı
xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ í˛z˛õ§Ç•yˆÏÓ˚ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ Ó%!Âô ~Ùl ~ܲôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛yñ ÎyÓ˚ Ó!•/≤Ãܲy¢ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
!Ó!˲ߨ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛y Óƒ!=˛ˆÏ˲ˆÏò !˲ߨ •Î˚– xyÓ˚ ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî §Ó
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç §Óy•z §Ùyl ò«˛ •Î˚ ly– !¢«˛yàï˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ Ó%!Âô Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ K˛ylyç≈ˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛y
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye K˛yl myÓ˚y xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ly– í˛zí˛GÎ˚yˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy
xl%ÎyÎ˚# K˛yl Îál Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ myÓ˚y §%≤ÃÎ%=˛ ï˛ál•z §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl §Ω˛Ó •Î˚–
Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ x˲#«˛y ≤çˆÏAà ˆÎ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï í˛zˆÏÕ‘ˆÏáÓ˚ òy!Ó Ó˚yˆÏá ï˛y •° !Ó!˲ߨ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ x˲#«˛yÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛y Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ x!˲«˛yà%ˆÏ°yG e%!ê˛Ù%=˛ lÎ˚– Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §yÙy!çܲ xÓfiÌylñ ly®!lܲ G Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô •zï˛ƒy!ò §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝
!Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y Ó%!Âô x˲#«˛yÓ˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ï˛yˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲyLjϢ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆ§ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° Ó%!ÂôÓ˚
x˲#«˛yà%ˆÏ°y xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ܲálG Óy §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ x§•yÎ˚– !ܲv ï˛y §ˆÏ_¥G Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ x˲#«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yˆÏܲ
xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ܲyÓ˚î ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛y xlfl∫#ܲyÎ≈– ï˛ˆÏÓ x˲#«˛yà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ~•z §¡õ)î≈ï˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy
ÙyÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá•z !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl ~ÓÇ §ˆÏÓy≈˛õ!Ó˚ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl !¢«˛Ü˛àî ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ˆÏÓy≈Fã˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚
§!ë˛Ü˛ G í˛zˆÏj¢ƒÙ%á# ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏà §ˆÏã˛T˛ •ˆÏÓl–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 132

ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ~ܲܲ
§,çl¢#°ï˛yı xÌ≈ñ §,çl¢#° !¢¢%ˆòÏ Ó˚ !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy
(Creativity: Meaning, Identification of Creative
Children, Role of Teacher)

Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Introduction)ı
xyô%!lܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ˆÎ §Ùhfl ôyÓ˚îy àˆÏí˛¸ GˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy ~ܲ!ê˛ x!ï˛
à%Ó˚c˛õ)î≈ ôyÓ˚îy– ~•z ôyÓ˚îy àˆÏí˛¸ Gë˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏà ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%È x!˲lÓc ÌyܲˆÏ° Óy
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%È xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ó%!Âô xÌ≈yÍ !ï˛!l Ùyl!§Ü˛
«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ í˛zß¨ï˛ ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛Ë˛yÓyl xyáƒy ˆòGÎ˚y •ï˛– !ܲv
˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#àî ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ò#â≈!òˆÏlÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ≤ÃÙyî ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫ܲ#Î˚ï˛yˆÏܲ §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– Ó•% ÓyhflÏÓ
ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ï˛y ≤ÃÙyî ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §,çl¢#° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Ó%ÂôƒyAܲ åIQ) ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
Ü˛Ù– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ Ó%!Âô•z Î!ò §ÙhflÏ §,çlÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ í˛zͧ •ˆÏÓ ï˛ˆÏÓ ò%çl §ÙÓ%!Âô §¡õߨ
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛l ~ܲçl §,çlÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°l xlƒçl ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°l ly ï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒyáƒyG ˆòGÎ˚y
§Ω˛Ó •Î˚ ly– ï˛y•z ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ í˛zͧ «˛Ùï˛y !•§yˆÏÓ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !¢«˛y ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÎ˚ §,çl «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚
åCreativity) ôyÓ˚îy ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
§,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈ (Meaning of Creativity)ı
Ú§,çl¢#°ï˛yÛ ¢∑!ê˛ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ °ƒy!ê˛l ¢∑ ‘Creare’ å!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏÓ˚ä ˆÌˆÏܲ– ÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ ‘to create, make’–
§,çl¢#°ï˛y ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ §yôyÓ˚î xÌ≈ •° lï%˛l !ܲS%È §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y– !ܲv ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ~ÓÇ !¢«˛y!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚
ò,!T˛ˆÏï˛ ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ xˆÏlܲ Óƒy˛õܲ– ï˛ˆÏÓ xyçG §,çl«˛Ùï˛y Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ˆ§ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#àî
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ó≈çl@˝Ãy•ƒ ~ܲܲ §ÇK˛y !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l!l– ï˛y•z ï˛yÓ˚y §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ §,çl¢#°ï˛y ܲ# ï˛y Óƒyáƒy ly ܲˆÏÓ˚
§,çlydܲ ܲyç Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ï˛y Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §,çlÙ)°Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏlyÓ˚
ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ˆÎÙl ÈüÈ
ˆí˛!Ë˛í˛ xy§%ˆÏÓ° ӈϰˆÏSÈl ÈüÈ ˆÎ Óƒ!=˛ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲÙ≈ §¡õyòl
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x!˲lÓc ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏܲ xlƒylƒ §Ó Óƒ!=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ•z
§,çlôÙ#≈ Óƒ!=˛ ӈϰ– (David Asubel- Creative person: an individual possessing a rare and
singular degree of originality or creativity in some field or human endeavour that sets
him off qualitatively from most other persons in this regard.)
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !òܲ§Ù)• 133
Ó˚y!¢Î˚yl ÙˆÏly!Óò ˆ˛õê˛∆y!§l!flÒÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ÈüÈ §,çl¢#°ï˛y Ó°ˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyçˆÏܲ Ó%!V˛ ÎyÓ˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly lï%˛l !ç!l§ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚ ÎyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §%!l!ò≈T˛ §yÙy!çܲ Ù)°ƒ xyˆÏSÈ– (Pretrasinski-
Creativity is an activity resulting in new product of a definite social value.)
ÓyÜ≈˛ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ÈüüüÈ §,çî¢#°ï˛y •° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyç §¡õyòˆÏlÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y ÎyÓ˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ï˛y G ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛c Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈó
Îy xlƒ ˆÜ˛í˛z ܲálG ˲yˆÏÓ!l ~ÓÇ ÎyÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– (Berk - Creativity is the ability to
produce work that is original yet appropriate, something that others have not thought
of but that is useful in some way.)
xyô%!lܲܲyˆÏ° §,çl«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ §ÇK˛y !lî≈Î˚ G !lô≈yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÙˆÏly!Óò çÎ˚ ˛õ° !à°ˆÏÊ˛yí≈˛ åJoy
Paul Guilford) ~Ó˚ Ùï˛Óyò!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ– !ï˛!l §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛y Óy Ó%!Âô §¡õˆÏܲ≈
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õyòyl x˛õ§yÓ˚# !ã˛hs˝l !Ü ˛Î˚y•z åDivergent Thinking)
§,çl«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl í˛z˛õyòyl– !à°ˆÏÊ˛yˆÏí˛≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ x˛õ§yÓ˚# !ã˛hs˝l «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ ܲï˛à%!° ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ
G Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ §Ùß∫Î˚ Îy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ܲÙ≈§¡õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe x!˲lÓc Ê%˛!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù ӈϰ
§,çlôÙ≈#ï˛y–
~•z˲yˆÏÓ !Ó!˲ߨ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãò_ §ÇK˛y !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ
§,çl¢#°ï˛y •° x˛õ§yÓ˚# !ã˛hs˝l «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ ܲï˛à%!° ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ G Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ §Ùß∫Î˚ñ
ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÓï˛ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ Óƒ!=˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲÙ≈Ê˛ˆÏ° §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ x!˲lÓc ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
§,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)• (Factor or Component of Cerativity) :
§,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ~Ó˚ !ܲS%È í˛z˛õyòyl Óy factor Óy componentÈüÈ~Ó˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ˛õyGÎ˚y
ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆÎà%!° §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !Ó!˲ߨ ÙˆÏly!Óòàî §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ !ܲS%È í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚
í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ
§yÓ°#°ï˛y (Fluency) : §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl G à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ í˛z˛õyòyl •° §yÓ°#°ï˛y Óy Fluency–
ˆÜ˛ylG !Ó£ÏÎ˚ Óy §Ù§ƒy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §yÓ°#°Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ó•% ôyÓ˚îy í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zͲõ!_
•Î˚ xÌ≈yÍñ fl∫yô#l ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y!Ó•#l ~ÓÇ §•ˆÏç !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y•z •° §yÓ°#°ï˛y Óy Fluency–
ÙˆÏly!ÓòàˆÏîÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy xl%ÎyÎ˚# §yÓ°#°ï˛y !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚Ü˛Ù •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ
l ¢∑àï˛ §yÓ°#°ï˛y (Word fluency) : ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §yÓ°#°ï˛y •° !Ó!˲ߨ Óî≈ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚
!ӈϢ£Ï xÌ≈Î%=˛ ¢∑ o%ï˛ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y–
l §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yÓ°#°ï˛y (Associational fluency) : ~!ê˛ •° ò%!ê˛ ¢∑ Óy ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛
fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §yÓ°#°ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ o%ï˛ §ÙyÌ≈ܲ Óy !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛yÌ≈ܲ ¢∑ !lÓ≈yã˛l
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 134
l Ó!•/≤Ãܲy¢àï˛ §yÓ°#°ï˛y (Expressional fluency) : ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §yÓ°#°ï˛y •°
ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛ylG ôyÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# xyò¢≈ ôyÓ˚îy Óy !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y–
l !§Âôyhs˝@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ §yÓ°#°ï˛y (Decisional fluency) : ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §,çl¢#°ï˛y §¡õߨ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y
ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛ylG ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §,çl¢#°ï˛y §¡õߨ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛ylG ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAà
ï˛Í«˛îyÍ ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ ôyÓ˚îy àë˛l G !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù–
lÙl#Î˚ï˛y (Flexibilty) : Flexibilty Óy lÙl#Î˚ï˛y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ñ ˆÜ˛ylG !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y– ~!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ divergent thinking ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~•z
«˛Ùï˛y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Ó£ÏÎ˚ Óy §Ù§ƒyˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà ˆÌˆÏܲ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §ˆÏã˛T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !ã˛hs˝l
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ôÓ˚y ÓÑyôy ˛õ)Ó≈ !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ ˛õˆÏÌ ã˛ˆÏ° ly– lÙl#Î˚ï˛y Óy Flexibilty ò% ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲÈüüüÈ
l fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛ lÙl#Î˚ï˛y (Spontaneous flexibilty) : ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
!ã˛hs˝y ôyÓ˚îy ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yÎ˚ñ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y §•ˆÏç•z Óy fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛
•Î˚ xÌ≈yÍñ ܲ“lyÓ˚ (imagination) ܲyˆÏç o%ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •Î˚–
l x!˲ˆÏÎyçlÙ)°Ü˛ lÙl#Î˚ï˛y (Adaptive flexibilty) : ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ lÙl#Î˚ï˛y myÓ˚y Óƒy!=˛
ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly lï%˛l ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ùy!lˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •Î˚–
ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛c (Originality) : í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛cG §,çl«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õyòyl– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
«˛Ùï˛y •° lï%˛l ˆÜ˛ylG ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ Óy x!˲lÓ ˆÜ˛ylG ôyÓ˚lyÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl– ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛c Ó°ˆÏï˛
˲!Ó£ÏƒÍ !ã˛hs˝y Óy !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ flõT˛ï˛yˆÏܲG ˆÓyV˛yˆÏly •Î˚–
!Óhfl,Ï!ï˛ (Elaboration) : §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ܲyÓ˚# xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õyòyl •° !Óhfl,Ï!ï˛Ó˚
«˛Ùï˛y (Elaboration ability)– ~•z «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› Óy §Ù§ƒy §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ K˛yl
Óy ôyÓ˚îy §,!T˛ •GÎ˚yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚–
~à%!° •° §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl í˛z˛õyòyl– ~à%!° Óƒï˛#ï˛ xyÓ˚G !ܲS%È í˛z˛õyòyl §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ÙˆÏly!Óòàî
í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ
l ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•° (Curiosity) : §,çl¢#°ï˛y Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•°# !ã˛hs˝l myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z
«˛Ùï˛y Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ lï%˛l !Ó£ÏÎ˚ í˛zqyÓˆÏl Óy §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §ÙyôyˆÏl xy@˝Ã•# ܲˆÏÓ˚–
l §M˛y°l (Transformation) : ~•z ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòyl §,çl¢#° «˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ §¡õ)î≈ lï%˛l ï˛yͲõˆÏÎ≈
§M˛y!°ï˛ Óy ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy ~•z «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ §¡±§yÓ˚ˆÏî §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
l Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l (Evaluation) : ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòyl ˆÜ˛ylG !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˲yˆÏ°yÈüÈÙ®ñ
§%!ÓôyÈüÈx§%!Óôy •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ !Óã˛yÓ˚ Óy Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– §,çl¢#° ܲyˆÏçÓ˚
í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛y ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z í˛z˛õyòyl!ê˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~à%!°•z •° §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õyòyl–
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !òܲ§Ù)• 135
§,çl¢#° !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î (Identification of Creative Children)ı
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢¢%•z ܲÙÈüȈÓ!¢ §,çl¢#°– Î!òG ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ùyeyàï˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ܲyÓ˚G ܲyÓ˚G
§,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ Ùyey x!ï˛ í˛zߨï˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §,çl¢#°ï˛y
§•yÓfiÌyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙl !Óáƒyï˛ !ã˛eܲÓ˚ !°GlyˆÏòy≈ òy !˲!M˛Ó˚ •z!O!lÎ˚y!Ó˚ÇÈüÈ~ ˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ï˛y Óy
xy•zlfiê˛y•zˆÏlÓ˚ §Çà#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ò«˛ï˛y ≤ÃÓyò≤Ã!ï˛Ù– ~ál ≤ß¿ •° ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ §,çl¢#°ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ
!ã˛!„ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y §Ω˛Ó–
ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÎ˚ §,çl¢#°ï˛y §¡õˆÏܲ≈ lyly àˆÏÓ£Ïîy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ§•z àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ Ê˛° !•§yˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%!°ˆÏܲ
!˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §,çl¢#°ˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ Óy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y •° ÈüÈ
ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•° G xl%§rôyl# ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ı §,çl¢#° !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ~ÓÇ xl%§rôyl#
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ •Î˚– ~ê˛y•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ §,çlôÙ≈# ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ܲ •Î˚–
ܲ“ly ≤ÃÓîï˛yı §,çl¢#° !¢¢%Ó˚y ܲ“ly ≤ÃÓî •Î˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%È §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà ˆ§ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ
ܲ“ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!ã˛hs˝l ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢ fl∫ܲ#Î˚ï˛y ı ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛c
ÌyˆÏܲ– ~Ó˚y xˆÏlƒÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚ ly– xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~Ó˚y fl∫Î˚Ç!lË≈˛Ó˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚–
Ó%ÂôƒyAܲ ı ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ x˲#«˛yÓ˚ ˆflÒyÓ˚ Óy Ó%ÂôƒyAܲ §Ó§ÙÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ lyG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó%ÂôƒyAܲ ÙyV˛y!Ó˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •Î˚–
≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ ı ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ ˲yÓ˚§yˆÏÙƒÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#àî Ó•%
§,çlôÙ≈# Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛§_yÓ˚ §Ç°«˛îà%!° !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏáˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚y ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ x!fiÌÓ˚ï˛yÎ˚ ˆË˛yˆÏà–
lï%˛lcı Ó˚#!ï˛ Ó!•Ë≈)˛ï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Ó£ÏÎ˚ Óy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӣψÏÎ˚ lï%˛lc ÌyܲˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §,çl¢#° !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
!ӈϢ£Ï xyܲ£Ï≈î ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ı §,çl¢#° !¢¢%Ó˚y ~ܲyܲ# ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà §•Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲv ò°ÓÂô˲yˆÏÓ
ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ xlƒÙlflÒ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ˆÎÙlüÈ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ ˛õyë˛òyl ã˛°yܲy°#l §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ !lÙ@¿ •ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚
áyï˛yÎ˚ SÈ!Ó xyÜÑ˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ܲÇÓy çyly°y !òˆÏÎ˚ ò)ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚yÙôl%Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ lyly !ӣψÏÎ˚ ܲ“ly
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ò,ì˛¸ !ÓŸªy§ ı ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !lçfl∫ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ò,ì˛¸ !ÓŸªy§ ÌyˆÏܲ Îy ï˛yˆÏܲ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ÓyôyÈüÈôÓ˚y !lÎ˚ÙˆÏܲ
x!ï˛Ü ˛Ù ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ≤ÃÓîï˛y ı §,çl¢#° !¢¢%Ó˚y á%Ó ˆÓ!¢ ÙyeyÎ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ≤ÃÓî •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛y•z á%Ó §yÙylƒ
!Ó£ÏÎ˚G ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏ®y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyçܲÙ≈ ı ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚y !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ àï˛yl%à!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyçܲˆÏÙ≈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛zͧy• ly
ÌyܲyÎ˚ !ÓÓ˚!=˛ ˆÓyô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õyë˛ƒ!ӣψÏÎ˚ ˲yˆÏ°y Ê˛° ˆòáyˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 136
§yÙy!çܲ x!˲ˆÏÎyçl ı ~•z !¢¢%Ó˚y §ÇflÒyÓ˚Ù%=˛ •Î˚ ï˛y•z àï˛yl%à!ï˛Ü˛ §yÙy!çܲ Ó˚#!ï˛l#!ï˛ ˆÙˆÏl ã˛°ˆÏï˛
ã˛yÎ˚ ly– Ê˛ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏl x§%!Óôy •Î˚–
ò#â≈§ÙÎ˚ ÓƒÎ˚ ı §,çl¢#° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ܲyˆÏç G !lçfl∫ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ çàˆÏï˛ ò#â≈§ÙÎ˚ !lÙ@¿
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˙ !ӣψÏÎ˚ à˲#Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ ~•z ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%!° §,çl¢#° !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏî §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°G ~à%!°ˆÏܲ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ !•§yˆÏÓ
ôÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– !Ó!˲ߨ §ÙÎ˚ ~Ó˚ Óƒ!ï˛Ü ˛ÙG ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y §ÓܲÛ!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ•z ˆÎ ~ܲçˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ˆòáy ÎyˆÏÓ ï˛y lÎ˚ñ ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §,çlôÙ≈#ï˛yˆÏܲ ¢ly=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ çlƒ lyly ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
x˲#«˛y àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ–
§,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Role of Teacher to Nurture Creativity)ı
ÙylÓ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §,çlÙ)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y•z §Çâ!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
!mÈüÈÙï˛ ˆl•z ˆÎñ !ӈϟªÓ˚ ~•z !Ó¢y° çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ xl%˛õyˆÏï˛ í˛zß¨ï˛ §,çl «˛Ùï˛y§¡õߨ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ x!hflÏc á%Ó•z
Ü˛Ù– ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ~ܲÌyG §ï˛ƒ ˆÎ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ G §!ë˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î≈yÓ˚ x˲yˆÏÓ xˆÏlܲ §,çl# ≤Ã!ï˛Ë˛y
xܲyˆÏ°•z !ÓlT˛ •Î˚– xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ •° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ à%îyÓ!°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢
ï˛yˆÏܲ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ܲˆÏÓ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°yñ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ~•z °«˛ƒˆÏܲ ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !Óòƒy°Î˚ ~ܲ x!ï˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ§•z ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyî ˆÌˆÏܲ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ !Óòƒy°Î˚
ï˛Ìy !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ~ܲ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)!Ùܲy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !¢«˛Ü˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §,çlôÙ#≈ ≤Ã!ï˛Ë˛yÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ly
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°Gñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §,çlôÙ≈# ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Óï˛≈Ùyl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ §,çl
«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚lñ !¢«˛Ü˛ !l¡¨!°!áï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~•z òy!Î˚cˆÏܲ ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ÈüÈ
ܲ“ly ≤çyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ı !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlƒ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ“lyÓ˚ ≤çyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §%ˆÏÎyà
G í˛zͧy• !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚y ÎyˆÏï˛ x§Ç°@¿ Óy xÓyhflÏÓ Ü˛“lyÓ˚ xy◊Î˚ ly !lˆÏÎ˚ àë˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ܲ“lyÓ˚
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ¢ˆÏá ˆ§ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ Îb !lˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
xy@˝Ã• xl%ÎyÎ˚# ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ı §,çl¢#° !ܲS%È Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ï˛y•z
!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ àï˛yl%à!ï˛Ü˛ !¢«˛y§)!ã˛Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xy@˝Ã• xl%ÎyÎ˚# ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ §%ˆÏÎyà G í˛z˛õܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yçl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~•z í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛≤ÃܲyÓ˚
•hflÏ!¢“ñ Ù,Í!¢“ñ ܲyòyñ ˛õy!fiê˛§y•zlñ •zï˛ƒy!ò !òˆÏÎ˚ ÙˆÏí˛° ˜ï˛!Ó˚ñ ˛õ%ï%˛° ˜ï˛!Ó˚ñ !Ó!˲ߨ !ç!lˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü,˛!ï˛
˜ï˛!Ó˚ñ !ã˛eyAܲlñ ÓyÑ¢ ÈüÈ ˆÓˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲyçñ ܲyàçñ ܲyë˛ Óy ܲy˛õí˛¸ !òˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !ç!l§ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yñ §%ã˛#!¢“
•zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yçl ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ °«˛ Ó˚yáˆÏÓl ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈# ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
í˛zqyÓl# ¢!=˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ !òˆÏFSÈ !ܲ lyñ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆ§•z !òˆÏܲ í˛zͧy• òyl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
!lÓ˚y˛õ_yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ §,!T˛ ı ˆÓyçyˆÏ§≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏïy˛ ÙˆÏly!Óòàî §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏß√ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎ ò%!ê˛
≤Ãôyl ¢ˆÏï˛≈Ó˚ ܲÌy ӈϰl ï˛y •° ÈüÈ Ùyl!§Ü˛ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y G Ùyl!§Ü˛ fl∫yô#lï˛y– §,çlôÙ≈# !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛§_yÓ˚
!ӈϢ£Ï ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ òÓ˚%l ï˛yÓ˚y ˆ◊!îÓ˚ xlƒylƒ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §yÌ≈ܲ˲yˆÏÓ x!˲ˆÏÎyçl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y ï˛yÓ˚y ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ xï˛ƒhs˝ flõ¢≈ܲyï˛Ó˚ •Î˚– xlƒylƒ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z ò%Ó≈°ï˛yÓ˚
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !òܲ§Ù)• 137
§%ˆÏÎyà @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õ•y§ G !ÓÓ˚=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ê˛ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚y xy•ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ í˛z=˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ
!lÓ˚y˛õ_y•#l ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚– Îy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ §_yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛Ó° Óyôy òyl•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
§,çl# «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ˆÏܲG Óƒy•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ §,çl «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ fl∫yˆÏÌ≈ ï˛y•z !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ ~ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï
lçÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#àî ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l ly •Î˚–
x˛õ§yÓ˚# G x!˲§yÓ˚# !ã˛hs˝ˆÏl í˛zͧy•òyl ı ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#àˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ §,çlôÙ≈#ï˛y x˛õ§yÓ˚# G x!˲§yÓ˚#
í˛z˲Î˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒˆÏܲ•z ôyÓ˚îy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ G §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyç ܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yˆÏܲ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §,çlôÙ#≈ï˛y í˛zͧy!•ï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ı àï˛yl%à!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ myÓ˚y §,çlôÙ#≈ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÎÌyÌ≈
Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l x§Ω˛Ó– ï˛y•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~Ùl §Ó ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yçl Ó˚yáy ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl
ÎyÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ˛õ%hflÏܲ !lË≈˛Ó˚ •ˆÏ° ã˛°ˆÏÓ ly fl∫yô#l !ã˛hs˝l «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •ˆÏÓ– ~˲yˆÏÓ !¢«˛Ü˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ §,çlôÙ≈#ï˛yˆÏܲ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l–
Brain Storming Óy Ù!hflÏˆÏ‹Ò V˛í˛¸ ˆï˛y°y ı Brain Storming ~Ó˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •ˆÏFSÈ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚
!ã˛hs˝yÈüÈ˲yÓlyñ ôyÓ˚îy G ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ çàˆÏï˛ V˛í˛¸ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚y– ~•z çlƒ !¢«˛Ü˛àî ˆÎ ˆÎ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õà%!°
!lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ï˛y •° ÈüÈ
åÜ˛ä §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ í˛z˛õyfiÌy˛õl–
åáä §Ω˛yÓƒ §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ xˆÏß∫£ÏˆÏî í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y–
åàä !Ó!˲ߨ §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓîyà%!°Ó˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ܲÓ˚î–
åâä fl∫yô#l !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ §!ë˛Ü˛ §)e àë˛lñ !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î •zï˛ƒy!ò–
Brain Storming ~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛Ü˛àî !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §,çl¢#°ï˛yÎ˚ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l–

!lˆÏò≈¢ly G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ı !Ó!˲ߨ !ӣψÏÎ˚ §,çl«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §•yÎ˚ܲ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆ«˛ˆÏe
!¢«˛Ü˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !lÓy≈!ã˛ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó•z ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ í˛zͧy• ˆòÓyÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ly G
˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ !Óܲy¢ G ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢ §•yÎ˚ï˛y òyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l–
í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ (Conclusion)ı
xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ í˛z˛õ§Ç•yˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ !ӈϢ£Ï !òܲ!ê˛Ó˚ ܲÌy í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly x§¡õ)î≈
ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y •° §,çî¢#°ï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ%T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î «˛Ùï˛y– ˆÎ Óƒ!=˛ Îï˛ ˆÓ!¢ §,çl¢#°
ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î «˛Ùï˛y ï˛ï˛ à˲#Ó˚– !Óáƒyï˛ ˆ°áܲñ ܲ!Óñ àrÌyܲyÓ˚ñ í˛z˛õlƒy!§Ü˛ñ !ã˛e!¢“#ñ ˲yflÒÓ˚ñ
˜ÓK˛y!lܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y §,çî¢#° Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ü ˛Î˚yܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚
ï˛%°lyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ à˲#Ó˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z x§yôyÓ˚îc•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
§,çîÙ)°Ü˛ !ã˛hs˝yˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ%T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲyˆÏç•z !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §,çî¢#°ï˛yÓ˚
!Óܲy¢ âê˛yˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏ° xlƒylƒ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ¢!=˛Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ §yôˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï
à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ˛
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 138

§yÓ˚§ÇˆÏ«˛˛õ åSummary)

≤ÃÌÙ ~ܲܲ ı Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ fl∫yï˛sfƒï˛yı xÌ≈ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲òñ ܲyÓ˚îñ !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Óƒ!=˛àï˛

˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ
Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ xÌ≈ ı ~ܲ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà xlƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆã˛•yÓ˚yñ í˛zFã˛ï˛yñ Gçlñ àyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó˚.ñ Ó%!Âôñ
ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà òyˆÏlÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò lyly ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ï˛yˆÏܲ•z ӈϰ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ–
Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò ı Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒˆÏܲ ≤Ãôylï˛ ò%•z ˲yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ
1ä §•çyï˛ xÌ≈yÍ Îy !¢¢% çß√§)ˆÏe ˛õ)Ó≈˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˜Ó£ÏÙƒˆÏܲ xyÓyÓ˚
!ï˛l˲yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛y •°ÈüüüÈ Ü˛ä ˜ò!•Ü˛ ˆã˛•yÓ˚yñ fl∫yfĩñ í˛zFã˛ï˛yñ ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ
~ܲ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà xlƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ï˛Ê˛yÍ •Î˚– áä Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛y xÌ≈yÍ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàñ Ó%!Âôñ xy@˝Ã• •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚
!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ •Î˚ àä ˆÙçyçàï˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ •Î˚– ï˛y•z ˆÜ˛í˛z ¢yhs˝ ˆÙçyˆÏçÓ˚ñ ˆÜ˛í˛z Óy í˛z@˝Ã
ˆÙçyˆÏçÓ˚ñ ˆÜ˛í˛z •Î˚ xyÜ ˛ÙîôÙ≈≈#ñ ˆÜ˛í˛z xˆÏlƒÓ˚ Ó¢ƒï˛y fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
2ä x!ç≈ï˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒÈüüüÈ çˆÏß√Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ Îy xyÎ˚_ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˜ÏÓ£ÏÙƒˆÏܲ xyÓyÓ˚
ã˛yÓ˚˲yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ
Ü˛ä §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~ܲ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §ˆÏAà xlƒ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ
âˆÏê˛–
áä !˲ߨ !˲ߨ §yÙy!çܲ §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y •GÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
§yÙy!çܲ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ âˆÏê˛–
àä ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ ˛õyÌ≈ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî Ùyl%ˆÏ£Ï Ùyl%ˆÏ£Ï ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ âˆÏê˛– Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛í˛z xˆÏ“ˆÏï˛•z ˆÓ˚ˆÏà
GˆÏë˛ñ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˜ôÎ≈¢#°ñ ˆÜ˛í˛z í˛zòƒÙ#ñ ˆÜ˛í˛z •ï˛y¢y@˝ÃhflÏ–
âä !¢«˛yàï˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲG Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ı Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ lyly ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî •Î˚– ~Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl ܲyÓ˚î !•§yˆÏÓ Ó°y
ÎyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ÓÇ¢àï˛ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ !˲ߨï˛yñ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓñ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ çy!ï˛Ó˚ !lçfl∫ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚
!˲ߨï˛yñ lyÓ˚# G ˛õ%Ó˚%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˜ò!•Ü˛ñ fl∫˲yÓàï˛ Óy ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ò«˛ï˛yÙ)°Ü˛ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ !˲ߨï˛yñ !˲ߨ
!˲ߨ §yÙy!çܲ Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# ˆ°yˆÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒñ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ !˲ߨï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒñ ~ܲ
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ •yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒñ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ !˲ߨï˛yç!lï˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ
•zï˛ƒy!ò–
!¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ı xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌy Óƒ!=˛àï˛
˜Ó£ÏÙƒ!˲!_ܲ •GÎ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌy ˆÎ§Ó !òˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y
•°ÈüüüÈ
 !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !òܲ§Ù)• 139
1ä ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y òyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚
!Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃÓîï˛y G ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy Ìyܲy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– 2ä ˆ◊!îÓ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y •ˆÏ° !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛
Óƒ!=˛àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ lçÓ˚ Ó˚yáy §Ω˛Ó– 3ä Ó•%Ù%á# ˛õyë˛Ü ˛Ù xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚
x!ôܲyÓ˚# !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛y òyl ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó– 4ä Ó•%Ù%á# ˛õyë˛òyl ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ ≤ÈÏçQ ˛õÂô!ï˛ñ
í˛yŒê˛l ˛õÂô!ï˛ñ à“ Ó°y ˛õÂô!ï˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– 5ä Ó•%Ù%á# ≤Ãò#˛õî Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ!˲!_ܲ
!¢«˛yòyˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– 6ä !Ó!˲ߨÙ%á# §•˛õyë˛Ü ˛!Ùܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚y– 7ä Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒˆÏܲ
xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ à,•Ü˛yç òyl– 8ä !Ó!˲ߨ !¢«˛yàï˛ §Ù§ƒy ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛yàï˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ly òyl– 9ä
!¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ xy@˝Ã•ñ ≤ÃÓîï˛y •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ !l!Ó˚ˆÏá Homogeneous G Heterogeneous ò° àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨÙ%á#
ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚y–
!mï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ ı ˆ≤ãÏîyı xÌ≈ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲òñ í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)•ñ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛y
ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ xÌ≈ ı ˆ≤ãÏîy •° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ x˲yÓ ˆÓyô ˆÌˆÏܲ §,T˛ ~Ùl í˛zˆÏ_!çï˛ xÓfiÌy Óy ï˛yí˛¸ly
Îy ï˛yˆÏܲ !l!ò≈T˛ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛y xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
Óyôƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚– °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ly ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏly ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~•z xÓfiÌy ÓçyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ˆ≤ãÏîy ã˛Ü ˛ ı ˆ≤ãÏîyˆÏܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ hflÏÓ˚ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~•z hflÏÓ˚à%!° ã˛Ü ˛yܲyˆÏÓ˚
xyÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ≤ãÏîyã˛Ü ˛ §¡õߨ •Î˚– hflÏÓ˚à%!° •°Èüü 1ä Óƒ!=˛ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ˛x˲yÓˆÏÓyô Óy ã˛y!•òyñ 2ä ï˛yí˛¸lyñ
3ä !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ xyã˛Ó˚î G 4ä °«˛ƒ Óy í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ–
ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ı ˆ≤ãÏîy Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ã˛y!•òy ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zq$ï˛ x˲yÓ ˆÓyô ˆÌˆÏܲ §,T˛ •Î˚– ܲÙ≈
§¡õyòˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– !l!ò≈T˛ °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛zˆÏj¢ƒˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ ly ܲˆÏÓ˚
Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏî §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ !ã˛Ó˚fiÌyÎ˚# lÎ˚– Óƒ!=˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l
ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲy!ôܲ ã˛y!•òyñ ï˛yí˛¸ly G ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ í˛zqÓ âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏáÉ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ G ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛
í˛z˲Î˚!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !Ü ˛Î˚y¢#° •Î˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ã˛y!•òy ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ°ƒ •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚ §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAà
xyÓyÓ˚ lï%˛l ˆ≤ãÏîy §,!T˛ •Î˚–
ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò ı ˆ≤ãÏîy ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ÈüüüÈ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !ӈϢ£Ï x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î xÓfiÌyÓ˚ òÓ˚%l Îál ï˛yÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ï˛y!àò xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ӈϰ xhs˝ç≈yï˛ ˆ≤ãÏîyñ xyÓ˚ Óy!•ƒÜ˛
í˛zˆÏmyôˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛ Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ï˛y!àò xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ӈϰ
Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ˆ≤ãÏîy Óy Ó!•ç≈yï˛ ˆ≤ãÏîy–
xï˛ƒ!ôܲ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ı xï˛ƒ!ôܲ ˆ≤ãÏîy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ «˛!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚– xï˛ƒ!ôܲ ˆ≤Ã!£Ïï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !lÎ˚sfî •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚–
ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲ§Ù)• ı 1ä Óƒ!=˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy ï,˛Æ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xy@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›ˆÏܲ•z !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
2ä ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ≤ãÏîy §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– 3ä ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӣψÏÎ˚ í˛zÍܲZ˛y Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 140
ˆ≤ãÏîy §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– 4ä Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !lçfl∫ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ !l!ò≈T˛ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚– 5ä
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӣψÏÎ˚ §yÊ˛°ƒ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~à%ˆÏ°y SÈyí˛¸yG Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !lçfl∫
x˲ƒy§ñ xyd!ÓŸªy§ñ •zFSÈy §ˆÏÓ≈y˛õ!Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚FSÈߨñ ˆÜ˛y°y•° Ó!ç≈ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ≤ãÏîy §M˛yˆÏÓ˚
§•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ı !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ≤Ã˲yÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !¢«˛Ü˛ !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•° §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyd!ÓŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚ çyàÓ˚î â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›ˆÏܲ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ ˆÓyôàÙƒï˛yÓ˚
hflÏÓ˚ xl%ÎyÎ˚# Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õyˆÏë˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ §yÙˆÏl ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛Ó˚ çlƒ Ó,•Í
°«˛ƒ fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÙl xhs˝ç≈yï˛ ˆ≤ãÏîy §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– ˆï˛Ù!l ≤âǧyÈüÈ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ñ ¢y!hflÏ !òˆÏÎ˚ñ
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲˆÏÓ˚– !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ÓÇ !¢ál §•yÎ˚ܲ !Ó!˲ߨ
≤Ãò#˛õl ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏl Ó!•ç≈yï˛ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ §M˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l–

ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ ı Ó%!Âôı xÌ≈ñ ˛ï˛_¥ åã˛y°≈§ !flõÎ˚yÓ˚ÙƒyÏl ~Ó˚ !mÈüÈí˛z˛õyòyl ï˛_¥ñ °%•z§ !°Î˚l ÌyˆÏfiê˛≈yl ~Ó˚
Ó•% í˛z˛õyòyl ï˛_¥äñ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà
Ó%!Âô ܲ# ~ܲܲÌyÎ˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#àî ï˛y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l!l– ï˛ˆÏÓ !Ó!˲ߨ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚ §ÇK˛y
!ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ ˆÎ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# §ÇK˛y ˆòGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y •° ÈüÈ Ó%!Âô ~Ùl ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ¢!=˛ ÎyÓ˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ xyÙÓ˚y §)-ñ Ü%˛!ê˛° G !ÓÙ)_≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ ÎÌy§Ω˛Ó Ü˛Ù §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ó!˲ߨ
§Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ lï%˛l lï%˛l ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ áy˛õ áy•zˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ !Ó!˲ߨ !ӣψÏÎ˚
K˛ylñ ò«˛ï˛y G ˆÜ˛Ô¢° §•ˆÏç xyÎ˚_ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ xï˛#ï˛ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ lï%˛l ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ Óƒyáƒy
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ !Ó!˲ߨ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §!ë˛Ü˛ §¡õÜ≈˛ !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚
~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlˆÏÓyˆÏô ≤ÃÓ,!_ G ≤È«˛y˲ˆÏܲ §ÇÎï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒˆÏܲ !§Âô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
ܲÙ≈¢!=˛ˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–
Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ ï˛_¥ ı Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ ≤Ãyã˛#l Ùï˛Óyòà%!°ˆÏܲ !ï˛l!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÈüÈ
åܲä Ó˚yçï˛sfÓyò åáä §yÙhs˝ï˛sfÓyò åàä xÓ˚yçܲÓyò
xyô%!lܲܲyˆÏ° !Ó!˲ߨ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#àˆÏîÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó%!Âô §ÙˆÏrô Ùï˛Óyò àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ò%!ê˛
•°ÈüÈ
å1ä flõ#Î˚yÓ˚ÙƒyˆÏlÓ˚ !mÈüÈí˛z˛õyòyl ï˛_¥ ı flõ#Î˚yÓ˚ÙƒyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ ܲyç
Óy !Óã˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòyl Óy «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– ~Ó˚
~ܲ!ê˛ •° §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl!§Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòyl Óy General Factor, §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ ‘g’ í˛z˛õyòyl– xlƒ!ê˛ •° !ӈϢ£Ï
Ùyl!§Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòyl Óy Special Factor, §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ ‘s’ í˛z˛õyòyl– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùye ‘g’
í˛z˛õyòyl ~ÓÇ xˆÏlܲ È‘s’ í˛z˛õyòyl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ܲyÓ˚î ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ
ˆ§•z !•§yˆÏÓ È‘s’ G !Ó!˲ߨ •Î˚– ~•z È‘s’ §Ó ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù •Î˚ ly– flõ#Î˚yÓ˚Ùƒyl ï˛yÓ˚ ï˛_¥!ê˛ˆÏï˛
ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ Î%!=˛ §•Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ï˛!l !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ §•àyAܲ !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
 !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !òܲ§Ù)• 141
ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎñ ï˛yÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï !lÎ˚Ù ˆÙˆÏl ã˛ˆÏ°– ÎyˆÏܲ !ï˛!l ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï §Ù#ܲÓ˚î myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy¢
ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ lyÙ ˆòl ˆê˛ê˛∆yí˛ §Ù#ܲÓ˚î–
§yôyÓ˚î Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ı §Ó ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ çß√àï˛ ~•z «˛Ùï˛y!ê˛
!¢«˛y Óy ≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lˆÏÎyàƒ lÎ˚– !l!ò≈T˛ ÓÎ˚§ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~!ê˛ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ~Ó˚ !Óܲy¢
Órô •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ~•z «˛Ùï˛y Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Îï˛ ˆÓ!¢ ÌyܲˆÏÓ !ӈϢ£ÏôÙ≈# ܲyˆÏç ˆ§ ï˛ï˛ §Ê˛° •ˆÏÓ– ~!ê˛ §ÓyÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ÌyܲˆÏ°G !˲ߨ !˲ߨ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî !˲ߨ •Î˚–
!ӈϢ£Ï Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ı ~•z «˛Ùï˛y x!ç≈ï˛– !¢«˛y Óy ≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lˆÏÎyàƒ–
ã˛ã≈˛yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~Ó˚ ò«˛ï˛yÙ)°Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ âˆÏê˛– !˲ߨ !˲ߨ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~!ê˛ !˲ߨ– ~•z «˛Ùï˛y ~ܲy!ôܲ •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ç!ê˛° ܲÙ≈ §¡õyòˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ò%•z Óy ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ «˛Ùï˛y ~ܲ!eï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl!§Ü˛
«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ §•ˆÏÎyà# !•§yˆÏÓ ~!ê˛ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ܲܲ˲yˆÏÓ lÎ˚–
å2ä ÌyˆÏfiê˛≈yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ï˛_¥ ı ÌyˆÏfiê˛≈yˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ° §yï˛!ê˛ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ Ùyl!§Ü˛
¢!=˛Ó˚ x!hflÏc Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Îy ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ G fl∫yô#l– ~•z ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ¢!=˛à%!° •° fiÌyl ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚
«˛Ùï˛yñ §Çáƒy ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛yñ ˲y£ÏyˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yñ ˲y£Ïyàï˛ í˛zÍܲ£Ï≈ï˛yñ flø,!ï˛ñ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ o%ï˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ
ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛y– ï˛ˆÏÓ §Ü˛° Ó%!ÂôÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyˆÏç•z ~•z «˛Ùï˛y §Ó§ÙÎ˚ í˛z˛õfiÌy!˛õï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ ï˛y lÎ˚– ܲáˆÏly
ܲáˆÏly ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ¢!=˛ ܲál ˆçyê˛ÓÂô •ˆÏÓ ï˛y ܲyç!ê˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ò%!ê˛
ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Îï˛ ˆÓ!¢ §yôyÓ˚î í˛z˛õyòyl ÌyܲˆÏÓ ï˛ï˛ ˆÓ!¢ §•§¡õÜ≈˛ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏÓ– flõ#Î˚yÓ˚ÙƒyˆÏlÓ˚ ‘g’È
í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛z˛õyòyl•z §Ó ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ ly–
~ ≤çˆÏAà í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ ˆÎñ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z §yï˛!ê˛ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ §ÓܲÛ!ê˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ !l– ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï˛≈
ˆ˛õ¢#àï˛ «˛Ùï˛y ~ÓÇ xyÓ˚G ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ Úflø,!ï˛Û í˛z˛õyòyl!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒ=˛ •Î˚–
!¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ı Ó%!Âô SÈyí˛¸y !¢«˛y x§Ω˛Ó– !¢ál ܲï˛ê˛y ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# •ˆÏÓ ï˛y !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó%!ÂôÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚– Ó%!Âô x˲#«˛yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó%!ÂôÙyeyÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ ˆ§•z xl%ÎyÎ˚# !¢«˛y
˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly Ó˚ã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y !Ó!˲ߨ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ§≈Ó˚ çlƒ !¢«˛yÌ≈# !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlñ
Ùyl!§Ü˛ !ÓÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîñ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ §ˆÏ¡õÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy àë˛ˆÏlñ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÙôy §¡õߨˆÏòÓ˚
ˆ◊!îܲÓ˚ˆÏîñ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ly òyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ x˲#«˛y !ӈϢ£Ï §•yÎ˚ܲ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ı !¢«˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ ~ܲ !l!Óí˛¸ §¡õÜ≈˛ Óï≈˛Ùyl– Ó%!Âô SÈyí˛¸y !¢ál
x§Ω˛Ó– xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ Ó%!Âô •ˆÏFSÈ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)°!˲!_– !¢ál ܲï˛ê˛y ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# Óy Ê˛°≤ç) •ˆÏÓ ï˛y
!lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ ÙyeyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– ~SÈyí˛¸y !¢«˛yÓ˚ xAà !•§yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Ó£ÏÎ˚ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ñ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ ôyÓ˚îy
àë˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ ˲y£ÏyˆÏܲ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !¢«˛yòyl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛G Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ myÓ˚y !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚– ܲyÓ˚î ~!ê˛ §Ó≈çl fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛
§ï˛ƒ ˆÎ !l¡¨Ó%!Âô §¡õߨ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ó%!Âô §¡õߨ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ !¢«˛yòyl ܲÓ˚y §•ç– í˛zß¨ï˛ Ó%!Âô
§¡õߨ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y Ü˛Ù §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ü˛Ù ˛õ!Ó˚◊ˆÏÙ ˆÓ!¢ !¢áˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 142
!ÓÙ)_≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ ÎÌy§Ω˛Ó Ü˛Ù §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ó!˲ߨ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ lï%˛l
lï%˛l ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ áy˛õ áy•zˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ !Ó!˲ߨ !ӣψÏÎ˚ K˛ylñ ò«˛ï˛y G ˆÜ˛Ô¢° §•ˆÏç
xyÎ˚_ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ xï˛#ï˛ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ lï%˛l ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ !Ó!˲ߨ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ §!ë˛Ü˛ §¡õÜ≈˛ !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlˆÏÓyˆÏô ≤ÃÓ,!_ G
≤Èϫ˛y˲ˆÏܲ §ÇÎï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒˆÏܲ !§Âô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÙ≈¢!=˛ˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õy!Ó˚–
ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ~ܲܲı §,çl¢#°ï˛yı xÌ≈ñ §,çl¢#° !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy
§,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈ ı !Ó!˲ߨ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãò_ §ÇK˛yˆÏܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚#
§ÇK˛y ˆòGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y •°üÈ x˛õ§yÓ˚# !ã˛hs˝l «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ ܲï˛à%!° ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ G Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚
§Ùß∫Î˚ñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÓï˛ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ Óƒ!=˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲÙ≈Ê˛ˆÏ° §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ x!˲lÓc ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
§,çl¢#° !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ı ˆÎ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%!°ˆÏܲ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §,çl¢#° !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y
ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y •° ÈüÈ
§,çl¢#° !¢¢%Ó˚y ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•°# G xl%§rôyl# •Î˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚y ܲ“ly ≤ÃÓî •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ fl∫ܲ#Î˚ï˛y ÌyˆÏܲñ Ó%ÂôƒyˆÏAܲÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~Ó˚y ÙyV˛y!Ó˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •Î˚ñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ x!fiÌÓ˚ï˛y
ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ lï%˛lc ï˛yˆÏܲ xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ܲyܲ# ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà §•Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv ò°àï˛
ܲyˆÏç xlƒÙlflÒ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ñ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ò,ì˛¸ !ÓŸªy§ ÌyˆÏܲñ ~Ó˚y á%Ó xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ˛≤ÃÓî •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ àï˛yl%à!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyçܲˆÏÙ≈ á%Ó ~ܲê˛y í˛zͧy• ˆÓyô ܲˆÏÓ˚ lyñ §yÙy!çܲ Ó˚#!ï˛l#!ï˛ ˆÙˆÏl ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚
ly Ê˛ˆÏ° §yÙy!çܲ x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏl x§%!Óôy •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lçfl∫ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ܲyˆÏç G !lçfl∫ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ çàˆÏï˛
ò#â≈§ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ !lÙ@¿ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
§,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ı !l¡¨!°!áï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !¢«˛Ü˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚
!Óܲy¢ âê˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ÈüÈ
!¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ àë˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ܲ“lyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚ í˛zͧy•òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xy@˝Ã• xl%ÎyÎ˚# ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚
ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ !lÓ˚y˛õ_yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ x˛õ§yÓ˚# G x!˲§yÓ˚# !ã˛hs˝ˆÏl í˛zͧy• òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
≤ß¿˛õˆÏeÓ˚ ˛õ%hflÏܲ !lË≈˛Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ òyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï˛≈ fl∫yô#l !ã˛hs˝l «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ òyˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚
ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Brain Storming ~Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ly G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !òܲ§Ù)• 143

xl%¢#°l#
§!ë˛Ü˛ í˛z_Ó˚ ÓySÈy•z ܲˆÏÓ˚y / 1 ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿
1ä Ó!•ç≈yï˛ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòyl •°ÈüüüÈ
åÜ˛ä ˆÜ˛Ôï%˛•° åáä xyd!ÓŸªy§ åàä ¢y!hflÏ åâä Ó,•Í °«˛ƒ fiÌy˛õl
2ä ÚÚÓ%!Âô •° !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ !ã˛hs˝l «˛Ùï˛yÛÛÈüüüÈ Ü˛Ìy!ê˛ ˆÜ˛ ӈϰˆÏSÈl⁄
åÜ˛ä ˛fiê˛yl≈ åáä ê˛ylÙƒyl åàä GˆÏÎ˚§°yÓ˚ åâä ˆflõl§yÓ˚
3ä !mÈüÈí˛z˛õyòyl ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ çlܲ •ˆÏ°lÈüüüÈ
åÜ˛ä ˛flõ#Î˚yÓ˚Ùƒyl åáä ˛ÌyˆÏfiê˛≈yl åàä ÓyÜ≈˛ åâä xy§%ˆÏÓ°
1 ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿ / ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓyˆÏܲƒ
1ä ˛“Creativity” ܲÌy!ê˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl ¢∑ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ⁄
2ä ˆ≤ãÏîy Ü˛ï˛ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ G !ܲ !ܲ⁄
3ä Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ ≤Ãôylï˛ Ü˛Î˚!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§à%!° !ܲ !ܲ⁄
2 ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿ / §Ó≈y!ôܲ 40!ê˛ ¢∑
1ä Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ Ó°ˆÏï˛ !ܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚⁄
2ä fiÌyl ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y åSpatial Abilityä Ó°ˆÏï˛ !ܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚⁄
3ä ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ hflÏÓ˚à%!° !ܲ !ܲ⁄
4 ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿ / §Ó≈y!ôܲ 100!ê˛ ¢∑
1ä Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚–
2ä ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ !°á–
3ä §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛y G !ӈϢ£Ï Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !°á–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 144

ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ xôƒyÎ˚ ı !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)•

v ≤ÃÌÙ ~ܲܲ ı §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ  ˛ !Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈ y Ó!°ı xÌ≈ ñ í˛z ˆ Ï j ¢ƒ§Ù) • ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˆ Ï Ë ˛òñ
!¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛y
v !mï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ ı ¢,C°y G fl∫yô#lï˛yı xÌ≈ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲òñ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ~Ó˚ à%Ó˚%c
v ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ ı Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !¢«˛y ı xÌ≈ñ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yñ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô
!ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ §Ù)•
v ˛ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ~ܲܲ ı çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ G xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛y ˆÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !¢«˛yı xÌ≈ñ çyï˛#Î˚
§Ç•!ï˛ G xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyô çyàÓ˚ˆÏî !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy
!¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)• 145

˛ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ xôƒyÎ˚
!¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏΧ˚ Ù)•
(Some Issues of Education)

í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ (Objectives)ı
l !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ°#Ó˚ xÌ≈ñ í˛zˆj
Ï ¢ƒ§Ù)•ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆËÏ ˛òñ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛y §¡õˆÏܲ≈
çylˆÏÓ–
l !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ¢,C°y ~ÓÇ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ~Ó˚ à%Ó˚%c §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xÓàï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
l !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈ñ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yñ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚
§Ù)• §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylˆÏÓ–
l !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ G xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈ñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ çyàÓ˚ˆÏî !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xÓàï˛ •ˆÏÓ–

≤Ãy܉˛ÈüÈܲÌl (Pre-face) :
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ï˛_¥à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ G Ü ˛Ù!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAà Óƒy˛õܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ– §yÌ≈ܲ
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye Ùyl!§Ü˛ ¢!=˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛zÍܲ£Ï≈ï˛y §yôˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ÌyܲˆÏÓ ly– ÌyܲˆÏÓ
!¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˆò•ñ ≤Èϫ˛y˲ñ §yÙy!çܲ xyã˛Ó˚î ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ §ÙhflÏ !òܲà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚•z §Ùyl˲yˆÏÓ í˛zߨ!ï˛ §yôˆÏlÓ˚ Óƒy˛õܲ
xyˆÏÎ˚yçl– ï˛y•z !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° ˆÎÙl !°álñ ˛õë˛l SÈyí˛¸yG ˆá°yô)°yñ x!˲lÎ˚ñ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛
ºÙî •zï˛ƒy!ò lyly ܲyç ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ fiÌyl ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚°– !¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ !¢«˛y!Óòàî
~•z ܲyçà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ù)°ƒ G §yÌ≈ܲï˛y í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l– ˆ§•z çlƒ ~•z ܲyçà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ lyÙ ˆòGÎ˚y •°
§•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° (Co-Curricular Activities) xÌ≈yÍ ~•z ܲyçà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !Óòƒy°Î˚ xl%ˆÏÙy!òï˛
˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyç ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ ly– ~ܲ ܲÌyÎ˚ Ó•z ˛õí˛¸yñ ˆ°áyñ xAܲ ܲ£Ïy •zï˛ƒy!ò
ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y §¡õߨ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎÙl !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ñ ˆï˛Ù!l ˆá°yô)°yñ lyã˛àylñ xyÓ,!_ñ Ó=+˛ï˛yñ §ˆÏ¡ø°l
•zï˛ƒy!ò ܲyçà%ˆÏ°yG §¡õߨ ܲÓ˚y ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §Ùyl˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚– ï˛y•z §• ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyçà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §Ùyl ÙÎ≈yòy ˆòGÎ˚y •°–
!¢«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌy ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ˲yÓôyÓ˚yÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏï˛ •Î˚–
~•z Óyôyâ!ê˛ï˛ mˆÏ®µÓ˚ §%¤%˛ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ly ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° !¢«˛yܲyˆÏÎ≈ Óƒyâyï˛ âˆÏê˛– ~•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù ~ܲ!ê˛ §¡õ)î≈
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 146
˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •° ¢,C°y ~ÓÇ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy– xy˛õyï˛ ò,!T˛ˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ !¢«˛Ü˛ Îál ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛
¢,C°y Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ï˛ál fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•z !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y áÓ≈ •Î˚– xyÓyÓ˚ Îál !¢«˛Ü˛ ¢,C°y
Ó˚«˛yÎ˚ ÓƒhflÏñ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ï˛ál ˆá°yÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ xô#Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏ벖 !ܲv fl∫yô#lï˛y G ¢,C°y ~•z ò%•zÈüÈ~Ó˚
ï˛yͲõÎ≈ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ xhs˝ç≈yï˛ ¢,C°yÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛ ¢,C°yÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y!˛õï˛ §ÙhflÏ !lÎ˚ÙÈüÈܲyl%l ˆÙˆÏl ã˛ˆÏ°
!lˆÏçÓ˚ xy@˝Ã• xÌÓy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛y!àˆÏòñ ˆÎÙlÈüüÈ ˆá°yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ¢,C°y Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y !Ó!ô!lˆÏ£Ïô !lˆÏçÓ˚y•z xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlÎ˚ ~ÓÇ §Ü˛ˆÏ° ˆfl∫FSÈyÎ˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ˆÙˆÏl ã˛ˆÏ°– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ
ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆá°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ¢,C°y G fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ x˛õ)Ó≈ §Ùß∫Î˚ âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– xï˛~Ó !¢«˛yˆÏܲ §yÌ≈ܲ G
ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° !¢«˛yÌ≈# ÎyˆÏï˛ ~ܲy@˝Ãï˛yñ xyl%àï˛ƒñ !lÎ˚Ùyl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛y ~•z à%îà%!°Ó˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# •Î˚ ï˛y
ˆòáy•z !¢«˛yÓ˚ ܲyç–
§Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ o%ï˛ x@˝Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓlÎy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ– Ü,˛!£Ïñ
!¢“ñ ôÙ≈ñ §yÙy!çܲ !Ólƒy§ñ !¢«˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò §ÙhflÏ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ~ˆÏ§ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ– ~•z §y!Ó≈ܲ
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ xyô%!lܲï˛y– !ܲv ~•z xyô%!lܲ ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ §Ó!ܲS%È•z Óƒ!=˛ ç#ÓˆÏl xy¢#Ó≈yò lÎ˚–
ç#Ól ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Ùyl%£Ï Î!ò ˆ§•z ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §yÌ≈ܲ˲yˆÏÓ x!˲ˆÏÎyçl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ly
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° §¡õ)î≈ §Ùyç ÓƒÓfiÌy•z ˆË˛ˆÏ. ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ– ˆÎ §ÙyˆÏç ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §%!l!ò≈T˛ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ˆl•z
ˆ§ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ §Çàë˛l!ê˛•z ò%Ó° ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ï˛y•z ≤ÈïÏ ˛ƒÜ˛ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ Ü˛ï≈˛Óƒ •° ˆÎ xyàyÙ#!òˆÏlÓ˚ lyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚
§ÙyˆÏç ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ÎÌyÎÌ˲yˆÏÓ xyÎ˚_ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛y
ˆòGÎ˚y– §yÙy!çܲ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !òܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y ܲyÙƒ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô •° §%lyà!Ó˚ܲï˛yñ !ÓŸªhflÏï˛yñ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yñ
fl∫yÌ≈ï˛ƒyà •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~•z Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôà%ˆÏ°y §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ G ˙!ï˛ˆÏ•ƒÓ˚ ôyÓ˚ܲ G Óy•Ü˛– Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚
fiÌy!Î˚c G à!ï˛¢#°ï˛y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá– !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô !Óܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó%̊c˛õ)î≈
~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ ˆòáy •ˆÏFSÈ–
§,!T˛Ó˚ xy!òÎ%à ˆÌˆÏܲ•z Ùyl%£Ï ò°ÓÂô˲yˆÏÓ Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ §Ü˛° Ùyl%£Ï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly!òl ~ܲ•z
˲y£ÏyÎ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰ!l– ~ܲ•z ôÙ≈ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚!lñ ï˛y §ˆÏ_¥G Î%à Î%à ôˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚
§Ùï˛y ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ ~ܲê˛y•z ܲyÓ˚îñ çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ ~ÓÇ çyï˛#Î˚ xyl%àï˛ƒ– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Îál
˙ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ çyà!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏܲ çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ ÓˆÏ°– xyô%!lܲܲyˆÏ° ~•z ÙˆÏly˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ §¡±§yÓ˚î
~ܲyhs˝ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ– !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛!òàˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ ~ˆÏl !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛y•z ~ܲ
Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝y xlƒ Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ á%Ó §•ˆÏç ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛y•z xï˛ƒhs˝ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •ˆÏÎ˚
˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyô xÌ≈yÍ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ xlƒylƒ §Ùyç ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ !lˆÏçÓ˚ §ÙyçˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô
ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ !ÓŸªÈüÈÙylÓ §ÙyˆÏç !lˆÏçÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ xÓòyl §¡õˆÏܲ≈ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l •ˆÏÎ˚ !ÓŸª¢y!hs˝ G ˜Ùe#Ó˚ çlƒ ˆã˛T˛y
ܲÓ˚y•z •° xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyô– ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Ùyl%£Ï ˆÎ!òl ˲yÓˆÏï˛ !¢áˆÏÓ ˛˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ Îy !ܲS%È Ë˛y° ï˛yÓ˚
x!ôܲyÓ˚# ˆ§ ~ÓÇ Îy !ܲS%È áyÓ˚y˛õ ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒG òyÎ˚# ˆ§– ˆ§!òl ˆÌˆÏܲ•z §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏܲ §%®Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
ÙˆÏly˲yÓ çyà!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÓ– !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚•z §yÌ≈ܲ˲yˆÏÓ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z˲yÓ çy@˝Ãï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
 !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)• 147

≤ÃÌÙ ~ܲܲ
§•ÈüÈ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°ı xÌ≈ñ í˛zˆj
Ï ¢ƒ§Ù)•ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆËÏ ˛òñ
!¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛y
(Co-curricular Activities : Meaning, Objectives,
Classification, Importance in Education )

Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Introduction)ı
!¢«˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyñ §yÙy!çܲ ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà# G ç#Ólyò¢≈ñ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAà ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ù)° °«˛ƒ !SÈ° !ܲS%È K˛yl xç≈l ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏl !ܲS%È K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓyV˛y ã˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚
ˆòGÎ˚y– ܲyˆÏç•z K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ !Óhfl,Ï!ï˛ âê˛yˆÏly•z !SÈ° !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ– ï˛ál !¢«˛y!Óò‰ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲê˛y
ôyÓ˚îy !SÈ° ˆÎñ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ Î!ò ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y ã˛ã≈˛yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ
!¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ¢!=˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ç#Ól í˛zß¨ï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚ψÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚
Ùyl!§Ü˛ ¢,C°yÓyò (Theory of Formal Discipline)– ~•z !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚y ÙôƒÎ%à ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ÓÇ¢
¢ï˛y!∑Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ò¢Ü˛ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚yˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ!˚ SÈ°– Ê˛ˆÏ°ñ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙ ˆ§§Ó !Ó£ÏΈ˚ ÜÏ ˛!wܲ
x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏï˛y ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÏÓ˚ï˛– !ܲv xyô%!lܲܲyˆÏ°
!¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe xˆÏlܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe lï%˛l lï%˛l ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ≤ÃÓï≈˛l •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !¢«˛y
Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ù)°ï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ñ !¢¢%Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yˆÏܲ– Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ §Ó≈yAà#l !Óܲy¢ ¢%ô%Ùye
Ùyl!§Ü˛ à%îyÓ!°Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ myÓ˚y ÓyhflÏÓy!Î˚ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ï˛y•z xyô%!lܲܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ !¢«˛y!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ !¢«˛yÓ˚
~ܲÙye °«˛ƒ •ˆÏÓ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ §Ó≈yAà#l ç#Ól !Óܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y– ~•z !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !òܲà%ˆÏ°y •°ÈüüÈ Ùyl!§Ü˛
!Óܲy¢ (Mental Development)ñ ˜ò!•Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ (Physical Development) ñ xyôƒy!dܲ !Óܲy¢ (Spiri-
tual Development)ñ ܲÙ≈ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ (Vocational Development)ñ §yÙy!çܲ !Óܲy¢ (Social
Development)ñ xÓ§Ó˚Îy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ §Ùï˛yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ (Development in the Use of Leisure Time)
≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ~•z °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §yÙO§ƒ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáñ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ G ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ lï%˛l
lï%˛l ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ≤ÃÓï≈˛l •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ~•z ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy •° ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Óc%˚ ˛õ)î≈ §ÇˆÏÎyçl–
xÌ≈ (Meaning)ı
!¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe §•ÈüÈ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎy≈Ó!° ~Ó˚ lyÙ myÓ˚y !¢«˛y!ÓòÓ˚y ˆÓyV˛yˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õyë˛ƒ
!Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y ã˛ã≈˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAà !¢¢%Ó˚ §Ó≈yAà#l !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlƒ ˆá°yô%°yñ !Óï˛Ü≈˛ñ x!˲lÎ˚ñ lyã˛ÈüÈàyl G !Ó!˲ߨ
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó,!_Ù)°Ü˛ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ xl%¢#°l §Ùyl à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– Ú§•Û Ó°ˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe §•ˆÏÎyà# ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ lyñ Ú§•Û Ó°ˆÏï˛
˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛˛ ˛Ü˛yÎ≈yÓ°#ˆÏܲ•z ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚–˛ õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛˛ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°ˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚#
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 148
≤Ãôyl ò%!ê˛ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ Ë˛yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y ܲyç ˆÜ˛ àï˛yl%à!ï˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆ◊!î ܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚y
ÎyÎ˚– ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° (Class Room Activities) Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ
˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ xhs˲)≈=˛ ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y ܲyç ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚– ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ó!•/ˆÏ◊!îàï˛ Ü˛yÎ≈yÓ!°
(Out of Class Room Activities) Ó°y ÎyÎ˚– !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ç#Ól !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlƒ ˆ◊!î xhsË≈˛)=˛ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚
ˆÎÙl ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ Èñ ˆï˛Ù!l Ó!•/ˆÏ◊!îàï˛ Ü˛yç à%ˆ°
Ï y G §Ùyl à%Óc%˚ ˛õ)î–≈ ï˛y•z !¢«˛y!ÓK˛yˆÏl Ú§•ÈüÈ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ
ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Û ܲÌy!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛˛ §•ÈüÈ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ à%Ó˚%c xˆÏlܲ
Óƒy˛õܲ– §Ùß∫!Î˚ï˛ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆÎ xÇ¢ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ˲yˆÏÓ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó°y
•Î˚ §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù– ~!ê˛ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ xÇ¢ Óy Ó!•Ë%≈˛=˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ,Ìܲ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ lÎ˚– §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ùñ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ Ù)°
§Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛˛ x!Ó!FSÈߨ xAà–
ÙˆÏly!Óò ~•zã˛É~lÉ!Ó˚˲!°l §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ §ÇK˛y !òˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ӈϰˆÏSÈlÈüü ˆÎ §Ü˛° ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°
!¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAà ï˛yÓ˚ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ !Óܲy¢ ~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚y˛õÓ˚ ç#Ól !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !òܲ à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛
§y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚ §•ÈüÈ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°–
(H. N. Rivlin- The activities which contribute to the pupils’ complete and
comprehensive development along with our traditional effort for intellectual development
may be called Co-curricular activities.)
§yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆÎ §Ó ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚
Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §•yÎ˚ܲ •Î˚– ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ §•ˆÏÎyà# G•z §Ó ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ Ú§•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ
ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Û– Ú§•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Û ~•z ܲÌyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ í˛zߨï˛ñ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒÙÎ˚ ܲyÎy≈Ó!° G x!˲K˛ï˛y §Ù)•ˆÏܲ
ˆÓyV˛yˆÏly •Î˚ÈüüÈ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ lÎ˚ !ܲv ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y !¢«˛Ì≈#Ó˚ ˜ò!•Ü˛ñ Ùyl!§Ü˛˛ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ G ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£ÏˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒñ ï˛yˆÏܲ §yÙy!çܲ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ G ˆÎyàƒ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ
§ˆÏÓ≈y˛õ!Ó˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚e àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈– ܲyˆÏç•z §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎy≈Ó!° ˆÓyV˛ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ÎÌyÎÌ ~ÓÇ §Ó≈yAà#l !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlƒ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ñ ˛õ%!ÌÑàï˛ !Óòƒy
SÈyí˛¸yñ ˆÎ §Ü˛° ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y xÇ¢ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§•zà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ•z Ó°y •Î˚ Ú§•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Û
ˆÎÙlÈüü ˆá°yô%°yñ àylÓyçlyñ ܲ!Óï˛yÈüÈxyÓ,!_ñ x!˲lÎ˚ñ !Óï˛Ü≈˛ñ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyñ ˆ§!ÙlyÓ˚ñ ˛õ!eܲy ˛≤Ãܲy¢lyñ
xy°˛õlyòylñ !ã˛eyAܲl ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛–
í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ §Ù)• (Objectives)ı
!¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ §Ó≈yAà#l !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlƒ §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ï˛y !¢«˛y!Óòàî fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ Èl–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ ~•z §Ó ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ à%Ó˚%c !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ x˛õ!Ó˚§#Ù– ~•z §Ó ܲyÎ≈ ȈΠˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚
˜ò!•Ü˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y lÎ˚ñ ~à%ˆÏ°y !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ñ §yÙy!çܲñ ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ G
§y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ xˆÏlܲà%ˆÏ°y í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ xyˆÏSÈ– l#ˆÏã˛ !ܲS%È í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y
•°ÈüüüÈ
 !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)• 149
å1ä ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ !Óܲy¢ (Physical Development)ı §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ xhs˝Ë˛% =≈ ˛ •° ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ã˛ã˛≈yñ
!Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆá°yô%°yñ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÙyçˆÏ§ÓyÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyçñ ˆÎÙl NCC ≤Ã!¢«˛îñ NSS ≤Ã!¢«˛îñ
NSS ~Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲÙ≈§)ã˛#ñ flÒyí˛zê˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~à%ˆÏ°y !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ã˛ã≈˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ !Óܲy¢ âˆÏê˛–
ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !¢«˛yÌ≈# §%fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# •Î˚–
å2ä Ùyl!§Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ (Mental Development)ı ˆò• G Ùl ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛– §%fiÌ
ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÌyˆÏܲ §%fiÌ Ùl– ˜ò!•Ü˛ Óy ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ !Óܲy¢ ÎÌyÎÌ •ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– !Ó!˲ߨ
≤ÃܲyÓ˚ §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°ñ ˆÎÙlÈüÈ ˆá°yô%ˆÏ°yñ àylÈüÈÓyçlyñ ܲ!Óï˛y xyÓ,!_ñ x!˲lÎ˚ñ !Óï≈˛Ü˛ñ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyñ
ˆ§!ÙlyÓ˚ñ ˛õ!eܲy ≤Ãܲy¢lyñ xy°˛õlyòylñ !ã˛eyAàî ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ ΈÏÌT˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
˲)!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ùyl!§Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ ÎÌyÎÌ •ˆÏ° ï˛y ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢«˛y@˝Ã•îˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ G cÓ˚y!ß∫ï˛˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
å3ä §yÙy!çܲ !Óܲy¢ (Social Development)ı !¢«˛yÌ≈# !¢«˛y°Î˚ ï˛Ìy !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ !¢«˛y°yˆÏ˲Ó˚
çlƒ– !Óòƒy°Î˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yˆÏܲ §Ùyç ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ܲˆÏÓ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛yˆÏ°–
ï˛y•z !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÎÙl x!˲lÎ˚ñ ˆÎÔÌ ≤ÈÏçQñ ˆÎÔÌ Ü˛yÎ≈yÓ!°ñ
N.C.C, N.S.S ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ò°#Î˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §yÙy!çܲ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !òܲ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ
˜ï˛Ó˚# ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ §yÙy!çܲ !Óܲy¢ âˆÏê˛–
å4ä xyd!ÓŸªy§ àë˛l (Formation of Self-Confidence)ı §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyd!ÓŸªy§ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°y– !¢¢%Ó˚y ≤Ã̈ÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°
ÌyˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ܲyˆÏ° !Óòƒy°Î˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ¢%Óˆ%˚ ïÏ ˛ ï˛yÓ˚y !¢«˛Ü˛ !¢!«˛Ü˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° •Î˚– !ܲv §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ
ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ myÓ˚y Î!ò !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~Ùl !ܲS%È Ü˛yç ˆòGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ Îy ï˛yÓ˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ K˛yl Ó%!Âô G !ÓˆÏÓã˛lyÓ˚
myÓ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyd!lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°ï˛y ~ÓÇ xyd!ÓŸªy§ §,!T˛ •Î˚–
å5ä §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ àë˛l (Formation of Cooperation)ı !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ
!Ó!˲ߨ ܲyÎ≈yÓ°#ˆÏï˛ xÇ¢@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §•yl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ !Óܲy¢
âˆÏê˛ Îy §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ §Ùyç ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ~ܲyhs˝ ˲yˆÏÓ x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈–
å6ä ã˛y!•òy!˲!_ܲ !Óܲy¢ (Need-based Development)ı !¢«˛yÌ≈# çˆÏß√Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y
§Ω˛yÓly Óy ≤ÃÓîï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏ§– !¢¢% Îál Óí˛¸ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà !Ü ˛Î˚y G
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ xÇ¢ ˆlÎ˚ñ ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y xl%ÎyÎ˚# ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ó!˲ߨ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚– G•z ã˛y!•òyà%ˆÏ°y
˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ ly •ˆÏ° !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ x!fiÌÓ˚ï˛yÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚– !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ G•z §ÙhflÏ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛
ò,!T˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá !¢«˛yòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy !˲!_ܲ !Óܲy¢ §yôl •Î˚–
å7ä ¢,C°y àë˛l (Formation of Discipline)ı ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¢,C°y ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
!Ó£ÏÎ˚– !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏl ¢,C°yÓ˚ Ù)°ƒ xˆÏlܲ– ï˛y•z !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
¢,C°y fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ÌyˆÏܲ– Ù)°ï˛ §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 150
¢,C°y •°ÈüÈ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫/ï˛fl≥)˛ï≈˛ !lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ,!_– ˆá°yô%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ¢,C°yˆÏÓyô §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
!¢«˛y!ÓòÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ¢,C°y •°ÈüÈ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ fl∫ï˛fl≥)˛ï≈˛ !lÎ˚sfˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ,!_– ˆá°yô%°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ΈÏÌT˛ ¢,C°y
ÌyˆÏܲ– !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ˆá°yô%°yÎ˚ xÇ¢ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ¢,C°y ˆÓyô àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏ벖 !Ó!˲ߨ §Ë˛yÎ˚ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛
ˆÎyàòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° fl∫ï˛/fl≥˛)ï≈˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ¢,C°yˆÏÓyô à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–
å8ä ˆ§ÓyÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ àë˛l (Formation of Atitude Towards Help)ı !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
§•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°à%ˆÏ°y !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ§ÓyÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~lÉ ~§É ~§ñ ~lÉ !§É !§ñ
flÒyí˛zê˛ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ˆ§ÓyÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ§ÓyÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚
~ܲçl §ò§ƒ !•§yˆÏÓ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z ÙˆÏly˲yÓ à!ë˛ï˛ •GÎ˚y ~ܲyhs˝Ë˛yˆÏÓ x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈–
å9ä !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyܲ£Ï≈î (Attraction for School)ı !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ%!ÌÑàï˛ ˆ◊!î!¢«˛yˆÏï˛
xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲˆÏâˆÏÎ˚!Ù ã˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏ§– !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xˆÏlܲ !¢«˛yÌ≈# xyܲ£Ï≈îˆÏÓyô ܲˆÏÓ˚
ly– !ܲv §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒÙÎ˚ !òܲà%ˆÏ°y !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ≤ÃÓ° xy@˝Ã• §,!T˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §!Ü ˛Î˚˲yˆÏÓ xÇ¢@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y Ùyl!§Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xyl® °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ
ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° Ó•% xÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà# !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ !Óòƒy°Î˚Ù%á# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
å10ä xÓ§Ó˚ Îy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ !¢«˛y (Education for Leisure)ı §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ x˛õÓ˚
xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° §!ë˛Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xÓ§Ó˚Îy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !¢«˛y ˆòGÎ˚y– !¢¢% xÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ
!¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°ˆÏï˛ xÇ¢@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õ%!Ñ Ìàï˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ !ӣψÎÏ ˚ ˛õyÓ˚ò¢≈#
•ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ñ ˆ§•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y ˲!Ó£ÏƒÍ˛ ç#ÓˆÏl §%fiÌ˲yˆÏÓ xÓ§Ó˚Îy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ܲ •Î˚–
å11ä àîï˛y!sfܲ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ (Development of Democratic Consciousness)ı
àîï˛y!sfܲ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y !Óܲy¢ §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° à%Óc%̊ ˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ–˚ !ӈϢ£ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ù)°ƒ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ àîï˛y!sfܲ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô çy@˝Ãï˛ •Î˚– ò°#Î˚
ÙˆÏly˲yÓ àë˛lñ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §•yl%˲) !ï˛¢#° •GÎ˚y ≤Ã˲, !ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Óܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy àîï˛y!sfܲ
Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ xyÓ!¢ƒÜ˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚–
å12ä ã˛!Ó˚e àë˛l (Character Formation)ı !¢«˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó%̊c˛õ)î≈ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚e
àë˛l– §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ !Óܲy¢ âˆÏê˛– §ÍÈüÈã˛!Ó˚ˆeÏ Ó˚
x!ôܲyÓ˚# Óƒ!=˛ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ òyÓ# Ó˚yˆÏá–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈñ §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°à%ˆ° Ï y !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãܲ, ï˛ í˛zˆj
Ï ¢ƒ °yˆÏ˲ !Ó!˲ߨ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ §•yÎ˚ï˛y
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ¢%ô%Ùye ˛˛õ%Ñ!Ìàï˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ó!˲ߨ à%îyÓ°#Ó˚ §yÌ≈ܲ˲yˆÏÓ !Óܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚–
!lÎ˚ÙÙy!Ê˛Ü˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ!wܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyçà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Î!ò §%¤%˛ ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚
ï˛y•ˆÏ° !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏ òÏ Ó˚ §Ó≈yAà#l !Óܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÓ– ï˛y•z !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §%£ÙÏ !Óܲy¢ §yôˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ
ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !l/§ˆÏ®• í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ–
 !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)• 151
≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò (Classification) ı
xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !¢«˛yÓ˚ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyˆÏÎy˚ !àܲÈüÈ~•z ò%•z !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z Ó•% à%Óc%̊ ˛õ)î≈ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ–
~•z §Ó ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l xˆÏlܲê˛y xÇ¢ ç%ˆÏí˛¸ xyˆÏSÈ˛˛ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ lï%˛l ôyÓ˚îy– ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ~•z ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ xAà
!•§yˆÏÓ xyÓ˚G ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓ˚îy !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe xyô%!lܲܲyˆÏ° à%Ó%̊c ˛õyˆÏFSÈñ ï˛y •° §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy–
!¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ §Óy≈Aà#l ç#Ól !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ !¢¢%Ó˚ ˜ò!•Ü˛ñ Ùyl!§Ü˛ñ ≤Èϫ˛y!˲ܲñ
§yÙy!çܲñ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ G xyôƒy!dܲ §Ü˛° !òˆÏܲÓ˚ !Óܲy¢§yôl ܲÓ˚y !¢«˛yÓ˚ ܲyç– ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚
§Ùß∫ˆÎÏ ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ùñ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ç#Ól !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏÓy≈Ùá% # !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚
çlƒ ÓyhflÓÏ !˲!_ܲ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ !ÓhflïÏ, ˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°ˆÏܲ
ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ ܲyç SÈyí˛¸y ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ xlƒylƒ ܲyçà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~ܲˆÏe Ó°y
•Î˚ §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°– !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ à%Ó˚%c Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl xˆÏlܲ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ˆàˆÏSÈ–
ˆÎˆÏ•ï%%˛ñ ~•z ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ΈÏÌT˛
˜Ó!ã˛eƒ xyˆÏSÈ– Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ G §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ӈϢ£Ï à%Ó%̊c ˛õyÎ˚– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˆÎ
§ÙhflÏ Ü˛yç §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° !•§yˆÏÓ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y •° ÈüüüÈ
å1ä ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ã˛ã≈˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° (Physical Activities)ı ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ÈüÈã˛ã≈˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ñ
ˆ§•z §Ó ܲyçˆÏܲ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y Ù)°ï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˜ò!•Ü˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ã˛ã≈˛y
Ù)°Ü˛ ܲyç !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ÈüÈ Ü˛ï˛à%ˆÏ°y ÓƒyÎ˚yÙ Óy ¢%Âô ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ã˛ã≈˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyç ~ÓÇ Ü˛ï˛à%ˆÏ°y
xyl%¤˛y!lܲ ˆá°yô%°y ˆÎÙl ÓƒyÎ˚yÙñ !˛õ!ê˛ñ °Ççy¡õñ •y•zçy¡õñ Ê%˛ê˛Ó°ñ ˲!°Ó°ñ Óƒyí˛!Ùrê˛lñ ˆê˛!Ó° ˆê˛!l§ñ
ˆáy ˆáy ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ˆò• §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˜ò!•Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAà
Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛y Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !¢«˛y ܲ!Ù¢l åˆÜ˛yë˛yÓ˚# ܲ!Ù¢lÈüüÈ1964-66ä í˛z˛õÓ˚vñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòˆÏl
ӈϰˆÏSÈlÈüüÈ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚ !¢«˛y !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ˜ò!•Ü˛ fl∫yfĩ Ó,!ÂôˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ lyñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛yñ
Ùyl!§Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛yñ ˜ôÎ≈ñ §•l¢#°ï˛yñ ¢,C°yÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyç G §yÙy!çܲ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
å2ä !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° (Educational Activities)ı ˆÎ §Ó ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y
˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ !ӈϢ£Ï !ӈϢ£Ï ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ K˛yl xy•Ó˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˛õyÎ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚
!ӈϢ£Ï !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°– ˆÎÙlÈüü ܲ!Óï˛y ˆ°áyñ SÈ!Ó xyÑܲyñ §y!•ï˛ƒÈüÈ§Ë˛yñ !Óï˛Ü≈˛ÈüÈ§Ë˛y •zï˛ƒy!òˆÏï˛ xÇ¢
@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y ~•z çyï˛#Î˚ ܲyç– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° !¢«˛yàï˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ lyly í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ §yôl
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
å3ä §,çlydܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° (Creative Activities)ı !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ ˆÎ §Ó
ܲyÎ≈ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ §,çl¢#° à%ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §,çlydܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° ӈϰ– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°
•°ÈüüÈ x!˲lÎ˚ñ ܲ!Óï˛y xyÓ,!_ñ àylÈüÈÓyçlyñ xAܲlñ l,ï˛ƒ˜Ï¢°#ñ !Óï˛Ü≈˛ñ ï˛yÍ«˛!îܲ Ó=+˛ï˛yñ ˆ§!ÙlyÓ˚ •zï˛ƒy!ò–
~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ à%îyÓ!°Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ly®!lܲ Ó˚%!ã˛ G Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚
!Óܲy¢ âˆÏê˛–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 152
å4ä xyd≤Ãܲy¢Ù)°Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° (Activities for Self-expression)ı ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ Ü˛yÎ≈yÓ!°ˆÏï˛
xÇ¢ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
§ˆÏã˛ï˛l •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚ xyd≤Ãܲy¢Ù)°Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛zˆÏՑ჈ÏÎyàƒ •°ÈüÈ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚Ù)°Ü˛
ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°ñ !Ó!˲ߨ §Ç@˝Ã•¢y°y ºÙîñ Ó,«˛ˆÏÓ˚y˛õî í˛zÍ§Ó ˛õy°l •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~•z §ÙhflÏ Ü˛yˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#
!lˆÏçˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˛õyÎ˚–
å5ä §yÙy!çܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° (Social Activities)ı ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyç !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ §yÙy!çܲ
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ §yÙy!çܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ •°Èüü Ó˚=˛òyl !¢!ÓÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyñ §y«˛Ó˚ï˛y ܲÙ≈§ã) ˛#Ó˚ ÓyhflÓÏ yÎ˚lñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ¢ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y ܲÙ≈§!) ã˛ ≤Ã˲, !ï˛– ~à%ˆ°
Ï y SÈyí˛¸yG !Óòƒy°Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚FSÈßï¨ ˛y
!Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°ñ !Ó!˲ߨ çyï˛#Î˚ !òÓ§ í˛zò‰Îy˛õlñ ~lÉ !§É !§ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ Ùï˛ Ü˛yçà%ˆÏ°y !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà §yÙy!çܲ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
§•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ ˆÎ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yà ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl !l!ò≈T˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˆl•z– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ ˆÎ
ܲyçà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲÌy í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ myÓ˚y !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùye ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ âˆÏê˛ ly– ~ܲ•z
ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˜ò!•Ü˛ñ Ùyl!§Ü˛ G §yÙy!çܲ !Óܲy¢ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÎˆÏܲyl ܲyç•z !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚
§•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyç !•§yˆÏÓ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚y ˆ•yܲ ly ˆÜ˛lñ ï˛yÓ˚ §%˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ˆÎÙlÈüüÈ §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ
ܲyç !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ܲÌy !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ !l!ò≈T˛ ÓƒyÎ˚yÙ xÌÓy
ˆá°yô%°y !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚yˆÏly ÎyÎ˚ lyñ ܲyÓ˚î ˜ò!•Ü˛
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛y•z !ӈϢ£Ï !ӈϢ£Ï !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ çlƒ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ ÓƒyÎ˚yÙñ
ˆá°yô%°y !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏÓ– !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛yÓ˚ (Time-Table) ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z çyï˛#Î˚ ܲyç ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚
çlƒ !l!ò≈T˛ §ÙÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚ÈüÈ!¢«˛yÓ˚ ܲyç Îál ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ï˛ál §Ü˛° !¢«˛yÌ≈# ~ܲ•z §ˆÏAà xÇ¢
@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– !¢«˛Ü˛ ˆÎÙl ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ ܲyç ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ˆï˛Ù!l ~•z ܲyçG ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl– ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyç ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚ xlƒylƒ ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ Ùï˛•z– ï˛y•z í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚
!˲!_ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yˆÏçÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !lô≈yÓ˚îñ ˆ§•z ܲyç ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°l ~ÓÇ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚lñ ~•z
ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ü ˛ˆÏÙ §¡õyòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚–
!¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛y (Importance of Education)ı
!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §ÙhflÏ !¢«˛y!ÓòÓ˚y ~ܲÙï˛ ˆ˛õy£Ïî
ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ Èl– ˆ§•z ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°ˆÏܲ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ܲÙ≈§ã) ˛#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyÓ!¢ƒÜ˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xhs˝Ë˛%≈ =˛
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° lyly !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛y ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ
§yÌ≈ܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §Ê˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛G §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ
ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛yà%ˆÏ°y •°ÈüüÈ
å1ä §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° !¢¢%Ó˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ã˛y!•òy G ≤ÃÓîï˛yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛Æ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛
!¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z çß√àï˛ !ܲS%È ≤ÃÓîï˛y G ã˛y!•òy ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ã˛y!•òy G ≤ÃÓîï˛yà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ï,˛!ÆÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚
 !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)• 153
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §Ùï˛y ÓçyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ Óƒ!=˛ §_yÓ˚ §%£ÏÙ !Óܲy¢ •Î˚– !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ¢%ô%Ùye ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ
!Ó£ÏΧ˚ Ù)• ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ã˛y!•òyà%ˆ°
Ï yˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛, Æ Ü˛Ó˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°à%ˆ°
Ï yÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ ÌyܲyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !¢«˛yÌ≈# ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy ˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛Æ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ ≤ÃÓîï˛y!˲!_ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ àˆÏí˛¸
ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
å2ä !¢«˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° àîï˛y!sfܲ §ÙyˆÏç Ó§ÓyˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛î
ˆòGÎ˚y– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈# ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ !lçfl∫ fl∫yï˛sfƒ ÓçyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá §Ùyç ç#ÓˆÏl §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §ˆÏAà !وϰ!وϢ
Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˆòGÎ˚y !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ– !¢«˛yÓ˚ ~•z òy!Î˚c §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚y §•ç •Î˚– ò°àï˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y Îál !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyˆÏç xÇ¢ @˝Ã•î
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ó!˲ߨ à%îyÓ!°Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ •Î˚– ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §ÙˆÏÓòly G §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ
!¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏ벖
å3ä !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ xyd!ÓŸªy§ àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° xï˛ƒhs˝ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y
!Ó!˲ߨ §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°ˆÏï˛ xÇ¢ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !lˆÏçÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l •Î˚ xÌ≈yÍ ~•z
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyç !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ xyd§ˆÏã˛ï˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ° ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyd!ÓŸªy§ çy!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°–
~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyd§ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y ~ÓÇ xyd!ÓŸªy§ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ˲yˆÏÓ ç#ÓlÈüÈ!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §•yÎ˚ܲ–
å4ä §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ~ܲˆÏâˆÏÎ˚!Ù ò)Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛
!Ó£ÏÎ˚à%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˜Ó!ã˛e xylˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ê˛ˆÏ° xyl®òyÎ˚ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ !¢«˛yܲyÎ≈ §¡õy!òï˛ •Î˚–
å5ä §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ ܲyˆÏç xy@˝Ã• §M˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ˆÎ ܲyç !lˆÏç
§M˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§Ü˛yˆÏç ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xy@˝Ã• ˆÓ¢# ÌyˆÏܲ– §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°ˆÏï˛ xÇ¢ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚
!¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •Î˚– Ê˛ˆÏ°ñ !Ó!˲ߨ x!˲K˛ï˛y xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
xy@˝Ã• fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚–
å6ä !ܲS%È !ܲS%È §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyçñ !¢ál §•yÎ˚ܲ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î (Teaching Aids) !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ÙˆÏly!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !ÓÙ)ï≈˛K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ Ó›ˆÏܲ Ù)ï˛≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
!¢ál ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# •Î˚– !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒ !Ó!˲ߨ !ÓÙ)ï˛≈ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ
!Ó£ÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl •z!wÎ˚@˝Ãy•ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
å7ä §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xhs˝ç≈yï˛ ¢,C°yˆÏÓyô àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ
ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ !ܲS%È !lÎ˚Ù Ü˛yl%l xyˆÏSÈ– ˆ§•z ܲyˆÏç xÇ¢ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ ˙ §ÙhflÏ !lÎ˚Ùà%ˆÏ°y ˆÙˆÏl ã˛°ˆÏï˛
•Î˚– Ê˛ˆÏ°ñ ~•z §Ó ܲyˆÏç xÇ¢ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !lÎ˚Ù¢,C°y ˆÙˆÏl ã˛°yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y àˆÏí˛¸
í˛zˆÏ벖
å8ä §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó,!_Ù)°Ü˛ ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ–˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚
§•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ §ˆÏAà !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó,!_Ù)°Ü˛ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆÎyà xyˆÏSÈ– Ê˛ˆÏ° !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ~•z
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 154
§ÙhflÏ Ü˛yˆÏç xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˲!Ó£ÏƒÍ˛ Ó,!_Ù%á# ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈#ܲyˆÏ° ç#!Óܲy xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚
˛õÌ ≤âhflÏ •Î˚– ~•z !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛y x˛õ!Ó˚§#Ù–
å9ä §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°ˆÏï˛ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˲!Ó£Í ç#ÓˆÏl xÓ§Ó˚ܲy°#l
§ÙÎ˚ ܲyê˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ §%fiÌ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° xyÎ˚_ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲÙ≈ç#ÓˆÏl !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ !ܲS%È xÓ§Ó˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z
xÓ§Ó˚ §%fiÌ˲yˆÏÓ Îy˛õl ܲÓ˚y fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !òܲ– ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ
ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §%fiÌ ç#Ól !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
å10ä §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ xl%¢#°l !¢«˛Ü˛ÈüÈ!¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ¢# ≤ÃyîÓhs˝ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°–
!¢«˛Ü˛ÈüÈ!¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ §•ç G Ùô%Ó˚ •Î˚ñ !¢«˛yòyl ~ÓÇ !¢«˛y@˝Ã•î ~•z ò%!ê˛ Ü˛yç ˲yˆÏ°y •Î˚– §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ
ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ myÓ˚y !¢«˛Ü˛ G !¢«˛yÌ≈# ܲÙ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ §•ç˲yˆÏÓ xÇ¢ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
§¡õÜ≈˛ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ˲yˆÏÓ !¢«˛y ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ (Conclusion)ı
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ ~•z xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ §yôˆÏl !Ó!˲ߨ !òܲ
ˆÌˆÏܲ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ¢%ô%Ùye ˛õÑ%!Ìàï˛ !Óòƒy !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ xyô%!lܲ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ܲˆÏÓ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
ly– §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°ˆÏï˛ xÇ¢ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y xyô%!lܲ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛yͲõÎ≈˛õ)î≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– ï˛y•z ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ
ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ≤ÃÓï≈˛l ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏ° ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚y ~ܲyhs˝ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl– ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ G Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙ
~•z ˆã˛T˛y•z ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~áyˆÏlñ ܲÙ≈!˲!_ܲ !¢«˛y (Work Education), §Ùyç ˆ§Óy (Social Service),
¢yÓ˚#Ó˚ !¢«˛y (Physical Education) •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ Ùï˛ Ü˛yçˆÏܲ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z §Ó ܲyç
ˆÜ˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆÎÙl xyÓ!¢ƒÜ˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆï˛Ù!l ~•z §Ó ܲyç ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ òy!Î˚c
xyÓ!¢ƒÜ˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– C. C. E. (Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation) !¢«˛y ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛G
ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ܲ!ê˛ •° Scholastic ~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚!ê˛ •° Co-Scholastic !¢«˛y ˛õÂô!ï˛– ~•z
Co-Scholastic ˛õÂô!ï˛ •° §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚)˛õ Îy §Ó≈e fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Î!ò ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yÌ≈# í˛z˲ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆëÏ ˛ ï˛y•ˆÏ° §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ
ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ §%%Ê˛° ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–˛
 !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)• 155

!mï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ
¢,C°y G fl∫yô#lï˛yı xÌ≈ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆËÏ ˛òñ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ~Ó˚ à%Óc%˚
(Discipline and Freedom: Meaning, Types, Importance in
Education)

Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Introduction)ı
!¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌy ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ˲yÓôyÓ˚yÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á •ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ~•z Ó˚ܲÙ
~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛yÓÙ)°Ü˛ mˆÏ®µÓ˚ §rôyl ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ¢,C°y G fl∫yô#lï˛y ò%!ê˛ ôyÓ˚îyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z ò%!ê˛ ôyÓ˚îy §yôyÓ˚îï˛
˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#– !ܲv !¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ~•z ò%!ê˛ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy xyˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ~ܲÌy §Ü˛° !¢«˛y!Óò
fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSlÈ– !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ¢,C°y fiÌy˛õl Óy !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛y x!˲Ù%á# xyã˛Ó˚î §¡õyòˆÏl xl%≤Ãy!îï˛
ܲÓ˚y !¢«˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ §Ù§ƒy– !¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ Ó˚)˛õ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !¢«˛y!Óòàî ¢,C°y fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚
§Ù§ƒy xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !¢«˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚yáy •ˆÏÓ Óy ˛õ)î≈
fl∫yô#lï˛y ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÓñ ~!ê˛G !SÈ° §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ xlƒylƒ §ÙhflÏ §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ Ùï˛ ¢,C°y G
fl∫yô#lï˛y §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe G §Ùyôyl á%шÏç ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¢,C°y
G fl∫yô#lï˛y ~•z ò%!ê˛ ôyÓ˚îy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ–
xÌ≈ (Meaning)ı
≤Ãyã˛#l ôyÓ˚îy xl%ÎyÎ˚# ¢,C°yı ≤Ãyã˛#l ôyÓ˚îy xl%ÎyÎ˚# ¢,C°y !SÈ°ñ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓ˚y!˛õï˛ xyã˛Ó˚î
!lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°– !¢«˛y ï˛ál !SÈ° ˛õ%Ñ!Ì!lË≈˛Ó˚– !¢«˛Ü˛ÈüÈˆÜ˛!wܲ !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ó=˛ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛
ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ xlƒylƒ xyã˛Ó˚î !lÎ˚sîf ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl !SÈ°– ≤Ãyã˛#l ôyÓ˚îy xl%ÎyÎ˚# Ú¢y§lÛ
Óy ÚòÙlˆÏܲ•zÛ ¢,C°y !•§yˆÏÓ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏï˛y– §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ x≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ñ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ òÙll#!ï˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
x˛õ§yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~à%ˆÏ°y !SÈ° ≤Ãyã˛#l ôyÓ˚îy–
òÙlÙ)°Ü˛ ï˛_¥ (Repressionistic Theory) ˆÜ˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l ôyÓ˚îy xl%ÎyÎ˚# @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~•z Ùï˛
xl%ÎyÎ˚# !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚î !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° xl%¢y§ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ˛õyˆÏë˛Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y xl%¢y§l
ˆÙˆÏl ly ã˛°ˆÏ° ¢y!hflÏ ˆòGÎ˚y •ï˛ xÌ≈yÍ ~•z Ùï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ¢,C°y fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲÙye í˛z˛õyÎ˚ !SÈ° ˜ò!•Ü˛
˛õ#í˛¸l– Ó°y •ˆÏï˛y Spare the Rod and Spoil the Child xÌ≈yÍ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ïò!•Ü˛ ˛õ#í˛¸l ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°
!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ¢,C°y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáy ÎyˆÏÓ lyñ ~•z !SÈ° ôyÓ˚îy– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ òÙl Ù)°Ü˛ ï˛ˆÏcÓ˚ Ù)° ܲÌy !SÈ° ¢,C°y
!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏ°ñ ˜ò!•Ü˛ !lÎ≈yï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ x≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚ xyã˛Ó˚îà%ˆ°
Ï yˆÏܲ òÙl ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛
•ˆÏÓ– ¢,C°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~•z ôyÓ˚îy ÙôƒÎ%à#Î˚ !¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌy ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ !SÈ°– xT˛yò¢ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ !Ó!¢T˛
!ã˛hs˝y!Óò Ó˚%шϢy §Ó≈≤ÃÌÙ ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô ≤Ã!ï˛Óyò ܲˆÏÓ˚l– !ï˛!l ÙÏôƒÎ%à#Î˚ §Ùyç G !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚
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e%!ê˛à%ˆÏ°y ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚l– !ï˛!l ï˛yÑÓ˚ Ú~!Ù°Û @˝ÃˆÏrÌ ÓˆÏ°ˆÏSÈlñ ¢,C°y Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ !lÎ≈yï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆl•z–
!¢«˛yÓ˚ fl∫yˆÏÌ≈•z !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yçܲÙ≈ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ñ
!¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ˲y°Ù® !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î §ÇˆÏ¢yôl ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ xÓyô fl∫yô#lï˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
¢,C°y fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚#!ï˛ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ÚxÓyô ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ï˛_¥Û (Expressionistic Theory)– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ
~•z Ùï˛ÓyòˆÏܲ §Ó≈çl#l ˆ«˛ˆÏe á%Ó ˆÓ¢# ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚!l– ï˛y•z ~•z ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !Óܲ“ !•§yˆÏÓ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
Ùï˛Óyò àˆÏí˛¸ GˆÏë˛ ÎyˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ÈüÈ Ú≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ï˛_¥Û (Impressionistic Theory)– ~•zÈ ï˛ˆÏ_¥ ¢,C°y
fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙôƒÓï≈˛# ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ¢,C°y fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛Ü˛ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ùl
˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓlñ ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢¢% ~ê˛y í˛z˛õ°!kô ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ !¢«˛Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲS%È ã˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚
!òˆÏFSÈl– !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î ˆÜ˛ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ §%¢,C°y ç#Ól Îy˛õl
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
xyô%!% lܲ ôyÓ˚îy xl%ÎyÎ˚# ¢,C°yı
Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !¢«˛y !¢«˛yÌ≈#ÈüÈˆÜ˛!wܲ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ !lçfl∫ ã˛y!•òyñ xy@˝Ã•ñ ≤ÃÓîï˛yñ «˛Ùï˛y •zï˛ƒy!òˆÏܲ
§ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ¢# à%Ó˚%c ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ã˛y!•òy G ˆ≤ãÏîyˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏç °y!àˆÏÎ˚ ˛õyë˛òyl ˛õÂô!ï˛
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– xyÓyÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ fl∫yô#lï˛yˆÏܲG G @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒ l#!ï˛ !•§yˆÏÓ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ xy˛õl ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ñ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ !lÎ˚ˆÏÙ !¢«˛y @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– xyô%!lܲ ôyÓ˚îy xl%ÎyÎ˚# ¢,C°y ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ Óy
˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xyˆÏÓ˚y!˛õï˛ ˆÜ˛yl !lÎ˚sfî lÎ˚– ¢,C°y •° xyd!lÎ˚sfî (Self-control)– !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y fl∫y˲y!Óܲ
˲yˆÏÓ §!Ü ˛Î˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õSÈ® ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yˆÏܲ ÓyÑôy ˆòGÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ lÎ˚– §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y
x!˲K˛ï˛y xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z x!˲K˛ï˛yà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y ã˛y!•òy ï,˛!ƈÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyl® ˆòÎ˚– fl∫y˲y!Óܲ !lÎ˚ˆÙÏ ˆÎ xyã˛Ó˚îà%ˆ° Ï y ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy ˛õ)Óî˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xyl®òyÎ˚ܲ
ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y•z !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ê˛y •° §yôyÓ˚î ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !lÎ˚Ù– xyô%!lܲܲyˆÏ° ¢,C°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
ôyÓ˚îy àë˛ˆÏl ~•z l#!ï˛ˆÏܲ•z ܲyˆÏç °yàyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !¢«˛yÌ≈# ï˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xyd!lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚
˛õˆÏÌ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ¢,C°y fiÌy!˛õï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ¢,C°y Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓ˚y!˛õï˛ lÎ˚ó
xyd!lÎ˚sˆf îÏ Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ xhs˝Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͧy!Ó˚ï˛– ï˛y•z ~ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛ ¢,C°y (Spontaneous
Discipline) Óy Ù%=˛ ¢,C°y (Free Discipline)– ~•z ¢,C°y ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl §¡øï˛– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ xyô%!lܲ ôyÓ˚îy
xl%ÎyÎ˚# ¢,C°y •° !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yÈüÈ!˲!_ܲ fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛ xyd!lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y–
xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛y!ÓòàˆÏîÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy xl%ÎyÎ˚#ÈüüÈ fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ xhs˝Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
flõ,•yÓ˚ ï˛yí˛¸lyÎ˚ ˆÎ xyd!lÎ˚sfî ï˛y•z •° ¢,C°y– !¢«˛y!Óò §ƒyÓ˚ ˛õy!¢≈lyl‰ ӈϰˆÏSÈlÈüü xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ !Ó¢,C°y
ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyd!lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÎ flõ,•y çy@˝Ãï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ•z ¢,C°y Ó°y •Î˚–
¢,C°yÓ˚ ~•z ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ ò%!ê˛ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– ≤ÃÌÙï˛ñ Îy ˲y° lÎ˚ Óy xy˛õyï˛ ò,!T˛ˆÏï˛ Ù® ï˛yˆÏܲ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ
˲yˆÏÓ ï˛ƒyà ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y– !mï˛#Î˚ï˛ñ Îy !ܲS%È Ë˛y° ~ÓÇ @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒ ï˛yˆÏܲ §•ç˲yˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ Ó°y
ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ¢,C°y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚yñ xyã˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ xyd!lÎ˚sfî–
 !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)• 157
¢,C°yÓ˚ xyô%!lܲ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ≤ÃÓï≈˛Ü˛ •ˆÏ°l Ó%̊шϢy (Roussesu)– ï˛yÑÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !¢¢% fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ˲yˆÏÓ !l‹õy˛õ–
ˆ§ fl∫˲yÓï˛•z fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ çß√yÎ˚ !ܲv §Ùyç ï˛yˆÏܲ lyly Ó˚Ü˛Ù !Ó!ô!lˆÏ£ÏˆÏôÓ˚ ¢,C°yÎ˚ xyÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z Ü,˛!eÙ
¢,C°y !¢¢%Ó˚ fl∫yô#l Óƒ!=˛c !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ Óyôy fl∫Ó˚)˛õ– !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ï˛y•z xÓyô fl∫yô#lï˛y !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚
ܲyˆÏSÈ ˛Óyôy ˆ˛õˆÏ° !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ˲yˆÏÓ ¢,C°y ˆÓyô çyàˆÏÓ– Úxyà%ˆÏl •yï˛ !òˆÏ° •yï˛ ˆ˛õyˆÏí˛¸Û üüÈ ~•z
x!˲K˛ï˛y !¢¢% xyà%ˆÏl •yï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ !¢¢% x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÎ
¢,C°yˆÏÓyô xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ï˛y !ã˛Ó˚fiÌyÎ˚# •ˆÏÓ– ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÓˆÏ°ˆÏSÈlÈüüÈ ÚÜ˛ÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ l#Ó˚Óï˛yˆÏܲ ¢,C°y
ӈϰ lyÛ– !¢¢%Ó˚y Ú!˛õl!ÓÂô ~ܲ§y!Ó˚ ≤Ãçy˛õ!ï˛Û •ˆÏÎ˚ !lŸã˛° •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ ~ˆÏܲ ¢,C°y Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ï˛y•z
xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛y˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ í˛yŒê˛l ≤’ƒylñ ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# ˛õÂô!ï˛ñ !ܲ°˛õƒy!ê˛∆ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÈÏçQ ˛õÂô!ï˛ñ !•í˛z!Ó˚!T˛Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛
xyhs˝ç≈yï˛ ¢,C°y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò (Types)ı
!¢«˛y!Óòàî ¢,C°yˆÏܲ ò%!ê˛ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ Ë˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ÎÌy xhs˝ç≈yï˛ ¢,C°y (Internal Discipline)
~ÓÇ Ó!•ç≈yï˛ ¢,C°y (External Discipline)–
å1ä xhs˝ç≈yï˛ ¢,C°y (Internal Discipline)ı Îál ˆÜ˛yl ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#
fl∫ï˛/≤ÈîÏ y!òï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛ï˛à%ˆ°
Ï y §%!l!ò≈T˛ !lÎ˚Ùܲyl%l ˆÙˆÏl ã˛ˆÏ° ܲyÓ˚G ≤ÈÓÏ y˚ ã˛ly Óy ¢y§l SÈyí˛¸y•z !¢«˛yÌ≈# ܲyç!ê˛ˆÏï˛
!lˆÏçÓ˚ xyhs˝!Ó˚ܲ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y !lˆÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !lˆÏç•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ !lˆÏò≈¢à%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!Ó!ôÈüÈ!lˆÏ£ÏˆÏôÓ˚ xl%¢y§l xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ ¢,C°y ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ xhs˝ç≈yï˛ ¢,C°y Ó°y
•Î˚– ~•z xhs˝ç≈yï˛ ¢,C°y !Ó!˲ߨ lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ÎÌyÈüÈ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ¢,C°y (Natural Discipline), xyd¢,C°y
(Self-discipline)ñ x!hflÓÏ yã˛Ü˛ ¢,C°y (Positive Discipline), Ù%=˛ ¢,C°y (Free Discipline) •zï˛ƒy!ò–
~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xhs˝ç≈yï˛ ¢,C°yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !Óòƒy°Î˚ñ !¢«˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°Ü˛ñ ˆÜ˛yl Óƒ!=˛ ܲyÓ˚G
ˆÜ˛yl !lÎ˚sfî Óy •hflψϫ˛˛õ ÌyˆÏܲ ly– ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy xl%ÎyÎ˚# ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ xy@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛ ˲yˆÏÓ ¢,C°y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– xhsç≈yï˛ ¢,C°y !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ fl∫yô#l G Ù%=˛ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚– ˆ§áyˆÏl
!¢«˛yÌ≈# ¢,C°yÓ˚ !lÎ˚ÙÈüÈܲyl%l ˆÙˆÏl ã˛ˆÏ° !lˆÏçÓ˚ xy@˝Ã• G ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îyÎ˚ñ ˆÜ˛yl Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ã˛yˆÏ˛õ
lÎ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÈüü Îál ˆÜ˛yl !ã˛eܲÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l SÈ!Ó xyˆÏÜÑ˛l Óy ˆÜ˛yl §%Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl
lï˛%l §%Ó˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l Óy ˆÜ˛yl ˲yflÒÓ˚ lï%˛l Ù)!ï≈˛ àˆÏí˛¸l ï˛ál ï˛yÑÓ˚y fl∫ï˛/≤ÈÏîy!òï˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z Ó•% !lÎ˚ÙÈüÈܲyl%l
ˆÙˆÏl ã˛ˆÏ°l– !ã˛eܲˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï%˛!°Ó˚ ê˛ylñ Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ !Ù◊îñ xAܲˆÏlÓ˚ ˲!AàÈüÈ~ §ÙhflÏ•z ¢,C°yÓ˚ !lÎ˚ÙÈüÈܲyl%l xl%§Ó˚î
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆï˛Ù!l §%Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛y°ñ °Î˚ñ Ùyey ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §Ç•!ï˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá lï%˛l Ó˚y!àl# §,!T˛ G
¢,C°yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ !lÎ˚ÙÈüÈܲyl%l ˆÙˆÏl ã˛ˆÏ°– Ó›ï˛ §ÙhflÏ lï%˛l §,!T˛Ó˚ Ù)ˆÏ° xyˆÏSÈ ~•z xhs˝ç≈yï˛ ¢,C°y– ~•z
çlƒ•z xhs˝çy≈ï˛ ¢,C°yˆÏܲ xyd¢,C°y (Self-discipline) lyÙ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
å2ä Ó!•ç≈yï˛ ¢,C°y (External Discipline)ı ~•z ¢,C°y !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
§,T˛ •Î˚ ly– ~Ó˚ çlƒ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàñ ~ܲy@˝Ãï˛yñ xyl%àï˛ƒñ !lÎ˚Ùyl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛y ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y
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fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ly ~ÓÇ !lÎ˚Ùܲyl%lñ !Ó!ô!lˆÏ£Ïôñ ¢y!hflÏÓ˚ ˲Î˚ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ lyly !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆçyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ¢,C°y xylÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– !¢«˛yÌ≈# Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÓ° ¢!=˛Ó˚
ã˛yˆÏ˛õ Óyôƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ ¢,C°y ˆÙˆÏl ã˛ˆÏ°– ~•z Ó!•ç≈yï˛ ¢,C°y (External Discipline)ñ Ü,˛!eÙ ¢,C°y (Artifitial
Discipline) ~ÓÇ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ ¢,C°y (Negative Discipline) ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ lyˆÏÙG ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– •zLjÏÓ˚ç# ˲y£ÏyÎ˚˛
xyˆÏò¢ G xí≈˛yÓ˚ (Order) ܲÌy!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆÎ ¢,C°y Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓ˚y!˛õï˛ñ Ü,˛!eÙ G ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛
ï˛yˆÏܲ ¢,C°y Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ˆ§!ê˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ˛õˆÏ«˛ Ú¢,C°Û ˛õòÓyã˛ƒ– ˆÎ §Ó ˆÌˆÏܲ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ
¢,C°y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl ≤ÃÓîï˛y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ lyñ ˆ§ §ÓˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ã˛y˛õ Óy ˲#!ï˛Ó˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y
Ó˚yáy •Î˚ñ ~ˆÏܲ•z xyˆÏÓ˚y!˛õï˛ ¢,C°y Ó°y •Î˚– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏò¢ Óy xyˆÏÓ˚y!˛õï˛ ¢,C°yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
ˆÜ˛yl ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ ≤ÃÌyÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ˆÏܲÓ˚y ¢,C°y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏál– Ó!® !¢!ÓÓ˚ñ ˆç°áyly ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG
xyˆÏÓ˚y!˛õï˛ ¢,C°y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
!¢«˛yÎ˚ ¢,C°yÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c (Imporrtance of Discipline in Education)ı
¢,C°y Óƒ!=˛ç#ÓˆÏl ~ÓÇ §Ùyç ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ~ܲyhs˝ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ çlƒ G
¢,C°yÓ˚ à%Óc%̊ xyô%!lܲܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ !¢«˛y!Óò fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏΈ˚ SÏ Èl– ¢,C°y xyd≤ÈãÏ ˛T˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§–
!ܲv xyd≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÎ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyˆÏ§ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y
xyÓ!¢ƒÜ˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ¢,C°y ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓ˚îy ˆÎ ~•z ¢,C°y SÈyí˛¸y !¢«˛y ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚#
•ˆÏÓ lyó xyÓyÓ˚ !¢«˛y SÈyí˛¸y ¢,C°y fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ï˛y àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ lyÈ– !¢«˛y!Óò‰àî ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl
!¢«˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyˆÏܲ Óy ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl !¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ §yÌ≈ܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ¢,C°y ~ܲyhs˝ ˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ¢,C°y
ÌyܲˆÏ°•z !¢«˛yÌ≈# ï˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §yÌ≈ܲï˛y í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ç#Ól
!Óܲy¢ §yôˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚y xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒñ xyÓyÓ˚ ~•z í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ §Ê˛°ï˛y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çlƒ ¢,C°y
~ܲyhs˝ ˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ¢,C°yÓ˚ à%Ó%̊ˆÏcÓ˚ ܲÌy ˆÜ˛yl˲yˆÏÓ•z í˛zˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ≤Ãyã˛#l ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
!¢«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ à%Ó%̊à,ˆÏ• xÓfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚ Ó ¡øã˛Î≈ ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏï˛y– ï˛yÓ˚ Ù)° í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ
!SÈ° ¢,C°y fiÌy˛õl– Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ ë˛yÜ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy◊!Ùܲ !¢«˛yÎ˚G ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ !là)ì˛¸ ¢,C°yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w ܲˆÏÓ˚
!¢«˛yòyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ l#!ï˛ñ xyçG Îy ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ xyˆÏSÈ– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !Ó!˲ߨ !òˆÏܲ ˆÎ í˛zFS,ÈC°ï˛y °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y
ÎyˆÏFSÈñ ï˛y !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏܲ ôÁLjϧÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á ˆë˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏFSÈ– !¢«˛yˆÏܲ çy!ï˛ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° !Óòƒy°Î˚ ç#ÓˆÏl xÓ¢ƒ•zñ ¢,C°y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° §Ùyç ç#ÓˆÏlG
fiÌyÎ˚# ¢,C°y xy§ˆÏÓ–
!¢«˛yÎ˚ ¢,C°yÓ˚ fiÌy˛õl !l¡¨ !°!áï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ÈüüüÈ
≤ÃÌÙï˛ı !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ¢,C°y !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãôylï˛ !Óòƒy°Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ˆÜ˛yl !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚
!¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x§ˆÏhs˝y£Ï §,!T˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÓyN˛l#Î˚–
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!mï˛#Î˚ï˛ı ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù •ˆÏÓ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ xy@˝Ã• G ã˛y!•òy !˲!_ܲ– ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙ §,çlôÙ≈# !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy
ÌyܲˆÏÓ– !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §,çl¢#° G òy!Î˚c˛õ)î≈ ܲyˆÏç !lÎ%=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° ¢,C°y fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛ ˲yˆÏÓ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ xy§ˆÏÓ–
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ï ˛ı !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛cˆÏܲ ˛õ)î≈ ÙÎy≈òy !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÓyò §%ˆÏÎyà !òˆÏ°
ï˛y ¢,C°yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §%¤%˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xy@˝Ã•# •ˆÏÓ–
ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ï˛ ı !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ¢,C°y Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ òy!Î˚c xï˛ƒhs à%Ó%̊c˛õ)î≈– ï˛yÑÓ˚ §ˆÏAà !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚
§¡õÜ≈˛ •ˆÏÓ xï˛ƒhs˝ â!lT˛– !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõy!Ó˚ܲ §¡õÜ≈˛ñ ˛õyë˛òyl ˛õÂô!ï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ¢,C°y xylˆÏï˛
§•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
˛õM˛Ùï˛ ı !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yÎ˚_¢y§ˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÎÏ yà !òˆÏÎ˚ òy!Î˚cˆÏÓyô çyàyˆÏly ÎyÎ˚– !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ܲyç
xyÓ˚Ω˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÓÏ ˛≈ ≤ÃyÌ≈ly §Ë˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÎy˚ çlñ !Óï˛Ü≈˛ §Ë˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyñ ˆá°yô%°yñ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛zÍ§Ó ˛õy°lñ Ùl#£Ï#ˆÏòÓ˚
çß√ !òÓ§ ˛õy°lñ §Ùyç ˆ§ÓyÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyç •zï˛ƒy!ò !Ó£ÏÎ˚ à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ òy!Î˚c !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ lƒhflÏ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ¢,C°y
Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ܲyç §•ç •Î˚–
≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò (Types)ı fl∫yô#lï˛y ò%ÈüÈ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ fl∫yô#lï˛y G Ü,˛!eÙ fl∫yô#lï˛y–
≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ fl∫yô#lï˛y ı ≤Ãܲ, ï˛ fl∫yô#lï˛y •° ˆ§ fl∫yô#lï˛y Îy !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛ylG àë˛lÙ)°Ü˛ G §,çlÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyç
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ í˛zm%Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛§_yÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚î âê˛yÎ˚– ˆÜ˛yl Ó› Óy !ã˛hs˝y §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° Óy àë˛îÙ)°Ü˛
!ܲS%È Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° Óy !¢“#Ó˚ xhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲ“lyˆÏܲ ÓyhflψÏÓ Ó˚)˛õ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ã˛y•z fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y– ~Ó˚
Ê˛ˆÏ°•z §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §,!T˛ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ xyˆÏ°y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚–
Ü,˛!eÙ fl∫yô#lï˛y ı Ü,˛!eÙ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ lyÙ ˆfl∫FSÈyã˛yÓ˚– !lˆÏçÓ˚ •zFSÈyÙï˛ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ
≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ fl∫yô#lï˛y Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ly– Î!ò ˆ§•z «˛Ùï˛y x˛õÓƒ!Î˚ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yl àë˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyˆÏç !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ ly •Î˚
ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛y ˆfl∫FSÈyã˛yÓ˚ Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ xÌ≈yÍ ˆÎáyˆÏl xydÈüÈ!lÎ˚sfî ˆl•zñ xÌã˛ ˆÜ˛Ó° Ùye fl∫yô#lï˛y
xyˆÏSÈ ˆ§ fl∫yô#lï˛y §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y lÎ˚– ï˛y•° fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ !ÓÜ,˛ï˛ Ó˚)˛õ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏܲ•z ӈϰ Ü,˛!eÙ fl∫yô#lï˛y
Óy ˆfl∫FSÈyã˛yÓ˚– ˆfl∫FSÈyã˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲálG ˆÜ˛yl àë˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyç Óy lï%˛l !ܲS%È §,!T˛ §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
ˆfl∫FSÈyã˛yÓ˚ x˛õã˛Î˚ G ôÁLjϧÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ Ùye–
!¢«˛yÎ˚ ~Ó˚ à%Ó˚%c (Importance in Education)ı
§yÌ≈ܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y ˆòGÎ˚y ~ܲyhs˝ xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ ~•z ܲÌy!ê˛ Ó•% ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ Ó•% !¢«˛y!Óòàî
≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈl– !ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ xyˆÏà ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~ ܲÌy!ê˛Ó˚ ÓyhflÏÓ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚!l– @˝Ã#ܲ òy¢≈!lܲ
xƒy!Ó˚fiê˛ê˛°ñ !Ó !ê˛¢ òy¢≈!lܲ ܲˆÏÙ!lÎ˚y§ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ Ó•% Ùl#£Ï#•z !¢¢% fl∫yô#lï˛yˆÏܲ §ÙÌ≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈl– !ܲv !Î!l
≤ÃÌÙ §%flõT˛ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ !môy•#l ܲˆÏt˛ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ˛õ)î≈ fl∫yô#lï˛y ˆòÓyÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l !ï˛!l •ˆÏ°l ≤Ã!§Âô Ê˛Ó˚y§#
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òy¢≈!lܲ Ó˚%шϢy– ï˛yÑÓ˚ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ÈüÈ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ òyG ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ Îy á%¢# ܲÓ˚%ܲ– !ï˛!l xyˆÏÓ˚yG ӈϰl ˆÎÈüÈ
!¢¢% Îál çß√yÎ˚ñ ï˛ál ˆ§ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚Ü˛Ù Ü%˛ÈüÈ≤ÃÓ,!_ Óy Ù® ≤ÃÓîï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ çß√yÎ˚ ly– ï˛yÓ˚ Ùl ï˛ál !l‹õy˛õ
G !l‹Ò°%£Ï ÌyˆÏܲ– !ܲv ˆ§ Îál §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ò%l#≈!ï˛Ó˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ xyˆÏ§ ï˛ál•z ï˛yÓ˚ Ùl ܲ°%!£Ïï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– !ÓÇ¢
¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ≤Ãà!ï˛¢#° !¢«˛ylyÎ˚ܲàî Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛y!Ó˚ï˛ ~•z !¢¢% fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ xyò¢≈!ê˛ˆÏܲ ÙˆÏl ≤ÃyˆÏî @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
ÓÑ̊ˆ% ¢Ï yˆÏܲ ˆ§•zçlƒ !¢¢% fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ çlܲ Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛y §ÇflÒyÓ˚ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ G ≤Ãôyl
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° !¢¢%ˆÜÏ ˛ xÓyô fl∫yô#lï˛y òyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly!ê˛– ~•z çlƒ•z Óï≈˛Ùyl Î%ˆàÏ Ó˚ ≤Ãà!ï˛¢#° !¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚
lyÙ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ!wܲ !¢«˛y– !¢«˛yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛l !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ fl∫yô#lï˛y ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ò%!ê˛
Î%!=˛ ˆòGÎ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚Èüü
1ä ò¢≈l¢yflfÙ)°Ü˛ Î%!=˛
2ä ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ Î%!=˛–
1ä ò¢≈l¢yflfÙ° ) ܲ Î%!= ˛ı ò¢≈ˆlÏ Ó˚ !òܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ ˛õ)î!Ó≈ܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §%ˆÎÏ yà ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xÓyô fl∫yô#lï˛y
!òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ˛õÓ˚Ù§_yˆÏܲ ˛õ)îË≈ ˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏܲ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ §ÓôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚
xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xÓyô fl∫yô#lï˛y– ~•z fl∫yô#l §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ lyÙ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xyd§!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y– ˆá°y!˲!_ܲ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ
xyd§!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ ӈϰ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛y•z Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ° ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ !ܲu˛yÓ˚àyˆÏê≈˛l ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆá°yˆÏܲ
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ fiÌyl ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛y•z Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ !¢«˛yÌ≈# Óy !¢¢%Ó˚ ˛õ)î≈ !Óܲy¢ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚– !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ fl∫yô#lï˛yÎ˚ •hflψϫ˛˛õ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xÌ≈ •° ï˛yÓ˚ §%¤%˛ !Óܲy¢ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yˆÏܲ «%˛ß¨ ܲÓ˚y– fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ fl∫˛õˆÏ«˛
ò¢≈l!˲!_ܲ ~•z Î%!=˛!ê˛ Ë˛yÓÓyò# !¢«˛y!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y– ~•z Î%!=˛Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°•z ܲˆÏÙ!lÎ˚y§ñ Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ°ñ ˆ˛õhflÏy°Í§#ñ
ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚#ñ Ó˚Ó#wlyÌñ àyrô#ç# ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ Ë˛yÓÓyò# !¢«˛Ü˛Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zqy!Óï˛ !¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ !¢¢% fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
~ï˛ à%Ó˚%c !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈl–
2ä ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ Î%!=˛ı !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl °«˛ƒ •° !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ Ó,!Âô ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)î≈ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ âê˛yˆÏly– !¢¢%
Îál çß√ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ál ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y §•çyï˛ §Ω˛yÓly !lˆÏÎ˚ çß√yÎ˚– ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ)î≈ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢•z ï˛yÓ˚ x!hflψÏcÓ˚
§yÌ≈ܲï˛y G ï˛yÓ˚ ç#Ól ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ x˲#T˛ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚– Î!ò ˆÜ˛yl ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛ ≤Ãò_ à%îà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÎÌyÎÌ
!Óܲy¢ ly âˆÏê˛ ï˛ˆÏÓ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛§_y •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zzë˛ˆÏÓ x§¡õ)î≈ G e%!ê˛˛õ)î≈– ï˛y•z Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !òܲ
!òˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ Ó,!Âô ≤ÈãÏ ˛T˛yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛ylÓ˚˛) õ Óyôy §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xÌ≈ •° !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ §Ω˛yÓlyà%ˆ°
Ï yÓ˚
˛õ)î≈ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ Óyôy §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚y– xï˛~Ó !¢«˛yˆÏܲ Î!ò §%¤˛% G §yÌ≈ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° !¢«˛y
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ xy@˝Ã•ñ •zFSÈy G xyd§!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ à!ï˛˛ṏÏܲ xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~ܲ ܲÌyÎ˚ Ó°y
ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ !¢«˛yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ §¡õ)î≈ fl∫yô#lï˛y– ˆÜ˛ylÓ˚)˛õ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •hflψϫ˛˛õ ï˛yÓ˚
!Óܲy¢ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ÓyôyÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly– ܲˆÏl≈° ˛õyÜ≈˛yÓ˚ñ çl !í˛í˛z•zñ !ܲ° ˛õƒy!ê˛∆ܲñ ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛
xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛y!Óò‰àî ï˛yшÏòÓ˚ ˛≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ~•z ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ §¡õ)î≈
fl∫yô#lï˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏÎy˚ çl ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ Èl–
 !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)• 161
í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ (Conclusion)ı
fl∫yô#lï˛y G ¢,C°y ò%!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §¡õ)î≈ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#– !¢«˛Ü˛ Îál ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ¢,C°y Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y
ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ï˛ál fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•z !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y áÓ≈ •Î˚ñ Îál !¢«˛Ü˛ ¢,C°y Ó˚«˛yÎ˚ ÓƒhflÏñ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ï˛ál
ˆá°yÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ xô#Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏ벖 §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ¢,C°y Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° fl∫yô#lï˛y ÌyˆÏܲ ly– xyÓyÓ˚
fl∫yô#lï˛y Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ¢,C°y !Ó!â¯ï˛ •Î˚– ~!ê˛ •° §yôyÓ˚î ~ܲ!ê˛ x!˲K˛ï˛y– !ܲv fl∫yô#lï˛y G ¢,C°yÓ˚
ï˛yͲõÎ≈ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ~•z ò%!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yl !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô ˆl•z– xhsç≈yï˛ ¢,C°yÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈# ¢,C°yÓ˚
xyˆÏÓ˚y!˛õï˛ §ÙhflÏ !lÎ˚Ù Ü˛yl%l ˆÙˆÏl ã˛ˆÏ° !lˆÏçÓ˚ xy@˝Ã• xÌÓy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛y!àˆÏò– ˆÎÙl ÈüüüÈ ˆá°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
!¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ¢,C°y Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y !Ó!ô!lˆÏ£Ïô !lˆÏçÓ˚y•z xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
§Ü˛ˆÏ°•z ˆfl∫FSÈyÎ˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ˆÙˆÏl ã˛ˆÏ°– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ ˆá°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ¢,C°y ~ÓÇ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §%®Ó˚ §Ùß∫Î˚
âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl à#!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ Îál ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l §%Ó˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ˲yflÒÓ˚ Îál ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l Ù%!ï≈˛
àˆÏí˛¸l xÌÓy ܲ!Ó Îál ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yÓƒ Ó˚ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚l ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚y §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z fl∫ï˛/≤ÈÏly!òï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xhs˝ç≈yï˛ ¢,C°yÓ˚
≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛ï˛à%ˆÏ°y !lÎ˚ÙÈüÈܲyl%l ˆÙˆÏl ã˛ˆÏ°l– ~Ó˚ çlƒ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ x˲yÓ âê˛ˆÏSÈ ÓˆÏ° ï˛yÑÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l
ly– ~•z ˲yˆÏÓ !Ó!˲ߨ Î%!=˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y xyô%!lܲܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ !¢«˛y!ÓòÓ˚y ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎñ fl∫yô#lï˛y G ¢,C°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
˜Ó˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ ˆl•z– ˆÎˆÏܲyl §yÌ≈ܲ §,!T˛Ó˚ çlƒ ¢,C°y G fl∫yô#lï˛y ò%!ê˛•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ¢,C°yˆÏܲ
ˆÎÙl xyô%!lܲ xˆÏÌ≈ fl∫ï˛/fl≥˛)ï≈˛ ¢,C°y !•§yˆÏÓ !Óã˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆï˛Ù!l fl∫yô#lï˛yˆÏܲG Óƒy˛õܲ xˆÏÌ≈
@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏÓ !ܲv fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ ˆfl∫FSÈyã˛yÓ˚ lÎ˚– !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ ˆÎ fl∫yô#lï˛y òyˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y í˛zˆÏj¢ƒÙ)°Ü˛– ˆ§•z í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ°ƒyî §yôl ܲÓ˚y– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ !¢«˛yÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ ܲ°ƒyî ~ÓÇ
§Ùyçܲ°ƒyîÙ)°Ü˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒˆÏܲ §yÌ≈ܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ°ñ ¢,C°y ~ÓÇ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ §Ùß∫!Î˚ï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà Îy !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
~ܲyhs˝Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛yÙƒ–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 162

ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ
Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !¢«˛y ı xÌ≈ñ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yñ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ §Ù)•
(Value Based Education : Meaning, Need, Ways of
Inculcating Value through Education)

Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Introduction)ı
!¢«˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y Óƒ!=˛ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ §yôl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Óƒ!=˛ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ó•%Ù%á# !Óܲy¢•z !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒñ xyÓ˚
~•z Ó•%Ù%á# !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Óƒ!=˛ xyò¢≈ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# •ˆÏÎ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏ벖 ï˛y•z Óƒ!=˛ ç#Ól ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yÎ˚
Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy x˛õ!Ó˚§#Ù– !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ à%Ó%̊c xyçܲy° Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§!ê˛ •° Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚
!Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛– !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyÎ≈Ü ˛ˆÏÙ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•ˆÏî ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ Óy ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛
xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ùyl%£Ï Î%!=˛Óyò# ~ÓÇ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓã˛lyÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Ó%!ÂôÓ,!_Ó˚ çlƒ•z Ùyl%£Ï xlƒylƒ ≤Ãyî# ˆÌˆÏܲ fl∫ï˛sf– !ÓK˛yl G ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!Óòƒy Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ Ó›ôÙ≈# fl∫yFSÈ®ƒ !òˆÏ°Gñ
Ùyl!§Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ x!fiÌÓ˚ï˛y– ˆ§•z x!fiÌÓ˚ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ •z ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ xÓÙ)°ƒyÎ˚l âê˛ˆÏSÈ– Ùyl%£Ï o%ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#°
ç#Ól ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà x!˲ˆÏÎyçl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ Óƒ!ï˛Ü ˛ÙôÙ≈# xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî !lˆÏçˆÏܲ !°Æ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ xÓÙ)°ƒyÎ˚l âê˛ˆÏSÈ– ~•z xÓÙ)°ƒyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° ܲyÓ˚î •° Úxl%˛õÎ%=˛ !¢«˛yÛ– §ÙyçÈüȧÇàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ o%ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §yÙO§ƒ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáñ !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ âê˛ˆÏSÈ ly– ï˛y•z !¢«˛y!Óòàî
Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ xyò¢≈ !eÙy!eܲ
(Self-determination)ñ xyˆÏdy˛õ°!kô (Self-realization)ñ ~ÓÇ xyd§Ùß∫Î˚l (Self-integration)–
~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ ÙyeyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Óƒ!=˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ç#Ólyò¢≈ˆÏܲ ˆÓˆÏSÈ ˆlÎ˚– Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyd!lô≈yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y çy@˝Ãï˛ •ˆÏ°
Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ •Î˚–
xÌ≈≈ (Meaning)ı
Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô ܲÌy!ê˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Gï˛ˆÏ≤Ãyï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ç!í˛¸ï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î Ùyl%£Ï ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛
ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ §!ߨˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆ§•z xl%ÎyÎ˚# ã˛°yÓ˚ ˛õÌ !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚– §Ùyç xl%ˆÏÙy!òï˛ ˛õÌ G
°«˛ƒ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ˆÎyàƒñ ò«˛ñ àîï˛y!sfܲ ˆã˛ï˛ly§¡õߨ ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ lyà!Ó˚ܲ !•§yˆÏÓ àë˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛•z •° Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôñ §ÙyˆÏç ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y ôyÓ˚îy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆÎÙlÈüüÈ x!ï˛!ÌÈüÈÓͧ°ï˛yñ ºyï,˛ˆÏ≤ÃÙñ
§•ˆÏÎy!àï˛y ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w ܲˆÏÓ˚ lyly ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô §,!T˛ •Î˚– ~•z Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôà%ˆÏ°y §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ G
˙!ï˛ˆÏ•ƒÓ˚ ôyÓ˚ܲ G Óy•Ü˛– Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ fiÌy!Î˚c G à!ï˛¢#°ï˛y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá–
 !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)• 163
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô •° ç!ê˛° ~ÓÇ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚î– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ myÓ˚y•z ~•z
xyã˛Ó˚î §Ω˛Ó– Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ xyã˛Ó˚îà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ
1É !¢¢%Ó˚ ÓÎ˚§ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAà !¢ál G x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ §•çyï˛ xyã˛Ó˚îà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~à%ˆÏ°y •°ÈüüÈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !¢¢%Ó˚ x!ç≈ï˛ xyã˛Ó˚î–
2É ~•z x!ç≈ï˛ xyã˛Ó˚îà%ˆÏ°y !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y ˜çÓ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
3É !ܲS%È ˜çÓ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ !lˆÏÎ˚ x˲ƒy§ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–
4É Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ x˲ƒy§ !lˆÏÎ˚ !¢¢% Îál ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ§!rê˛ˆÏÙrê˛ ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ
˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚–
5É ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ ˆ§!rê˛ˆÏÙrê˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Ùß∫Î˚ âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §ÓôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ˜çÓÈüÈÙyl!§Ü˛ §Çàë˛lˆÏܲ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô ӈϰ– òy¢≈!lܲñ §yÙy!çܲ ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ˆ≤Ï Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôˆÏܲ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆ°
Ï Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô •°ÈüüÈ ˜çÓÈüÈÙyl!§Ü˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ í˛zFã˛˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚
§Çàë˛l Îy Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲܲ ç#Ólò¢≈l Îy Óƒ!=˛ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ã˛°yÓ˚ ˛õÌ ˆòáyÎ˚–
Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô Óy ‘Value’ ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ xy«˛!Ó˚ܲ xÌ≈ •°ÈüüÈ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎyàƒï˛y (Worthiness to be chosen)ñ
xÌ≈yÍ ˆÜ˛yl‰ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ ç#ÓˆÏl ˛≤Ãyôylƒ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÓÈüüÈ !ÓòƒyˆÏܲñ ly xÌ≈Èüȧ¡õ!_ˆÏܲ Óy xlƒ !ܲS%ȈÏܲ⁄ xÌ≈yÍ
ܲyí˛zˆÏܲ Óy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%ȈÏܲ Ù)°ƒ ˆòGÎ˚y ÙyˆÏl ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÓˆÏSÈ ˆlGÎ˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛
!§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ xy§y– Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ í˛zͧ •° ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ÓyhflÏÓ x!˲K˛ï˛y xÌÓy !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õy!Ó˚ˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ xÓfiÌyñ ç#Ól
çàÍ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy– !Ó!˲ߨ òy¢≈!lܲ Ùï˛ÓyˆÏò Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !Ó!˲ߨ !ã˛hs˝y˲yÓly Óƒ=˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ
˲yÓÓyò# ò¢≈l (Idealism) ÙˆÏï˛ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô ¢yŸªï˛ñ !ã˛Ó˚hs˝lñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò# (Naturalist) G Ó›Óyò#
(Materialist)ÈüÈ ~ !ÓŸªy§# òy¢≈!lܲàî ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ Óy Ó›Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
ܲyç •° ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ G•zà%ˆÏ°y xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y– ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò# (Pragmatist) G x!hflÏcÓyò#
(Existentialist) òy¢≈!lܲÓ˚y ӈϰlñ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô Óƒ!=˛!˲!_ܲ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#°– !lï˛ƒ lï%˛l ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚
§ˆÏAà x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏlÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ lï%˛l lï%˛l Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏ벖 ˆÎ ܲyç Óy ˆÎ Ó› Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ §Ê˛°ï˛y ˆòÎ˚ñ
ï˛yÓ˚•z Ù)°ƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÓˆÏ° ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô•z Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ܲˆÏÙ≈ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy ˆÎyàyÎ˚–
~!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ §•ç˲yˆÏÓ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÓ– ˆÎÙl !lˆÏçÓ˚ §hs˝yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛
ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆfl¨ˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ (Parental Instinct) myÓ˚y– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏl Îál ï˛yÓ˚ §hs˝ylˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w
ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyl®ñ ò%/áñ ˲Î˚ñ Ó˚yà •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ Ùï˛ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ §M˛y!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚ ˙§Ó xyã˛Ó˚î xyˆÏÓ˚y Óƒy˛õܲ
˜çÓÈüÈÙyl!§Ü˛ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ùß∫!Î˚ï˛ ¢!=˛¢y°# ˜çÓÈüÈÙyl!§Ü˛ ≤ÃÓîï˛y àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛yˆÏ°–
~!ê˛ •° x˛õï˛ƒ ˆfl¨ˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆ§!rê˛ˆÏÙrê˛– ~•z x˛õï˛ƒ ˆfl¨• Îál !lˆÏçÓ˚ §hs˝ylˆÏܲ SÈy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xlƒylƒ !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
!Óhfl,Ïï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ál §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ Ùyï,˛c §Ü˛° !¢¢%Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÙÙcˆÏÓyˆÏô ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~•z ˆÎ §Ü˛°
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 164
!¢¢%ˆÏܲ ˆfl¨ˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá ˆòáy ~ê˛y•z ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Óy lyÓ˚#çy!ï˛Ó˚ ç#Ól ò¢≈l– ~•z ~ܲ•z ˜çÓ Ùyl!§Ü˛ §Çàë˛lˆÏܲ
Ó°y •Î˚ Ùyï,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô–
§ÇK˛y (Definition)ı
àyí≈˛l í˛z•z!°Î˚yí≈˛ xy°ˆÏ˛õyê≈˛ ӈϰˆÏSÈlÈüüÈ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô •° ˜çÓÈüÈÙyl!§Ü˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒyÓ!°Ó˚ ~Ùl ~ܲ ˆÜ˛w#Ë)˛ï˛
ÓƒÓfiÌy Îy Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ~ܲ Ó,•Í xÇ¢ˆÏܲ §Ùà%î §¡õߨ ˲yÓˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆï˛yˆÏ° ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏܲ §!ë˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ í˛zß¨ï˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy ˆçyàyÎ˚– (G.W. Allport- Values are
centralised systems of psycho-physical dispositions capable of making a larger portion
of the environment functionally equivalent to the individual and generating in him
appropriate type of adaptive and impressive behavior.)
~ÙÉ!ê˛ Ó˚yÙˆÏç ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ÈüüÈ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô •° xyܲy!A«˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!Ì≈ï˛– Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô •° ç#ÓˆÏl ã˛°yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ
!lˆÏò≈¢Ü˛ñ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˜ò!•Ü˛ G Ùyl!§Ü˛ fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ¢%˲ñ §Ùyç ܲ°ƒyîܲÓ˚ñ x!˲ˆÏÎyçl §•yÎ˚ܲ ~ÓÇ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
Ü,˛!T˛ Ó˚«˛yܲyÓ˚#– (M.T. Ramje- A value is what is desired or what is sought. Values may be
operationally conceived as those guiding principles of life which are conductive to
one’s physical and mental health as well as to social welfare and adjustment and which
are is trune with one’s culture.)
Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ≤çˆÏAà Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ÈüüÈ ôÙ≈ñ !ÓŸªy§ñ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yñ ç#Ólò¢≈lñ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xyò¢≈ÈüüÈ Îy
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙyçÈüȧÇfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏܲ ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆ§ §Ó•z ~•z Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛– Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !˲!_ ≤Ãôylï˛
ôÙ≈ G ò¢≈l¢yflf– §ï˛ƒñ §ï˛ï˛yñ ¢,C°yñ ˛õ!Óeï˛y ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛Ó˚ !¢«˛y ≤Ãôylï˛ ò¢≈l G ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ Ùôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z í˛zͧy!Ó˚ï˛
•Î˚–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y (Need) :
Óï≈˛Ùyl ï˛ÌƒˆÏܲ!wܲ ~ÓÇ K˛yl!˲!_ܲ !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xï˛ƒ!ôܲ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
Ê˛ˆÏ° !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ¢%ô%Ùye ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ !Óܲy¢ âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ– Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ xlƒylƒ !òܲà%ˆÏ°y ˆÎÙlÈüüÈ ˜ò!•Ü˛ñ ≤Èϫ˛y!˲ܲñ
§yÙy!çܲ ~ÓÇ xyôƒy!dܲ !Óܲy¢ Óƒy•ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ– Ê˛ˆÏ° !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲyÙƒ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aàñ x˲ƒy§ñ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y Ó•%à%î ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ˆàˆÏSÈ– Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏô ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y •°ÈüüÈ
1É Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˆò¢ !Ó!˲ߨ §yÙy!çܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°ˆÏSÈ– ï˛y•z ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛Ó˚ lyà!Ó˚ܲ ~ÓÇ
Óï≈˛Ùyl !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò«˛ï˛y G Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏÓ ÎyÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ xyàyÙ#!òˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §yÌ≈ܲ x!˲ˆÏÎyçl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ í˛zͲõyòl¢#° òy!Î˚cÓyl lyà!Ó˚ܲ
!•§yˆÏÓ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ §ÙyçÓyòñ ôÙ≈!lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ï˛yÓ˚ l#!ï˛ñ àîï˛sfñ çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛
•zï˛ƒy!ò l#!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛– ï˛y•z !¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~Ùl Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô
àë˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ Îy §Ùï˛yñ lƒyÎ˚!Óã˛yÓ˚ñ çyï˛#Î˚˙ܲƒ ~ÓÇ àîï˛y!sfܲ ˆã˛ï˛lyˆÏܲ í˛zm%Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)• 165
2É !ÓK˛yl G ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAà SÈye§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Îy!sfܲï˛yñ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §Ó≈fl∫ï˛yñ !¢“y!ôܲƒ
•zï˛ƒy!ò Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ê˛ˆÏ° Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏl §%á G ¢y!hs˝Ó˚ x˲yÓ ˆòáy !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– •ï˛y¢yñ !•Ç§yñ
xydˆÏܲ!wܲï˛yñ x!fiÌÓ˚ï˛yñ ò%l≈#!ï˛ñ ˆ°y˲ •zï˛ƒy!ò xfl∫y˲y!Óܲ Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ çÎ˚Îyey
§ˆÏ_¥G !ÓŸª xyç !•Ç§yÎ˚ í˛zß√_– ï˛y•z ~•z ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚ˆÏî Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô §,!T˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y ˆòáy !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
3É xy!Ì≈ܲ !Óܲy¢ §ˆÏ_¥G çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y Óí˛¸ xÇ¢ xyçG òy!Ó˚o§#ÙyÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ xÓfiÌyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Ê˛ˆÏ° Ùyl%£Ï ã˛y•zˆÏSÈ §Ù@˝Ã !ÓŸªˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛– ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ çß√ !lˆÏFSÈ ˆ°y˲ñ
°y°§y ~ÓÇ xˆÏlܲ xÓy!N˛ï˛ xyã˛Ó˚î– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xhs˝ç≈àÍ G Ó!•ç≈àˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸yÓ˚
x˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ã˛!Ó˚e G Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ §ÇÜ˛ê˛ ˆòáy !òˆÏFSÈ– ~•z §ÙhflÏ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z_Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ
Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ˆàˆÏSÈ–
4É §Ùyçï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô çyàÓ˚î !ӈϢ£Ï ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï §Ùyç
Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ñ xyã˛Ó˚îôyÓ˚yñ K˛yl ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˲y[˛yÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÙyçˆÏܲ ˆÓшÏã˛
ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ˙ !ӈϢ£Ï ˙!ï˛ˆÏ•ƒÓ˚ ˲y[˛yÓ˚!ê˛ xyàyÙ#!òˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ lyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ï%˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ §Ùyç ~ܲ ˆày¤˛# ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ ˆàyT˛#ˆÏï˛ ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ myÓ˚y ¢,C°y
G §Ç•!ï˛ ÓçyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÎ §ÙyˆÏç §%!l!ò≈T˛ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ˆl•zñ ˆ§ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ §Çàë˛l!ê˛•z
ò%Ó≈° G x§Ç•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ôÁǧ≤ÃyÆ •ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ •Î˚–
5É §yÙy!çܲ xyã˛Ó˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ !òܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ ܲï˛à%ˆ° Ï y ܲyÙƒ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô •° §%lyà!Ó˚ܲï˛yñ ò°!ÓŸªhflïÏ ˛yñ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yñ
fl∫yÌ≈ï˛ƒyà •zï˛ƒy!ò §Ü˛° §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ lyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôà%ˆÏ°y xy•Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y xï˛ƒhs˝ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
6É Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !lçfl∫ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !òܲ !òˆÏÎG ˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô xy•Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl–
§%¤%˛ñ §yÌ≈ܲ G §ˆÏhs˝y£Ïçlܲ ç#ÓlÎy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ xyô%!lܲ §ÙyˆÏç ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ•z ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y
Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !Ó!˲ߨ §ÙyˆÏç ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ•z ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !Ó!˲ߨ §ÙyˆÏç Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy !Ó!˲ߨ •ˆÏ°G ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô
§Ó §ÙyˆÏç•z x!˲ߨ– ˆÎÙlñ §ï˛ƒÓy!òï˛yñ ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ ò,ì˛¸ï˛yñ Órô%cñ ܲï,˛≈ Óƒ˛õÓ˚yÎ˚lï˛y ~•z Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôà%ˆ°Ï y
Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ç#ÓˆÏl xy•Ó˚î xï˛ƒhs˝ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
7É !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô xy•Ó˚î !ӈϢ£Ï ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– §ÙyˆÏç Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yl‰
xyã˛Ó˚î!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚î#Î˚ñ ˆÜ˛yl‰ xyã˛Ó˚î!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚î#Î˚ lÎ˚ñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï xyã˛Ó˚î
§¡õߨ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ §Ó•z !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô xyÎ˚_ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚–
8É ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ fl∫ˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xl%Ó˚yà ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï xl%Ë)˛!ï˛– ~Ó˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô–
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ xyò¢≈à%ˆÏ°y xyˆÏSÈñ ˆÎ ÙylÓ#Î˚ §%Æ §_y ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyˆÏSÈ ï˛y §Ó≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe•z
§Ùyl– ˆ§•z §%Æ ÙylÓ#Î˚ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ çy@˝Ãï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲÓ˚#–
9É Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî §yÙO§ƒï˛y xylyÓ˚ çlƒ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚î Ù)°ï˛ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ •Î˚
˜çÓ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y– ï˛y•z Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô Óƒ!=˛ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ x§yÙO§ƒï˛y ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
§•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 166
10É ÙylÓç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà â!lT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ç!í˛¸ï˛ xyˆÏSÈ çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yˆÏÓyô ~ÓÇ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyô– ~•z
Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôà%ˆÏ°y ÙylÓ§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAà xy!ÓË)≈˛ï˛ •Î˚– §Ùyç xl%ˆÏÙy!òï˛ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô
xy•Ó˚î ~ÓÇ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ç#ÓˆÏl ÎÌyÎÌ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢!=˛¢y°# ÙyôƒÙ–
~•z xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈñ ÙylÓç#ÓˆÏl Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y §ÙÎ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚–
!¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô çy@˝Ãï˛ •ˆÏ°ñ ˆ§ §yÙy!çܲ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏ벖
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈# Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ §Ùß∫Î˚ §yôl ܲˆÏÓ˚
í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyyˆÏÓ˚– !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ ܲÙ≈˛õrÌy !lÓ≈yã˛l ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ ç#Ó !•§yˆÏÓ §!ë˛Ü˛ òy!Î˚c
˛õy°ˆÏl §«˛Ù •ÓyÓ˚ çlƒ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y xˆÏlܲ à%î ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ˆàˆÏSÈ–
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ §Ù)• (Ways of Inculcating Value through
Education) :
!¢«˛yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ x!ï˛ â!l¤˛– !í˛í˛z•zÓ˚ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚•z ~ܲ!ê˛ xAà
•° Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô– !¢«˛yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ x!ï˛ !l!Óí˛¸– ~ܲÌy á%Ó•z §ï˛ƒ ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚
§Ç•!ï˛ G fiÌy!Î˚c ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z §ˆÏAà §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚l G ≤Ãà!ï˛ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚
ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– ~•z Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô !ܲ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y ˲yˆÏ°y !ܲ Ù® ˆ§!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ܲÌy lÎ˚ñ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ܲÌy •° ˆ§•z
Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy!ê˛ Ü˛ï˛ê˛y §%ò,ì˛¸ ~ÓÇ §%§Çà!ë˛ï˛–
ܲï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô §Ü˛° §ÙyˆÏç•z fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ G xl%§,ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ¢yŸªï˛ Óy fiÌyÎ˚#
Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô Ó°y •Î˚– ~•z Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ¢yŸªï˛ Ó°y •Î˚ ~•z xˆÏÌ≈ ˆÎñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ G §yÙy!çܲ
ç#ÓlÎy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ !Ü ˛Î˚yÈüÈ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §%¤%˛ G §ˆÏhs˝y£Ïçlܲ §¡õyòl ~•z Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– §Ü˛° §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ Ùyl%£Ï ~•z §ï˛ƒ!ê˛ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ G §yÙy!çܲ ç#ÓlˆÏܲ
§%®Ó˚ G ï,˛!ÆܲÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏ° ~•z Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôà%ˆ°
Ï y xl%ÎyÎ˚# xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y xÓ¢ƒ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– ~•z ¢yŸªï˛ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôà%ˆ°
Ï yÓ˚
xhs˝à≈ï˛ •°ñ §ï˛ƒÓy!òï˛yñ §ï˛ï˛yñ ˆ§Ô®Î≈ˆÏÓyôñ Ü,˛ï˛K˛ï˛yñ òÎ˚y •zï˛ƒy!ò– ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ §Ü˛° Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ §Ü˛° §ÙyˆÏç•z
~•z Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ÙylÓç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ l#!ï˛ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
~SÈyí˛¸y xyÓ˚G ܲï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y ¢yŸªï˛ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !ã˛Ó˚fiÌyÎ˚#
ly •ˆÏ°G Óï≈˛Ùyl G í˛zßï¨ ˛ ÙylÓç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà â!l¤˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ç!í˛¸ï˛– ~à%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ ˆÏÎyàƒ •° ˆò¢ˆÏ≤ÃÙñ
àîï˛y!sfܲ xyò¢≈ñ §ÙyçˆÏã˛ï˛lyñ çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yˆÏÓyôñ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyô •zï˛ƒy!ò– Ó°y Óy•%°ƒñ ~•z Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôà%ˆÏ°y
ÙylÓ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAà xy!ÓË)≈˛ï˛ •Î˚–
§Ùyç xl%ˆÏÙy!òï˛ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ xy•Ó˚î ~ÓÇ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl ÎÌyÎÌ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ fiÌy!Î˚c ~ÓÇ ≤Ãà!ï˛– ˆ§çlƒ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ lï%˛l lyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !¢«˛y
ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl– Ó°y Óy•%°ƒñ ~•z !¢«˛y ¢%Ó˚% •ˆÏÓ ˜¢¢Ó !¢«˛yÓ˚ hflÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z–
ˆÜ˛lly Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !¢«˛y Óy xy•Ó˚î !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# Ùyl!§Ü˛ §Çàë˛l Óy ÙˆÏly˲yÓ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚–
 !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)• 167
xyÓ˚ ˆ§•z í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# Ùyl!§Ü˛ §Çàë˛l Óy ÙˆÏly˲yÓ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ ˆ¢áyˆÏly §Ω˛Ó ~ܲÙye §%˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛
!¢«˛yyÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ•z– !¢«˛yñ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ §ÇÜ˛ê˛ Ü˛y!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏl lï%˛l Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô
çy@˝Ãï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !òˆÏܲ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ
≤ÃÌÙï ı ≤Ã̈ÏÙ•z ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ !lSÈܲ í˛z˛õˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ¢áyˆÏly
§Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– !lSÈܲ ˆÙÔ!áܲ í˛z˛õˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲê˛y fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ÌyˆÏܲ–
ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î !ܲv !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÅÂôï˛ƒ Óy xÓyôƒï˛y lÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÎ fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !¢ˆÏáˆÏSÈ ~ê˛y ï˛yÓ˚•z
°«˛î–
!lSÈܲ ˆÙÔ!áܲ í˛z˛õˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ ˆÎ Ó›!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ ˆ§!ê˛ •° ÓyhflÏÓ xyã˛Ó˚î Óy ò,T˛yhs˝–
ˆ§çlƒ ˆÎ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô ˆ¢áyˆÏly òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ ˆ§ §¡∫ˆÏrô ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ §yÙˆÏl ÓyhflÏÓ ò,T˛yhs˝
fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yçl ܲÓ˚y•z §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ Ê˛°≤Ãò–
ï˛y ӈϰ í˛z˛õˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ï˛ˆÏÓ í˛z˛õˆÏò¢òyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚
§¡õ)î≈ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
!mï˛#Î˚ï˛ ı !Ó!˲ߨ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô §¡∫ˆÏrô !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ÎyˆÏï˛ xÓ!•ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl !lÎ˚!Ùï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly §Ë˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yçl ܲÓ˚y– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !ӈϢ£Ï !ӈϢ£Ï xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ !Óï˛Ü≈˛§Ë˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yçl ܲÓ˚y
ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl !¢«˛Ü˛ñ §yÇÓy!òܲñ §ÙyçˆÏlï˛y ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛Ó˚y ~ܲ!eï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓl ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ Î%!=˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛y ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl–
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ï˛ ı !Ó!¢T˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ç#Ól# ~!òܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲yÓ!ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
çlƒ fl∫yÌ≈ï˛ƒyˆÏàÓ˚ ≤çˆÏAà «%˛!òÓ˚yÙ Ó§%ñ Îï˛#wˆÏÙy•l Óyà!ã˛ñ ˆlï˛yç# §%˲y£Ï ã˛w Ó§% ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ç#Ól
ܲy!•!l !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏl G•z !ӈϢ£Ï Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !ӈϢ£Ï §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xflõ,¢ƒï˛yÓ˚ xyòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ù•ydy ày!rôñ xyï≈˛ ˆ§ÓyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÙyòyÓ˚ ˆê˛ˆÏÓ˚§y ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ç#Ól ܲy!•!l G•z !ӈϢ£Ï !ӈϢ£Ï
Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ӈϢ£Ï §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ï˛ ı Î%!=˛!˲!_ܲ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Î%!=˛˛õ)î≈ xyˆÏÓòl !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲÓ˚ •Î˚– !Óܲy¢Ùyl !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ Î%!=˛Óy!òï˛y ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ§•z çlƒ ˆÜ˛ylG Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ Î%!=˛ôÙ≈# !˲!_!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!ӈϢ£Ï à%Ó˚%c !òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚– àîï˛y!sfܲ xyòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ
≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ Ù)°ƒ!ê˛ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •Î˚–
˛õM˛Ùï˛ ı xyô%!lܲ àî§ÇˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ÙyôƒÙà%ˆÏ°y Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ӈϢ£Ï í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ Ë)˛!Ùܲy
!lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~!òܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ §ÇÓyò˛õeñ ˆÓ˚!í˛G G ˆê˛!°!˲¢ˆÏlÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˆÎÙl Óƒy˛õܲ ˆï˛Ùl•z à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈–
§%˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛ Ü˛y!•!lñ lyê˛Ü˛ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ {!∞ï˛ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô àë˛l ܲÓ˚y
ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ ~•z §Ü˛° àîÙyôƒÙà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢l Î!ò §%˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛ ~ÓÇ §%!lÎ˚!sfï˛ ly •Î˚
ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛y !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ÓÜ,˛ï˛ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô àë˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 168
£Ï¤˛ï˛ ı ò,T˛yhs˝ñ í˛z˛õˆÏò¢ñ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ≤Ã˲, !ï˛ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô !¢«˛yÓ˚ à%Óc%̊ ˛õ)î≈ ˛õÂô!ï˛ •ˆÏ°G §yÙy!çܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏ¢
§!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yˆÏܲ ~•z !¢«˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ x!ï˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓˆÏ° Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– xyô%!lܲ ÙylÓç#ÓˆÏl ˆÎ §Ü˛°
Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôˆÏܲ §Ùyò,ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚ ˆ§à%!°Ó˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢•z Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛– ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
!¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ §yÙy!çܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢•z •° ˆ§•z §Ü˛° Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ˆ«˛e– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚
≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ÓyhflÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ §!Ü ˛Î˚˲yˆÏÓ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôà%ˆÏ°y
xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚˲yˆÏÓ xy•Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ àîï˛y!sfܲ xyòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y
xˆÏlܲ §•ˆÏç ~ÓÇ fiÌyÎ˚#˲yˆÏÓ xy•Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Î!ò ï˛yÓ˚y àîï˛y!sfܲ ¢y§l ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y=˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈñ xyô%!lܲ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §ÙyˆÏç Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ˆÎ §ÇÜ˛ê˛ ˆòáy !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ
ï˛y í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ !¢«˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó– ~•z Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈ñ ܲï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô !¢¢%Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ã˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y lÎ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xyò¢≈ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
§M˛y!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚y•z •ˆÏÓ xyô%!lܲ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ–
Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ §ÇÜ˛ê˛ (Crisis of Value)
˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ !Óàï˛ ~ܲ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ùylӧ˲ƒï˛yÓ˚ o%ï˛ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z x@˝Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓlÎy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈó !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚
˛õ%l!Ó≈lƒy§ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ü,˛!£Ïñ !¢“ñ ôÙ≈ñ §yÙy!çܲ !Ólƒy§ñ !¢«˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò §Ùhflψϫ˛ˆÏe•z ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ
~ˆÏ§ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ– ~•z §y!Ó≈ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ xyô%!lܲï˛y– !ܲvñ ~•z xyô%!lܲôyÓ˚yÓ˚ §Ó!ܲS%È•z
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏl xy¢#Ó≈yò lÎ˚– ç#Ól ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Óƒ!=˛ Î!ò ˆ§•z ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §yÌ≈ܲ˲yˆÏÓ
x!˲ˆÏÎyçl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ly ˆ¢ˆÏáñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° §¡õ)î≈ §Ùyç ÓƒÓfiÌy•z ˆË˛ˆÏ. ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ÓyhflψÏÓ ï˛y•z âê˛ˆÏSÈ– xyô%!lܲ
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲyˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ §Ùyçç#ÓlˆÏܲ §y¡±òy!Î˚ܲï˛yñ !Ó!FSÈߨï˛yÓyòñ çy!ï˛!ÓˆÏm£Ïñ
Óî≈!ÓˆÏm£ÏÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ùï˛ lyly ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x§%fiÌï˛y xyÜ ˛Ùî ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~à%ˆÏ°y !ܲhs˝% ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ˆÓ˚yà lÎ˚ó ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ °«˛î–
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z ˆÓ˚yàà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ù)° ܲyÓ˚î á%шÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– xyÓ˚ ï˛y xl%§rôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°ñ §yÙy!çܲ
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ˆÏܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
xyô%!lܲ §ÙyˆÏç ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âê˛ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ Ù)ˆ°
Ï xyˆÏSÈ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ G ܲy!Ó˚à!Ó˚!ÓòƒyÓ˚ í˛zß!¨ ï˛– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚
•yÓ˚ xï˛ƒhs˝ o%ï˛– Ê˛ˆÏ°ñ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î §yÙ@˝Ã#Ó˚ o%ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •ˆÏFSÈ !ܲv
˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ §yÙy!çܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛là%ˆÏ°y ~ï˛ o%ï˛ •yˆÏÓ˚ •ˆÏFSÈ ly xÌ≈yÍ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î
§yÙ@˝Ã#Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §yÙy!çܲ ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà# G §Ùyç §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ •yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Ó §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !ܲS%È ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ
ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏFSÈ– !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ í˛zߨÎ˚l¢#° ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ΈÏÌT˛ ˆÓ!¢– ~ˆÏܲ•z
Ó°y •Î˚ Ü,˛!T˛Ù)°Ü˛ ˛õŸã˛yÍÓ!ï≈˛ï˛y– (Cultural Lag)– §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ Ü,˛!T˛ ˆÎÙl à!ï˛¢#°ñ ˆï˛Ù!l xyô%!lܲï˛yG
~ܲ!ê˛ à!ï˛¢#° ôyÓ˚îy– !ܲv ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ à!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ òÓ˚%lñ §yÙy!çܲ Ü,˛!T˛Ù)°Ü˛ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ §Ó §ÙÎ˚
ˆ˛õSȈÏl ÌyˆÏܲ– xyÓ˚ ~•z Ê˛ˆÏ°•z Óƒ!=˛ç#ÓˆÏl x!˲ˆÏÎyçlÙ)°Ü˛ §Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°y ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚– ˆÎ Óƒ!=˛ x˜Ï¢¢Ó
!ӈϢ£Ï §yÙy!çܲ Ü,˛!T˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Óí˛¸ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ •ë˛yÍ•z §ÓÓ˚Ü˛Ù ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà# Óy xyã˛yÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î
 !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)• 169
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó •Î˚ ly– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ xyÓ˚G §ÙÎ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– !ܲvñ ~•z xhs˝Ó≈ï≈˛# §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
Ó!=˛ç#ÓˆÏl ~ÓÇ §Ùyçç#ÓˆÏl !ܲS%È mˆÏ®µÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚– ~•z m®µ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ç#Ól §ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ (Crisis of Life)
í˛zqÓ– ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ~•z §ÇÜ˛ê˛ ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚– ~•z§Ó §ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ §ÇÜ˛ê˛ (Crisis of
Values) §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ §ÇÜ˛ê˛ §ÙyçÓÂô Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤Ãܲy¢ ˛õyÎ˚– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏlñ
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §Ùyç ç#ÓˆÏlñ §y¡±òy!Î˚ܲñ !Ó!FSÈߨï˛yÙ%á# xyã˛Ó˚î °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ù)° í˛zͧ •° ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
§Ùyçç#ÓˆÏl Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ §ÇÜ˛ê˛–
Óƒ!=˛ç#ÓˆÏl Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ §ÇÜ˛ê˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ !ܲS%È Ó˚#!ï˛ÈüÈl#!ï˛ xyˆÏSÈ–
~•z Ó˚#!ï˛ÈüÈl#!ï˛à%ˆ°
Ï y !ӈϢ£Ï ܲï˛Ü˛à%ˆ°
Ï y ç#ÓlyòˆÏ¢Ó≈ ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛– ~•z ç#ÓlyòˆÏ¢Ó≈ ˚ §ˆÏAà Óï≈˛Ùyl ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚
§ÇâyˆÏï˛Ó˚ çlƒñ Óƒ!=˛ §yÙy!çܲ Ó˚#!ï˛ÈüÈl#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ xÌ≈•#l ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆÎ
§ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ §yÙy!çܲ §ÇÜ˛ê˛– xyÓyÓ˚ñ ôÙ≈#Î˚ xl%¢y§là%ˆÏ°y xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚
Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv xyô%!lܲ §ÙyˆÏç ôÙ≈#Î˚ §ÇfiÌyà%ˆÏ°yñ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfî •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÊ˛°ˆÏSÈ–
~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°ñ Óƒ!=˛ç#ÓˆÏl ôÙ≈#Î˚Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ §ÇÜ˛ê˛ ˆòáy !òˆÏFSÈ– xyÓyÓ˚ñ xyô%!lܲ ܲy!Ó˚à!Ó˚!Óòƒy !lË≈≈˛Ó˚¢#°
§ÙyˆÏç ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢ Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# ˲yÓ˚ï˛Óy§#Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lçfl∫ Ü,˛!T˛àï˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Ìyܲy §ˆÏ_G ¥ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ ~ˆÏ§ ˆàˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ~ܲ Ü,˛!T˛Ë%˛=˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §ˆÏAà x˛õÓ˚ Ü,˛!T˛Ë%˛=˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !Ü ˛Î˚yÈüÈ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÓÂô •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˆÎÙl ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈñ ˆï˛Ù!l Ü,˛!T˛Ù)°Ü˛ §Çâyï˛G ˆòáy !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚•z Ê˛°◊%!ï˛
!•§yˆÏÓ Ü,˛!T˛àï˛ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ §ÇÜ˛ê˛ ˆòáy !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xˆÏlܲˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ùyl%£Ï ï˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ Ü,˛!T˛àï˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒˆÏܲ
˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ùl !ܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ •#lÙlƒï˛yˆÏÓyô ˆòáy !òˆÏFSÈ– àï˛yl%à!ï˛Ü˛ §ÙyˆÏç Óƒ!=˛ÏÓ˚ Îy ˜l!ï˛Ü˛
Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôà%ˆÏ°y !SÈ°ñ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y xyô%!lܲ !¢“!˲!_ܲ §ÙyˆÏç ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# •ˆÏFSÈ ly– Ê˛ˆÏ°ñ Óƒ!=˛ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛
Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §Çâyï˛ ˆòáy !òˆÏFSÈ– ≤Ãyã˛#l l#!ï˛ˆÏÓyô Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ly– xyÓ˚ ˆ§•z
ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ lyly ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ò%Ó˚yã˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏFSÈ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈñ xyô%!lܲ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §ÙyˆÏç
Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ §ÇÜ˛ê˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈ– §yÙy!çܲñ ôÙ≈#Î˚ñ Ü,˛!T˛ ~ÓÇ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ñ §ÙhflÏ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ àï˛yl%à!ï˛Ü˛
Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôà%ˆÏ°y xyô%!lܲܲyˆÏ° §ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ xyÓ˚ ~•z§Ó Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ §ÇÜ˛ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z §y!Ó≈ܲ˲yˆÏÓ
§Ùyçç#ÓˆÏl G Óƒ!=˛ç#ÓˆÏl xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ ≤Ãܲy¢ ˛õyˆÏFSÈ–
í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ (Conclusion) :
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô !¢«˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y !Óܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó– !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ xyò¢≈ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚#
ܲˆÏÓ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°y ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛y•z !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚•z §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ à%Ó˚%c !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
ܲyÓ˚î Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôà%ˆ°
Ï y•z xyò¢≈ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòyl– ¢%ôÙ% ye í˛z˛õˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô
!¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ ˆ¢áyˆÏly §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– ˆÙÔ!áܲ í˛z˛õˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ ˆÎ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ˆ§!ê˛ •° ÓyhflÏÓ
xyã˛Ó˚î Óy ò,T˛yhs˝Ù)°Ü˛ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛zòy•Ó˚î– •zLjÏÓ˚!çˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z!=˛ xyˆÏSÈñ •yçyÓ˚ l#!ï˛Ü˛ÌyÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò,T˛yhs˝
xˆÏlܲ Ê˛°≤ç)– ˆ§ çlƒ ˆÎ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô ˆ¢áyˆÏly òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ ˆ§ §¡∫ˆÏrô ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 170
§yÙˆÏl ÓyhflÏÓ ò,T˛yhs˝ fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yçl ܲÓ˚y•z §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ Ê˛°≤Ãò– !Ó!¢T˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ç#Ól#
~!òܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– 1970 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ lˆÏ˲¡∫Ó˚ ÙyˆÏ§ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ !¢«˛y
ÓͧÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°ˆÏ«˛ N.C.E.R.T ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ G ܲÙ≈ˆÏܲ!wܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆ§!ÙlyÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yçl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§áyˆÏl
Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï à%Óc%̊ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§!ÙlyˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ hflˆÏ ÓÏ ˚ ày!rô!ç ≤Ãhfl!Ï Óï˛ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôà%ˆ°
Ï y
àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃhflyÏ Ó à,•#ï˛ •Î˚– ~à%ˆ°Ï y •°Èüüå1äÈ Ü˛y!Î˚ܲ ◊ˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÙÎ≈yòyñ å2ä §yÙy!çܲ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y G òy!Î˚cˆÏÓyôñ
å3ä xlƒylƒ ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÙÎ≈yòyñ å4ä ˲Î˚•#lï˛yñ å5ä §ï˛ƒÓy!òï˛yñ å6ä x!•Ç§yñ å7ä ˛õ!Óeï˛yñ å8ä ˆ§Óy
~ÓÇ å9ä ¢y!hs˝–
˲yÓ˚ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢«˛y G §Ùyçܲ°ƒyî Ùsfܲ 1972 §yˆÏ° ˛õM˛Ù ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÎ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!°!áï˛ ~ܲ ≤ÃÓˆÏrô í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚lÈüü §Ω˛Óï˛ ~•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ §Ó≈yˆÏ˛õ«˛y à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •° !¢«˛yÓ˚
Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ùyl!Óܲï˛yñ àîï˛sfñ §Ùyçï˛sf ~ÓÇ ôÙ≈!lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ï˛yÓ˚ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô ã˛ã≈˛y ܲÓ˚y– !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô
!˲!_ܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !ӈϢ£Ï lçÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– àîÙyôƒÙ G àî§Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §y•y΃ ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚ §Ü˛°ˆÏܲ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ G §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ §ÇˆÏ¢yôˆÏlÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Óy!N˛ï˛
Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Óòƒy°Î˚ à%Óc%̊ ˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ !l!ò≈T˛ ~ܲçl Óy ܲˆÏÎÜ˚ ˛çl !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚
myÓ˚y ~ܲyç §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– ~Ó˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §!¡ø!°ï˛ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y–
 !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)• 171

ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ~ܲÜ
çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ G xyhs˝çy≈ !ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !¢«˛yı xÌ≈ñ çyï˛#Î˚
§Ç•!ï˛ G xyhs˝çy≈ !ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyô çyàÓ˚ˆîÏ !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy
(National Integration and International Understanding:
Meaning, Role of Education for National Integration and
International Understanding)

Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Introduction)ı
!¢«˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ !Óܲy¢ §yôl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ §ò§ƒ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ xÌ≈ •°
§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y °y˲ ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î G x@˝Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏç §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚y– ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ùyç Óy
Ó,•_Ó˚ xˆÏÌ≈ ~ܲ!ê˛ çy!ï˛ G ï˛yÓ˚ ç#Ól à!ï˛¢#° G Ü ˛Ù!Óܲy¢Ùyl– §Ùyç xhs˝à≈ï˛ Óƒ!=˛ G §Ù!T˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÎ˚
çyï˛#Î˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ G x@˝Ãà!ï˛ âˆÏê˛– ˆ§•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî §ÙyˆÏç §%ˆÏÎyàƒ §ò§ƒ §Çáƒy Îï˛•z ÓyˆÏí˛¸ ï˛ï˛•z ¢!=˛¢y°#
§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ í˛zayl âˆÏê˛– !¢«˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y•z ~•z §%ˆÏÎyàƒ §ò§ƒ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°y ÎyÎ˚– ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ Ü,˛!T˛ñ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ G
˙!ï˛•ƒ x!ï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l •ˆÏ°G çy!ï˛ !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ á%Ó ˆÓ¢# !òˆÏlÓ˚ lÎ˚ñ ˆÜ˛lly ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ lyly çy!ï˛ñ lyly
ˆày¤˛# G §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛Ï !Ó!˲ߨ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ≤ÃË%˛c ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ܲy°Ü ˛ˆÏÙ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yï˛sfƒ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
˲yÓ˚ӈϣÏ≈Ó˚ ~ܲçl •ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ç#Ól ôyÓ˚yÎ˚ ˜Ó!ã˛ˆÏeƒÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ˆl•z– ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ ï˛y•z
ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ~ܲ•z ˆË˛ÔˆÏày!°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ܲ•z ¢y§l ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ xô#l •ˆÏÎ˚G !Ó!˲ߨ §¡±òyÎ˚ Óy
ˆày¤˛#ç#Ól àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ– ~•z §Ü˛° §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆày¤˛# ˆã˛ï˛lyñ §y¡±òy!Î˚ܲï˛yˆÏÓyôñ ˲y£Ïyñ ôÙ≈ G §Çfl,Ò!ï˛
xy°yòy •GÎ˚yÎ˚ ò°ñ í˛z˛õò°ñ §Çâñ §¡±òyÎ˚ñ §¡±§yÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˲Î˚AܲÓ˚ •zFSÈyÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ï ~ˆÏܲ x˛õÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚y˲)ï˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏSÈ– ≤ÃyˆÏò!¢Ü˛ï˛yñ ˆÙÔ°Óyò ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ !Ó!FSÈߨï˛yÓyò# ¢!=˛à%ˆÏ°y xyç ÙyÌyã˛yí˛¸y !òˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ– ï˛y•z
xï˛ƒhs˝ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ (National Integration) ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛– ï˛y ly •ˆÏ°
çyï˛#Î˚ ç#Ól Ü ˛ˆÏÙ Ü ˛ˆÏÙ !Ó˛õÎ≈hflÏ G á[˛ÈüÈ!Óá[˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ– ï˛y•z çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ß¿!ê˛ xyç xï˛ƒhs˝
çÓ˚%Ó˚#ñ §Ü˛°ˆÏܲ ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆòáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ x!Óã˛yÓ˚ñ xlƒyÎ˚ñ x§yÙƒˆÏܲ ò)Ó˚
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ lyà!Ó˚ܲc ÓçyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
xÌ≈ (Meaning)ı
çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏï˛ lyly ¢∑ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ñ ˆÎÙl ÈüüüÈ
çyï˛#Î˚ ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸yñ çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yˆÏÓyôñ ≤Èϫ˛y˲àï˛ §Ç•!ï˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~•z §ÙhflÏ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÌ≈ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏà
Úçy!ï˛Ó˚ §ÇK˛yÛ Óy çy!ï˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ܲ# ï˛y çyly Ìyܲy òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ Úçy!ï˛Û àë˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° !l¡¨!°!áï˛
¢ï≈˛à%ˆÏ°y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ ÈüüüÈ
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 172
1ä ~ܲ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î Ë)˛áu˛ Óy ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆË˛ÔˆÏày!°Ü˛ ~ܲï˛y–
2ä ~ܲ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î §yÙy!çܲñ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ç#Ól–
3ä ~ܲ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ˛ˆ≤ë˛y˛õê˛ G §Çfl,Ò!ï˛–
xyÓ˚G ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ¢ï≈˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÎÙlÈüÈ Ë˛y£Ïyñ ôÙ≈ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚– ~•z §ÙhflÏ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
¢ï≈˛•z Óƒ!=˛ÏˆÏܲ ~ܲ!eï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Úçy!ï˛Û àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚üüÈ ~ܲò° Ùyl%£Ï ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ Ë)˛áˆÏ[˛
~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ Ó˚yT˛…˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ü˛ï˛à%ˆÏ°y §yôyÓ˚î ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ˆÎÙl çy!ï˛àï˛ñ ˲y£Ïyàï˛ñ ôÙ≈àï˛ñ
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛àï˛ xyã˛yÓ˚ÈüÈxyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ˙ܲƒÓÂô ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛ál•z ï˛yÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ Úçy!ï˛Û àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° Úçy!ï˛Ó˚Û ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §%!l!Óí˛¸ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˙ܲy!hs˝Ü˛ !ÓŸªy§
ÌyܲˆÏÓ– §Ü˛ˆÏ° ~ܲ çy!ï˛ñ ~ܲ ≤ÃyîÈüÈ~ܲï˛y– çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛Ó˚ Ù)ˆÏ° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~•z ~ܲydˆÏÓyô– 1947 §yˆÏ°Ó˚
15th August ˆò¢ fl∫yô#l •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ Úçyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛Û Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ≤ß¿!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl •ˆÏÎ˚ òyÑí˛¸yÎ˚– ˆ§
ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˲!Ó£ÏƒÍ lyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ!ê˛ çy!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ ~•z !Ó!FSÈߨï˛yÓyòˆÏܲ Óç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ á[˛yLjϢÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ §Ù@˝Ã ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛ ˆÜ˛yl çy!ï˛Ó˚ xyl%àˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ¢y!hs˝˛õ)î≈ G
§•ˆÏÎy!àï˛y˛õ)î≈ ç#ÓlÎy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lç !lç §¡±òyÎ˚àï˛ à%lyÓ°#ˆÏܲ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ˲yˆÏÓ çyï˛#Î˚
§Ù,!ÂôÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç °yàyˆÏï˛ ˆ¢áyÎ˚–
§ÇK˛y (Definition)ı
í˛ˆÏÓ˚y!Ì Ì¡õ§ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ÈüüÈ çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ •° ~ܲ!ê˛ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ lyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲˆÏe
ˆÓˆÏÑô Ó˚yˆÏá– (Dorothy Thompson - National integration is a feeling that binds the citizens
of a country.)
˛õ![˛ï˛ ç•Ó˚°y° ˆlˆÏ•Ó˚% ӈϰˆÏSÈlüüÈ çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ùl ~ÓÇ •,òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §Ç•!ï˛
Ó%!V˛ Îy ˛õ,Ì!ܲܲÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ xl%˲) !ï˛ˆÏܲ Ë%˛!°ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá– (Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru- By National integration
I mean the integration of our minds and hearts, the supression of feelings of Separation.)
1964 - 66 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ !¢«˛y ܲ!Ù¢ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛õyˆÏê≈˛ çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ó%!V˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÈüüÈ
1ä çyï˛#Î˚ ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyfiÌy–
2ä ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xy˛õyÙÓ˚˚ çlàˆÏlÓ˚ ç#ÓlÎyeyÓ˚ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ í˛zߨ!ï˛ñ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚
çlƒ §ÓÓ˚Ü˛Ù x§Ùï˛y ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚î–
3ä lyà!Ó˚ܲï˛yÓ˚ Ù)°ƒ §¡∫ˆÏrô ~ÓÇ òy!Î˚c §¡∫ˆÏrô à˲#Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ çyly ~ÓÇ á[˛ xLjϢÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó≈ˆÏï˛ §Ù@˝Ã
ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyl%àï˛ƒ ≤Ãò¢≈î–
4ä í˛zß¨ï˛ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ ¢y§l ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛◊%!ï˛ñ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ lyà!Ó˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §Ùyl
ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xyŸªy§–
 !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)• 173
5ä ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢÓ˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛ ˙!ï˛•ƒ ~ÓÇ ç#ÓlÎyey §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸y
G ◊Âôy ˆòáyˆÏly–
çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ xhs˝Ó˚yÎ˚ §Ù)• (Barriers in order to achieve National Integration)ı
ÙylÓ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y§ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆò¢y ÎyˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ !Ó!FSÈߨ G !Ó!«˛Æ ÎyÎyÓÓ˚
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆSÈyê˛ ˆSÈyê˛ ò° ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï !ӈϢ£Ï Ë)˛áˆÏ[˛ fiÌyÎ˚#˲yˆÏÓ Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !¢á° ~ÓÇ Ü ˛Ù¢
§ÇâÓÂô §%§Ç•ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆày¤˛#ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •°– ˛õˆÏÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ Îï˛ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°° ï˛ï˛•z ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆSÈyê˛
ˆSÈyê˛ ˆày¤˛# ~ܲ!eï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ó,•_Ó˚ ˆày¤˛#ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •° ~ÓÇ Ü˛y°Ü ˛ˆÏÙ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ ~ܲydˆÏÓyô ~Ùl•z
à˲#Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z벰 ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ x!˲ߨ çy!ï˛ ÓˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ !òˆÏï˛ !¢á°– ˲yÓ˚ï˛ñ !Ù¢Ó˚ñ Óƒ!Ó°lñ
@˝Ã#§ñ !ã˛lñ Ùôƒ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ lyly çy!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zqÓ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ÙôƒÎ%ˆÏàÓ˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ ˆòáy
ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆò¢#Î˚ ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏò¢# ¢y§Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xô#ˆÏl ˆSÈyê˛ ˆSÈyê˛ á[˛Ó˚yˆÏçƒ !Ó˲=˛ !SÈ°– •zLjÏÓ˚ç Ó˚yçc
≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚yçƒà%ˆÏ°y ~ˆÏܲ ~ˆÏܲ §%§ÇÓÂô •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ x!˲ߨ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
çy!ï˛Ó˚ˆ) ˛Ï õ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛yÓ˚ ¢%Ó%̊ •Î˚– ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚Óy˚ ˙ܲƒÓÂô •ˆÏÎ˚ •zLjÏÓç
˚ ¢y§ˆÏlÓ˚ xÓ§yl âê˛yÎ˚– fl∫yô#lï˛y
xyˆÏ®y°l ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl §yÊ˛°ƒ ˆÎ ˲yÓ˚ï˛Óy§#ˆÏòÓ˚ çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲ ò,ì˛¸ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ fiÌy˛õl
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ §ˆÏ®• ˆl•z– !ܲv fl∫yô#lï˛y °yˆÏ˲Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ Ó˚yçƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ lyly ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
Ùï˛yhs˝Ó˚ ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚ñ Îy çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ xhs˝Ó˚yÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚– ~Ó˚ Ù)° ܲyÓ˚î !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ !òˆÏܲÓ˚
ܲÌy í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ÈüüüÈ
≤ÃÌÙï˛ ı ˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó¢y° ˆò¢– ~Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xM˛ˆÏ° !Ó!˲ߨ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ°yܲ Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
fl∫yô#lï˛y xyˆÏ®y°lˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ˙ܲƒˆÏÓyô ˆòáy !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ï˛y Ù)°ï˛ §yÙ!Î˚ܲ– fl∫yô#lï˛y °yˆÏ˲Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚
Îál ˆòáy ˆà°ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §y¡±òy!Î˚ܲ ˆÜ˛ylG •zFSÈy•z ã˛!Ó˚ï˛yÌ≈ •ˆÏFSÈ lyñ ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚y ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ˚
ˆÎˆÏï˛ °yàˆÏ°y– Ê˛ˆÏ° ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ !ÓˆÏmˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ !òˆÏl !òˆÏl Óyí˛¸ˆÏï˛ °yàˆÏ°y– xyÓ˚ G•z ÙˆÏly˲yÓ çyï˛#Î˚
§Ç•!ï˛ fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ Óyôy •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑyí˛¸yˆÏFSÈ–
!mï˛#Î˚ï˛ ı ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ Ùï˛ !Ó¢y° ˆòˆÏ¢ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ Ó^˝ê˛l §Ó≈e §Ùyl •GÎ˚y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– ˆÜ˛ylG
xM˛ˆÏ° á!lç oÓƒ á%Ó ˆÓ!¢ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyG ã˛y£Ï xyÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ç!Ù á%Ó í˛zÓ≈Ó˚– ~•z ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ Ó˚§ò
Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ï˛ÙƒˆÏܲ ˆÙˆÏl !lˆÏ°Gñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ !Ó!˲ߨ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛zߨÎ˚l ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚ï˛Ùƒ ï˛yˆÏܲ
§•ç˲yˆÏÓ §Ü˛ˆÏ° ˆÙˆÏl ˆll ly– !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
ˆÜ˛ylG xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ §Ó §ÙÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ à%Ó˚%c ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ xÌã˛ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ˆÜ˛ylG xM˛°ˆÏܲ ÓyÓ˚
ÓyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚lÙ)°Ü˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §ˆÏ®ˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ
çy!àˆÏÎ˚ñ çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ fiÌy˛õˆÏl Óyôy §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ï˛ ı ôÙ≈yrôï˛y ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£≈Ï çyï˛#Î˚ x§Ç•!ï˛Ó˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl ܲyÓ˚î– Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛Óy§#Ó˚y ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
xï˛ƒhs˝ ôÙ≈!ÓŸªy§#– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ §ˆÏAà !ܲS%È §ÇflÒyÓ˚ Î%=˛ xyˆÏSÈ– ~ál ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÙ≈yÓ°¡∫#
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 174
Ùyl%£Ï Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§ˆÏ•ï%˛ ~ܲ ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà xlƒ ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Çâyï˛ •Î˚– ~•z §Çâyï˛ Ü˛álG
ܲálG ˲Î˚yÓ• xyܲyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ~•z ôÙ≈!ÓŸªy§ˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏç °y!àˆÏÎ˚ ôÙ≈#Î˚à%Ó˚% G Ó˚yçl#!ï˛!ÓòÓ˚yñ
!lˆÏçÓ˚ fl∫yÌ≈ ã˛!Ó˚ï˛yÌ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl– Ê˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xrô xyl%àï˛ƒ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏl §y¡±òy!Î˚ܲ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ
§M˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ !•§yˆÏÓ x§Ç•!ï˛Ó˚ ˲Î˚yÓ• í˛z˛õ§à≈à%ˆÏ°y ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚–
ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ï˛ ı fl∫yô#lï˛y °yˆÏ˲Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ !¢«˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ Ó•% ˛õÓ˚#«˛y !lÓ˚#«˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !Ó!˲ߨ !¢«˛yܲ!Ù¢l
G !¢«˛yl#!ï˛ ã˛y°% •GÎ˚y §ˆÏ_¥G ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ü˛° lyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏܲ xyçG !¢«˛yÓ˚ xyGï˛yÎ˚ xyly §Ω˛Ó •Î˚!l–
˛õM˛Ùï˛ ı ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ fl∫yô#lï˛y ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •ˆÏ°G fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ~ï˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚G Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ fl∫yô#lï˛y xyˆÏ§!l– !ܲS%È Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛ xàyô §¡õò Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xyÓyÓ˚ !ܲS%È Óƒ!=˛ ò%ˆÏÓ°y ò%ÈüÈÙ%ˆÏë˛y
ˆáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ly– ~•z xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !òˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !òl xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸•z ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ–
£Ï¤˛ï˛ ı ˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ •° ˜Ó!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˛õ#ë˛fiÌylñ ~áyˆÏl ˲y£Ïyàï˛ñ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛àï˛ñ ôÙ≈àï˛ñ çy!ï˛àï˛ñ ˆ◊!îàï˛
xˆÏlܲ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ~ܲçl xyò¢≈ ˆlï˛y•z ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~•z ˜Ó!ã˛ˆÏeƒÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˙ܲƒ !Ê˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xylˆÏï˛ñ
!ܲv xˆÏlܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈ ˆÎñ !ܲS%È ˆlï,˛fiÌyl#Î˚ Óƒ!=˛Óà≈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ã˛!Ó˚ï˛yÌ≈ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
~ çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ˆÏܲ lT˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
§ÆÙï˛ ı xyçG ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ lyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xLjϢÓ˚ çlàî !¢«˛yÓ˚ §%ˆÎÏ yà ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!M˛ï˛– ~•z x!¢!«˛ï˛
ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˲y° Ù® ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ ï˛yÓ˚y §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ◊!îÓ˚
§,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ §Ç•!ï˛ fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ §Ü˛° Ó˚Ü˛Ù ˆã˛T˛yÎ˚ Óyôy §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ Óï≈˛Ùyl ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ !¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌy ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ x˲yÓñ çyï˛#Î˚ x§Ç•!ï˛ §,!T˛Ó˚ Ù)° ܲyÓ˚î–
çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ çyàÓ˚ˆÏî !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Role of Education for National Integration)
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Èy=˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈñ çyï˛#Î˚ x˜ÏlˆÏܲƒÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ° lylyÓ˚Ü˛Ù §yÙy!çܲ G Ó˚yT˛…˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y SÈyí˛¸yG xyÓ˚G ˆSÈyˆÏê˛yáyˆÏê˛y xˆÏlܲ ܲyÓ˚î xyˆÏSÈ– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ál ≤ß¿
•°Èüü !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ á%Ó §•ˆÏç ˆòGÎ˚y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ܲÌyG
!ë˛Ü˛ ˆÎ çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ly ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ í˛zߨ!ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÓ ly Óy çy!ï˛ˆÏܲ
¢!=˛¢y°# ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ly– ï˛y•z ~•z !ӣψÎÏ ˚ §Ü˛°ˆÏܲ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– !¢«˛y ~ !ӣψÎÏ ˚ §Ü˛° lyà!Ó˚ˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚
ÙˆÏl §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y xylˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !¢«˛y ܲ!Ù¢l å1964ÈüÈ66ä çyï˛#Î˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ !•§yˆÏÓñ §Ç•!ï˛ fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏSÈl–
~•z çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ §¡õ)î≈ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ G•z í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
~•z í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ܲï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ÓƒÓfiÌy @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ
≤ÃÌÙï˛ ı çyï˛#Î˚ x˜ÏlˆÏܲƒÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ° xyˆÏSÈ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ xÌ≈yÍñ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°
çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÌ §%àÙ •ˆÏÓ– !¢«˛yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yô#l
 !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)• 175
ç#!Óܲy xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ܲˆÏÓ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ ò)Ó˚ •ˆÏÓ– Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ !¢«˛yhflÏÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝
!¢«˛yˆÏܲ xyÓ!¢ƒÜ˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ÎyˆÏï˛ !ܲS%È Ó,!_Ù)°Ü˛ ò«˛ï˛y xç≈l
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
!mï˛#Î˚ï˛ ı !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ˙ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòylˆÏܲ Óí˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ G
§yÙy!çܲ ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï à%Ó˚%c !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ xÌ≈yÍ àï˛yl%à!ï˛Ü˛ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ •z!ï˛•y§ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy
Óç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– •z!ï˛•y§ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ Ù)° ˙ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ §%Ó˚!ê˛ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ï˛ ı çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° §ÙhflÏ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˲y£Ïyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈# ÎyˆÏï˛ Ùyï,˛Ë˛y£Ïy !¢áˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚yˆÏçƒ ÎyˆÏï˛
xlƒ Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ ˲y£Ïy ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˲yˆÏÓÓ˚
xyòyl ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˛õyˆÏÓ–
ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ï˛ ı ˛õyë˛ƒ ˛õ%hflÏܲ Ó˚ã˛ly G ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflÏܲ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ÎÌyˆÏÎyàƒ §ï˛Ü≈˛ï˛y xÓ°¡∫l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyç §•ç •Î˚– ˆÎ§Ó ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflψÏܲ xyM˛!°Ü˛ï˛y G §y¡±òy!Î˚ܲï˛yÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c
ˆòÎ˚ ˆ§à%!°ˆÏܲ Óç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆÎ ˆÜ˛ylG xyM˛!°Ü˛ï˛y G §y¡±òy!Î˚ܲï˛yÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c ˆòÎ˚ ˆ§à%!°ˆÏܲ Óç≈l
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆÎ ˆÜ˛ylG ˛õyë˛ƒ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ%hflÏܲ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛Ó˚ Ù)° §%Ó˚!ê˛ Ê%˛ˆÏê˛ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈñ ˆ§Ó˚ܲÙ
˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflÏܲ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– N.C.E.R.T xyò¢≈ ˛õ%hflÏܲ Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ܲï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y l#!ï˛ !lô≈yÓ˚î
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y ÓyN˛l#Î˚– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ çyï˛#Î˚ ˛õ%hflÏܲ ˛õ£Ï≈Íñ !Ó!˲ߨ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ˛õ%hflψÏܲÓ˚
xl%Óyò ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ òy!Î˚c @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z§Ó ÓƒÓfiÌy ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏ° çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyç §•ç
•ˆÏÓ–
˛õM˛Ùï˛ ı !Ó!˲ߨ ˲y£Ïy˲y£Ï# !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ÎyˆÏï˛ xˆÏlƒÓ˚ ˲y£Ïy §•ˆÏç !¢áˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ˲y£Ïy §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝
!lÎ˚Ùܲyl%l Óy ÓƒyܲÓ˚î !¢!Ì° ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° ˲y° •Î˚– !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y Îï˛ ˆÓ!¢ §ÇáƒÜ˛ xyM˛!°Ü˛ ˲y£Ïy !¢áˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓñ ï˛ï˛ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ xyòylÈüÈ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyç §•ç •ˆÏÓ– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ï˛yG
ï˛yÓ˚y §•ˆÏç í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~•z Ùyl!§Ü˛ §yÎ%çƒ çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ fiÌy˛õˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
£Ï¤˛ï˛ ı çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zˆj
Ï ˆÏ¢ƒ !¢«˛yÓ˚ §%ˆÎÏ yà §¡±§y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏÓ– ÓÎ˚flÒ !¢«˛yˆÏܲwà%ˆ°
Ï yÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ çl!¢«˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ x!¢!«˛ï˛ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !¢«˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ°y ˆ˛õÔшÏSÈ ˆòGÎ˚y
§Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÓ– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y ~•z§Ó ÓÎ˚flÒ !¢«˛yˆÏܲwà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛ylG §yÙy!çܲ âê˛ly §¡õˆÏܲ≈G !lË%≈˛°
ï˛Ìƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢l ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÓ– ~ˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ Ë%˛° ˆÓyV˛yÓ%!V˛Ó˚ §Ω˛yÓly ܲˆÏÙ ÎyˆÏÓ–
§ÆÙï˛ ı !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ˆàyÑí˛¸yÙ# ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó
•ˆÏÓ– !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl Î!ò ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ Ù)°l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚y í˛z˛õ°!kô
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 176
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎ !Ó!˲ߨ ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛ylG ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆl•z– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ Ù)°l#!ï˛ ~ܲ•zñ ~•z ˆÓyô ˆÌˆÏܲ ôÙ≈#Î˚
!ÓˆÏm£Ï Ùl ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)Ó˚ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyç §•ç •ˆÏÓ–
xT˛Ùï˛ ı §Ó≈çl#l !¢«˛y çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yˆÏÓyô àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ §%§Ç•ï˛ Óƒ!=˛ àë˛ˆÏl !¢«˛y
§•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §y¡±òy!Î˚ܲ §¡±#!ï˛ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáy §Ω˛Ó– ~SÈyí˛¸y §Ü˛° ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛
§•l¢#°ï˛yñ ºyï,˛c G §Ùß∫Î˚ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°y ÎyÎ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ–
lÓÙï˛ ı çyï˛#Î˚ !¢«˛yl#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !ÓŸªçl#l ~ÓÇ !ã˛Ó˚hs˝l Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y çyï˛#Î˚
§Ç•!ï˛Ó˚ !˲!_ §%ò,ì˛¸ •Î˚– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !¢«˛y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ùôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆàyÑí˛¸y!Ùñ !•Ç§yñ Ü%˛§ÇflÒyÓ˚
ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚ˆÏî §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ Ó˚yˆÏçƒ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ hflÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚ hflÏÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝
~ܲôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌy ã˛y°% ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° G•z !¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌy ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yˆÏÓyô àˆÏí˛¸
ï%˛°ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ˆÏܲ ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
í˛z˛õˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙlhflyÏ !_¥Ü˛ G !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛
˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲï˛yÓ˚ G §Ç•!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– çy!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyl%àï˛ƒˆÏÓyô
G ºyï,˛cˆÏÓyô àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– !¢«˛y ~ܲÙye í˛zß¨ï˛ §yÙy!çܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ÎyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §Ü˛° xK˛ï˛y
ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛Ó˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ G ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y (Need and Significance for National Integration)ı
çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ •° Ù)°ï˛ ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ xl%˲)!ï˛– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ˆË˛ÔˆÏày!°Ü˛ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áyÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# çlàî ˲y£Ïyñ ôÙ≈ñ ≤ÃÌyñ Ü,˛!T˛ñ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ Îál !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ à˲#Ó˚ ~ܲydï˛y
xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ál•z çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ fiÌy!˛õï˛ •Î˚– lyly ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~•z çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ÈüüüÈ
1ä Ó!•/¢e%Ó˚ xyÜ ˛Ùî ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ ~ܲyhs˝ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ ¢%ô% ï˛y•z lÎ˚ñ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ ôÙ≈ñ ˲y£Ïy G çyï˛ÈüÈ˛õyï˛ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ §Ó !Ó!FSÈߨï˛yÓyò# ¢!=˛à%ˆÏ°y ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ Ù)°
í˛zͲõyê˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ G çyï˛#Î˚ ˙ܲƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
2ä ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ !Ó¢y° !Óhfl,Ï!ï˛ñ çy!ï˛àï˛ ˛õyÌ≈ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ çlƒ•z çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ~ˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
Ó˚yçƒà%ˆ°Ï yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆË˛ÔˆÏày!°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ¢ñ ç°ÓyÎ˚à% ï˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒñ çy!ï˛ G ˲y£Ïyàï˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒñ Ó˚#!ï˛l#!ï˛àï˛ !Ó!˲ߨï˛y
Îï˛ê˛y ≤ÃÜ˛ê˛ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yÌyG ˆï˛Ùl ˆl•z– ~•z§Ó !Ó!˲ߨï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ã!ï˛!lÎ˚ï˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ §ÇâyˆÏï˛Ó˚
§Ω˛yÓly ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛y•z §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ܲ çy!ï˛Ó˚ xhs˝≈àï˛ ~•z ˆã˛ï˛ly Î!ò ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆÎˆÏܲyl §Ù§ƒy•z xy§%ܲñ
¢y!hs˝˛õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ xyˆÏ˛õyˆÏ£Ï ï˛yÓ˚ Ù#Ùyǧy §Ω˛Ó •Î˚–
3ä àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yˆÏT˛… çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ Ìyܲy ~ܲyhs˝ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– àîï˛y!sfܲ xyò¢≈ˆÏܲ §Ê˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛
•ˆÏ° Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˙ܲƒ Ìyܲy xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛– Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ G §y¡±òy!Î˚ܲ ò°yò!°Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ≤Ãyî•y!l G çyï˛#Î˚
 !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)• 177
§¡õ!_Ó˚ ≤ÃË)˛ï˛ «˛Î˚ §yôl •Î˚– ï˛y•z ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y àîï˛y!sfܲ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ù,!ÂôˆÏܲ cÓ˚y!ß∫ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ çyï˛#Î˚
§Ç•!ï˛Ó˚ ~ܲyhs˝ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
4ä ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# Ó˚yT˛…à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õÜ≈˛ lyly ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî xˆÏlܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ã#!ï˛˛õ)î≈ ÌyܲˆÏSÈ ly– çyï˛#Î˚ ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚
x˲yˆÏÓ xyçG ~ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ܲSÈ% Óƒ!=˛ÏÓ˚ !ÓˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyl%àï˛ƒ xï˛ƒhs˝ ≤ÃÓ°– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ çyï˛#Î˚
§Ç•!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ Óï≈˛Ùyl ˆòáy !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ§ÔºyÏï,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ˲yÓ ÓçyÎ˚
ÌyܲˆÏ° ˆò¢ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
~•z xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ §y¡±òy!Î˚ܲï˛yñ Óî≈ˆÏ˲òñ xyM˛!°Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y çyï˛#Î˚
§Ç•!ï˛ˆÏܲ !Ó!â¯ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢!=˛¢y°# çy!ï˛ àë˛lñ !Ó!˲ߨ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚îñ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ñ §yÙy!çܲ G
xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲï˛y xyly ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ñ ≤Ãà!ï˛ G ¢y!hs˝Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ Ó˚«˛y
ܲÓ˚y ~ܲyhs˝ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–

xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyô
(International Understanding)

˲)!Ùܲy (Introduction)ı
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ xy!ÓË≈˛yÓ §ÙyˆÏç âˆÏê˛!l ÓÓ˚Ç Óƒ!=˛ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl §Ùyç àˆÏí˛¸ §yÙy!çܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Óƒ!=˛
˜ç!Óܲ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛y!àˆÏòñ ç#!ÓܲyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏlñ §%á¢y!hs˝ˆÏï˛ Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆày¤˛#ÓÂô •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˆ§•z
ˆày¤˛#ÓÂôï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !ÓÓï˛≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÌ ôˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ñ §Ùyçñ Ó˚yT˛… ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛– ~Ù!l˲yˆÏÓ•z Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
§Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ– !ܲv Ùylӧ˲ƒï˛yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ Îï˛ ˆÓ¢# âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈñ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛ï˛•z Îy!sfܲ ¢!=˛ˆÏܲ
ܲyˆÏç °y!àˆÏÎ˚ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xy!ô˛õï˛ƒ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ– Ó˚yˆÏT˛… Ó˚yˆÏT˛… §Çâyï˛ Ü ˛Ù¢ Óyí˛¸ˆÏSÈ– !ÓÇ¢
¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ!òˆÏܲ ò%!ê˛ Ë˛Î˚yÓ• !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏÂô xà!îï˛ !l‹õy˛õ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ≤Ãyî•y!l ˆÌˆÏܲ ~Ó˚ §)e˛õyï˛– ï˛y•z ~ál
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl !ÓŸª¢y!hs˝– §¡±#!ï˛ G xyhs˝çy≈!ï˛Ü˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸y ly •ˆÏ° xyàyÙ#!òˆÏl !ÓŸªÓƒy˛õ# §Çâyï˛ xyÓ˚G
Óyí˛¸ˆÏÓ– ï˛y•z xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyô Óy xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ òyÑ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Óƒ!=˛ ¢%ô%
ï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚•z §Ë˛ƒ lÎ˚ ˆ§ ~ܲçl !ӈϟªÓ˚ lyà!Ó˚ܲG ÓˆÏê˛ñ xyÓ˚ ~•z ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ •° xyhs˝çy≈!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyô– xyÓyÓ˚
Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ xyhsç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyô •° !lÓ˚ˆ˛Ï õ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ xyã˛Ó˚î ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly G Ù)°ƒyÎ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y–
~•z ˆÓyôˆÏܲ çy@˝Ãï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° !ӈϟªÓ˚ §Ó çy!ï˛Ó˚ Ü,˛!T˛ˆÏܲ §ÙÙÎ≈yòy !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ çy!ï˛Ó˚ G
xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ §Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ÎÌyÌ≈ ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyî ˆÌˆÏܲ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !l!ò≈T˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ fl∫yÌ≈Ó˚«˛y lÎ˚ñ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï §Ùyç Óy Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ fl∫yÌ≈ Ó˚«˛y lÎ˚ñ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ˲yˆÏÓ ÙylÓ Ü˛°ƒyî•z xyç §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyÙƒ–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 178
xÌ≈ (Meaning)ı
˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ xlƒylƒ §Ùyç ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ !lˆÏçÓ˚ §ÙyçˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ !ÓŸªÙylÓ §ÙyˆÏç
!lˆÏçÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ Ù)°ƒ §ÙˆÏrô §ˆÏã˛ï˛l •ˆÏÎ˚ !ÓŸª¢y!hs˝ G ˜Ùe#Ó˚ çlƒ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚y•z •° xyhs˝çy≈!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚
Ù)° ܲÌy–
x!°Ë˛yÓ˚ ˆày”˛ !fløˆÏÌÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ÈüÈ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸y •° ~ܲ!ê˛ xl%˲)!ï˛ ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˆÓyV˛yˆÏly •Î˚ ˆÎ
~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ ˆÜ˛Ó° Ùye ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ §ò§ƒ lÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç !ӈϟªÓ˚ ~ܲçl §ò§ƒ– (Oliver Gold
Smith - International Understanding is a feelling that the individual is not only a mem-
ber of his state but a member of the world.)
í˛/ GÎ˚y°ê˛yÓ˚É ~•zã˛É !§É !°í˛z•z§ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ §ÇK˛y !òˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ӈϰˆÏSÈlÈüÈ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛
ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸y •° !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˛õyflõy!Ó˚ܲ xyã˛Ó˚î ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly G Ù)°ƒyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y– ~ܲܲÌyÎ˚ çy!ï˛ñ
çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yÓyòñ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ôyÓ˚îy ˆÜ˛ Óç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ xyò¢≈ˆÏܲ G•z à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ
xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸y Óy xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyô ӈϰ– (Dr. Walter H.C Lewis- International
Understanding is the ability to observe critically and other, irrespective of the nationality
or culture to which they may belong.)
í˛/ xydyl® !Ù◊ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ §ÇK˛y !òˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ӈϰˆÏSÈl Èüüü xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸y
Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ çy!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó®%c ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ ˆ§Ô•yò≈ƒ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáy ~ÓÇ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
§•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°yÈüüüÈ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ §yÓ≈ˆËÏ ˛ÔÙc x«%˛ß¨ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– (Dr. Atmananda
Mishra- International Understanding refers to friendship and harmony against different
nations of the world and also includes co-operation amongst them each one maintaining
its identity and soverignty as usual.)
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÇK˛yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyô Óy xyhs˝çy≈!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
§%flõT˛ ôyÓ˚îy ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y •°ÈüüüÈ
xyhs˝çy≈ !ï˛Ü˛ ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸y •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓ˚îy ÎyÓ˚˚ myÓ˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚yT˛… Óy ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlàî !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚
§yÓ≈ˆÏ˲ÔÙc G ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛!ï˛ ÓçyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáñ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Órô%c G ~ܲï˛y àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛°ˆÏÓñ ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ !Ó˛õˆÏò xlƒÓ˚y
§y•y΃ G §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ •yï˛ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ §Ù@˝Ã !ÓŸª ÙylˆÏÓÓ˚ ܲ°ƒyˆÏî Ó ï˛# •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ §Ù@˝Ã ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Óy§#Ó˚
§%á¢y!hs˝ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ §Çܲ#î≈ çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ !ÓŸªÙylÓï˛yÓ˚ xyòˆÏ¢≈ í˛zò‰Ó%Âô •ˆÏÓ–
xyhs˝çy!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyô !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y (Necessity of the Devolopment for Intenational
Understanding)ı
§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ xlƒylƒ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ Ùï˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚G ~ܲ!ê˛ §yÙy!çܲ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° Óï≈˛Ùyl ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#°
~ÓÇ Ü ˛ÙÓô≈Ùyl ç!ê˛° ã˛y!•òy ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ܲyç ܲÓ˚y– !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌy ~Ùl •ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
≤ÃÌÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z §Ù@˝Ã Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ◊ÂôyÓ˚ ˲yÓ ˆçˆÏà í˛zÏë˛ˆÏÓ– !ÓK˛yl G ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ ܲ°ƒyˆÏî xyç !Ó!˲ߨ
 !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)• 179
ˆò¢ á%Ó Ü˛ySÈyܲy!SÈ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !ë˛Ü˛•z !ܲv !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ˆò¢ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ çlàî x˛õÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛ {£Ï≈y˛õÓ˚yÎ˚î •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ– ~•z xÓfiÌyÎ˚ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ ~ܲyhs˝ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– !lˆÏ¡¨ !ܲS%È
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •°ÈüüüÈ
1ä Ó˚yˆÏT˛… Ó˚yˆÏT˛… Î%Âô Órô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ó˚yT˛…Óy§#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyhs˝çy≈ !ï˛Ü˛ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ àë˛l ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl–
Î%%Âô˲#!ï˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ Ùôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ly ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ¢y!hs˝ !Ó!â¯ï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ï˛y•z K˛yl !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚
≤çyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAà !ӈϟªÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Ùôƒ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyô !ӈϢ£Ï ˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
2ä Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !ӈϟªÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ í˛z@˝Ã çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yˆÏÓyô ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ÙyÌyã˛yí˛¸y !òˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Ùl
ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)Ó#˚ Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ !ÓŸªÙylÓï˛yÓ˚ xyò¢≈– ~•z í˛z@˝Ã çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yˆÏÓyôˆÏܲ ≤â!Ùï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˆàˆÏ° xyhs˝çy≈ !ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚
ÙˆÏly˲yÓ çyàÓ˚î x!lÓyÎ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ–
3ä !ӈϟªÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Ù,Âôï˛y xylyÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛y ~ÓÇ ˛õyÓ˚flõy!Ó˚ܲ
!lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°ï˛y– ~•z çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆ§Ôºyï,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ Órôl– ~•z ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlƒ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyô !ӈϢ£Ï
˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
4ä !ӈϟªÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆò¢ xyç ~ܲ ˲Î˚yÓ• §Çܲê˛ÙÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á ~ˆÏ§ òyÑ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Ùl
ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%ˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏFSÈ ≤Ã#!ï˛ñ ˆ§Ô•yòƒ G ˙ܲƒ Îy !ÓŸªÙylÓï˛yˆÏܲ ôÁǧ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– ~Ó˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl
xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ çyàÓ˚î–
5ä !ÓK˛yl G ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° xyç !ӈϟªÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ˆò¢ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢
xÓfiÌyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°G xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §Ù§ƒy ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏFSÈ– ˆÜ˛lly xyô%!lܲ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ÙyÓ˚îyflf
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛•z !ÓŸª§Ë˛ƒï˛y ~ÓÇ Ùyl!Óܲï˛yˆÏܲ ôÁǧ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xyç G Úlyày§y!Ü˛Û G Ú!•ˆÏÓ˚y!¢ÙyÛ
ò%/áÙÎ˚ flø,!ï˛ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Óy§#Ó˚ Ùl ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%ˆÏSÈ ÎyÎ˚!l– ï˛y•z ¢y!hs˝ ~ÓÇ í˛zߨ!ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl
xyhs˝çy≈!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyô–
6ä !ӈϟªÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÇÜ ˛yÙܲ Óƒy!ô ˆòáy !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛y •° !ӈϟªÓ˚ ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚yT˛…
x˛õÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏܲ ôÁǧ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lçfl∫ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏܲ ã˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– ~•z ÙˆÏly˲yÓˆÏܲ ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyô–
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ~•z ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ !ӈϟªÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
ܲyˆÏSÈ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– !ÓŸª í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ܲ §Çܲê˛ÙÎ˚ Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛– ~•z ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲÙye !¢«˛y•z ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyô çy@˝Ãï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛– ˆÜ˛Ó° ≤Ãà!ï˛ Óy í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl lÎ˚ ÓÓ˚Ç Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ x!hflÏc Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ï˛y!àˆÏò
xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛y ˆÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xy•zl ܲˆÏÓ˚ lÎ˚ñ Óy ˆçyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ myÓ˚y lÎ˚ñ !¢«˛yÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !ӈϟªÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyhs˝çy≈!ï˛Ü˛ï˛y ˆÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ˆ«˛e!ê˛ ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 180
xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ çyàÓ˚ˆÏîñ !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Role of Education for International
Understanding)ı
˛˛õ,!ÌÓ#Óƒy˛õ# xyç ¢%˲Ó%!Âô§¡õߨ §Ü˛° Óƒ!=˛ ¢y!hs˝Ó˚ §˛õˆÏ«˛ xyˆÏ®y°l àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ– ÙylÓ §Ùyç
í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ Î%ˆÏÂôÓ˚ myÓ˚yñ !•Ç§yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ÙylÓܲ°ƒyî •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyñ Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ù§ƒyÓ˚
§Ùyôyl •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §ÇˆÏAà Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ~ܲydï˛yˆÏÓyô ˆÌˆÏܲ•z xyhs˝çy≈!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ çß√– ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
xLjϢ ˆÎ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ §Ùyç ÓƒÓfiÌy àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ !lçfl∫ §yÙy!çܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒˆÏܲ
í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚yñ !ÓŸª ÙylÓ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !lçfl∫ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ xÓòylˆÏܲ ÎÌyÎÌ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓyV˛y ~ÓÇ
!ÓŸª¢y!hs˝ G ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ ˜Ùe# fiÌy˛õˆÏl §ˆÏã˛T˛ Ìyܲy•z xyhs˝çy≈!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ Ù)°Ùsf– ~•z ˆÓyô ~ܲÙye
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ çy@˝Ãï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y §Ω˛Ó– !¢«˛y Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°ñ ï˛y•z §ÙhflÏ ˆòˆÏ¢ !¢«˛yÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ
!•§yˆÏÓ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ– !¢«˛y•z Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z §yÓ≈çl#lˆÏÓyô çy!àˆÏÎ˚
ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyô çyàÓ˚ˆÏî !ܲS%È à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy •° !l¡¨Ó˚)˛õ /
1ä !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝y¢!=˛Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ SÈyí˛¸y xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ •Î˚ ly– !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y !Ó!˲ߨ §Ù§ƒy
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îál !lçfl∫ ôyÓ˚îy àë˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ !lçfl∫ x!˲Ùï˛ Óƒ=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓñ ï˛ál•z xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ §¡±#!ï˛ fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyç §•ç •ˆÏÓ– ï˛y•z !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝y ¢!=˛Ó˚
!Óܲy¢ âˆÏê˛ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛ÌƒÙ)°Ü˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
2ä !¢«˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛z@˝Ãçyï˛#Î˚ï˛yˆÏÓyôˆÏܲ ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– !lçfl∫ Ó˚yT˛… Óy
§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ fl∫yÌ≈ˆÏܲ Óí˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáyÓ˚ñ ≤ÃÓîï˛y xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyô §,!T˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ÓyÑôy •ˆÏÎ˚ òyÑí˛¸yÎ˚– ï˛y•z !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛
ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏï˛ !ÓŸªÙylÓydyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ◊Âôy çyˆÏà xÌ≈yÍ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ •ˆÏÓ
çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ §¡±§yÓ˚î â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛y ˆÓyˆÏôÓ˚ çyàÓ˚ˆÏî §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚y–
3ä !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ÙˆÏl õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ !ÓŸªy§ G xyfiÌyÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ çy!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛y°y•z •ˆÏÓ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù)° í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ– !¢«˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛zòyÓ˚ G xyfiÌyÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
4ä ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ xyfiÌy !ÓŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚ çlƒ ã˛y•z ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°ï˛yˆÏÓyô– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚
˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ çlƒ xlƒ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ◊ˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ˛õyÓ˚flõy!Ó˚ܲ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°ï˛y §¡õÜ≈˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y•z !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ çy!àˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚y
˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §•yl%Ë)˛!ï˛¢#° •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ~•z §•yl%˲)!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z çyˆÏà xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyô–
5ä !¢«˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô §¡∫ˆÏrô !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° §%%fiÌ
xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õÜ≈˛ fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyç §•ç •ˆÏÓ– ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z §Ó Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô ˆ◊!î G çy!ï˛ ˆË˛ˆÏò ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚
§Ó≈e §Ùyl– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ §ÓˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ Î!ò ~•z Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ò,!T˛ xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ°
ï˛yÓ˚y Ùyl!§Ü˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ ~ˆÏ§ ÎyˆÏÓ–
 !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)• 181
í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ (Conclusion)ı
çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yˆÏÓyô •° ~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛yÓàï˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ôyÓ˚îyñ çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yˆÏÓyô •° çl§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ à˲#Ó˚
˙ܲƒˆÏÓyô Óy fl∫yï˛sfƒˆÏÓyô– §Ùyç Óy çl§Ùyç ˲yÓàï˛ ˙ܲƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ~ܲyd •ˆÏ° ~ÓÇ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚
fl∫ï˛sf §_y §¡∫ˆÏrô §ˆÏã˛ï˛l •ˆÏ° çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yˆÏÓyô §,!T˛ •Î˚– çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yˆÏÓyô •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù•yl xyò¢≈ Îy ¢%ô%
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly çy!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˙ܲƒÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly ÓÓ˚Ç ˆ§•z §ˆÏAà ˆò¢ˆÏ≤ÃÙ G §Çܲ#î≈ fl∫yÌ≈ˆÏܲ !Ó§ç≈l !òˆÏÎ˚ xydï˛ƒyˆÏàÓ˚
ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy ˆçyàyÎ˚– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyô •° ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ Îy Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ !ÓŸªºyï,˛cˆÏÓyˆÏô
í˛zj#Æ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyò¢≈– Óƒ!=˛ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ò,!T˛ˆÏܲ §Çܲ#î≈ çyï˛#Î˚ à!u˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyÓÂô ly ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ï˛yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ ˆ§ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ !ӈϟªÓ˚ ~ܲçl lyà!Ó˚ܲ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyô •° çy!ï˛ §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ â,îyñ !ÓˆÏm£Ï G ܲ°ˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ ˆ§Ô•yò≈ƒñ ˜Ùe# G §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~Ùl ~ܲ §%¤%˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ §,!T˛
ܲÓ˚y ˆÎáyˆÏl çy!ï˛§Ù)• !lˆÏçÓ˚ fl∫ï˛sf x!hflÏc G ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ x«%˛] ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˛õyÓ˚flõy!Ó˚ܲ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ñ §yÙy!çܲñ
§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe í˛zÍܲ£Ï≈§yôl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ çß√àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛ï˛à%ˆ° Ï y ≤ÃÓîï˛y ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÎà%ˆ°
Ï y ˛õyÓ˚flõy!Ó˚ܲ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚
˛õˆÏÌ Óyôy §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î%Î%ͧy ≤ÃÓ,!_ñ xyd≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ Ùï˛ ≤ÃÓ,!_à%ˆÏ°y Óƒ!=˛ÏˆÏܲ fl∫yÌ≈˛õÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°–
!¢«˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z§Ó Ü%˛≤ÃÓ,!_ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%=˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ §Çܲ#l≈ï˛yÓ˚ à!u˛ ˆÌˆÏܲñ í˛z@˝Ã
çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ÓŸªÙylÓydyÓ˚ §rôyˆÏl ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~•z í˛z˛õ°!kô•z
xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ Ù)° !˲!_– !¢«˛y•z Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ç#ÓlˆÏܲ §Çܲ#î≈ï˛yÓ˚ à!u˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ !ÓŸª
ÙylÓydyÓ˚ í˛zß√%=˛ ≤Ãyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏSÈ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
~•z ≤çˆÏAà ˆáÎ˚y° Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ §ˆÏAà xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ÓˆÏ˲ò ˆl•z–
çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yˆÏÓyô Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏl fl∫çy!ï˛ G fl∫ˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ Ë˛y°Óy§y §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ÓÇ ~•z ˲y°Óy§yÈüÈ•z Ü ˛ˆÏÙ
!ÓŸªÓy§#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ Ë˛y°Óy§yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– fl∫ˆòÏ ¢ G fl∫çˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÎyÓ˚ ˲y°Óy§y ˆl•zñ ˆ§ !ÓŸªÓy§#ˆÏܲ ˲y°Óy§ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ˆò¢Óy§#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ˲y°Óy§yÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏ° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏl !ÓŸªÓy§#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ Ë˛y§Óy§yÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚ÈüüüÈ Îy
xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÌ ≤âfiÌ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyô çy!ï˛§ÙÙ)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÎÔÌ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ àë˛l
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl «%˛o G Ó,•Í çy!ï˛ G Ó˚yT˛… §Ùyç ~ÓÇ §ÙÙÎ≈yòyÓ˚ xy!ôܲyÓ˚#ñ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ çy!ï˛ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛
§%fiÌ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ¢ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ã˛yÎ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ çy!ï˛ xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛ñ §yÙy!çܲñ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã˲, !ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚
ÓrôˆÏl xyÓÂô •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xyò¢≈ çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yˆÏÓyˆÏô í˛zm%Âô çy!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô Óy §Çâyï˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ly– ܲyÓ˚î çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yˆÏÓyô G xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ Ù)° ܲÌy •° ÈüüüÈ !lˆÏç ÓyшÏã˛y ~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚ˆÏܲ ÓÑyã˛ˆÏï˛
òyG–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 182

§yÓ˚§ÇˆÏ«˛˛õ (Summary)

≤ÃÌÙ ~ܲܲ
§•ÈüÈ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°ı xÌ≈ñ í˛zˆj
Ï ¢ƒ§Ù)•ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆËÏ ˛òñ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛y

xÌ≈ (Meaning)ı
!¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe §•ÈüÈ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎy≈Ó!° myÓ˚y !¢«˛y!ÓòÓ˚y ˆÓyV˛yˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õyë˛ƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y
ã˛ã≈˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAà !¢¢%Ó˚ §Ó≈yAà#l !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlƒ ˆá°yô)°yñ !Óï˛Ü≈˛ñ x!˲lÎ˚ñ lyã˛ÈüÈàyl G !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
Ó,!_Ù)°Ü˛ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ xl%¢#°l §Ùyl à%Óc%˚ ˛õ)î–≈ Ú§•Û Ó°ˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe §•ˆÏÎyà# ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ lyñ Ú§•Û Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ xhs˝Ë)≈˛=˛ ˛Ü˛yÎ≈yÓ°#ˆÏܲ•z ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚–˛ õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ xhs≈˝Ë)˛=˛ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°ˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ≤Ãôyl ò%!ê˛
ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ Ë˛yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ܲï˛à%ˆ° Ï y ܲyç ˆÜ˛ àï˛yl%à!ï˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ
ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° (Class Room Activities) Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚
xhs˲)≈=˛ ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y ܲyç ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚– ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ó!•/ˆÏ◊!îàï˛ Ü˛yÎ≈yÓ!° (Out of
Class Room Activities) Ó°y ÎyÎ˚– !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ç#Ól !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlƒ ˆ◊!î xhsË≈˛=) ˛ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆÎÙl ≤ÃˆÎ Ï y˚ çl
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆï˛Ù!l Ó!•/ˆÏ◊!îàï˛ Ü˛yç à%ˆÏ°y G §Ùyl à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– ï˛y•z !¢«˛y!ÓK˛yˆÏl Ú§•ÈüÈ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Û
ܲÌy!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ xhsË≈˛=) ˛ §•ÈüÈ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ à%Óc%˚ xˆÏlܲ Óƒy˛õܲ– §Ùß∫!Î˚ï˛
˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆÎ xÇ¢ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ˲yˆÏÓ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù–
~!ê˛ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ xÇ¢ Óy Ó!•Ë%≈˛=˛ ˆÜ˛yl ˛õ,Ìܲ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ lÎ˚– §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ùñ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ Ù)° §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xh¡Ë≈)˛=˛
x!Ó!FSÈߨ xAà–
§•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ ˆÎ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yà ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl !l!ò≈T˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˆl•z– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ ˆÎ
ܲyçà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲÌy í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ myÓ˚y !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùye ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ âˆÏê˛ ly– ~ܲ•z
ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˜ò!•Ü˛ñ Ùyl!§Ü˛ G §yÙy!çܲ !Óܲy¢ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÎˆÏܲyl ܲyç•z !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚
§•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyç !•§yˆÏÓ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚y ˆ•yܲ ly ˆÜ˛lñ ï˛yÓ˚ §%˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ˆÎÙlÈüüÈ §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ
ܲyç !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ܲÌy !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ !l!ò≈T˛ ÓƒyÎ˚yÙ xÌÓy
ˆá°yô)°y !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚yˆÏly ÎyÎ˚ lyñ ܲyÓ˚î ˜ò!•Ü˛
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛y•z !ӈϢ£Ï !ӈϢ£Ï !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ çlƒ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ ÓƒÎ˚yÙñ
ˆá°yô)°y !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏÓ– !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛yÓ˚ (Time-Table) ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z çyï˛#Î˚ ܲyç ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚
çlƒ !l!ò≈T˛ §ÙÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚ÈüÈ!¢«˛yÓ˚ ܲyç Îál ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ï˛ál §Ü˛° !¢«˛yÌ≈# ~ܲ•z §ˆÏAà xÇ¢
@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– !¢«˛Ü˛ ˆÎÙl ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ ܲyç ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ˆï˛Ù!l ~•z ܲyçG ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl– ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyç ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚ xlƒylƒ ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ Ùï˛•z– ï˛y•z í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚
 !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)• 183
!˲!_ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yˆÏçÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !lô≈yÓ˚îñ ˆ§•z ܲyç ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°l ~ÓÇ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚lñ ~•z
ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ü ˛ˆÏÙ §¡õyòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚–

f!mï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ
¢,C°y G fl∫yô#lï˛yı xÌ≈ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲òñ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ~Ó˚ à%Ó%̊c

xÌ≈ (Meaning)ı
≤Ãyã˛#l ôyÓ˚îy xl%ÎyÎ˚#¢,C°yı ≤Ãyã˛#l ôyÓ˚îy xl%ÎyÎ˚# ¢,C°y !SÈ°ñ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓ˚y!˛õï˛ xyã˛Ó˚î
!lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°– !¢«˛y ï˛ál !SÈ° ˛õ%!ÌÑ!lË≈˛Ó˚– !¢«˛Ü˛ÈüÈˆÜ˛!wܲ !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ó=˛ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛
ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ xlƒylƒ xyã˛Ó˚î !lÎ˚sîf ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl !SÈ°– ≤Ãyã˛#l ôyÓ˚îy xl%ÎyÎ˚# Ú¢y§lÛ
Óy ÚòÙlˆÏܲ•zÛ ¢,C°y !•§yˆÏÓ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏï˛y– §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ x≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ñ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ òÙll#!ï˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
x˛õ§yÓ˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~à%ˆÏ°y !SÈ° ≤Ãyã˛#l ôyÓ˚îy–
òÙlÙ)°Ü˛ ï˛_¥ (Repressionistic Theory) ˆÜ˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l ôyÓ˚îy xl%ÎyÎ˚# @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~•z Ùï˛
xl%ÎyÎ˚# !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚î !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° xl%¢y§ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ˛õyˆÏë˛Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y xl%¢y§l
ˆÙˆÏl ly ã˛°ˆÏ° ¢y!hflÏ ˆòGÎ˚y •ï˛ xÌ≈yÍ ~•z Ùï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ¢,C°y fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲÙye í˛z˛õyÎ˚ !SÈ° ˜ò!•Ü˛
˛õ#í˛¸l– Ó°y •ˆÏï˛y Spare the Rod and Spoil the Child xÌ≈yÍ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ïò!•Ü˛ ˛õ#í˛¸l ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°
!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ¢,C°y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáy ÎyˆÏÓ ly ~•z !SÈ° ôyÓ˚îy– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ òÙlÙ)°Ü˛ ï˛ˆÏcÓ˚ Ù)° ܲÌy !SÈ° !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚
¢,C°y fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ°ñ ˜ò!•Ü˛ !lÎ≈yï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ x≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ xyã˛Ó˚îà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ òÙl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ– ¢,C°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~•z ôyÓ˚îy ÙôƒÎ%à#Î˚ !¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌy ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ !SÈ°– xT˛yò¢ ¢ï˛y!∑ˆÏï˛ !Ó!¢T˛
!ã˛hs˝y!Óò‰ Ó˚%шϢy §Ó≈≤ÃÌÙ ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô ≤Ã!ï˛Óyò ܲˆÏÓ˚l– !ï˛!l ÙÏôƒÎ%à#Î˚ §Ùyç G !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚
e%!ê˛à%ˆÏ°y ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚l– !ï˛!l ï˛yÑÓ˚ Ú~!Ù°Û @˝ÃˆÏrÌ ÓˆÏ°ˆÏSÈlñ ¢,C°y Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ !lÎ≈yï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆl•z–
!¢«˛yÓ˚ fl∫yˆÏÌ≈•z !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yô#l ˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yçܲÙ≈ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
!òˆÏÎ˚ñ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ˲y°Ù® !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î §ÇˆÏ¢yôl ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ xÓyô fl∫yô#lï˛y òyˆÏlÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ¢,C°y fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚#!ï˛ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ÚxÓyô ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ï˛_¥Û (Expressionistic Theory)– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆòáy
ˆàˆÏSÈ ~•z Ùï˛ÓyòˆÏܲ §Ó≈çl#l ˆ«˛ˆÏe á%Ó ˆÓ¢# ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚!l– ï˛y•z ~•z ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !Óܲ“ !•§yˆÏÓ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
Ùï˛Óyò àˆÏí˛¸ GˆÏë˛ ÎyˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ÈüÈ Ú≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ï˛_¥Û (Impressionistic Theory)– ~•zÈüÈ ï˛ˆÏ_¥ ¢,C°y
fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙôƒÓï≈˛# ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ¢,C°y fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛Ü˛ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ùl
˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓlñ ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢¢% ~ê˛y í˛z˛õ°!kô ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ !¢«˛Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲS%È ã˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚
!òˆÏFSÈl– !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î ˆÜ˛ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ §%¢,C°y ç#Ól Îy˛õl
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
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≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò (Types)ı
!¢«˛y!Óò‰àî ¢,C°yˆÏܲ ò%!ê˛ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ Ë˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ÎÌy xhs˝ç≈yï˛ ¢,C°y (Internal Discipline)
~ÓÇ Ó!•ç≈yï˛ ¢,C°y (External Discipline)–
å1ä xhsç≈yï˛ ¢,C°y (Internal Discipline) ı Îál ˆÜ˛yl ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#
fl∫ï˛/≤ÈîÏ y!òï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛ï˛à%ˆ°
Ï y §%!l!ò≈T˛ !lÎ˚Ùܲyl%l ˆÙˆÏl ã˛ˆÏ° ܲyÓ˚G ≤ÈÓÏ y˚ ã˛ly Óy ¢y§l SÈyí˛¸y•z !¢«˛yÌ≈# ܲyç!ê˛ˆÏï˛
!lˆÏçÓ˚ xyhs˝!Ó˚ܲ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y !lˆÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !lˆÏç•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ !lˆÏò≈¢à%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!Ó!ôÈüÈ!lˆÏ£ÏˆÏôÓ˚ xl%¢y§l xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ ¢,C°y ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ xhs˝ç≈yï˛ ¢,C°y Ó°y
•Î˚– ~•z xhs˝ç≈yï˛ ¢,C°y !Ó!˲ߨ lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ÎÌyÈüÈ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ¢,C°y (Natural Discipline), xyd¢,C°y
(Self-discipline)ñ x!hflÓÏ yã˛Ü˛ ¢,C°y (Positive Discipline), Ù%=˛ ¢,C°y (Free Discipline) •zï˛ƒy!ò–
~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xhs˝ç≈yï˛ ¢,C°yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !Óòƒy°Î˚ñ !¢«˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°Ü˛ñ ˆÜ˛yl Óƒ!=˛ ܲyÓ˚G
ˆÜ˛yl !lÎ˚sfî Óy •hflψϫ˛˛õ ÌyˆÏܲ ly– ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy xl%ÎyÎ˚# ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ xy@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ¢,C°y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– xhsç≈yï˛ ¢,C°y !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ fl∫yô#l G Ù%=˛ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚– ˆ§áyˆÏl
!¢«˛yÌ≈# ¢,C°yÓ˚ !lÎ˚ÙÈüÈܲyl%l ˆÙˆÏl ã˛ˆÏ° !lˆÏçÓ˚ xy@˝Ã• G ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îyÎ˚ñ ˆÜ˛yl Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ã˛yˆÏ˛õ
lÎ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÈüüÈ Îál ˆÜ˛yl !ã˛eܲÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l SÈ!Ó xyˆÏÜÑ˛l Óy ˆÜ˛yl §%Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl
lï˛%l §%Ó˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓl˚ Óy ˆÜ˛yl ˲yflÒÓ˚ l)ï˛l Ù)!ï≈˛ àˆÏí˛¸l ï˛ál ï˛yÑÓy˚ fl∫ï˛/≤ÈîÏ y!òï lï%˛l˛ ˲yˆÏÓ•z Ó•% !lÎ˚ÙÈüÈܲyl%l
ˆÙˆÏl ã˛ˆÏ°l– !ã˛eܲˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï%˛!°Ó˚ ê˛ylñ Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ !Ù◊îñ xAܲˆÏlÓ˚ ˲Aà#ÈüÈ~ §ÙhflÏ•z ¢,C°yÓ˚ !lÎ˚ÙÈüÈܲyl%l xl%§Ó˚î
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆï˛Ù!l §%Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛y°ñ °Î˚ñ Ùyey ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §Ç•!ï˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá lï%˛l Ó˚y!àl# §,!T˛ G
¢,C°yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ !lÎ˚ÙÈüÈܲyl%l ˆÙˆÏl ã˛ˆÏ°– Ó›ï˛ §ÙhflÏ lï%˛l §,!T˛Ó˚ Ù)ˆÏ° xyˆÏSÈ ~•z xhs˝ç≈yï˛ ¢,C°y– ~•z
çlƒ•z xhs˝çy≈ï˛ ¢,C°yˆÏܲ xyd¢,C°y (Self-discipline) lyÙ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
å2ä Ó!•ç≈yï˛ ¢,C°y (External Discipline)ı ~•z ¢,C°y !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
§,T˛ •Î˚ ly– ~Ó˚ çlƒ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàñ ~ܲy@˝Ãï˛yñ xyl%àï˛ƒñ !lÎ˚Ùyl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛y ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y
fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ly ~ÓÇ !lÎ˚Ùܲyl%lñ !Ó!ô!lˆÏ£Ïôñ ¢y!hflÏÓ˚ ˲Î˚ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ lyly !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆçyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ¢,C°y xylÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– !¢«˛yÌ≈# Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÓ° ¢!=˛Ó˚
ã˛yˆÏ˛õ Óyôƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ ¢,C°y ˆÙˆÏl ã˛ˆÏ°– ~•z Ó!•ç≈yï˛ ¢,C°y (External Discipline)– Ü,˛!eÙ ¢,C°y (Artifitial
Discipline), ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ ¢,C°y (Negative Discipline) ≤Ã˲, !ï˛ lyˆÏÙG ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– •zLjÏÓç ˚ #˲y£ÏyÎ˚˛ xyˆÏò¢
G xí≈˛yÓ˚ (Order) ܲÌy!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆÎ ¢,C°y Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓ˚y!˛õï˛ñ Ü,˛!eÙ G ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ ï˛yˆÏܲ
¢,C°y Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ˆ§!ê˛ ≤Ãܲ, ï˛ ˛õˆÏ«˛ Ú¢,C°Û ˛õòÓyã˛ƒ– ˆÎ §Ó ˆÌˆÏܲ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ ¢,C°y
ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl ≤ÃÓlï˛y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ly ˆ§ §ÓˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ã˛y˛õ Óy ˲#!ï˛Ó˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y Ó˚yáy •Î˚ñ
~ˆÏܲ•z xyˆÏÓ˚y!˛õï˛ ¢,C°y Ó°y •Î˚– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏò¢ Óy xyˆÏÓ˚y!˛õï˛ ¢,C°yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛yl ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛
≤ÃÌyÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ܲï≈,˛˛õ«˛ ¢,C°y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏál– Ó®# !¢!ÓÓ˚ñ ˆç°áyly ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG xyˆÏÓ˚y!˛õï˛ ¢,C°y
≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
 !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)• 185
!¢«˛yÎ˚ ~Ó˚ à%Ó˚%c (Importance in Education)ı
§yÌ≈ܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y ˆòGÎ˚y ~ܲyhs˝ xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ ~•z ܲÌy!ê˛ Ó•% ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ Ó•% !¢«˛y!Óò‰àî
≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈl– !ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ xyˆÏà ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~ ܲÌy!ê˛Ó˚ ÓyhflÏÓ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ !l– @˝Ã#ܲ òy¢≈!lܲ
xƒy!Ó˚fiê˛ê˛°ñ ˆÓ˚yÙyl !¢«˛Ü˛ Ü%˛•z!rê˛!°Î˚ylñ !Ó !ê˛¢ òy¢≈!lܲ ܲˆÏÙ!lÎ˚y§ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ Ó•% Ùl#£Ï#•z !¢¢% fl∫yô#lï˛yˆÏܲ
§ÙÌ≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈl– !ܲv !Î!l ≤ÃÌÙ §%flõT˛ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ !môy•#l ܲˆÏt˛ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ˛õ)î≈ fl∫yô#lï˛y ˆòÓyÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l
!ï˛!l •ˆÏ°l ≤Ã!§Âô Ê˛Ó˚y§# òy¢≈!lܲ Ó˚%шϢy– ï˛yÑÓ˚ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ÈüÈ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ òyG ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ Îy á%¢# ܲÓ˚%ܲ–
!ï˛!l xyˆÏÓ˚yG ӈϰl ˆÎÈüÈ Ú!¢¢% Îál çß√yÎ˚ñ ï˛ál ˆ§ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚Ü˛Ù Ü%˛ÈüÈ≤ÃÓ,!_ Óy Ù® ≤ÃÓîï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ çß√yÎ˚ ly–
ï˛yÓ˚ Ùl ï˛ál !l‹õy˛õ G !l‹Ò°%£Ï ÌyˆÏܲ– !ܲv ˆ§ Îál §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ò%l#≈!ï˛Ó˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ xyˆÏ§ ï˛ál•z ï˛yÓ˚ Ùl
ܲ°%!£Ïï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y!∑Ó˚ ≤Ãà!ï˛¢#° !¢«˛ylyÎ˚ܲàl Ó˚%шϢyÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛y!Ó˚ï˛ ~•z !¢¢% fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ xyò¢≈!ê˛ˆÏܲ ÙˆÏl ≤ÃyˆÏl
@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ÓÑ̊%ˆÏ¢yˆÏܲ ˆ§•z çlƒ !¢¢% fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ çlܲ Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛y §ÇflÒyÓ˚ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚
≤ÃÌÙ G ≤Ãôyl ˜Ó!¢T˛ •° !¢¢%ˆÏܲ xÓyô fl∫yô#lï˛y òyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly!ê˛– ~•z çlƒ•z Óï≈˛Ùyl Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ≤Ãà!ï˛¢#°
!¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ lyÙ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ!wܲ !¢«˛y–

ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ
Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !¢«˛y ı xÌ≈ñ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚ï˛yñ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô !ӣψÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ í˛˛z õyÎ˚ §Ù)•

Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô Óy ‘Value’ ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ xy«˛!Ó˚ܲ xÌ≈ •°ÈüüÈ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎyàƒï˛y (Worthiness to be chosen)ñ
xÌ≈yÍ ˆÜ˛yl‰ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ ç#ÓˆÏl ˛≤Ãyôylƒ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÓÈüüÈ !ÓòƒyˆÏܲñ ly xÌ≈Èüȧ¡õ!_ˆÏܲ Óy xlƒ !ܲS%ȈÏܲ⁄ xÌ≈yÍ
ܲyí˛zˆÏܲ Óy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%ȈÏܲ Ù)°ƒ ˆòGÎ˚y ÙyˆÏl ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÓˆÏSÈ ˆlGÎ˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛
!§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ xy§y– Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ í˛zͧ •° ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ÓyhflÏÓ x!˲K˛ï˛y xÌÓy !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õy!Ó˚ˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ xÓfiÌyñ ç#Ól
çàÍ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy– !Ó!˲ߨ òy¢≈!lܲ Ùï˛ÓyˆÏò Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !Ó!˲ߨ !ã˛hs˝y˲yÓly Óƒ=˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ
˲yÓÓyò# ò¢≈l (Idealism) ÙˆÏï˛ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô ¢yŸªï˛ñ !ã˛Ó˚hs˝lñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò# (Naturalist) G Ó›Óyò#
(Materialist)ÈüÈ ~ !ÓŸªy§# òy¢≈!lܲàî ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ Óy Ó›Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
ܲyç •° ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ G•zà%ˆÏ°y xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y– ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÓyò# (Pragmatist) G x!hflÏcÓyò#
(Existentialist) òy¢≈!lܲÓ˚y ӈϰlñ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô Óƒ!=˛!˲!_ܲ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#°– !lï˛ƒ lï%˛l ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚
§ˆÏAà x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏlÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ lï%˛l lï%˛l Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏ벖 ˆÎ ܲyç Óy ˆÎ Ó› Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ §Ê˛°ï˛y ˆòÎ˚ñ
ï˛yÓ˚•z Ù)°ƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÓˆÏ° ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô•z Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ܲˆÏÙ≈ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy ˆÎyàyÎ˚–
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô !Óܲy¢ı
!¢«˛yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ x!ï˛ â!l¤˛– !í˛í˛z•zÓ˚ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚•z ~ܲ!ê˛ xAà
•° Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô– !¢«˛yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ x!ï˛ !l!Óí˛¸– ~ܲÌy á%Ó•z §ï˛ƒ ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 186
§Ç•!ï˛ G fiÌy!Î˚c ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z §ˆÏAà §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚l G ≤Ãà!ï˛ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚
ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– ~•z Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô !ܲ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y ˲yˆÏ°y !ܲ Ù® ˆ§!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ܲÌy lÎ˚ñ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ܲÌy •° ˆ§•z
Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy!ê˛ Ü˛ï˛ê˛y §%ò,ì˛¸ ~ÓÇ §%§Çà!ë˛ï˛–
ܲï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô §Ü˛° §ÙyˆÏç•z fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ G xl%§,ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ¢yŸªï˛ Óy fiÌyÎ˚#
Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô Ó°y •Î˚– ~•z Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ¢yŸªï˛ Ó°y •Î˚ ~•z xˆÏÌ≈ ˆÎñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ G §yÙy!çܲ
ç#ÓlÎy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ !Ü ˛Î˚yÈüÈ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §%¤%˛ G §ˆÏhs˝y£Ïçlܲ §¡õyòl ~•z Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– §Ü˛° §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ Ùyl%£Ï ~•z §ï˛ƒ!ê˛ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ G §yÙy!çܲ ç#ÓlˆÏܲ
§%®Ó˚ G ï,˛!ÆܲÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏ° ~•z Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôà%ˆ°
Ï y xl%ÎyÎ˚# xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y xÓ¢ƒ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– ~•z ¢yŸªï˛ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôà%ˆ°
Ï yÓ˚
xhs˝à≈ï˛ •°ñ §ï˛ƒÓy!òï˛yñ §ï˛ï˛yñ ˆ§Ô®Î≈ˆÏÓyôñ Ü,˛ï˛K˛ï˛yñ òÎ˚y •zï˛ƒy!ò– ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ §Ü˛° Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ §Ü˛° §ÙyˆÏç•z
~•z Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ÙylÓç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ l#!ï˛ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–

ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ~ܲܲ
çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ G xyhs˝çy≈ !ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !¢«˛yı xÌ≈ñ çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ G
xyhs˝çy≈ !ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyô çyàÓ˚ˆîÏ !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy

xÌ≈ (Meaning)ı
çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏï˛ lyly ¢∑ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ñ ˆÎÙlÈüü Èçyï˛#Î˚ ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸yñ çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yˆÏÓyôñ
≤Èϫ˛y˲àï˛ §Ç•!ï˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~•z §ÙhflÏ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÌ≈ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏà Úçy!ï˛Ó˚ §ÇK˛yÛ Óy çy!ï˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ܲ# ï˛y
çyly Ìyܲy òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ Úçy!ï˛Û àë˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ¢ï≈˛à%ˆÏ°y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ ÈüüüÈ
1ä ~ܲ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î Ë)˛áu˛ Óy ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆË˛ÔˆÏày!°Ü˛ ~ܲï˛y–
2ä ~ܲ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î §yÙy!çܲñ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ç#Ól–
3ä ~ܲ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ˛ˆ≤ë˛y˛õê˛ G §Çfl,Ò!ï˛–
xyÓ˚G ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ¢ï≈˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÎÙlÈüÈ Ë˛y£Ïyñ ôÙ≈ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚– ~•z §ÙhflÏ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
¢ï≈˛•z Óƒ!=˛ÏˆÏܲ ~ܲ!eï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Úçy!ï˛Û àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ÈüüüÈ ÚÚ~ܲò° Ùyl%£Ï ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ Ë)˛áˆÏ[˛
~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ Ó˚yT˛…˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ü˛ï˛à%ˆÏ°y §yôyÓ˚î ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ˆÎÙl çy!ï˛àï˛ñ ˲y£Ïyàï˛ñ ôÙ≈àï˛ñ
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛àï˛ xyã˛yÓ˚ÈüÈxyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ˙ܲƒÓÂô ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛ál•z ï˛yÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ Úçy!ï˛Û àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ÛÛ–
çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° Úçy!ï˛Ó˚Û ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §%!l!Óí˛¸ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˙ܲy!hs˝Ü˛ !ÓŸªy§
ÌyܲˆÏÓ– §Ü˛ˆÏ° ~ܲÈüÈ~ܲ çy!ï˛ñ ~ܲ ≤ÃyîÈüÈ~ܲï˛y– çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛Ó˚ Ù)ˆÏ° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~•z ~ܲydˆÏÓyô– 1947
§yˆÏ°Ó˚ 15th August ˆò¢ fl∫yô#l •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ Úçyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛Û Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ≤ß¿!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl •ˆÏÎ˚ òyÑí˛¸yÎ˚–
ˆ§ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˲!Ó£Ïƒï˛ lyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ!ê˛ çy!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
 !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)• 187
à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ ~•z !Ó!FSÈߨï˛yÓyòˆÏܲ Óç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ á[˛yLjϢÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ §Ù@˝Ã ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛ ˆÜ˛yl çy!ï˛Ó˚ xyl%àˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ¢y!hs˝˛õ)î≈ G
§•ˆÏÎy!àï˛y˛õ)î≈ ç#ÓlÎy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lç !lç §¡±òyÎ˚àï˛ à%lyÓ°#ˆÏܲ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ˲yˆÏÓ çyï˛#Î˚
§Ù,!ÂôÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç °yàyˆÏï˛ ˆ¢áyÎ˚–
xyhs˝çy≈ !ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyô
xÌ≈ (Meaning)ı
˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ xlƒylƒ §Ùyç ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ !lˆÏçÓ˚ §ÙyçˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ !ÓŸªÙylÓ §ÙyˆÏç
!lˆÏçÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ Ù)°ƒ §ÙˆÏrô §ˆÏã˛ï˛l •ˆÏÎ˚ !ÓŸª¢y!hs˝ G ˜Ùe#Ó˚ çlƒ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚y•z •° xyhs˝çy≈!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚
Ù)° ܲÌy–
x!°Ë˛yÓ˚ ˆày”˛ !fløˆÏÌÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ÈüÈ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸y •° ~ܲ!ê˛ xl%˲)!ï˛ ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˆÓyV˛yˆÏly •Î˚ ˆÎ
~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ ˆÜ˛Ó° Ùye ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ §ò§ƒ lÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç !ӈϟªÓ˚ ~ܲçl §ò§ƒ– (Oliver Gold Smith
- International Understanding is a felling that the individual is not only a member of his
state but a member of the world.)
í˛/ GÎ˚y°ê˛yÓ˚É ~•zã˛É !§É !°í˛z•z§ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ §ÇK˛y !òˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ӈϰˆÏSÈl ÈüÈ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛
ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸y •° !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ xyã˛Ó˚î ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly G Ù)°ƒyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y– ~ܲܲÌyÎ˚ çy!ï˛ñ
çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yÓyòñ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ôyÓ˚îy ˆÜ˛ Óç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ xyò¢≈ˆÏܲ G•z à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ
xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸y Óy xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyô ӈϰ– (Dr. Walter H.C Lewis- International Un-
derstanding is the ability to observe critically and other, irrespective of the nationality
or culture to which they may belong.)
í˛/ xydyl® !Ù◊ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ §ÇK˛y !òˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ӈϰˆÏSÈl Èüüü xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸y
Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ çy!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó®%c ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ ˆ§Ô•yò≈ƒ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáy ~ÓÇ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
§•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°yÈüüÈ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ §yÓ≈ˆËÏ ˛ÔÙc x«%˛ß¨ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– (Dr. Atmananda
Mishra- International Understanding refers to friendship and harmony against different
nations of the world and also includes co-operation amongst them eachone mainta
ining its identity and soverignty as usual.)
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÇK˛yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyô Óy xyhs˝çy≈!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
§%flõT˛ ôyÓ˚îy ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y •° ÈüüüÈ
xyhs˝çy≈!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸y •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓ˚îy ÎyÓ˚˚ myÓ˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚yT˛… Óy ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlàî !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚
§yÓ≈ˆÏ˲ÔÙc G ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛!ï˛ ÓçyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáñ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Órô%c G ~ܲï˛y àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛°ˆÏÓñ ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ !Ó˛õˆÏò xlƒÓ˚y
§y•y΃ G §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ •yï˛ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ §Ù@˝Ã !ÓŸª ÙylˆÏÓÓ˚ ܲ°ƒyˆÏl Ó ï˛# •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ §Ù@˝Ã ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Óy§#Ó˚
§%á¢y!hs˝ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ §Çܲ#î≈ çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ !ÓŸªÙylÓï˛yÓ˚ xyòˆÏ¢≈ í˛zò‰Ó%Âô •ˆÏÓ–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 188

xl%¢#°l#
1 ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿ / ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓyˆÏܲƒ
1ä ˛≤Ãyã˛#l ôyÓ˚îy xl%ÎyÎ˚# ¢,C°y Ó°ˆÏï˛ !ܲ ˆÓyV˛⁄
2ä Ó!•ç≈yï˛ ¢,C°yÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚ lyÙ !ܲ⁄
3ä ò%!ê˛ §,çlydܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ°#Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î òyG–
2 ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿ / §Ó≈y!ôܲ 40!ê˛ ¢∑
1ä §yÙy!çܲ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòyl !ܲ !ܲ⁄
2ä xyhsç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ Ù)° ܲÌy !ܲ⁄
3ä §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ°# Ó°ˆÏï˛ !ܲ ˆÓyV˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î òyG–
3 ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿ / §Ó≈y!ôܲ 60!ê˛ ¢∑
1ä §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ°#Ó˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl !ï˛l!ê˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !°á–
2ä xhs˝ç≈yï˛ ¢,C°y §¡∫ˆÏrô §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚–
3ä Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y !°á–
4 ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿ / §Ó≈y!ôܲ 100!ê˛ ¢∑
1ä !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ §yôl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚Èüü ï˛y §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚–
2ä çyï˛#Î˚ §Ç•!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ xhs˝Ó˚yÎ˚à%!° §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ !°á–
3ä xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚–
!lˆÏò¢≈ ly G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl 189

˛õM˛Ù xôƒyÎ˚ ı !lˆÏò≈¢ly G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl

l ≤ÃÌÙ ~Ü˛Ü ı Óƒ!=˛c / xÌ≈ñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò
l !mï˛#Î˚ ~Ü˛Ü ı !lˆÏò≈¢lyı xÌ≈ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲òñ !¢«˛yÎ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢lyÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c
l ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ~Ü˛Ü ı õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òylı xÌ≈ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲òñ !¢«˛yÎ˚ õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c
l ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ~ܲܲ ı x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚îı xÌ≈ñ ܲyÓ˚î§Ù)•ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò åˆ◊!î
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy°yˆÏlyñ !ÙˆÏ̃ ˲y£Ïîñ ˲#Ó˚ï) ˛yñ ã˛)!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yñ í˛zˆmÏ àñ !Ó£Ï]ï˛yä
ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏôÓ˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚§Ù)•
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 190

˛õM˛Ù xôƒyÎ˚
!lˆÏò≈¢ly G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl
(Guidance and Counselling)

í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ (Objectives)ı
l !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ xÌ≈ñ §ÇK˛yñ fl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ôÓ˚l •zï˛ƒy!ò §Ï¡õˆÏܲ≈ xÓàï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
l !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y !lˆÏò≈¢lyÓ˚ xÌ≈ñ §ÇK˛y ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲òñ !¢«˛yÎ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢lyÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c •zï˛ƒy!ò §¡õˆÏܲ≈ çylˆÏÓ–
l !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ xÌ≈ñ §ÇK˛yñ ˛õÂô!ï˛ñ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒñ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ à%Óc%˚ •zï˛ƒy!ò §¡õˆÏܲ≈
çylˆÏÓ–
l !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xÌ≈ñ §ÇK˛yñ ܲyÓ˚î§Ù)•ñ ôÓ˚lñ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ •zï˛ƒy!ò
xÓàï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
≤Ãy܉˛ÈüÈܲÌl (Pre-face)ı
Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ åPersonalityä !Óܲy¢ ò%ˆÏê˛y ¢!=˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ •° ÓÇ¢à!ï˛ åHeridityä
x˛õÓ˚!ê˛ •° ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ¢ åEnvironmentä– Óƒ!=˛ ÙylˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly x@˝Ãà!ï˛ ~•z ò%•z !Ü ˛Î˚y ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y !òˆÏÎ˚
Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï xÓfiÌyÎ˚ñ ÓÇ¢à!ï˛ Ü˛ï˛ê˛y Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓñ ï˛y !lË≈˛Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ¢ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲï˛ê˛y !Ü ˛Î˚y¢#°– xyÓyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ¢ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲï˛ê˛y ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflyÏ Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ ï˛y
!lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏÓ ÓÇ¢à!ï˛– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ Óƒ!=˛ç#ÓˆÏl ≤Ã!ï˛!lÎ˚ï˛ ~ܲ §Ç@˝ÃyÙ ã˛°ˆÏSÈ– ç#ÓlôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ï˛y!àˆÏò˛
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ˆÏAà Ùyl%£Ï ≤Ã!ï˛!lÎ˚ï˛ §Ç@˝ÃyÙ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ã˛°ˆÏSÈ– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï Ù%•ˆ% ïÏ ˛≈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï xyã˛Ó˚î ~•z
§Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚•z Ê˛°– Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ò,!T˛Ó˚ xˆÏàyã˛ˆÏÓ˚ lylyÓ˚Ü˛Ù âê˛ly Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ Óy ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲yÓ
!ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ Óƒ!=˛c ˜ò!•Ü˛ñ Ùyl!§Ü˛ §ÙhflÏ Ó˚Ü˛Ù ¢!=˛ §Ω˛yÓlyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §%£ÏÙ §Ùß∫Î˚–
Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ o%ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#° §Ùyç ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà Óƒ!=˛•z ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ G §Ùyç
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Ùy!lˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ly– ˆ§•zçlƒ Ú!lˆÏò≈¢lyÛ ~•z ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ !Óàï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲ ò¢Ü˛ ôˆÏÓ˚
x˲yÓl#Î˚˲yˆÏÓ í˛zßï¨ ˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– !lˆÏò¢≈ lyÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy!ê˛ Ü ˛Ù¢•z Ó,!Âô ˛õyˆÏFSÈ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#° §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ §ˆÏAà
Óƒ!=˛ §•ˆÏç•z §Çà!ï˛!Óôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Ú!lˆÏò≈¢lyÛ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe lÎ˚ñ xyçܲy° §yôyÓ˚î
Ùyl%£Ï ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó%̊ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛y!Óòñ !¢“˛õ!ï˛ñ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛!Óò ≤ÃÙá% §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï à%Óc%̊ xyˆÏÓy˚ ˛õ
ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ Èl– ~ܲ ܲÌyÎ˚ ≤ÈïÏ ˛ƒÜ˛ Óƒ!=˛ !Î!l ÙylÓ Ü˛°ƒyˆÏî xy@˝Ã•# !ï˛!l•z ÎÌyˆÏÎyàƒ !lˆÏò¢≈ lyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Óc%̊
xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
 !lˆÏò¢≈ ly G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl 191
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Óƒ!=˛•z ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÙˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏlƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏl•z §Ù§ƒy xyˆÏ§ñ xyÓ˚ ˆ§•z §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ§ §y•y΃ ≤ÃyÌ≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚– Óƒ!=˛•z ~•z
˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ !lË≈˛Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ l#!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚•z ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ÓƒÓfiÌy àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ– ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ~ÓÇ
˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl Óƒ!=˛•z ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ã˛y!•òy– !ÓK˛yl G ܲy!Ó˚àÓ˚#Ó˚ Î%ˆÏà ~Ó˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y xˆÏlܲ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ˆàˆÏSÈ– Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy xl%ÎyÎ˚# §Ù§ƒy !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛, !ÆÓ˚
xl%ܲ) ° xÓfiÌy §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ §•yÎ˚ï˛y òyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ !fiÌÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏl ≤ÈïÏ ˛ƒÜ˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ
~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓK˛yl!˲!_ܲ §•yÎ˚ï˛y òyˆÏlÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ܲyç ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !¢«˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylñ !¢“
≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylñ Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylñ !ã˛!ܲͧyˆÏ«˛e ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §ÙhflÏ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ §,!T˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ÙylÓ §Ë˛ƒï˛y Îï˛•z x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •ˆÏFSÈó Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˜òl!®l ç#Ól ï˛ï˛•z ç!ê˛° xyܲyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆSÏ È– §Ù§ƒy
Ó•%° ç#ÓˆÏl §Ó §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl â!ê˛ˆÏÎñ˚ §Ó ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)Óî˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Çà!ï˛ !Óôyl ≤ÃyÎ˚ x§Ω˛Ó
•ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆëÏ ˛ˆÏSÈ– ï˛y•z !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ùyl!§Ü˛ §%fly∫ ˆÏfĩÓ˚ à%Óc%̊ §Ó≈çl fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛– ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï xLjϢÓ˚
!Ü ˛Î˚y §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ly •ˆÏ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜ò!•Ü˛ x§%fiÌï˛y ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚ñ ˆï˛Ù!l Ùyl!§Ü˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y
§!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ly •ˆÏ° Ùyl!§Ü˛ x˛õ§Çà!ï˛ ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚– !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
Ùyl!§Ü˛ x˛õ§Çà!ï˛ lyly Ó˚Ü˛Ù xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– x˛õ§Çà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚
˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ç#ÓlˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z Ùyl!§Ü˛ §%fl∫yfĩ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° x˛õ§Çà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î
Îï˛ò)Ó˚ §Ω˛Ó ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 192

≤ÃÌÙ ~ܲܲ
Óƒ!=˛c / xÌ≈ñ ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆËÏ ˛ò
(Personality: Meaning, Nature, Type)

˲)!Ùܲy (Introduction)ı
Óƒ!=˛c (Personality) ~Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy Ù)°ï˛ •° ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ (Abstract) ôyÓ˚îy– ~•z ¢∑!ê˛ !Ó!˲ߨ
xˆÏÌ≈ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ôyÓ˚îy ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y §•ç §yôƒ lÎ˚– Óƒ!=˛c Ó°ˆÏï˛ §yôyÓ˚îï˛
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆ§•z§Ó x§yôyÓ˚î G xyܲ£Ï≈î#Î˚ à%îyÓ!°ˆÏܲ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ Îy Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ !Ó!¢T˛ï˛y ˆòÎ˚ xÌ≈yÍ
xlƒylƒ Óƒ!=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ÎyÓ˚ ã˛y°ã˛°l ܲÌyÓyï≈˛y Óƒ!=˛Ó˚˚ ÙˆÏl §æÙ çyàyÎ˚ lyñ ï˛yˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ÚÓƒ!=˛c•#lÛ
ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– !ܲv ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÎ˚ ÚÓƒ!=˛cÛ ¢∑!ê˛ ~•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù ˆ°Ô!ܲܲ xˆÏÌ≈ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ly– ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÎ˚
Ó°y •Î˚ ˆÎñ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚•z Óƒ!=˛c xyˆÏSÈ– ÎyÓ˚ ã˛y°ã˛°l ܲÌyÓyï≈˛y §æÙçlܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÎÙl Óƒ!=˛c xyˆÏSÈ
ˆï˛Ù!l ÎyÓ˚ ܲÌyÓyï≈˛y §yôyÓ˚î ï˛yÓ˚G Óƒ!=˛c xyˆÏSÈ– Óƒ!=˛c Ó°ˆÏï˛ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏly •Î˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆ§•z
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ÎyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ xlƒ Óƒ!=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ xÌ≈yÍ Óƒ!=˛c Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˜ò!•Ü˛ G Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ
§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ §%§yÙO§ƒ˛õ)î≈ ˙ܲƒ–
xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛c Ó°ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝yñ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ G ˲yÓôyÓ˚yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏly •Î˚– xyÓyÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚
Óƒ!=˛c G ã˛!Ó˚e ~•z ¢∑ ò%!ê˛ˆÏܲ §ÙyÌ≈ܲ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Î!òG ~•z Óƒyáƒy @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒ lÎ˚– Óƒ!=˛cˆÏܲ
ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˆòáyG Î%!=˛Î%=˛ lÎ˚– Óƒ!=˛c ã˛!Ó˚e ˆÌˆÏܲ Óƒy˛õܲï˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ã˛!Ó˚eˆÏܲ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
xlƒï˛Ù í˛z˛õyòyl ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ §Ó í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛Ù)°ƒ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ly– xyÓyÓ˚
Óƒ!=˛c G Ó%!ÂôˆÏܲ x!˲ߨ ӈϰG ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ xyˆÏSÈñ ˆ§•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
x!˲ߨ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y Î%!=˛§Aàï˛ lÎ˚– Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ Óƒ!=˛c ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yààï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Ó%ƒÍ˛õ!_àï˛ xÌ≈ (Etymological Meaning)ı •zLjÏÓ˚ç# ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ§yly!°!ê˛ (Personality) ܲÌy!ê˛
@˝Ã#ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛¢∑ Ú˛õyˆÏ§≈ylyÛ (Persona) ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ– ˛õyˆÏ§≈yly ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ •° Ù%ˆÏáy¢– ≤Ãyã˛#lܲyˆÏ° ˆÓ˚yˆÏÙ
x!˲ˆÏlï˛yÓ˚y Ù%ˆÏáy¢ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚AàÙˆÏM˛ x!˲lÎ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xÓï˛#î≈ •ˆÏï˛l– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ§yly!°!ê˛ ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚
í˛zͲõ!_ ˆÎ ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲñ ˆ§!ê˛ xy§ˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ SÈpñ !Ù̃y Óy Óƒ!=˛ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚
ï˛yˆÏܲ•z ˆÓyV˛yï˛– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ܲyˆÏ° ˛õyˆÏ§y≈ ly ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– xÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚ lyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ x!˲ˆÏlï˛y–
ÙˆÏly!Óò‰ !§§yˆÏÓ˚y (Cicero) ‘Persona’ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ xÌ≈ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ï˛y •° ı
Ü˛ä ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– (As one appears to others.)
áä Óƒ!=˛ ç#ÓˆÏl ˆÎ Ë)˛!ÙܲyÎ˚ x!˲lÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– (The part someone plays in life.)
 !lˆÏò¢≈ ly G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl 193
àä !ܲS%È Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ §ÙÓyÎ˚ Îy Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– (An assembling
of personal qualities that fit a man for his work.)
âä fl∫yï˛sfƒ ~ÓÇ ÙÎ≈yòy (Distinction and dignity.)
§ÇK˛y (Definition)ı
!Ó!˲ߨ !Óáƒyï˛ ÙˆÏly!Óò G !¢«˛y!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãò_ §ÇK˛yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy !lˆÏ¡¨ Ó!î≈ï˛ •° /
Ó˚Óyê≈˛ ˆ§§yl§‰ í˛zí˛GÎ˚yÌ≈ ı Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ §ÇK˛y ≤çˆÏAà ӈϰˆÏSÈlüüÈ Óƒ!=˛c •° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛– (Robert Sessions Woodworth - Personality can be broadly defined as the total
quality of an individual’s behaviour.)
í˛z•z!°Î˚yÙ Ùƒyܲí%˛ày°ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ÈüÈ Óƒ!=˛c ܲï˛à%!° §•çyï˛ Ó,!_Ó˚ !Ü ˛Î˚y SÈyí˛¸y !ܲS%È lÎ˚– (William
Mcdougal - Personality is nothing but the function of some innate dispositions.)
~í˛í˛z•zl ˆà!Ó˚ày§ ˆÓy!Ó˚Ç Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ §ÇK˛y !òˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ӈϰˆÏSÈl ÈüüüÈ Óƒ!=˛c •°ñ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚
§ˆÏAà ~ܲ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §Çà!ï˛˛õ)î≈ x!˲ˆÏÎyçl– (Edwin Garrigues Boring - Personality is
defined as an individuals’s typical or consistant adjustment to his environment.)
lÓ˚Ùƒyl ~° Ù%l ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §ÇK˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ ˙ܲƒ Óy §Ç•!ï˛ xyˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c
xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ï˛!l Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ §ÇK˛yÎ˚ ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ §yÙy!çܲ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §yÙO§ƒ !ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ àë˛lñ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ôÓ˚lñ xy@˝Ã•ñ ˲yÓ˲!Aàñ «˛Ùï˛yñ §yÙÌ≈ƒ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï §Ç•!ï˛ Óy ˙ܲƒ •°
Óƒ!=˛c– (Norman L Munn- Personality may be defined as the most characteristic
integration of an individual’s structure, modes of behaviour, interest, attitude, abilities
and aptitudes, especially from the standpoint of adjustment in Social Situation.)
ˆ•l!Ó˚ ~í˛GÎ˚yí≈˛ àƒyˆÏÓ˚ê˛ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ÈüüÈ Óƒ!=˛c •° xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï Ó˚#!ï˛ Óy ˛õÂô!ï˛–
(Henry Edward Garrett- Personality is special system or process of behaviours.)
ˆ•l!Ó˚ Ùê˛≈l !≤Ù Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ Óƒy˛õܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÇK˛y ˆòÓyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ÈüÈ Óƒ!=˛c
•° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ çß√àï˛ ≤ÃÓîï˛y– xyˆÏÓàñ ˆVÑ˛yܲñ xyܲyA«˛yñ ≤ÃÓ,!_ ~ÓÇ x!ç≈ï˛ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ §Ù!T˛– (Henry
Morton Prince- Personality is the sum total of all the biological innate dispositions,
impulses, tendencies, appetites and instincts of the individual and the dispositions and
tendencies acquired by experience.)
ˆÓ˚Ù[˛ ܲƒyˆÏê˛° Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ §ÇK˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ ӈϰˆÏSÈl ˆÎñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚î#Î˚
ܲ#ñ Óƒ!=˛c ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)Óy≈ ˲y£Ï !òˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ (Raymond Cattell- Personality is that which permits
a prediction of what a person will do in a given situation.)
àí≈˛l í˛z!°Î˚yí≈˛ xy°ˆÏ˛õyê≈˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ §ÇK˛yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ~ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ Óƒyáƒy
!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~•z §ÇK˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÙlhflÏy!_¥Ü˛ §Ó §ÇK˛yÓ˚ §Ùß∫Î˚ á%шÏç ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– xy°ˆÏ˛õyê≈˛ Óƒ!=˛§_y
§ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !Óáƒyï˛ Ó•zÈüÈ ‘Personality: A psychological Interpretation” ~ ӈϰˆÏSÈlÈüüÈ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#°
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 194
§!Ü ˛Î˚ ˜çÓ Ùyl!§Ü˛ §_yÓ˚ ˆÎ §Ùß∫Î˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyçlÙ)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ï˛yÓ˚ !lçfl∫ï˛y ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚
ï˛y•z •° Óƒ!=˛c– (Gordon Willard Allport - Personaltiy is the dynamic organisation with in
the individual of those psycho-physical system that his unique adjustment to his
environment.)
xy°ˆÏ˛õyˆÏê≈˛Ó˚ §ÇK˛yˆÏܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆÎ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ÈüüÈ Óƒ!=˛c §òy ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#°
xÌã˛ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ñ ˜ò!•Ü˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ï˛sf Ó°ˆÏï˛ !ï˛!l ˆÓyV˛yˆÏFSÈl ˆÎñ Óƒ!=˛c ˜ò!•Ü˛ ~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ~•z ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~•z ò%•z ï˛sf•z Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ~ÓÇ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §Ó≈òy ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ
!Ü ˛Î˚y ã˛y°yÎ˚– xy°ˆÏ˛õyˆÏê≈˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ÈüÈ x˲ƒy§ñ ÙˆÏly˲yÓñ ˆ§!rê˛ˆÏÙrê˛ ~à%ˆÏ°y Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ Ó˚Ü˛Ù ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ
!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ê˛° ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛c àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏ벖 Ú!lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÛ (Determine) Ó°ˆÏï˛ !ï˛!l Ó%!V˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ
˜çÓÈüÈ Ùyl!§Ü˛ Óy ˜ò!•Ü˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ï˛sf Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyçlÙ)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– Úx!˲lÓ x!˲ˆÏÎyçlÛ
(Unique Adjustment) ܲÌyÓ˚ xÌ≈ •°ÈüÈ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Óƒ!=˛ ˛õ,Ìܲ
˛õ,Ìܲ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z Óƒ!=˛ˆÏ˲ˆÏò x!˲ˆÏÎyçl Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ~ܲܲ ~ÓÇ x!˲lÓ xyã˛Ó˚î–
Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ~•z§Ó §ÇK˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly!ê˛•z §¡õ)î≈ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l– Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎÙl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˲yÓly !ã˛hs˝yñ
ôƒyl ôyÓ˚îyñ ç#ÓlˆÏÓyô xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ñ ˆï˛Ù!l ï˛yÓ˚ xyã˛yÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛– xyÓyÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xyˆÏÓà xl%˲) !ï˛G ܲyç
ܲˆÏÓ˚– Óƒ!=˛ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §Ü˛° !òܲˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚•z •° ï˛yÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛c §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Óƒ!=˛c ~ܲ ç!ê˛° §Ù@˝Ãï˛y–
fl∫Ó˚)˛õ (Nature) ı
Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ fl∫Ó˛)˚ õ Ù)°ï˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛≤Ãܲy¢ ˛õyÎ˚– xyã˛yÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ܲï˛à%!°
à%îÓyã˛Ü˛ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎÙlÈüÈ xy¢yÓyò#ñ !lÓ˚y¢yÓyò#ñ ˛õ!Ó˚◊Ù#ñ xyÎ˚y§#ñ ≤ÃÊ%˛Õ‘ñ !Ó˛õߨñ í˛zòyÓ˚ñ
§Çܲ#î≈ •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~•z§Ó !òܲ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •°ÈüüüÈ
1ä Óƒ!=˛ Îál ç¡ø @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §%Æ ÌyˆÏܲ xlhs˝ §Ω˛yÓly G ¢!=˛– ˆ§ §Ω˛yÓly G ¢!=˛
ˆÜ˛ ÓyhflÏÓy!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˜ò!•Ü˛ G Ùyl!§Ü˛ §Çàë˛l– çˆÏß√Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚
!Ó!˲ߨ ¢!=˛à%!° !Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚– Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ ¢!=˛ñ §•çyï˛ ≤ÃÓ,!_ G ˛≤ÃÓîï˛y ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚
¢!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ ˛≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚– ï˛ál ˆÌˆÏܲ•z Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
2ä ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà í˛z˛õˆÏÎyçˆÏlÓ˚ (Adaptation) çlƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ܲyÎy≈Ó!° ï˛yÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚
~ܲê˛y í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ xÇ¢– ˛õy!Ó˚˛õy!Ÿª≈ˆÏܲÓ˚ ~•z í˛z˛õˆÏÎyçˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏl xyˆÏSÈ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝yñ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ñ •zFSÈyñ
˲yÓôyÓ˚yñ ç#Ólyò¢≈ ~ÓÇ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §•çyï˛ ≤ÃÓîï˛y G Ó,!_ñ ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ !lôy≈!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚–
3ä Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ •° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆò•ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ ç#Óhs˝ ˙ܲƒ– Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˜ò!•Ü˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ–
4ä Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyˆÏSÈ ~ܲê˛y §Ù@˝Ãï˛yñ ~ܲê˛y §Ç•!ï˛ ~ܲê˛y §%§yÙO§ƒ §Çàë˛lñ Ùyl!§Ü˛ G ˜ò!•Ü˛
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ à%!° ˙ܲƒÓÂô •ˆÏ° ~ܲê˛y §%§yÙO§ƒ Ó˚)˛õ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
5ä Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ •° xydÙÎy≈òy (Self-esteem) xyd§ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y (Self-consciousnees) ~ÓÇ
xyd!lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ (Self-determination) «˛Ùï˛y– xyd§ˆÏã˛ï˛l Ùyl%£Ï !Î!l !lˆÏçÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l
 !lˆÏò¢≈ ly G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl 195
~ÓÇ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ !ï˛!l•z Óƒ!=˛c §¡õߨ–
6ä Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ •° ï˛y !fiÌÓ˚ Óy !lŸã˛° lÎ˚ñ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ àë˛l Ü ˛ÙÓô≈Ùyl G à!ï˛ôÙ≈#– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAà ˆÎ ˜ÏÓ!ã˛eƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#° ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §Aà!ï˛ §yôˆÏlÓ˚
≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÓ˚ çlƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒG ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚–
7ä Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ •° Óƒ!=˛c ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z !ÓòƒÙyl– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Óƒ!=˛ ~ܲ !ӈϢ£Ï Óƒ!=˛ ~ÓÇ ~•z
!•§yˆÏÓ !ï˛!l x!mï˛#Î˚ñ xlƒ ܲyÓ˚G §ˆÏAà ï˛yÓ˚ ï%˛°ly •Î˚ ly–
8ä §yÙy!çܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛c xyd≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚îñ Ó˚#!ï˛l#!ï˛ñ Ü,˛!T˛ G
˲yÓôyÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ §yÙy!çܲ í˛z˛õyòyl Óƒ!=˛c §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z Óƒ!=˛ˆÏc fl∫Ó˚)˛õ •° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛c §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°–
9ä ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ Óƒ!=˛c ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ xyòyl ≤Ãòyl Óy !Ü ˛Î˚y≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛
ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ myÓ˚y Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛c !ܲS%Èê˛y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ G ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏܲ G !ܲS%Èê˛y
≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ G ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
10ä Óƒ!=˛c ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §%!ÓlƒhflÏñ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ ˲yÓy˛õߨ– ~•z ò%ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §%§ÇÓÂôï˛y Óƒ!=˛ ç#ÓˆÏl fl∫yï˛sfƒ
~ˆÏl ˆòÎ˚–
ôÓ˚l (Types) ı
Óƒ!=˛c ~ܲ §%§Ç•ï˛ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ §_y– Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ §ÇK˛yñ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ !ӈϟ’£î G Óî≈lyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚
§yÙ!@˝Ãܲ Ó˚)˛õ ôÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ly– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ÙˆÏly!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xˆÏlܲ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ܲï˛à%!° ê˛y•z˛õ (Type) !lôy≈Ó˚î
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ çylyÓ˚ çlƒ §ˆÏã˛T˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ê˛y•z˛õ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ÈüÈ ˜ò!•Ü˛ G
Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˜ÏÓ!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ˆ◊î#ܲÓ˚î–
Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ~•z ê˛y•z˛õà%!° ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ ~ÓÇ fl∫yô#lñ ~•z ôyÓ˚îy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÙˆÏly!Óò ˆ˛õy£î
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ê˛y•zˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˜ÏÓ!¢T˛ƒ x“ÙyeyÎ˚ G x˛õÓ˚ ê˛y•zˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ áÑ%ˆÏç ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ly– xyÓyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚G
ܲyÓ˚G ÙˆÏï˛ ê˛y•zˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˜ÏÓ!¢T˛ƒ §Ç°«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ùï˛•z fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ˲yˆÏÓ Ó!rê˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ – xyÓ˚ ~ܲ Ùï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
çy!ï˛Ó˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˜ò!•Ü˛ Óy Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˜ÏÓ!¢T˛ƒ ≤Ãܲy¢ ˛õyÎ˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˙ §ÙhflÏ
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛Óà≈ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆàyT˛# Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚à!îï˛ •Î˚– ˆày¤˛#àï˛ ~•z ˜ÏÓ!¢T˛ƒ•z •° ê˛y•z˛õ–
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛cˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ܲï˛à%!° ê˛y•zˆÏ˛õÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óƒ!=˛cˆÏܲ
ˆÓyV˛yˆÏly ÎyÎ˚ Îy !lˆÏ¡¨ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •° /
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛cˆÏܲ çylyÓ˚ G ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ Îï˛ ˆã˛T˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ˆ◊!î !Ó˲yà §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãyã˛#l
xÌy≈Í ≤Ãyã˛#lܲy° ˆÌˆÏܲ•z Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˆ◊!î !Ó˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ fl∫˲yÓ G ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛ !lÓ˚˛) õî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤Ãyã˛#l ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆ◊!îüüȧ_¥à%î §¡õߨ xÌ≈yÍ §Íñ §ÇÎÙ#ñ !Ùï˛Óy܉˛ñ §Ó˚°
•zï˛ƒy!ò– ï˛ˆÏÙyà%î §¡õߨ xÌ≈yÍ x§Íñ !l¤%˛Ó˚ñ !l¡¨Ó%̊!ã˛ñ x˛õ!Ó˚FSÈߨ •zï˛ƒy!ò– Ó˚ˆÏçyà%î §¡õߨ xÌ≈yÍ xyˆÏÙyò G
xyí˛¸¡∫Ó˚!≤ÃÎ˚ñ ˆË˛yçl!Ó°y§#ñ Ó#Ó˚ñ §!Ü ˛Î˚ñ í˛zͧy•# •zï˛ƒy!ò–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 196
@˝Ã#ܲ òy¢≈!lܲ !ÌGˆÏÊ˛  §‰ê˛y§ (Theophrastus) 375ÈüÈ287 !á fiê˛˛õ)Óy≈ ˆÏ∑ fl∫˲yÓ xl%ÎyÎ˚# Ùyl%£ˆÏ ÜÏ ˛ 30!ê˛
ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ Ë˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ï˛yÑÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ ˆ◊!îà%!°ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏSÈ hflyÓܲˆÏ◊!îñ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ˆ◊!îñ Ó˚%!ã˛•#l •zï˛ƒy!ò–
~SÈyí˛¸yG xyÓ˚G ˆÎ§Ó ˆ◊!î !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ !ÓÓÓ˚î ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z !ܲS%Èly !ܲS%È ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ !˲!_
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
≤Ãyã˛#lܲyˆÏ° ~ܲ§ÙÎ˚ á%!°!Óòƒy (Phrenology) xÌ≈yÍ ÙyÌyÓ˚ á%!°Ó˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ˆ◊!î
!Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y G ˆò•yÜ,˛!ï˛ !Óòƒy (Physiognomy) xÌ≈yÍ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˆ◊!î !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚˚ ˆã˛T˛y G
xï˛ƒhs˝ çl!≤ÃÎ˚ !SÈ°–
!•ˆÏ˛õyˆÏÜ ˛!ê˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ê˛y•z˛õ ı
˜ò!•Ü˛ í˛zͲõyòyˆÏlÓ˚ (Physiological factor) §ˆÏAà ã˛!Ó˚eàï˛ fl∫˲yÓˆÏܲ Î%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy
!lô≈yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ≤Ãyã˛#l @˝Ã#ܲ !ã˛!ܲͧܲ !•ˆÏ˛õyˆÏÜ ˛!ê˛§ (Hippocrates)– ï˛yÑÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl
ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ê˛y•z˛õ •°ÈüüüÈ
åܲä ò,ì˛¸≤Ãï˛ƒÎ˚# (Sanguine) åáä ÙrÌÓ˚ (Phlegmatic) åàä ˆÜ ˛yô≤ÃÓî (Choleric) åâä !Ó£Ïyò ≤ÃÓî
(Melancholic)–
ˆÜ˛yl‰ Óƒ!=˛ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ê˛y•zˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xhs˝Ë≈˛%=˛ ï˛y !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÑÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• Ó˚=˛ñ ˆŸ’‹øyñ •°%ò!˛õ_ Óy Ü,˛£¯Ï!˛õˆÏ_Ó˚
≤ÃyôyˆÏlƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ≤Ãyôylƒ ˆ§•z Óƒ!=˛ ò,ì˛¸ ≤Ãï˛ƒÎ˚#ñ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆŸ’‹øyÓ˚ ≤Ãyôylƒ ÙrÌÓ˚ñ •°%ò!˛õˆÏ_Ó˚
≤Ãyôylƒ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ§ ˆÜ ˛yô ≤ÃÓî ~ÓÇ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ü,˛£¯Ï ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ !˛õˆÏ_Ó˚ ≤Ãyôylƒ !Ó£Ïyò ˛≤ÃÓî •Î˚– ~•z Ùï˛Óyò •°
ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ãy܉˛ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ܲÌy– Î!òG Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ~•z §Ó Ùï˛Óyò @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒ lÎ˚–
xyô%!lܲܲyˆÏ° ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà !lˆÏÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ í˛zò‰âyê˛l ~ÓÇ ˆ◊!îܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ Ùyl!§Ü˛
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆò•àï˛ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ê˛y•z˛õ !l¡¨Ó˚)˛õ /
ܲy° àyˆÏfiê˛Ë˛ Î˚%. (Carl Gustav Jung) ~Ó˚ ê˛y•z˛õ ı
≤Ã!§Âô ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl# !§É!ç Î˚%. Ùyl!£Ü˛ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ ê˛y•zˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ
å1ä xhs˝Ù≈%á# (Introvert)ñ å2ä Ó!•Ù≈%á# (Extrovert)ñ å3ä í˛z˲Î˚Ù%á# (Ambivert)
å1ä xhs˝Ù≈%á# Óƒ!=˛c ı xhs˝Ù%≈á# Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Ë˛yÓ%ܲ Óy ܲ“ly !Ó°y§#ñ xydˆÏܲw#ܲñ fl∫yÌ≈˛õÓ˚ñ
x§yÙy!çܲñ x˛õÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ í˛zòyÙ#l G ÓyhflÏÓ !ÓÙ%á •Î˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùyl%£Ï !lˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ ˲yÓ Óy ܲ“lyÓ˚
çàÍ Ó˚ã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏܲ•z xy◊Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– !lˆÏçÓ˚ ôƒyl ôyÓ˚îy G xyò¢≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ §•ˆÏç !˛õSÈ˛õy •Î˚
ly– Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲÙ≈ˆÏܲy°y•° ~Ó˚y ˛õSÈ® ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §yÙy!çܲï˛y ˆÓyˆÏôÓ˚ x˲yÓ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y
ÎyÎ˚– o%ï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !§Âôyhs˝ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•ˆÏî ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ùyl%£Ï x«˛Ù– lï%˛l ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ~Ó˚y
§•ˆÏç §Aà!ï˛ §yôl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ ly– ÓyhflÏÓ çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ !ã˛hs˝y Óy ܲ“lyÓ˚ çàÍ•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ≤Ãyôylƒ ˛õyÎ˚–
í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ ˆÎñ ÙylÓ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ x!ï˛ í˛zFã˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ñ ï˛ï˛¥§rôyl#ñ ܲ!Ó G òy¢≈!lܲÓ˚y ~•z ˆ◊!îÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛–
 !lˆÏò¢≈ ly G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl 197
å2ä Ó!•Ù≈%á# Óƒ!=˛c ı Ó!•Ù%≈á# Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y xyÓyÓ˚ Óy•ƒˆÏܲ!wܲñ ܲÙ≈˛õÓ˚yÎ˚îñ §yÙy!çܲñ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !•ï˛§yôˆÏl
í˛zͧy•# G ÓyhflÏÓÙ%á# •ÏÎ˚– Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲÙ≈ ˆÜ˛y°y•ˆÏ° !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲ“lyÓ˚ çàˆÏï˛Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ ܲyçˆÏܲ•z ≤Ãyôylƒ ˆòÎ˚– ~Ó˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ o%ï˛ !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ܲÙ≈ÓƒhflÏï˛y ~ˆÏòÓ˚
fl∫˲yÓ ôÙ≈– ˆá°yô%°yñ xy°y˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyñ ˆÙ°yˆÏÙ¢y •zï˛ƒy!ò ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õSÈ®– ~Ó˚y xï˛ƒhs˝ ÓyhflÏÓÓyò# •Î˚–
ÓyhflÏÓ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ܲyçܲÙ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤çAàï˛ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ x!ï˛ í˛zFã˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ !ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛c
Ó!•Ù≈%á#–
å3ä í˛z˲Î˚Ù%á# Óƒ!=˛c ı ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y xhs˝Ù≈%á# G Ó!•Ù≈%á# ÈüÈ ~•z í˛z˲Î˚ ˆ◊î#Ó˚ ÙÏôƒÓï˛#≈ ˆ◊î#Ó˚
xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛– ~Ó˚y ~ܲ !òˆÏܲ ˆÎÙlÈüÈ xyd§ˆÏã˛ï˛l ˆï˛Ù!l x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ §yÙy!çܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛G ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà#
xÌ≈yÍ ~Ó˚y xydˆÏܲ!wܲ ~ÓÇ §ÙyçˆÏܲ!wܲ í˛z˲Î˚•zñ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢ Ùyl%£Ï ~•z ˆ◊!î˲%=˛– ~ܲ•z
Óƒ!=˛c ܲál G xhs˝Ù%≈á# Óy ܲál G Ó!•Ù%≈á# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !Ó˛õˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ Îál Ùyl%£Ï !lÓ˚y˛õ_y ˆÓyô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly
ï˛ál •Î˚ ˆ§ xhs˝Ù%≈á#ñ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y ˆÓyô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ Ó!•Ù%≈á#–
Î˚%. (Jung) xhs˝Ù%≈á# G Ó!•Ù%≈á# ~•z ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ê˛y•zˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛Ó˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õê˛y•zˆÏ˛õÓ˚
ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏSÈl– ˆÎÙlÈüÈ §ÇˆÏÓòl ≤ÃÓî (Proneto Sensation) !ã˛hs˝y≤ÃÓî (Thinking) xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ≤ÃÓî
(Feeling Type) ~ÓÇ xh¡ò,≈!T˛ (Intuitive Type)– §ÇˆÏÓòl ≤ÃÓî xhs˝Ù%≈á# Óƒ!=˛Û !ӈϢ£Ï §ÇˆÏÓòl ˛õSÈ®
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ xyl® °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚– §ÇˆÏÓòl ≤ÃÓî Ó!•Ù%≈á# Óƒ!=˛Û Óy•ƒ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ myÓ˚y í˛zj#!˛õï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
xyl® °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ x˲yˆÏÓ xfl∫!hflÏ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– !ã˛hs˝y≤ÃÓî xhs˝Ù%≈á# Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y ˆÎÙl òy¢≈!lܲñ ~Ó˚y
çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ò,¢ƒÙyl Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ •z!wÎ˚yï˛#ï˛ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ xyÜ,˛T˛ •Î˚– !ã˛hs˝y≤ÃÓî Ó!•Ù%≈á# Óƒ!=˛ ˆÎÙl
˜ÓK˛y!lܲñ ~Ó˚y çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ò,¢ƒÙyl Ó˚)˛õ !lˆÏÎ˚•z ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– Úxl%˲)!ï˛≤ÃÓî xhs˝Ù)≈á# Óƒ!=˛Û ï˛#Ó  ˲yÓyˆÏÓàˆÏܲ
ÙˆÏl ˆ˛õy£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ G ï˛yˆÏܲ òÙl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– !ܲv Úxl%Ë)˛!ï˛≤ÃÓî Ó!•Ù%≈á# Óƒ!=˛Û ˲yÓyˆÏÓàˆÏܲ òÙl ly ܲˆÏÓ˚
Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòl– Úxhs˝ò,!T˛≤ÃÓî xhsÙ%≈á# Óƒ!=˛Û ÙˆÏlÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ Óy•ƒ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ lyñ !ܲhs˝%
xhs˝ò,!T˛ §¡õߨ Ó!•Ù%≈á# Óƒ!=˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z xl%ÎyÎ˚# ܲyçG ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
˜ò!•Ü˛ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚˚ ê˛y•z˛õ !lô≈yÓ˚î ı
ˆÜ ˛Í§ÙyÓ˚ ê˛y•z˛õ (Kretschmer’s Types) çyÙ≈yl ÙˆÏlyˆÏÓ˚yà !ã˛!ܲͧܲ ˆÜ ˛Í§ÙyÓ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚
!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛Èüü ˜ò!•Ü˛ ê˛y•zˆÏ˛õÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ ˙§Ó ˜ò!•Ü˛ ê˛y•zˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚
ê˛y•zˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §¡∫rô !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ §ÇáƒÜ˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˜ò!•Ü˛ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ !ÓK˛yl §¡øï˛˛ ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆÜ ˛Í§ÙyÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ê˛y•zˆÏ˛õ !ÓlƒhflÏ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ !ӈϢ£Ï çyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˜ò!•Ü˛ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà !ӈϢ£Ï çyˆÏï˛Ó˚
Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ §¡∫ˆÏrôÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
ˆÜ ˛Í§ÙyÓ˚ Ù)°ï˛ !ï˛l Ó˚Ü˛Ù ˜ò!•Ü˛ ê˛y•zˆÏ˛õÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚
í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ Ü˛ˆÏÓl˚ – ˜ò!•Ü˛ ê˛y•z˛õ à%!° •°ÈüüÈ å1ä !˛õܲ!lܲ (Pycnic) å2ä ~§‰ˆÌÏ !lܲ (Asthenic) å3ä ~̉ˆ° Ï !ê˛Ü˛
(Athletic) ~SÈyí˛¸y G ˆÜ ˛Í§ÙyÓ˚ x!ï˛ !ÓÓ˚° §ÇáƒÜ˛ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ê˛y•zˆÏ˛õÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ˆ§!ê˛ •°
å4ä !í˛§‰≤’ƒy!fiê‰˛Ü˛ (Dysplastic).
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 198
~ܲ ~ܲ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˜ò!•Ü˛ ê˛y•zˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ~ܲ ~ܲ Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ï˛y Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÎÙlÈüüü
å1ä !˛õܲ!lܲ ê˛y•z˛õ Óƒ!=˛È ı ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• fiÌ)°Ü˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆày°yܲyÓ˚– ~Ó˚y ˆÙyê˛yˆÏ§yê˛y ~ÓÇ ã˛!Ó≈Ó•%°–
í˛zFã˛ï˛y ÙyV˛y!Ó˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙyÌyñ Ó%ܲñ ˆ˛õê˛ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ Óí˛¸ ~ÓÇ fl≥˛#ï˛– ÙˆÏlÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ !˛õܲ!lܲ çy!ï˛ Ë%˛=˛
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y Ó!•Ù%≈á#ñ ÓyhflÏÓÓyò#ñ ˛õˆÏÓ˚y˛õܲyÓ˚# ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ– ï˛ˆÏÓñ ~Ó˚y x!fiÌÓ˚ G ã˛M˛°– xyˆÏÓà G í˛zˆÏ_çlyÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !fiÌÓ˚ï˛y ÌyˆÏܲ lyñ ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚– •ë˛yÍ xyl® ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È«˛î ˛õˆÏÓ˚•z !Ó£Ïyò@˝Ãhfl
•ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~Ó˚y xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÙ°yˆÏÙ¢y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ë˛y°ÓyˆÏ§ ~ÓÇ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çàÍ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l
ÌyˆÏܲ–
å2ä ~§‰ˆÏÌ!lܲ ã˛y•z˛õ Óƒ!=˛ ı ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• ˆÓ˚yày ~ÓÇ °¡∫yñ ˆ˛õ¢# G x!fiÌ x˛õ!Ó˚˛õ%T˛ñ Ó«˛ˆÏò¢ G í˛zòÓ˚
ò%Ó≈° G ã˛y˛õy– •yï˛ÈüÈ˛õyñ °¡∫y G §Ó˚%– ÙˆÏlÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~§‰ˆÏ§!lܲ çy!ï˛Ë%%˛=˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y xhs˝Ù%≈á#ñ ÓyhflÏÓ!ÓÙ%áñ
fl∫yÌ≈˛õÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛“ly!Ó°y¢#– ~Ó˚y xyd!ã˛hs˝yÎ˚ Ù@¿ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çàˆÏï˛ á%Ó ˆÓ!¢ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õSÈ® ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly–
å3ä ~̉ˆÏ°!ê˛Ü‰˛ ê˛y•z˛õ Óƒ!=˛ ı ~•z ê˛y•zˆÏ˛õÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ˆÙyê˛y •Î˚ ly xyÓyÓ˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ˆÓ˚yàyG •Î˚
ly– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ˛õ¢# G x!fiÌ ¢=˛ G ˛õ%T˛– ˛õ%!T˛Ó˚ x˲yÓ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚ ly– Ó!°¤˛ Ù%áÙu˛°ñ ≤âhflÏ
flÒrôñ Ó«˛ˆÏò¢ñ ˆ˛õ¢# G §%£ÏÙ •hflÏ G ˛õˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §Ù@˝Ã ˆò•!ê˛ §%ë˛yÙ G §%®Ó˚– ÙˆÏlÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ
~̉ˆÏ°!ê˛Ü˛ çy!ï˛Ë%˛=˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y xhs˝Ù%≈á# G Ó!•Ù%≈á# ÙˆÏly˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÓï≈˛#– ~Ó˚y ˆï˛çfl∫#ñ ܲÙ≈ë˛ñ ÓyhflÏÓÓyò#–
˜ò!•Ü˛ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y fl∫y˲y!Óܲ–
å4ä !í˛§‰≤’ƒy!fiê˛Ü˛˛ ê˛y•z˛õ Óƒ!=˛ ı ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• Ü%˛Í!§ï˛ G ܲòyܲyÓ˚– x˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ ˜ò!•Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛
•Î˚– ˆàÔî G ˆÎÔl °«˛îà%!° ≤Ãܲy¢ ˛õyÎ˚ ly– ˛õ%Ó˚%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ïy°#°«˛î ~ÓÇ flf# ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ flf# çyï˛#Î˚˚ °«˛îà%!°
≤Ãܲy¢ ˛õyÎ˚ ly– ˜ò!•Ü˛ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ x§yÙO§ƒï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ •#lÙlƒï˛y ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚– Ê˛ˆÏ° ˛õ°yÎ˚l#
ÙˆÏlyÓ,!_ ≤Ãܲy¢ ˛õyÎ˚– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ~Ó˚y xhs˝Ù%≈á#–
ˆ§°í˛l‰ ≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ê˛y•z˛õ (Sheldon’s Personality Type) ı
í˛z•z!°Î˚Ù‰ •yÓyê≈˛ ˆ§°í˛l‰ (William Harbert Sheldon) Ó•% §ÇáƒÜ˛ Ùy!Ü≈˛l SÈyˆÏeÓ˚ ˜ò!•Ü˛ xyÜ,˛!ï˛
!ÓK˛yl §¡øï˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ï˛yÑÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ˜ò!•Ü˛ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ Îál Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ê˛y•z˛õ !lôy≈Ó˚î
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ ï˛ál ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xAàÈüÈ≤Ãï˛ˆÏAàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– ˆ§°í˛l‰ ˜ò!•Ü˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%!°
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ !lôy≈Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ ê˛y•zˆÏ˛õ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚l ı
å1ä ~l‰ˆÏí˛yÙ!Ê≈˛ (Endomorphy)ñ å2ä ˆÙˆÏ§yÙ!Ê≈˛ (Mesomorphy) ~ÓÇ å3ä ~܉˛ˆÏê˛yÙ!Ê≈˛
(Ectomorpy)–
å1ä ~l‰ˆÏí˛yÙ!Ê≈˛ ˜ò!•Ü˛ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ (Endomorphy body type) ı ~•z ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ˆ°yܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •°ñ ~Ó˚y ˆày°yܲyÓ˚ñ ˆÜ˛yÙ° ˆò• !Ó!¢T˛ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏò¢ !ӈϢ£Ï fl≥˛#ï˛– ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ fl≥˛#ï˛
~ÓÇ ˆÙòÓ•%° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˜ò!•Ü˛ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˆ§°í˛l‰ ~l‰ˆÏí˛yÙ!Ê≈˛ ӈϰˆÏSÈl–
å2ä ˆÙˆÏ§yÙ!Ê≈˛ ˜ò!•Ü˛ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ (Mesomorphy body type) ı ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• x!fiÌˆÏ˛õ¢#Ó•%°–
ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ àë˛l ò,ì˛¸ G ܲ!ë˛l– Ùyï,˛àˆÏË≈˛ º)ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÙˆÏ§yí˛yÙ≈ (Mesoderm) ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ˛õ¢#§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ í˛zqÓ •Î˚ ӈϰ
 !lˆÏò¢≈ ly G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl 199
~ÓÇ §%§ÇÓÂô ˆ˛õ¢# §Ù)• ÌyˆÏܲ ӈϰ ˆ§°í˛l‰ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˜ò!•Ü˛ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˆÙˆÏ§yÙ!Ê≈˛ ӈϰˆÏSÈl–
å3ä ~ܲˆÏê˛yÙ!Ê≈˛ ˜ò!•Ü˛ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ (Ectomorphy body type) ı ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• fl¨yÎ%̊Ó•%° ~ÓÇ ã˛Ù≈§yÓ˚–
ˆ˛õ¢#Ó•%°ñ •yï˛ÈüÈ˛õy °¡∫y G §Ó˚%– Ùyï,˛àˆÏË≈˛ º)ˆÏîÓ˚ Ú~ܲˆÏê˛yí˛yÙ≈Û (Ectoderm) ˆÌˆÏܲ ã˛Ù≈ G fl¨yÎ˚%Ó˚ í˛zqÓ •Î˚
ӈϰñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˜ò!•Ü˛ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˆ§°í˛l‰ ~ܲˆÏê˛yÙ!Ê≈˛ ӈϰˆÏSÈl–
ˆ§°í˛l‰ xyÓyÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˜ò!•Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ !ӈϢ£Ï ˛˛õÂô!ï˛ xÓ°¡∫l ܲˆÏÓ˚l– !ï˛!l ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛
Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ Úˆ§ˆÏ˲l ˛õˆÏÎ˚rê˛ ˆflÒˆÏ°Û ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !ï˛!l Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˜ò!•Ü˛ ê˛y•z˛õˆÏܲ !ï˛l
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §ÇÎ%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~•z !ï˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛c •°Èüüü å1ä !˲ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ˚yê˛!lܲ (Viscerotonic),
å2ä ˆ§yÙyˆÏê˛yê˛!lܲ (Somatotonic) ~ÓÇ å3ä ˆ§!Ó˚ˆÏÓ yê˛!lܲ (Cerebrotonic)–
å1ä !˲ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ˚yê˛!lܲ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ °«˛î ı ~l‰ˆÏí˛yˆÏÙyÊ≈˛ Ùyl§≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ !˲ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ˚yê˛!lܲ ê˛y•zˆÏ˛õÓ˚–
~Ó˚y !Ó◊yÙ G xyÓ˚yÙ !≤ÃÎ˚ñ ˆË˛yçl!Ó°y§# G §yÙy!çܲ– ~Ó˚y xyˆÏÙyò ≤ÈÏÙyòñ ˜• ˜ã˛ ˲y°ÓyˆÏ§– ~Ó˚y
ÙlˆÏáy°yñ xÌ≈yÍ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏÓà G xl%˲)!ï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ~Ó˚y §!•£÷Ï$ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚–
å2ä ˆ§yÙyˆÏê˛yê˛!lܲ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ °«˛î ı ˆÙˆÏ§yÙÊ≈˛Ó˚y Ùyl§ ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛Ó˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ§yÙyˆÏê˛yê˛!lܲ ê˛y•zˆÏ˛õÓ˚–
~Ó˚y í˛zòƒyÙ#ñ Ó!°¤˛ G ˆï˛ˆÏçyò,Æ– x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã˲)c ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– ~Ó˚y ˜ò!•Ü˛ §y•ˆÏ§Ó˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚#–
!Ó˛õˆÏò ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ° !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛yÎ˚ !Ó˛õò ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zÂôyÓ˚ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y Ó˚yˆÏá–
å3ä ˆ§!Ó˚ˆÏÓ yê˛!lܲ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ °«˛î ı ~ܲˆÏê˛yÙÊ≈˛Ó˚y Ùyl§ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ§!Ó˚ˆÏÓ yê˛!lܲ ê˛y•zˆÏ˛õÓ˚–
~Ó˚y §ÇÎï˛ñ §yÓôyl#ñ ˆày˛õlï˛y!≤ÃÎ˚ñ §ï˛Ü≈˛ ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà#– ˲!Ó£ÏÍ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xy¢Aܲy ≤ÃÓîï˛y ~ˆÏòÓ˚
xlƒï˛Ù ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ– §yÙy!çܲ ˆÙ°yˆÏÙ¢y ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õSÈ® lÎ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyd!ÓŸªy§ G xyd§ÇΈÏÙÓ˚ x˲yÓ
ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– x˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ˆ°yܲˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ó˚y !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly ~ÓÇ Ë˛!Ó£ÏƒÍ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xy¢Aܲy ˆ˛õy£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚í˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ê˛y•z˛õ (Freud’s Types) ı
!¢¢%Ó˚ ˆÎÔl !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ hflÏÓ˚à%!°Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚í˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ ê˛y•zˆÏ˛õÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
å1ä Ù%áܲyÙ# (Oral-erotic) ı ˆÎÔl¢!=˛Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ !¢¢% ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ (Sucking)
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ã˛!Ó˚ï˛yÌ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ§ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ !fiÌÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y •ˆÏ° ˆÎ Óƒ!=˛§_y àˆÏí˛¸
í˛zˆÏë˛ ï˛y •°ÈüüüÈ ~Ó˚y ˜lÓ˚y¢ƒÓyò# ~ÓÇ !•Ç§y ˛õÓ˚yÎ˚î •Î˚– ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%!=˛ ˛õyÓyÓ˚ çlƒ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
Ùï˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
å2ä ˛õyÎ˚%ܲyÙ# (Anal-erotic) ı ˜¢¢ˆÏÓ Î!ò !¢¢%Ó˚ Ùyï˛y!˛õï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !ÓÓ˚yà Óy xyÜ ˛Ùîydܲ ˲yÓ
ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ï˛y•ˆÏ° !¢¢% ˛õyÎ˚%ܲyÙ# •Î˚– ˛õyÎ˚Ü% ˛yÙ# Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ˆ°yܲ ~ܲà%шÏÎ˚ñ áÑ%ï˛á%шÏï˛ G §%!ÓôyÓyò# •Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚
ܲyˆÏç !l!ò≈T˛ l#!ï˛Ó˚ x˲yÓ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛ÌyÎ˚ G ܲyˆÏç x§Çà!ï˛ °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
å3ä í˛z˛õfiÌ˚ܲyÙ# (Genital-erotic type) ı ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ í˛zFã˛yܲyA«˛# •Î˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà
xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– ~Ó˚y ~ܲê%˛ˆÏï˛•z •ï˛y¢ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ~Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ Ó˚)˛õ xyˆÏSÈñÊ˛ƒy!°Ü ˛ê˛y•z˛õ (Phalic Type)
~ÓÇ ˆç!lê˛ƒy° ê˛y•z˛õ (Genital Type)–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 200
≤ÃÌÙ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !¢¢% ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ùï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ G !°Aà xyˆÏSÈ– §yôyÓ˚î ˆÎÔl §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ≤ß¿ ~•z hflψÏÓ˚
xyˆÏ§ ly– ~•z hflψÏÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyd˚ܲyÙ#ï˛y °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~ܲê%˛ˆÏï˛•z •ï˛y¢ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ~•z hflψÏÓ˚
!¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §,çl¢#°ï˛y x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏlÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yñ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ˆÓyô G §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ ˲yÓ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ (Conclusion)ı
Óƒ!=˛cˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ ê˛y•zˆÏ˛õ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yà ܲÓ˚y !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ !ܲlyñ ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ÙˆÏly!Óò‰ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
Ùï˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ü˛yÓ˚î Óƒ!=˛c Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xyhs˝!Ó˚ܲ ˜çÓ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ñ ï˛y•z Óy!•ƒÜ˛
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ◊!î !Ó˲yà ܲÓ˚y !ÓK˛yl §¡øï˛ lyG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ܲï˛à%!°
à%ˆÏîÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ê˛y•z˛õà%!° !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ˆ§ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛yl‰ Óƒ!=˛ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ê˛y•zˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ï˛y çyly ÌyܲˆÏ°
ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ !ܲ !ܲ ≤ð«˛î Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó •Î˚– ~SÈyí˛¸y Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l §y!ôï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ lï%˛l Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ xy!ÓË≈˛yÓ âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛c !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ Óy•ƒÈüÈxyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ó ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Óy•ƒ xyã˛Ó˚î
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#° ~ÓÇ lylyôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛!ӈϢ£ÏˆÏܲ §%!l!ò≈T˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ê˛y•zˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y ã˛ˆÏ° ly–
 !lˆÏò¢≈ ly G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl 201

!mï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ
!lˆÏò¢≈ lyı xÌ≈ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆËÏ ˛òñ !¢«˛yÎ˚ !lˆÏò¢≈ lyÓ˚ à%Óc%˚
(Guidance: Meaning, Types, Importance in Education)

Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Introduction)ı
~ܲ!ê˛ §%¢C, ° ˆ˛õ¢yÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyç!•§yˆÏÓ Ú!lˆÏò¢≈ lyÛÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy ≤ÃÌÙ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚ 1905 §yˆÏ°– xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚
Ófiê˛l (Boston) ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x!ôÓy§# Ê ˛yAܲ ˛õyÓ˚§l§ (Fank Parsons) !lˆÏò≈¢lyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy ≤ÃÌÙ ˛≤ÃÓï˛≈l
ܲÓ˚ˆÏl– ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ Ùyl%£Ï !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÜ%˛Ó˚# ˆÎyàyí˛¸ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚◊Ù Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ !ï˛!l Ófiê˛l ¢•ˆÏÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ly ˆÜ˛w fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ÚChoosing a Vocation’ lyˆÏÙ !ï˛!l ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ%hflÏܲG Ó˚ã˛ly
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°ˆÏl– Ê ˛yAܲ ˛õyÓ˚§ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆç!§É !ÓÉ ˆí˛!˲§ (Jessie B. Davious) xƒy!l!Ó˚í˛ (Anne Reed)
≤ÃÙ%á §Ùyç §ÇflÒyÓ˚ܲ ~•z ~ܲ•z í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ !ܲS%È Ü˛yçܲÙ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈl– 1910 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÓ¢
!ܲS%È ˆ˛õ¢yÙ)°Ü˛ §Çàë˛l !lˆÏò≈¢ly xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ x!lÎ˚!sfï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !lˆÏò≈¢lyòyˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ x!ï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#lܲy° ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ !SÈ°– ≤Ãyã˛#l
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ à%Ó%̊ !¢ˆÏ£ƒÏ Ó˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÙÓ≈ ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏò¢≈ ly òyˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyç ã˛°ï˛– xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyÎ˚
Îál !lˆÏò≈¢ly xyˆÏ®y°l à!ï˛°y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó%̊ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ˆ§•z §ÙÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ !lˆÏò≈¢ly !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫ï˛sf K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛e !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚– 1938 §yˆÏ° ܲ°Ü˛yï˛y !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÙ)°Ü˛
ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ (Applied Psychology) ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó˲yà fiÌy!˛õï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ál ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ Ó,!_Ù)°Ü˛
!lˆÏò≈¢ly !ӣψÏÎ˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ¢%Ó%̊ •Î˚– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° §ÙhflÏ Ó˚y烕z !lˆÏò≈¢ly !ӣψÏÎ˚ xy@˝Ã• ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó%̊ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
1952 §yˆÏ° !òÕ‘#Ó˚ Central Institute of Education ÈüÈ~ xl%!¤˛ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly §Ë˛yÎ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ly
ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!eË)˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ~•z xyˆÏ°yã˛ly §Ë˛yÎ˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ
Ùï˛!Ó!lÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §%ˆÏÎyà xyˆÏ§– 1954 §yˆÏ° ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly §Ë˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ International
Association for Vocational Guidance ~Ó˚ xl%ˆÏÙyòl ≤ÃyÆ All India Educational and
Vocational Guidance Association ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ à,•#ï˛ •Î˚–
˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£≈Ï !lˆÏò¢≈ ly xyˆÏ®y°l !ÓhflyÏ Ó˚ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SÈ° Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ !¢«˛y ܲ!Ù¢l (1952-53) ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §%˛õy!Ó˚ˆ¢Ï Ó˚
!˲!_ˆÏï˛– Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ !¢«˛y ܲ!Ù¢l xT˛Ù ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ §yï˛!ê˛ ≤ÃÓy• ≤ÃÌy
(Seven Stream System) ≤ÃÓï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ܲ!Ù¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòˆÏl Ó°y •Î˚ ˆÎñ xT˛Ù ˆ◊!î ˛õy¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
˛õÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ Ó%̊!ã˛ñ ã˛y!•òy ~ÓÇ @˝Ã•î «˛Ùï˛y xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃÓy• !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•zÙï˛
˛õí˛¸y¢%ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~•z§ÙÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ xï˛ƒhs˝ Ü˛Ù ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lÓy≈ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
!lˆÏò≈¢ly òyl ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ܲ!Ù¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z §%˛õy!Ó˚¢ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ó˚y烧Ó˚ܲyÓ˚
à%!°ˆÏܲ ܲï≈˛Óƒ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xÓ!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ~Ó˚ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ Ó•%Ù%á# !Óòƒy°Î˚ à%!°ˆÏï˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ly ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà#
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 202
˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ˜ï˛Ó˚# •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ܲ!Ù¢ˆÏlÓ˚ §%˛õy!Ó˚¢ Ü ˛ˆÏÙ•z ˲yÓ˚ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ 1954 §yˆÏ° !òÕ‘#ˆÏï˛ Central
Bureau of Educational and Vocational Guidance fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ~ܲ•z §ˆÏAà
Ó˚yçƒ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ à%!°ˆÏܲ State Bureu fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ !Óòƒy°Î˚ à%!°ˆÏï˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ly ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ ã˛y°% ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
!lˆÏò≈¢ ˆòÎ˚– 1956 §yˆÏ° All India Education and Vocational Guidance Association fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚
Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ly xyˆÏ®y°l §Ó≈˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ã˛!Ó˚e °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ó≈Ï ˚ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚# §ÇfiÌy !lˆÏò¢≈ ly òyl ܲÙ≈§!) ã˛ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§à%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ ˆÏÎyàƒ
•° ÈüÈ Department of Educational Psychological and Foundations of Education, National
Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), State Bureau of Guidance
(SBG), State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~SÈyí˛¸yG
!Ó!˲ߨ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚# §ÇfiÌy ˆÎÙl ˆÓ˚yê˛yÓ˚# Üœ˛yÓñ °yÎ˚™ Üœ˛yÓ !lˆÏò≈¢ly òyˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È Ü˛Ù≈§)!ã˛ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚
ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ–
xÌ≈ (Meaning ):
Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl xyô%!lܲï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ˆòáy !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛eG
~Ó˚ Óy•zˆÓÏ ˚ lÎ˚– !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ– !¢«˛y ~ál !¢«˛Ü˛ÈüÈˆÜ˛!wܲï˛y
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ÈüÈˆÜ˛!wܲ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ~ál fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õSÈ®Ùï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lÓy≈ã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y Ü˛Ù ÌyܲyˆÏï˛ Ó•% !¢«˛yÌ≈# §!ë˛Ü˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ˆÓˆÏSÈ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚
x!˲˲yÓܲÓ˚yG ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ x˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §hs˝ylˆÏòÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ly !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ly– !Ó£ÏÎ˚
!lÓy≈ã˛ˆÏl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ë%˛° ÌyܲˆÏ° !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §yÊ˛°ƒ x!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ~•z §Ó ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !lˆÏò≈¢ly
!¢«˛yÓ˚ xyÓ!¢ƒÜ˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
•zLjÏÓ˚ç# Guidance ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ í˛zͲõ!_ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ‘Guide’ ¢∑!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ •° ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚yñ
!lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚yñ ˛õÌ ˆòáyˆÏly Óy !lˆÏò≈¢ ˆòGÎ˚yñ xÌy≈Í Guidance Óy !lˆÏò≈¢ly •° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ !l!ò≈T˛ ˛õˆÏÌ
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y– ~•z ‘Guide’ ¢∑!ê˛ ˆÎÙl !ӈϢ£Ïƒ˛õò !•§yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ ˆï˛Ù!l !Ü ˛Î˚y˛õò
!•§yˆÏÓG ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– !ӈϢ£Ïƒ˛õò !•§yˆÏÓ ‘Guide’ •ˆÏ°l ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ !Î!l ˛õÌ ˆòáyl– !ï˛!l Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ
lï%˛l ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Ó£ÏÎ˚ñ fiÌyl xÌÓy xÓfiÌy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy ˆòl– !Ü ˛Î˚y˛õò !•§yˆÏÓ ‘Guide’ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÌ≈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
xçyly fiÌylñ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ñ xÓfiÌy Óy Óƒ!=˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲyç– §yôyÓ˚î ˲yˆÏÓ !lˆÏò≈¢ly Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xlƒ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xçyly ˛õˆÏÌ ˆÎˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl
!lˆÏò≈¢ly §ÙhflÏ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §ˆÏAàñ ï˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ!òˆÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏAà•z §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛–
§ÇK˛y (Definition)ı
!Óáƒyï˛ !¢«˛y!Óò G ÙlhflÏ_¥!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y !lˆÏò≈¢lyÓ˚ !ܲS%È §ÇK˛y í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •°ÈüÈ !lˆÏò≈¢lyÓ˚
§ÇK˛y !òˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ÈüÈ xyÌ≈yÓ˚É ˆçÉ ˆçyl§ ӈϰˆÏSÈl ÈüÈ ˆÜ˛yl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˛õSÈ® ܲÓ˚ˆÏlñ x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏl
~ÓÇ §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏl x˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚y•z •° !lˆÏò≈¢ly– (Arthur J. Jones-
Guidance is the help given by one person to another in making choices, adjustment and
 !lˆÏò¢≈ ly G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl 203
in solving problems.)
ˆÜ ˛y ~ÓÇ ˆÜ ˛y ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ !lˆÏò≈¢ly •° ≤Ã!¢«˛î ≤ÃyÆ ò«˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÎ
ˆÜ˛yl Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ !lç !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•ˆÏî §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚y– (Crow and
Crow - Guidance is assistance made available by personaly qualified and adequately
trained men or women to an individual of any age to help him manage his own life
activities his own point of view, make his own decision and carry his own burden.)
~°É ~°É !ã˛çˆÏ•yÕ√ ӈϰl ˆÎñ !lˆÏ≈ò¢ly Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ xy@˝Ã•ñ §yÙÌ≈ƒñ !Ó!˲ߨ !òˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ñ
˲!Ó£ÏƒÍ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly •zï˛ƒy!ò §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ ï˛Ìƒ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– (L. L. Chisholm
- Guidance seeks to help each individual become familiar with a wide range of
information about himself, his interests, his abilities, his previous development in the
various areas of living and his plans on ambitions for the future.)
Ó˚%Ì fiê˛ƒyÇ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ !lˆÏò≈¢ly •° ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ÎyÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ G
§yÙy!çܲ §%á §Ù,!ÂôÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ï˛yÓ˚ !lçfl∫ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ §Ω˛yÓlyÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ âê˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
(Ruth Stang- Guidance is a process of helping individual, through his own efforts, to
discover a develop his potentialities for his personal happiness and social usefulness.)

Encyclopeadia Britanica (U.S.A. vol. 3, P.676) ˆï˛ Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ !lˆÏò≈¢ly ~ܲ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Îy Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ !¢«˛yàï˛ñ Ó,!_àï˛ G Ùyl!§Ü˛ à%îyÓ!° §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xÓ!•ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ G !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Óƒ!=˛ !lˆÏç §%á# •Î˚ ~ÓÇ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl xyˆÏ§– (Guidance is the process of
helping individual to discover and develop his educational, vocational and psychological
potentialities and there by to achieve an optimum level of personal happiness and
social usefulness.)
Ù%òy!°Î˚Ó˚ ܲ!Ù¢lÈüÈ 1952-53 ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ÈüÈ Óy°Ü˛ Óy!°Ü˛yˆÏòÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y ~ÓÇ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ï˛yÓ˚y Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚
G ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ó%!ÂôÙ_yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ç!ê˛° ~ÓÇ §y•yÎƒÜ˛yÓ˚# !¢«˛yˆÏܲ•z
ӈϰ !lˆÏò¢≈ ly– (Mdaliar Comission 1952-53 - Guidance involves the difficult art of helping
boys and girls to plan their own future wisely in full light of the factors that can be
mastered about themselves and about the world in which they are to live and work.)
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ í˛z!ÏÕ‘!áï˛ §ÇK˛yà%!°Ó˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ !lˆÏò≈¢ly •° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲçl x!˲K˛
Óƒ!=˛ ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ xlƒ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ !lçfl∫ §yÙ̃≈ñ xy@˝Ã•ñ ≤ÃÓîï˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
§ˆÏã˛ï˛l •ˆÏï˛ñ !Ó!Ëߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !lçfl∫ ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà# àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §Çà!ï˛ §yôˆÏl ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ
§Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 204
~•z xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ≤çˆÏAà xyˆÏÓ˚yG Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ !lˆÏò≈¢lyÓ˚ çlƒ òÛ%ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy Ìyܲy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
≤ÃÌÙï˛ı ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲçˆÏlÓ˚ §yÙÌ≈ƒñ ≤ÃÓîï˛yñ xy@˝Ã•ñ ˆ≤ãÏîyñ xyã˛Ó˚îôyÓ˚yñ ò«˛ï˛yñ ˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ï˛yñ
xyÌ≈ÈüȧyÙy!çܲ xÓfiÌy •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy Ìyܲy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
!mï˛#Î˚ï˛ı Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ !ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ G Ó,!_Ù)°Ü˛ §%!Óôy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ~•z §%!Óôyà%!° @˝Ã•î
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° !ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎyàƒï˛y Óy ≤Û!ï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •zï˛ƒy!ò §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy Ìyܲy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– Ó°y
ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ~•z ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ §yÌ≈ܲ §Ùß∫Î˚•z •° !lˆÏò≈¢ly–
≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò (Types)ı
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#° §Ùyç ç#ÓˆÏl !Ó!˲ߨ §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ˲yˆÏÓ x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏlÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !lˆÏò¢≈ lyÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈– !lˆÏò¢≈ ly ܲÙ≈§!% ã˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ !lçfl∫ ˆÙôy G §yÙÌ≈ƒ
xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §yÓ°#°Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ùy!lˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÙˆÏÎ˚
!ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆ§ §%á# ç#Ól Îy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓ˚y §,çl¢#° •ˆÏÎ˚
í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ xÌy≈Í í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ly•z Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyç §%§¡õߨ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•ˆÏî
˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ï˛y xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ òy!Î˚c ˛õy°ˆÏl §«˛Ù •ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!Ëߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §yÊ˛°ƒ °y˲ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
•Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÌ !lˆÏò≈ˆÏ¢ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛– !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl !¢«˛yÌ≈# Óy Óƒ!=˛ ˆÎ !lˆÏò≈¢ly °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl
ˆË˛ˆÏò !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙl Èü

!¢«˛yàï˛
→

Óƒ!=˛§¡õÜ≈˛#Î˚ Ó,!_àï˛
→ →
→ !lˆÏò¢≈ lyÓ˚ xÓܲy¢ §ÙÎ˚
fl∫yfĩ§¡õÜ≈˛#Î˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆËÏ ˛ò → Îy˛õl
→
→

˜l!ï˛Ü˛ §yÙy!çܲ

!ã˛e ı !lˆÏò≈¢lyÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò

å1ä !¢«˛yàï˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ly (Educational Guidance)ı ˆÎ !lˆÏò≈¢ly Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ !¢«˛y çàˆÏï˛Ó˚
§ˆÏAà x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ !¢«˛yàï˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ly ӈϰ– xlƒylƒ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛eG ç!ê˛°
•ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ– !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ó!˲ߨ §Ù§ƒy ˆòáy !òˆÏFSÈ Îy !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏFSÈ ly– xÌã˛
~•z§Ó §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §%¤˛% §Ùyôyl ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl ï˛y ly •ˆÏ° Óƒ!=˛ ç#ÓˆÏlG ~•z§Ó §Ù§ƒy SÈ!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚
§Ù§ƒy §¡õˆÏܲ≈ xyˆÏà ˆÌˆÏܲ•z §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ §ÙyôyˆÏl !¢«˛yàï˛ !lˆÏò¢≈ lyˆÏܲ•z ~!àˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
 !lˆÏò¢≈ ly G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl 205
!l¡¨!°!áï˛ ˆ«˛eà%!°ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛y òyˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ !¢«˛yàï˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ly Ó°y ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎÙl ÈüÈ
å1ä !Óòƒy°Î˚ñ Ù•y!Óòƒy°Î˚ ~ÓÇ !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚ !lÓy≈ã˛ˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚y–
å2ä ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù ˛õSÈ® ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §•yÎ˚ï˛y òyl–
å3ä !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈Ü ˛ˆÏÙ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ~ÓÇ §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §Aà!ï˛ !Óôyl–
å4ä §yÙÌ≈ƒ ~ÓÇ ˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Ùß∫Î˚ §yôl–
å5ä ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy ~ܲy!ôܲ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ò%Ó≈°ï˛y ÌyܲˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ly ˆòGÎ˚y–
å6ä §%ÈüÈx˲ƒy§ àë˛ˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚y–
å7ä ˆ≤ãÏlyÓ˚ x˲yÓ âê˛ˆÏ° !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ≤ãÏlyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §!ë˛Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî í˛zm%Âô ܲÓ˚y–
xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y lyly §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •Î˚– !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ΈÏÌT˛ ˆÙôy Ìyܲy
§ˆÏ_¥ÏG ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á •Î˚– ~•z §Ó ˆ«˛ˆÏe !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ly !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ñ !¢«˛yÌ≈#
~•z§Ó §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˜ò!•Ü˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAà ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ !Óܲy¢ ~ÓÇ xy!dܲ !Óܲy¢ â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚
Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ !Óܲy¢ âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
å2ä Ó,!_àï˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ly (Vocational Guidance)ı ˆÎ !lˆÏò≈¢ly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó,!_ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl Óy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
!l!ò≈T˛ Ó,!_Ó˚ ≤Û!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó,!_àï˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ly Ó°y •Î˚– Óƒy˛õܲ xˆÏÌ≈ñ ˆÎ !lˆÏò≈¢ly
Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ Ó,!_ çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó,!_àï˛ !lˆÏ≈ò¢ly ӈϰ– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
!lçfl∫ §yÙÌ≈ƒ G §#ÙyÓÂôï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ §!ëܲ Ó,!_ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Ó,!_Ù)°Ü˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ly ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ˆÎ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛•z ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl Ó,!_Ó˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ lÎ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È Ó,!_Ó˚ çlƒ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õ¢yàï˛
ˆÎyàƒï˛y xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛y ly •ˆÏ° Ó,!_Ù)°Ü˛ §yÊ˛°ƒ xç≈l ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ï˛y•z Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §¡õò G
§#ÙyÓÂôï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ §!ë˛Ü˛ Ó,!_ !lÓy≈ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !lˆÏò≈¢lyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
!l¡¨!°!áï˛ ˆ«˛eà%!°ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y òyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó,!_Ù)°Ü˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ly !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙl ÈüÈ
å1ä Ó,!_ !lÓ≈yã˛lñ å2ä !lÓy≈!ã˛ï˛ Ó,!_Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yñ
å3ä ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó,!_Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ÎÌyÎÌ §Aà!ï˛ !Óôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yñ å4ä Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ܲÙ≈ÈçàˆÏï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚
Ó•%Ùá% # ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yˆÏlyñ å5ä Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §yÙˆÏl §Ω˛yÓƒ §ÙhflÏ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ !¢«˛l#Î˚ G Ó,!_Ù)°Ü˛
í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ ¢!=˛ G ò%Ó≈°ï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ !lçfl∫ ˆÎyàƒï˛y G §#ÙyÓÂôï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §!ë˛Ü˛ ôyÓ˚îy ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Ó,!_Ù)°Ü˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ly
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
å3ä Óƒ!=˛àï˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ly (Personal Guidance)ı ˆÎ !lˆÏò≈¢ly Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ç#ÓˆÏl
!ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ly ӈϰ– •ï˛y¢yñ ò%!Ÿã˛hs˝yñ ˲Î˚ñ
˛õ«˛˛õy!ï˛ˆÏcÓ˚ xy¢Aܲy •zï˛ƒy!ò ≤Èϫ˛y˲ç!lï˛ §Ù§ƒy x!ôܲyÇ¢ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~•z§Ó §Ù§ƒyÓ˚
ܲyÓ˚î !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚Ü˛Ù •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ•z §Ù§ƒyà%!° §,!T˛ ˆ•yܲ ly ˆÜ˛lñ !lˆÏò≈¢lyÓ˚ òy!Î˚c •° §Ù§ƒyà%!°Ó˚
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 206
§%¤%˛ §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚y– Óƒ!=˛àï˛ !lˆÏ≈ò¢lyÓ˚ °«˛ƒ •° Óƒ!=˛ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏlyÓ˚)˛õ x§yÙy!çܲ ܲyˆÏç !°Æ ly
•Î˚ ˆ§ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ÓƒÓfiÌy xÓ°¡∫l ܲÓ˚y– xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ G Ó,!_Ù)°Ü˛ x§yÊ˛°ƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
!lˆÏçÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ë%˛° ôyÓ˚îyñ ˛≤Èϫ˛y!˲ܲ x˛õ!Ó˚îÙlñ xÙ)°Ü˛ ˲Î˚ •zï˛ƒy!ò ˆòáy !òˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ §Ó ˆ«˛ˆÏe
Óƒ!=˛àï˛ !lˆÏò¢≈ lyÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl •Î˚– Óƒ!=˛àï˛ !lˆÏò¢≈ òyl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÎÙlÈüÈ
å1ä !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Èϫ˛y!˲ܲ §Ù§ƒy ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚y G ˆ§à%!°Ó˚ §ÙyôyˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
å2ä ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yÌ≈ܲ §Çà!ï˛ !ÓôyˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
å3ä ≤Èϫ˛y˲Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÎÌyÎÌ !lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
å4ä !Óòƒy°Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏ¢ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ÎyˆÏï˛ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ §•ˆÏç Ùy!lˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ ˆòGÎ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
å5ä !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ à%îyÓ!° à%!°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ !Óܲy¢ âê˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ly ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
Óƒ!=˛àï˛ !lˆÏò≈¢lyÎ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ @˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# ~ÓÇ !lˆÏò≈¢òylܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲê˛y §%§¡õÜ≈˛ ˜ï˛Ó˚# •Î˚– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
~Ùl !ܲS%È §Ù§ƒy ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎà%!° §Ó§ÙÎ˚ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ §¡ø%ˆÏá ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ lyñ ˆ§•z §Ó ˆ«˛ˆÏe
Óƒ!=˛àï˛ !lˆÏò≈¢àï˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ly xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚#–
å4ä fl∫yfĩ §¡õ!ܲ≈ï˛ !lˆÏò¢≈ ly (Health Guidance)ı !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yfĩÓ˚«˛y G ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ í˛zßΨ ˆ˚ lÏ Ó˚
çlƒ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ !ܲS%È Ë)˛!Ùܲy xyˆÏSÈ– ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §%fiÌ ˆò• ˜ï˛Ó˚# ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~ê˛y•z fl∫yfĩ
!lˆÏò≈¢lyÓ˚ Ù)° í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ– ~ܲÙye §%fïÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y•z §%fiÌÙˆÏlÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z fl∫yfĩ
§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ly !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §%fl∫yfĩ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%!° xl%ôyÓl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ
lçÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ˜ò!•Ü˛ G Ùyl!§Ü˛ §%fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ ôyÓ˚y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!l¡¨!°!áï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%!°ˆÏï˛ fl∫yfĩ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ly !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛y òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÎÙl ÈüÈ
å1ä ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §%§Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ly ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚–
å2ä ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ fl∫yfĩ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï˛Ìƒ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ~!ӣψÏÎ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
å3ä fl∫yfĩ !¢!ÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙÏ ÓSȈÏÓ˚ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ fl∫yfĩ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
å4ä !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏ£Ïôܲ Ù)°Ü˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ §%fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ òyl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
å5ä !Óòƒy°Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚FSÈߨ Ó˚yáy ~ÓÇ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲƒy!rê˛ˆÏlG í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ fl∫yfĩ !ÓôyˆÏlÏÓ˚
ÓƒÓfiÌy @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ly òyl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
å5ä xÓ§Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ Îy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ly (Guidance for Utilisation of Leisure)ı !¢«˛yÌ≈#
ÎyˆÏï˛ §,çlÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyˆÏçñ Ùy!ç≈ï˛ xyˆÏÙyò ≤ÈÏÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ§ÓyÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyˆÏç xÓ§Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ Îy˛õl
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§!òˆÏܲ °«˛ Ó˚yáy•zz xÓ§Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ Îy˛õlÙ)°Ü˛ !lˆÏò≈¢lyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ– ~ܲçl !¢«˛yÌ≈# ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚
xÓ§Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ x!ï˛Óy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ly ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ñ ܲyÓ˚î xÓ§Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ ˲yˆÏÓ !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛
 !lˆÏò¢≈ ly G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl 207
˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ x!ï˛Óy!•ï˛ •ˆÏ° !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ã˛y!•òy ˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛Æ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ !Óܲy¢ âˆÏê˛–
xÓ§Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ Îy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ly !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˲yˆÏÓ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎÙl ÈüÈ
å1ä §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°ˆÏï˛ xÇ¢ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xÓ§Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚
§!ë˛Ü˛ ˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yê˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
å2ä !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ xy@˝Ã• !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚y–
å3ä ˆá°yô%°yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xy@˝Ã• Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚y–
å4ä !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ xl%¤˛yl G ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÎ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y xÇ¢ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z !ӣψÏÎ˚
!lˆÏò¢≈ lyòyl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
å5ä ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§)ã˛#ˆÏï˛ xÇ¢ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛y òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚
xÓ§Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ Îy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ly–
å6ä ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ly (Moral Guidance)ı ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ G §!ë˛Ü˛ ã˛!Ó˚e àë˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ
˜l!ï˛Ü˛ xÓlÙl ˆÌˆÏܲ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˆÎ !lˆÏò≈¢lyÓ˚ §y•y΃ ˆlGÎ˚y •Î˚ ï˛y•z •° ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ly–
Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ Ù)°ƒ ˆÓyˆÏôÓ˚ o%ï˛ xÓ«˛Î˚ ˆòáy !òˆÏFSÈ– ˲y°ÈüÈÙ®ñ í˛z!ã˛ï˛ÈüÈxl%!ã˛ï˛ ˆÓyô Ü ˛Ù¢ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚
Ùôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ •y!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈ– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ≤Ï Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ Î%ˆàÏ §Ü˛° !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ !lˆÏò¢≈ lyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ!˚ ê˛
xï˛ƒhs˝ xyÓ!¢ƒÜ˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ– ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ !lˆÏò≈¢lyÓ˚ Ù)° í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° ÈüÈ
å1ä lƒyÎ˚ xlƒyÎ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ âê˛yˆÏly–
å2ä «˛!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ xyˆÏÓàà%!°ˆÏܲ §ÇÎï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ !¢«˛y ˆòGÎ˚y ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ !lˆÏò≈¢lyÓ˚ Ù)° í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ–
å3ä §%ã˛!Ó˚e àë˛l ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ xlƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô ≤Ã!ï˛Óyò ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §y•§ xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛y ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚
˜l!ï˛Ü˛ !lˆÏò≈¢lyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ–
å4ä §yÙˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ !•ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ lÎ˚ ~Ùl xyã˛Ó˚î ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ !lˆÏ≈ò¢
ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚–
å5ä §•yl%˲) !ï˛ñ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yñ §•Ù!Ù≈ï˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò ÙˆÏly˲yÓ àë˛ˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛y òyl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ !lˆÏò¢≈ lyÓ˚
Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l •GÎ˚yÓ˚ !¢«˛y ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚–
å7ä §yÙy!çܲ !lˆÏò≈¢ly (Social Guidance)ı §yÙy!çܲ !lˆÏò≈¢lyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚
§%!l!ò≈T˛ xyã˛yÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚îñ Ó˚#!ï˛l#!ï˛ñ !lÎ˚Ùܲyl%l ˆÙˆÏl ã˛°yÓ˚ ˛õÌ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ÙˆÏly˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ xyòyl ≤Ãòylñ
§yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚îñ §yÙy!çÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà !lˆÏçˆÏܲ Ùy!lˆÏÎ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y xÌy≈Í ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xÓfiÌyÎ˚ §yÙy!çܲ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §yÌ≈ܲ x!˲ˆÏÎyçl•z •° §yÙy!çܲ !lˆÏò≈¢ly– !¢«˛yÌ≈# ÎyˆÏï˛ ò«˛ lyà!Ó˚ܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚y•z ~•z !lˆÏò≈¢lyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ– !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˲y£Ïyñ §yÙy!çܲ G xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
xÓfiÌy ~§Ü˛° !òˆÏܲ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~§Ó ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ §yÙy!çܲ §Çà!ï˛!ÓôyˆÏl !lˆÏò≈¢ly
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 208
§yÙy!çܲ !lˆÏò≈¢lyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° ÈüÈ
å1ä §yÙy!çܲ §Çà!ï˛!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚y–
å2ä ç#Ól G §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÙˆÏly˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ âê˛yˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚y–
å3ä Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô xç≈ˆÏl ~ÓÇ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ ç#Ól ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚y–
å4ä §ÙyˆÏç ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yÙO§ƒ˛õ)î≈ §¡õÜ≈˛ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚y–
å5ä §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ òy!Î˚c ܲï≈˛Óƒ ~ÓÇ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ˆÓyô §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y Óyí˛¸yˆÏlyˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚y–
!¢«˛yÎ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢lyÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c (Importance of Guidance in Education)ı
xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ù)° ܲyç •ˆÏFSÈ Óƒ!=˛§_yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ !Óܲy¢ §yôl ܲÓ˚y– ~•z í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ §yôˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ
!¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!Ëߨ !òˆÏÜ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §yÙy!çܲñ ˆÓÔ!Âôܲñ ≤Èϫ˛y!˲ܲ ã˛y!•òyˆÏܲ ˆÙê˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚y§ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ– !ܲv
!¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ~•z§Ó ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ Ùy!lˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y xç≈l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛
§y•y΃ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !lˆÏò≈¢lyÓ˚ à%Ó%̊c !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xˆÏlܲ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ˆÏàˆÏSÈ– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl
!lˆÏò≈¢ly ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲÙ≈˛õrÌy Óy ˆ˛õ¢yÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyˆÏç §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z §#ÙyÓÂô lÎ˚– Óƒ!=˛
˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ç#ÓˆÏl !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ˛õ¢yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §yÙO§ƒ !Óôyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛°ˆÏÓñ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe lï%˛l lï%˛l
ã˛y!•òy ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zÍܲ£Ï≈ °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ò«˛ï˛y xç≈ˆÏlG !lˆÏò≈¢ly §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Óï≈˛Ùyl Î%ˆÏà o%ï˛ï˛yÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ ç#ÓˆÏl ç!ê˛°ï˛y Ó,!Âô ˛õyˆÏFSÈ xyÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈# !Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛y˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚
§ˆÏAà §Aà!ï˛ !Óôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏSÈly– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe §yÙy!çܲ ò«˛ï˛y xç≈l G §!ë˛Ü˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ •zï˛ƒy!ò
!Ó!˲ߨ !ӣψÏÎ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ly §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛e SÈyí˛¸yG Ó,!_Ù)°Ü˛ñ §yÙy!çܲñ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ñ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ñ
˜ò!•Ü˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò §ÙhflÏ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚y !lˆÏòˆÏ≈¢ly ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛Ó˚ xhs≈˝Ë%˛=˛˛– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~ܲÌy Ó°y ÎyÎ˚
ˆÎñ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !¢«˛yÎ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢lyÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c Ó•%à%î ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎÙl ÈüÈ
åܲä !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ÎyˆÏï˛ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §ÙyôyˆÏl !lçfl∫ ˛˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly
ÎÌyÎÌ˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚ã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓñ˚ ˆ§à%!°ˆÏܲ §!ë˛Ü˛ ˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ à ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÏ§•z °ˆÏ«˛ƒ•z !lˆÏò¢≈ ly !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚
§y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎ§Ó §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ í˛zqÓ •ˆÏFSÈ ˆ§à%!° !ë˛Ü˛Ùï˛ §Ùyôyl ly •ˆÏ° Óƒ!=˛ç#ÓˆÏl ï˛yÓ˚
≤Ã˲yÓ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ï˛y•z ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏà ˆÌˆÏܲ•z §ˆÏã˛ï˛l ܲÓ˚y !lˆÏò≈¢lyÓ˚ !¢«˛yàï˛ !òˆÏܲÓ˚
xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛–
åáä !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓlyà%!° §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ˆÏï˛
!lˆÏçˆÏܲ §ÓÓ˚Ü˛Ù Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛yˆÏç °yàyˆÏï˛ ˛˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚y !lˆÏòˆÏ≈¢lyÓ˚ !¢«˛yàï˛ Ü˛yç–
!¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyà%!° ˆÎ
ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî §,!T˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§ §Ù§ƒyà%!°Ó˚ §%¤%˛ §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚y !lˆÏò≈¢lyÓ˚ òy!Î˚c–
åàä !¢«˛yÎ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ly Ù)°ï˛ !ï˛l!ê˛ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ÈüÈ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ñ ≤Ã!ï˛!Óôyl G !Óܲy¢ (Curative,
Preventive and Development), ï˛y•z ¢%ô%Ùye §Ù§ƒy @˝ÃfiÌ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ lÎ˚ñ ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈# ÎyˆÏï˛
§Ù§ƒy õ#!í˛¸ï˛ ly •Î˚ Óy •ˆÏ°G !lˆÏçÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ÎyˆÏï˛ °í˛¸y•z ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •Î˚ñ ˆ§•z˲yˆÏÓ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ àˆÏí˛¸
ˆï˛y°y !lˆÏò≈¢lyÓ˚ xhsË%≈˛=˛ñ ~SÈyí˛¸y §Ü˛° !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !òˆÏܲ x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏl ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ï˛Ìƒ
 !lˆÏò¢≈ ly G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl 209
§Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲÓ˚yñ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xl%§rôyl !lˆÏò≈¢lyÓ˚ ܲyç–
åâä !¢«˛yòyl ~ÓÇ !lˆÏò≈¢ly ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)Ó˚ܲñ xÌy≈Í !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ ˲yˆÏÓ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ
§y•y΃ ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ !¢«˛î ܲyˆÏÎÓ≈ ˚ í˛zß!¨ ï˛ˆÏï˛ ï˛yшÜÏ ˛ í˛zͧy•òyˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ!˚ ê˛G !lˆÏò¢≈ lyÓ˚ xhs˝≈˲≈% =˛– !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ xyd!lˆÏò≈¢ly (Self direction) ~ÓÇ xydí˛z˛õ°!kô (Self-realisation) çy!àˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y
ܲÓ˚y !lˆÏò≈¢lyÓ˚ ܲyç–
å.ä !lˆÏò¢≈ lyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w!Ó®% •° §yÙy!çܲ ~ÓÇ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ≤Ï Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ !lçfl∫ ˛õy!Ó˚˛õy!ŸªÜ≈ ˛
xÓfiÌyˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §yÙˆÏÌ≈ƒÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ âê˛yˆÏly– !lˆÏò≈¢ly !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%Ñ!Ìàï˛
~ÓÇ ˛õ%Ñ!ÌÓ!•Ë%≈˛ï˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §!ë˛Ü˛ !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î ~ÓÇ ˆ§ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
åã˛ä Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !¢«˛y ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ Óƒy˛õܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âê˛ˆÏSÈ– xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#•z ≤Ãôyl– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ãã˛°l •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§à%!° xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# G §%≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛– xyô%!lܲ
˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ §!Ü Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ly–
åSÈä !lˆÏò≈¢lyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !òܲ •° !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ §yÙÌ≈ƒ xl%ÎyÎ˚# !l!ò≈T˛ !¢«˛yÜ ˛Ù Óy ˆ˛õ¢yÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ
çyÎ˚ày ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚y–
åçä Óï≈˛Ùyl !¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎy≈Ó!°Ó˚ (Co-Curricular Activities) í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï
à%Óc%̊ xyˆÏÓy˚ ˛õ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ ç#Ól !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ !ӈϢ£Ï ˲yˆÏÓ §•yÎ˚ï˛y
ܲˆÏÓ˚– !¢«˛yÌ≈# ÎyˆÏï˛ §,çlÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyˆÏç G ˆ§ÓyÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyˆÏç !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§!òˆÏܲ
§•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏ≈ò¢ly–
åV˛ä !¢«˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢lyÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ !òܲ •° !¢«˛yÌ≈# ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛õ¢y Óy !¢«˛yÜ ˛Ù ˆÓˆÏSÈ ˆlÓyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ §Ê˛°ï˛y G
ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yˆÏܲ xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çˆÏl àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ ܲÙ≈§!) ã˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !lˆÏò¢≈ ly òylˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l Óy ˛õ!Ó˚Óô≈l
ܲÓ˚y–
å~èä !¢«˛y !lˆÏò≈¢ly Óƒ!=˛Ó˚˚ §ÙhflÏ Ó˚Ü˛Ù ÙˆÏly˲yÓ ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚î ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õÜ≈ Î%=˛– !lˆÏò≈¢ly
!¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ Ü˛yçܲÙ≈ˆÏܲ §%§Ç•ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ (Conclusion)ı
í˛z˛õ!Ó˚í˛z=˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚Èñ !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !lˆÏò≈¢lyÓ˚ à%Ó%̊c xï˛ƒhs˝ Óƒy˛õܲ– x!lÎ˚!sfï˛
í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏò¢ òyl ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛eˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
!lˆÏò≈¢lyÓ˚ ΈÏÌT˛ Ë)˛!Ùܲy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !lˆÏò≈¢ly SÈyí˛¸y !¢«˛yÌ≈# ç#Ól ~ÓÇ Óƒ!=˛ ç#ÓˆÏl §yÊ˛°ƒ xç≈l ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó
lÎ˚– ç#Ól !ÓyܲˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ hflψÏÓ˚•z !lˆÏò≈¢ly à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–

˛
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 210

ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ
õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òylı xÌ≈ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆËÏ ˛òñ !¢«˛yÎ˚ õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ à%Óc%˚ ˛
(Counselling: Meaning, Types, Importance in Education)

Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Introduction)ı
˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl !Ó£ÏÎ!˚ ê˛ x!ï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l– ≤Ã!ï˛!òˆÏlÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl !Ó!˲ߨ hflˆÏ ÓÏ ˚ §Ó§ÙÎ˚•z ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ã˛°ˆÏSÈ– ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚
!˛õï˛yÙyï˛y ï˛yшÏòÓ˚ §hs˝ylˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ !òˆÏFSÈl– !¢«˛Ü˛ Ù•y¢Î˚ ï˛yÑÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ !òˆÏFSÈl– ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛
˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl •° !lˆÏò≈¢ly ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ xÇ¢– ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ê˛!°ï˛ ¢yáy–
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !Ó!˲ߨ l#!ï˛ G ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°– Óï≈˛Ùyl §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §Çà!ï˛!Óôyl
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á •ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ~•z §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚y•z •° ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚
≤Ãôyl ܲyç– ‘Counselling’ ¢∑!ê˛ •zLjÏÓ˚!ç ‘to counsel’ !Ü ˛Î˚y˛õò ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zq$ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ •°
˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ ˆòGÎ˚y– ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ~ܲ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ã˛y!•òy–
!ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ÓK˛yl G ܲy!Ó˚àÓ˚#Ó˚ Î%ˆÏà ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y xˆÏlܲ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ˆàˆÏSÈ– ~•z !ÓK˛yl G
˛≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ Î%ˆÏà Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ ˆ§à%!° ˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛!ÆÓ˚ xl%Ü)˛° xÓfiÌy §,!T˛ˆÏï˛ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ
§y•y΃ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÂô!ï˛ !fiÌÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !ÓK˛yl !˲!_ܲ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ˛
˛xÌ≈ (Meaning)ı
˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl •° ~ܲçl x!˲K˛ G !ӈϢ£ÏK˛ Óƒ!=˛ ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲçl
§y•y΃≤ÃyÌ≈#ˆÏܲ !ÓK˛yl!˲!_ܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛˛ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y– ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ §%§Çà!ë˛ï˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ly
ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ˆÏï˛ §ÙhflÏ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ hflψÏÓ˚ §y•y΃òyl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y–
˛§ÇK˛y (Definition)ı
˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ §ÇK˛y !Ó!˲ߨ ÙˆÏly!Óò !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈÏl– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ !lˆÏ¡¨ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y
•°Èü
ܲy°≈ Ó˚çy§≈ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl •° ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ §ÇˆÏÎyà fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ÎyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
!l!ò≈T˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ G xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âê˛yˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
(Carl Rogers- Counselling is a series of direct contact with the individual which
aims to offer him asistance in changing his attitude and behaviour.)
 !lˆÏò¢≈ ly G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl 211
ˆ‚l ~ÓÇ ÙƒyܲÓyl ӈϰlñ §Ù§ƒy §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ Îál !lç §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏl x«˛Ùñ ˆ§ Îál §Ó
Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛≤ÃyÆ ~ÓÇ x!˲K˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà Óƒ!=˛àï˛
§¡õÜ≈˛ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛yˆÏ° ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏܲ•z ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ӈϰ– (Haln and Macbane - Counselling is a
process which takes place in a one to one relatioinship between an individual be set by
problems with which he can not cope alone and a professional worker whose training
and experience have qualified him to help others reach solutions to various types of
personal dificulties.)

˛õƒyê˛yÓ˚§l ӈϰˆÏSÈl ˆÎñ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl •° Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §¡õÜ≈˛
§ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ ܲyÎ≈Ü ˛Ù Óy ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ çß√ ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛yÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ âê˛yÎ˚–
åPatterson- An interpersonal process employing psychological methods aimed as
improving the mental health of the counseller.)

GˆÏÎ˚Ófiê˛yÓ˚ x!˲ôyl ~ Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyñ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ Ùï˛ !Ó!lÙÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ܲˆÏe ܲÌy Ó°y •°
˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl–
(Webster’s Dictionary - Counselling is consultation, mutul interchange of opinions,
deliberating together.)

1953 §yˆÏ° xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Üœ˛!lܲƒy° ÙlhflÏ_¥!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏ¡ø°ˆÏl §Ó≈§¡ø!ï˛Ü ˛ˆÏÙ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚

~ܲ!ê˛ §ÇK˛y à,•#ï˛ •Î˚– G•z §ÇK˛y!ê˛ •°ÈüÈ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ!wܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ˆÎáyˆÏl ~ܲçl
≤Ã!¢«˛î≤ÃyÆ x!˲K˛ Óƒ!=˛ x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲçˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §yÙly§yÙ!l ܲˆÏÌy˛õÜ˛ÌˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ïy=˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚
§Ù§ƒy Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ §ÙyôyˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
í˛z˛õ!Ó˚í˛z=˛ §ÇK˛yà%!°ˆÏܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl •ˆÏFSÈ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ˆÎáyˆÏl
~ܲ Óƒ!=˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏl !mï˛#Î˚ ~ܲ x!˲K˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §y•y΃ ≤ÃyÌ≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚l– !Î!l ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ ˆòl
!ï˛!l •ˆÏ°l ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛y– !Î!l ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ ˆll !ï˛!l •ˆÏ°l ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛y– í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã#!ï˛Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛
ÌyܲˆÏÓ–
˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò åTypes of Counselling) /
˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ÈüÈ
åܲä ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl (Directive Counselling)
åáä xÈüÈ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl (Non-Directive Counselling)
åàä ˙!FSÈܲ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl (Eclectic Counselling)
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 212
åܲä ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òylı
ˆÎ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏl ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛y ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛y xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ï˛yÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ à%Ó˚%c ˆòÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛
˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ=˛y •ˆÏ°l •zÉ !çÉ í˛z•z!°Î˚yÙ§l (E. G. Williamson)
~!ê˛ ≤Ãôylï˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛yˆÏܲ!wܲ– ~Ó˚Óyܲ° ӈϰl ÈüÈ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ Óƒ!=˛ §Ù§ƒy
§Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ï˛y !¢áˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– (Arbuckle -That the directive people believe
counselling to be a means of helping people how to learn to solve their own problems.)
!§àÙ%[˛ Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎñ Óƒ!=˛c !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ Óy°ƒÜ˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˙ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï˛#Ó  ≤Èϫ˛y˲Ù)°Ü˛ ôyÓ˚îy ˆÎ à%!°ˆÏܲ Ùyl!§Ü˛ çê˛ Ó°y •Î˚ñ ˆ§à%!° xÓò!Ùï˛ •Î˚–
Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏí˛Ó˚ Ó=˛Óƒ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˛≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ Óƒ!=˛ ˆÎ §Ó §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •Î˚ ˆ§à%!° Óy°ƒÜ˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ xÓò!Ùï˛
çˆÏê˛Ó˚ Ê˛°– Ùl/§Ù#«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˙ Ùyl!§Ü˛ çê˛à%!°ˆÏܲ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ à˲#ˆÏÓ˚ xˆÏã˛ï˛l hflÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆã˛ï˛l ÙˆÏl
ï%˛ˆÏ° !lˆÏÎ˚ xy§y •Î˚– ï˛ál ˆ§à%!° xyÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy ÌyˆÏܲly–
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ ˛õÂô!ï˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ ò#â≈ ~ÓÇ §ÙÎ˚§yˆÏ˛õ«˛– xï˛ƒhs˝ §%˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~•z ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ã˛y°yˆÏly •Î˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe x!˲çyï˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!¢«˛î≤ÃyÆ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl
•Î˚ñ ܲyÓ˚î ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ï˛yÑÓ˚ myÓ˚y•z ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •GÎ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚ı (Stages of Directive Counselling) •zÉ !çÉ í˛z•z!°Î˚yÙ§l
(E. G. Williamson) ~Ó˚˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl SÈÎ˚!ê˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ùôƒ!òˆÏÎ˚ §¡õߨ •Î˚– ˆ§à%!° •° ÈüÈ
å1ä !ӈϟ’£Ïî (Analysis): !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ ÎÌyÎÌ˲yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ï˛Ìƒà%!° !Ó!˲ߨ
í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
å2ä §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ïî (Synthesis): §Çà,•#ï˛ ï˛Ìƒà%!°ˆÏܲ §%!l!ò≈T˛ Ó˚#!ï˛ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ §yçyˆÏly ~ÓÇ ˆ§à%!°Ó˚
§Ç!«˛Æ§yÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ §¡õòñ ò%Ó≈°ï˛yñ §Aà!ï˛ §yôˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe •zï˛ƒy!ò §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §¡õ)î≈ ~ܲ!ê˛
!ã˛e ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
å3ä §Ù§ƒy !lî≈Î˚ (Diagnosis): ~•z hflψÏÓ˚ §Çà,•#ï˛ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
§Ù§ƒyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ hflÏÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– ≤ÃÌÙï˛ñ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛Ü˛Ó˚î xÌy≈Í Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ §Ù§ƒy!ê˛ §,!T˛ •° ï˛y
~áyˆÏl Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– !mï˛#Î˚ï˛ñ ܲyÓ˚î xl%§rôyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ñ xï #ï˛ G Óï≈˛Ùyl xÓfiÌy !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z ܲyÓ˚î !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ °«˛î !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
å4ä ˛õ)Ó≈y˲y§ (Prognosis)ı §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ly •ˆÏ° ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyàyÙ xl%Ùyl ~•z hflψÏÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚
å5ä ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈≤Ãòyl åCounselling): §Ù§ƒy!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛y !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈
!òˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl–
å6ä xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y åFollow up): §Ù§ƒy ò)Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §Çà!ï˛!ÓôyˆÏl
 !lˆÏò¢≈ ly G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl 213
§•y΃ ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛y ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ !lˆÏò≈!¢ï ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈à%!° ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛y §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆÙˆÏl ã˛°ˆÏSÈ !ܲly ï˛y
°«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ܲyÓ˚î ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈à%!° ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚G Î!ò §Ù§ƒy!ê˛ ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y ly ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° xlƒ ܲ# ÓƒÓfiÌy ˆlGÎ˚y
•ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
!lˆÏ¡¨ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ˆÏܲ !ã˛eyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáyˆÏly •° ı
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ü ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ §)ã˛ly (Starting the Session)

å1ä !ӈϟ’£Ïî (Analysis) å6ä xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y (Follow Up)

←
←

å5ä ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈≤Ãòyl (Counselling)

←
å2ä §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ïî (Synthesis)
å4ä ˛õ)Ó≈y˲y£Ï (Prognosis)
←

←
å3ä §Ù§ƒy !lî≈Î˚ (Diagnosis)
!ã˛e ı ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òylÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ åCharacteristics of Directive Counselling) : ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛
˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y !l¡¨Ó˚˛) õı
å1ä ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛y xyˆÏà ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ï˛yÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl–
å2ä ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛y ~áyˆÏl ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ @˝Ã•#ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ G xyˆÏÓà !lÎ˚sfl xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ
!òܲ!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c !òˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl–
å3ä ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛yÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛y !Ó!˲ߨ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ x˲#«˛y ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ÌyˆÏܲl ÎyˆÏï˛ §Ù§ƒy!ê˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ í˛zòây!ê˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
å4ä x!˲K˛ G !¢«˛î≤ÃyÆ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛y•z ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛yÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆîÏ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ Óƒ!=˛– ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl
!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ ï˛yÑÓ˚ ï˛cyÓôyˆÏl•z •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
å5ä ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ òyl ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛y•z !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•ˆÏî ˛≤Ãôyl Ë)˛!Ùܲy !lˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl ~ÓÇ
!ï˛!l•z §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏl ˛õÌ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 214
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ §#ÙyÓÂôï˛y åLimitation of Directive Counselling):
å1ä ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛yÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy Ù%რ•GÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ÓyhflÏÓ ˆ«˛ˆÏe lyly ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy ˆòáy
ˆòÎ˚– ˆÎÙlÈüüÈ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛yÓ˚ @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒï˛yñ xrô xl%§Ó˚î ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò–
å2ä ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ @˝Ã•#ï˛yÓ˚ xl%˲) !ï˛ñ xyˆÏÓà •zï˛ƒy!ò !Ó£ÏÎà˚ !% ° í˛zˆ˛Ï õ!«˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ӈϰ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛y
˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §y«˛yÍ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xl#•y ˛≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
å3ä ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛yÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ !˲!_ ò%Ó≈° •ˆÏ° §Ù@˝Ã ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ ÓƒÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚
ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
(á) xÈüÈ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òylı
xÈüÈ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl˛ õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ •zLjÏÓ˚ç# ≤Ã!ï˛¢∑ •° Non-directive Counselling. Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ~•z
˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ Client-centred Counselling Ó°y •Î˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ù)° ≤ÃÓ=˛y •ˆÏ°l
ܲy°≈ xyÓ˚ Ó˚çy§≈ åCarl Rogers) ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏl ˆÜ˛w!Ó®% •ˆÏ°l ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛y– ~•z ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl
ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ° Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Óƒ!=˛ ï˛yÓ˚ çà͈Ïܲ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏá– ~•z ˆòáy xÓˆÏã˛ï˛l ÙˆÏl ≤Ãï˛#ܲ åSym-
bol) ÈüÈ~Ó˚˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv !l!‹;Î˚˲yˆÏÓ– ÓyhflψÏÓÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
ò,¢ƒÙyl ÙˆÏlÓ˚ xÓˆÏã˛ï˛l xÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆë˛ˆÏ° ˆã˛ï˛l xLjϢ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ ~ÓÇ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ §!Ü ˛Î˚ •ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~•z §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°•z Óƒ!=˛ §Ù§ƒyÙ%=˛ •Î˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl lÎ˚–
ÓÓ˚Ç Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ fl∫yô#lï˛yòyl ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ çà͈Ïܲ §%§Ç•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y•z ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ °«˛ƒ– ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ !òܲ
xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ≤Èϫ˛y˲Ù)°Ü˛ !òˆÏܲÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe–
xÈüÈ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ hflÏÓ˚ åStages of Non- directive Counselling)ı ܲy°≈ Ó˚çy§≈ ~Ó˚
Ùï˛yl%ÎyÎ˚# xÈüÈ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y §yï˛!ê˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙƒôƒˆÏÙ §¡õߨ •Î˚ üÈ
≤ÃÌÙhflÏÓ˚ı ~•z hflψÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛y ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ù§ƒy xyˆÏSÈ ÓˆÏ° fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yl ly– ˆ§•z çlƒ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §y«˛yÍ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ xl#•y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛yÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ àë˛l G xlÙl#Î˚
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ •Î˚– ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛y ˆÜ˛Ó° !Ó!˲ߨ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §%§¡õÜ≈˛ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
!mï˛#Î˚hflÏÓ˚ı ~•z hflψÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛y !lˆÏçÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy xyˆÏSÈ ÓˆÏ° fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ !ܲS%È !Ó£ÏÎ˚
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !lˆÏçÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ˛≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛y !lˆÏçÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy §¡∫ˆÏrô ï˛yÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ òyÎ˚
ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ !Ó£ÏÎà˚ !% ° lÙl#Î˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛y ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛yÓ˚
!Ó!˲ߨ xl%˲) !ï˛ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ï˛yÓ˚ !lçfl∫ Ùï˛yÙï˛ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓî˚ – Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛z˲ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡∫rô xyhs˝!Ó˚ܲ •Î˚– ≤Ãܲ, ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛
~•z hflÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !ã˛!ܲͧy ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚–
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚hflÏÓ˚ı ~•z hflψÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛y !lˆÏçÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%!° fl∫FSȈϮ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !ã˛!ܲͧyÓ˚
ܲyç §•ç •Î˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛y ï˛yÓ˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%!° ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ lyñ !ܲv xï˛#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲÌyà%!° ≤Ãܲy¢
 !lˆÏò¢≈ ly G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl 215
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z !ܲS%È çí˛¸ï˛y ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚– ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛y ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛yÓ˚ xï˛#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲÌyà%!°
!°!˛õÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ !l/§ˆÏܲyˆÏã˛ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ !ܲS%È Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
ã˛ï%˛Ì≈hflÏÓ˚ı ~•z hflψÏÓ˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ï˛y ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ @˝Ã•#ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆòáy
ÎyÎ˚– xï˛#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆày˛õl G §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#° xl%Ë)˛!ï˛à%!° ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl !môy ÌyˆÏܲ ly– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z
hflψÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛y ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ly–
˛õM˛ÙhflÏÓ˚ı ~•z hflψÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛y fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ xl%Ë%˛!ï˛à%!° ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆ§ !lˆÏçÓ˚
§Ù§ƒy §¡∫ˆÏrô §ˆÏã˛ï˛l •Î˚ G ï˛y §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ í˛zˆÏòƒyà# •Î˚– ~•z Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛yÓ˚ §y•y΃ ã˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §y«˛yÍ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ í˛zˆÏòƒyà# •Î˚– ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛y G xï˛ƒhs˝ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°˛õ)Ó≈ܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ
ï˛yÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyà%!° §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xy°y˛õüÈ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
£Ï¤˛hflÏÓ˚ı ~•z hflψÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛y ˆÎ x!˲K˛ï˛yà%!° °y˲
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§à%!° !lˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚–
§ÆÙhflÏÓ˚ı §Ó≈ˆÏ¢£Ï hflψÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛yÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy!ê˛ Î!ò §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ !lÙ≈)° ly •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ !Ó!˲ߨ
í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l G ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§à%!° ˆ§ !lˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ à ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~•z ˲yˆÏÓ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛y
ï˛yÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyà%!° §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛y!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛l ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛y ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §Ùy!Æ ˆây£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
!lˆÏ¡¨ xÈüÈ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ˆÏܲ !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆòáyˆÏly •°ı

3ä §Ù§ƒy ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛ê˛l
(Problem ←
← Explanation)
4ä §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î 2ä §%§¡õÜ≈˛ fiÌy˛õl
(Problem Causes) (Establishing Rapport)
←
←

5ä !Óܲ“ §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÌy 1ä ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ §)ã˛ly

!ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚y (Opening the Session)
(Alternative Solution) ←
←
6ä §Ùy!Æ (Session ← 7ä xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y
Termination) (Follow up)

!ã˛e ı xÈüÈ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y

!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 216
x≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒyÓ!° (Characteristics of Non-directive counselling):
å1ä x≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §Ù§ƒy xˆÏ˛õ«˛y Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚–
å2ä ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛y ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛yˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ Ó=˛Óƒ ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢ §¡õ)î≈ fl∫yô#lï˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl–
xï˛ƒhs˝ ˆáy°yˆÏÙ°y˲yˆÏÓ Ó=˛Óƒ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛y ï˛yÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ çê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó•%°yLjϢ
Ù%=˛ •l–
å3ä ~áyˆÏl ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛y !lˆÏç•z !lˆÏçÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
ÌyˆÏܲl–
å4ä ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛yÓ˚ ܲyç •° í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ Ó˚ã˛ly ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏï˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛y !lˆÏçˆÏܲ
fl∫yô#l ˲yÓˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !lç •zFSÈyÎ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
å5ä ˛ õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛y ~áyˆÏl ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛yˆÏܲ ~Ùl ˲yˆÏÓ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓl˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛ §Ó ܲÌy !lç í˛zˆòÏ ƒyˆÏà
ˆáy°yá%!°Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§l–
å6ä ~•z ˛≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏl ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛yÓ˚ Ó=˛ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ §M˛yÓ˚ •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ΈÏÌT˛
à%Ó˚%c ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚–
å7ä ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛y !Ó!˲ߨ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛yÓ˚ §y•y΃ !lˆÏ°G ã˛Ó˚Ù !§Âôyhs˝ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛y !lˆÏç•z
!lˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl– Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ §ÙÎ˚§yˆÏ˛õ«˛– ܲyÓ˚î ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛y
ï˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ •zFSÈy ¢!=˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏÓà G xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y
ÙlhflψÏcÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚ K˛yl ly ÌyܲˆÏ° ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ò%Ó˚)• ܲyç •ˆÏÎ˚ òyÑí˛¸yÎ˚–
xÈüÈ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ §#ÙyÓÂôï˛y (Limitation of Non-directive Counselling):
å1ä x≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xhs!l≈!•ï˛ ¢!=˛ myÓ˚y ï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÓà G xl%˲) !ï˛ˆÏܲ çy@˝Ãï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y
•Î˚ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚–
å2ä ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛yÓ˚ ÙlhflψÏ_¥Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚
K˛yl ly ÌyܲˆÏ° ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ ÓyhflÏÓÓ˚)˛õ ˆòGÎ˚y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚–
å3ä ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ã˛°yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛yÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ≤Ã˲yÓ ~í˛¸yˆÏly ÎyÎ˚ ly–
åàä ˙!FSÈܲ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl åEclectic Counselling):
Eclectic ܲÌy!ê˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ •° ò%•z ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ §Ùß∫Î˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ܲy!A«˛ï˛ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏlyÓ˚ ܲyç
§•çï˛Ó˚ •Î˚– Eclectic Counselling ~Ó˚ xy«˛!Ó˚ܲ xÌ≈ •° !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚
§Ùß∫Î˚§yôˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚y– ÙlhflÏy!_¥Ü˛ ˆÓy!í≈˛l åBordin) ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎñ
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §Ù§ƒy ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚#˲yˆÏÓ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏ° ˛õ)ˆÓÏ Ó≈ ˚ ò%ˆêÏ ˛y ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ §Ùß∫Î˚ §yôl ܲÓ˚y !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl–
Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛y •zFSÈyÙï˛ ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlÙï˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ~ÓÇ xÈüÈ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ò%!ê˛ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚l
ï˛ál•z ï˛y ˙!FSÈܲ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ òyl–
 !lˆÏò¢≈ ly G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl 217
˙!FSÈܲ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù ≤ÃÓ=˛y Ìî≈ åThorne) ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎñ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛y ~ܲ•z §y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓ˚
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°à%!°ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ΈÏÌT˛
à%Ó˚%c ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– !¢«˛yÌ≈# Óy Óƒ!=˛ !lˆÏç•z ï˛yÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛yˆÏܲ í˛zͧy!•ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ˙!FSÈܲ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛y ≤ÃÌÙ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy ~ÓÇ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xl%¢#°l ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛yÓ˚ §Ó≈ydܲ !ÓÓÓ˚î# ˛õe (Cumulative Record Card) ~ÓÇ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ãˆ•Ï Ó˚ xlƒylƒ í˛z˛õyÎ˚à!% °
˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛y !fiÌÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎñ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ï˛!l !ܲ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° xÓ°¡∫l ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl–
!ï˛!l ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢%Ó%̊ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l !ܲv ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛y x≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yà
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õÂô!ï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ x!ôܲ à%Ó˚c˛õ)î≈ •° ܲï˛áy!l ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà
˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y •°–
˙!FSÈܲ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÎy≈Î˚ (Stages of Eclectic Counselling)ı ˙!FSÈܲ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl !l¡¨!°!áï˛
˛õÎy≈Î˚à%!° x!ï˛Ü ˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÈüÈ
å1ä ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛y ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛yÓ˚ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §%§¡õÜ≈˛ fiÌy!˛õï˛
•Î˚–
å2ä ≤ÃÌÙ!òˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛y ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛yÓ˚ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl– ܲálG ܲálG !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚
˛õ)Ó≈ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓƒ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly Ó˚ã˛ly ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚–
å3ä ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zͧy• Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ çlƒ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÓ˚G ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆ§à%!° ï˛yÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚y •Î˚–
å4ä ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlÙï˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛yÓ˚ !¢«˛y §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ñ Ó,!_ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ ï˛Ìƒ
§Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl–
å5ä ˙ §ÙhflÏ ï˛Ìƒ xl%ôyÓl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛y xyˆÏÓà Ù%!=˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ÙˆÏly˲yˆÏÓÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âê˛yÎ˚–
å6ä ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ @˝Ã•#ï˛yÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚îôyÓ˚yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
~ˆÏl ï˛yÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
§ÓˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ˙!FSÈܲ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ˛≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ù%რí˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §Ù§ƒy ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
ï˛yÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ÎÌyÎÌ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚y– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §Ù§ƒy ò)Ó˚ •° ï˛y !ÓˆÏÓã˛ƒ lÎ˚–
˙!FSÈܲ Óy Eclectic ˛õÂô!ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛–
˙!FSÈܲ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ (Characteristics of Eclectic Counselling)ı ˙!FSÈܲ
˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏ¡¨ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •° ÈüÈ
å1ä ˙!FSÈܲ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎ ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ˆ§ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛y ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛y
í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yÓ˚ ÎÌyˆÏÎyàƒï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ψÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ˙ ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ lƒy΃ï˛y Îyã˛y•z ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 218
å2ä ˙!FSÈܲ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° ~Ó˚ lÙl#Î˚ï˛y– ~•z ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ
˛õÂô!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ÎyGÎ˚y §Ω˛Ó •Î˚–
å3ä ˙!FSÈܲ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛y ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛y í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó=˛Óƒ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ÓÇ ˛õSȈϮÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe fl∫yô#lï˛y ÌyˆÏܲ–
å4ä ~áyˆÏl ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛yÓ˚ §%!Óôy Óy x§%!ÓôyÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âê˛yˆÏly •Î˚–
å5ä fl∫yFSÈ®ƒˆÏÓyôñ ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸yñ §%fiÌ §¡õÜ≈˛•z •° ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° !˲!_–
å6ä ˙!FSÈܲ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛y !lˆÏçÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ ï˛Ìƒ çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ
ˆ§ çlƒ Óƒ!=˛ ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Aà!ï˛!Óôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •Î˚–
˙!FSÈܲ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ §#ÙyÓÂôï˛y (Limitation of Eclectic Counselling)ı
1ä ˙!FSÈܲ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈≈@˝Ã•#ï˛y !lˆÏç•z Îál !lˆÏçÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy §¡∫ˆÏrô §ˆÏã˛ï˛l •ˆÏÎ˚
§Ù§ƒy §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l •Î˚ ˆ§•z ˆ«˛ˆÏe í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ lyG §,!T˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ܲyÓ˚î
!lˆÏçÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ly–
2ä ˙!FSÈܲ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛y !lˆÏçÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚
§Ù§ƒy §ÙyòyˆÏlÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ ˛õÌ ˆÓˆÏSÈ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ly–
3ä ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛yÓ˚ §%!Óôy G x§%!ÓôyÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âê˛yˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˆÓˆÏSÈ˛
ˆlGÎ˚y §Ó≈òy §•ç§yôƒ •Î˚ ly–
4ä ˛ õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛y ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ï˛Ìƒ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚yˆÏ•Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛y ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ xyˆÏÓà
Ù%=˛ lyG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
~SÈyí˛¸y ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yàï˛ ˛õyÌ≈ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òylˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓ˚yG ò%˲yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ÈüÈ
åxä Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl åIndividual Counselling).
åxyä ò°àï˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl åGroup Counselling).
åxä Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl (Individual Counselling)ı
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ Îál ~ܲܲ ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏܲ ӈϰ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl– xˆÏlܲ
§ÙÎ˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î G ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §yò,¢ƒ ÌyܲˆÏ°G !Ó!˲ߨ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°l •Î˚ !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ–
ï˛y•z §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ Óƒ!=˛àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §Ùyôyl •GÎ˚y•z Î%!=˛Î%=˛– Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ܲyç!ê˛ §¡õߨ •Î˚
§y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ– §y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãôylï˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyñ Ùï˛!Ó!lÙÎ˚ñ !ã˛hs˝y˲yÓly ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óƒ!=˛àï˛
˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ ã˛ˆÏ°– Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çˆÏl §y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §yôyÓ˚îï˛ı Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛
§Ù§ƒyñ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyñ !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î •zï˛ƒy!ò §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ ˛≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyà%!°
!Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙlÈüÈ !¢«˛yàï˛ñ ¢,C°yÙ)°Ü˛ñ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ñ ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲñ §yÙy!çܲ •zï˛ƒy!ò–
 !lˆÏò¢≈ ly G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl 219
Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ó!˲ߨ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚
§Ù!ß∫ï˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yà ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÎÙlÈüÈ
å1ä ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ åIntroductory Interview) : !¢«˛yÌ≈# Óy §Ù§ƒy ˛õ#!í˛¸ï˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
§ˆÏAà ≤ÃÌÙ §y«˛ÍܲyÓ˚!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ı í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ §¡õÜ≈˛ fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚˚ çlƒ
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ §y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛y ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §%§¡õÜ≈˛
fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚yñ Ùï˛!Ó!lÙÎ˚ ܲÓ˚yñ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛yÓ˚ xyfiÌy xç≈l ܲÓ˚y– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚îï˛
10-15 !Ù!lê˛ Ü˛y° fiÌyÎ˚# •Î˚– ~•z §y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛y xˆÏlܲ fl∫yFSÈ®ƒˆÏÓyô ܲˆÏÓñ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛yÓ˚
K˛ylñ ò«˛ï˛yñ xy@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !ÓŸªy§ çß√yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛y ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ §Ù§ƒy ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ Ó!•ı≤Ãܲy¢
âê˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
å2ä ï˛Ìƒ !lî≈Î˚Ù)°Ü˛ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ åFact Finding Interview) : ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ùôƒ
!òˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Óƒ!=˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ ï˛#Ó ï˛y §¡∫ˆÏrô çylyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
~•z §y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ x≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ xy@˝Ã•G ≤Ãܲy¢ ˛õyÎ˚– §ˆÏAà ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛y ˙ §ÙhflÏ xy@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚
í˛zͧ ~ÓÇ «˛Ùï˛yG çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
å3ä ï˛ÌƒÙ)°Ü˛ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ (Informative Interview) : ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •°
!Ó!˲ߨ í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ ï˛Ìƒà%!° ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛yˆÏܲ çylyˆÏly ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !§Âôyhs˝ ˆlGÎ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yG Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ çylyˆÏly •Î˚–
å4ä !ã˛!ܲͧyÙ)°Ü˛ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ åTreatment Interview) : ~•z ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ §y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛yÓ˚
ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ xï˛#ï˛ñ ï˛yÓ˚ •zFSÈyñ ˲Î˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ xy¢y xyܲyA«˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!ã˛!ܲͧy ˛õÂô!ï˛ !•§yˆÏÓ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆáy°yˆÏÙ°y xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝yÎ˚ fl∫FSÈï˛y xyˆÏ§ ~ÓÇ ã˛y˛õy
í˛zˆÏ_çly ˆÌˆÏܲG Ù%=˛ •Î˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛yˆÏܲ fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ Ó=˛Óƒ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ùï˛yÙï˛ ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚
§%ˆÏÎyà ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– Îál §Ù§ƒy˛õ#!í˛¸ï˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ xlƒ ~ܲçl ˜ôÎ≈Óyl ˆ◊yï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ •zFSÈyÙï˛ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ï˛ál Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §Ù§ƒy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xˆÏlܲ ï˛Ìƒ•z ≤Ãܲy¢ ˛õyÎ˚–
åxyä ò°àï˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ òyl åGroup Counselling):
Óï≈˛Ùyl Ùlhfl_Ï !¥ Óò ~ÓÇ §Ùyç!Óòàî ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓl˚ ˆÎñ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !lçfl∫§_y xyˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ÙylÓ ç#ÓˆÏl
~Ùl xˆÏlܲ §Ù§ƒy xyˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ò°àï˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z §Ω˛Ó– Îál ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ ~Ùl ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
~ܲ!ê˛ ò° ˆÎÙl !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ~ܲ§ˆÏAà Óy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆáˆÏ°yÎ˚yí˛¸ ò° ~ܲˆÏe §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly x§%!ÓôyÓ˚
§¡ø%á#l •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛yÓ˚ §y•y΃ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏܲ ò°àï˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ܲ#
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ã˛° àë˛l •ˆÏÓ ï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ Ùï˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ܲyÓ˚G ÙˆÏï˛ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ñ ܲyÓ˚G
ÙˆÏï˛ !°AàˆÏ˲ˆÏòñ xyÓyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚G ÙˆÏï˛ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ò° àë˛l •GÎ˚y ≤ÃyˆÏÎ˚yçl– ï˛ˆÏÓ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ Óï≈˛Ùyl
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ò° àë˛l •ˆÏ° ò°àï˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl x!ôܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# •Î˚– !¢«˛yÌ≈# ò°àï˛
˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyçܲˆÏÙ≈ ˆÎyà ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚G ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӣψÏÎ˚ çylˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 220
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ §y•y΃ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛yˆÏܲ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xÌÓy ò°àï˛
˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !¢« yÌ≈# ܲyˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ Ùy!lˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ •zï˛ƒy!ò !Ó£ÏÎ˚ çylˆÏï˛ñ ò°àï˛
˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏl xÇ¢ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Û!ï˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚ çylˆÏï˛ xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ §y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚
ÌyˆÏܲñ ò°àï˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° x!˲K˛ï˛y–
!¢«˛yÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÏÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c åImportance of Counselling in Education) :
˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y •° ~ܲ!ê˛ §,çlydܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y– ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl •° xy°y˛õÈüÈxyˆÏ°yã˛lyñ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸y
~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛y G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ §%§¡õÜ≈˛ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §y•y΃ òyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y– ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛
˛õˆÏ«˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛yñ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛yÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl
í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛y ˙ §Ó ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚
!§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ !¢«˛y •° ç#ÓlÓƒy˛õ# ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y– !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚î
ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛– !¢«˛yñ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏl ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §Aà!ï˛ !ÓôyˆÏl
§y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c !l¡øÓ˚)˛õ ı
å1ä !¢«˛î åTeaching) ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yòyl åInstruction) ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §¡õÜ≈˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z
ò%•z ≤Ã!Ü Îy˚ Ó˚ Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ •° !¢ál– !¢«˛yòyl Óƒ!=˛àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏ°G ï˛y !¢«˛Ì≈#Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y Óyôƒï˛yÙ)°Ü˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– !ܲv ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ï˛y lÎ˚–
õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛y ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ ˆÙˆÏl ã˛°ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ lÎ˚– !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yòyl ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ °«˛ƒ
!¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ §Ó≈y!Aàl !Óܲy¢ §yôl •ˆÏ°G Ù)° °«˛ƒ ÌyˆÏܲ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛!wܲ– ï˛y•z !¢«˛yòyl ܲÙ≈§)ã˛#Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y
@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§!) ã˛G ÌyˆÏܲ– !ܲv ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y •° ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ xydÙ)°ƒyÎ˚l ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛y
xï˛ƒhs˝ §•yl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
å2ä !¢«˛yòyl ܲÙ≈§)!ã §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ !l!ò≈T˛ §ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ çlƒ– ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛
§ÙÎ˚§#ÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §%!lÎ˚!sfï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ï˛Ìƒñ K˛ylñ ò«˛ï˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò ˆ◊î#ܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ò°àï˛
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– !Üv ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈@˝Ã•#ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy ~ÓÇ
§Ù§ƒyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ K˛yl §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛y•z !¢«˛yòyl ˆÜ˛Ô¢°ˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏç °y!àˆÏÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
å3ä !¢«˛yòyl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ~•z ò%•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xˆÏlܲ !Ù° áÑ%ˆÏç ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
!¢«˛yòyl ܲÙ≈§!) ã˛Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ Îál !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ ¢%ôÙ% ye !ܲS%È K˛ylñ ò«˛ï˛y ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ üÈ !¢«˛y ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y
ï˛ál xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ •Î˚– !¢«˛yòyl !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ §%Æ §Ω˛yÓlyà%!° ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ !Óܲy¢
§yôˆÏlÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà#Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ •°
!¢«˛yÓ˚ x!ÓˆÏFSÈòƒ xÇ¢–
å4ä !¢«˛y≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y !lôy≈Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛
!¢«˛yÌ≈# ÎyˆÏï˛ !lˆÏçÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ÓyhflÏÓ §¡øï˛ ôyÓ˚îy ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓlyà%!°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •Î˚ñ ˆ§•z °ˆÏ«˛ƒ•z ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲyˆÏç•z Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ ò¢≈l •°
 !lˆÏò¢≈ ly G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl 221
!¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §%!l!ò≈T˛ Ó˚)˛õ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ •° !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛Ó˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §%!l!ò≈T˛
ˆ«˛e–
å5ä ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ÓyhflÏÓ§¡øï˛ ôyÓ˚îy àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z §y•y΃òyˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyç Ù)°ï˛ Óƒ!=˛àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ã˛ˆÏ°–
å6ä !¢«˛yÓ˚ xyô%!lܲ ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ !ܲS%È !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl Ù)°Ü˛ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒï˛y ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ˆÎÙlÈüÈ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ Ùyl!Óܲ#ܲÓ˚î åHumanization of Knowledge), ï˛_¥Ù)°Ü˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà
•zï˛ƒy!ò ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ Ü˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ù)°ï˛ ÙylÓ ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛ñ ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ à!ï˛¢#°ï˛y
≤ÃË,˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
å7ä Óƒy˛õܲ xˆÏÌ≈ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y •° !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢«˛y– xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ï˛_¥ñ ï˛Ìƒñ
ôƒylÈüÈôyÓ˚îyñ xyò¢≈ˆÏܲ Îb §•Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ÓhflÏï, ˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ï˛y•z
§Ó ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˲yˆÏÓ !¢«˛y–
å8ä !¢«˛y§ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ !Ó!˲ߨ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚y ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ !¢«˛yàï˛ !òܲ– ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ xhs˝àï≈ ˛ !Ó!˲ߨ
!Ó£ÏÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ §!ë˛Ü˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚yñ ˛õyë˛òyl ˛õÂô!ï˛ !lÓ˚)˛õl ܲÓ˚yñ !Óòƒy°Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y
!ܲ˲yˆÏÓ §Aà!ï˛!ÓôyˆÏl §«˛Ù •ˆÏÓ •zï˛ƒy!ò ˆ«˛ˆÏeG ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
å9ä !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˆ˛õ¢yàï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyñ xy@˝Ã•ñ «˛Ùï˛y xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˆ˛õ¢y!lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl G §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚y
ˆ˛õ¢yàï˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ≤Ã!Ü ˛yÎ˚yÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛–
å10ä˛ õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ ˛≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yñ !¢«˛yÌ≈# ≤Ã!ï˛!lÎ˚ï˛•z !ܲS%È ly !ܲS%È Ë%˛° xyã˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy
~ܲÓyÓ˚ §ÇˆÏ¢yôl ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°G xyÓyÓ˚ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚î §ÇˆÏ¢yôˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ ˛≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚–
í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ (Conclusion)ı
í˛z˛õ!Ó˚í˛z=˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ê˛y•z ≤Ãï˛#Î˚Ùyl •Î˚ ˆÎñ !¢«˛y ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ ΈÏÌT˛ à%Ó˚%c
Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ ˆÎÙl !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ !¢«˛yàï˛ñ Ó,!_§ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ §Ù§ƒyÓ!°Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õyï˛
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆï˛Ù!l !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ §yÙy!çܲñ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ G ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ §Ù§ƒyÓ!°Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ ˆçyí˛¸ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ xÌy≈Í
ˆÎáyˆÏl•z !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î≈y G §y•yˆÏ΃Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒñ xyd!ÓŸªy§ çyàyˆÏlyÓ˚
çlƒ ~ÓÇ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe lï%˛l ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà# xylyÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y xï˛ƒhs˝ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ÓÎ˚§ñ xy@˝Ã• ~ÓÇ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˛≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y
˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ xyˆÏdy˛õ°!kô ~ÓÇ xyd˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ í˛zͧà≈#Ü,˛ï˛– !¢«˛yÌ≈# ÎyˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚
§ˆÏAà §%§¡õÜ≈˛ fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚çlƒ !¢«˛yÌ≈# xhs˝ò≈,!T˛ ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õ°!kô «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ âê˛yˆÏly •Î˚
˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ– ~ܲܲÌyÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ !¢ál ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 222
˛
ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ~ܲܲ
x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚îı xÌ≈ñ ܲyÓ˚î§Ù)•ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆËÏ ˛ò åˆ◊î#
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy°yˆÏlyñ !ÙˆÏ̃ ˲y£Ïîñ ˲#Ó˚ï) ˛yñ ã%˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yñ í˛zˆmÏ àñ !Ó£Ï]ï˛yä
ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓy˚ ˆÏôÓ˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚§Ù)•
(Maladjusted Behaviour: Meaning, Causes, Types-
Truancy, Lying, Timidity, Anxiety, Depression and Their
Remedial Measures)

Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Introduction)ı
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy ÌyˆÏܲ– çß√yÓfiÌyÎ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !¢¢% ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È ã˛y!•òy !lˆÏÎ˚•z
çß√yÎ˚– áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛– ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ÎÌyÎÌ ˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛!Æ ly âê˛ˆÏ° !¢¢%Ó˚ x!hflc !Ó˛õߨ •Î˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ
xyˆÏÓ˚yG !ܲS%È à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ã˛y!•òy !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ ~à%!° •° Ùyl!§Ü˛ ã˛y!•òy ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ ã˛y!•òy–
Ùyl!§Ü˛ ã˛y!•òyà%!° !¢¢%Ó˚ !lçfl∫ó ˆÎÙlÈüÈ !lÓ˚y˛õ_yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyñ ˲yˆÏ°yÓy§yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyñ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•ˆÏ°Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy •zï˛ƒy!ò–
~•z ã˛y!•òyà%!°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛!ÆÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛ §_yÓ˚ §%¤˛ !Óܲy¢ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~SÈyí˛¸yG Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ §yÙy!çܲ
ã˛y!•òyó ˆÎÙlÈüÈ xydfl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ã˛y!•òyñ ò°Ë%˛=˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛– ~•z §Ó ã˛y!•òyà%!°Ó˚ ÎÌyÎÌ ˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛!Æ
âê˛ˆÏ° ï˛ˆÏÓ•z !¢¢%Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛c !Óܲy¢ ÎÌyÎÌ •ˆÏÓ– ˆ§ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §Aà!ï˛ §yôˆÏl §ÙÌ≈ •ˆÏÓ–
ï˛y•z Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §Aà!ï˛ §yôˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛!Æ– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
Î!ò Óƒ!=˛ ~•z§Ó ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛!Æ §yôl ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° Ùyl!§Ü˛ mˆÏ®µÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚– Óƒ!=˛ lyly ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
xyã˛Ó˚î §¡õyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏܲ ӈϰ x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î åMaladjusted Behaviour)– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ó°y
ÎyÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ x˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛!ÆÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°•z x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
xÌ≈ (Meaning):
x˛õ§Aà!ï˛ •° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ xï,˛!ÆÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î– ã˛y!•òy ÎÌyÎÌ Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)Ó˚î ly •ˆÏ°
Óƒ!=˛ ÙˆÏl ˆÎ xhs˝m≈®µ ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚•z Ó!•ı≤Ãܲy¢ •° x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î ˆÜ˛Ó°
Ùye xˆÏlƒÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçñ Óyôy §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓl˚ yñ !lˆÏçÓ˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ˆÏï˛G ÓyôyÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ܲyˆÏç•z Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛
xyã˛Ó˚î •° ~Ùl ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚î ˆÎáyˆÏl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ã˛y!•òyà%!° ã˛!Ó˚ï˛yÌ≈ •Î˚!lñ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˛)˚ õ Óƒ!=˛ !lˆÏçÓ˚ §yˆÏÌñ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §yˆÏÌñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏl §«˛Ù •Î˚!l xÌy≈Í ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §!ë˛Ü˛
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ly ˛õyÓ˚ˆ°
Ï x˛õ§ÇAà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ñ Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !¢¢%Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚î §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚
!lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy •Î˚ ï˛ál §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ xlƒylƒ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆ§•z xyã˛Ó˚î @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒ •Î˚ ly–
ˆ§à%!°ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ x˛õ§Aà!ï˛ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ñ x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î– x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy
 !lˆÏò¢≈ ly G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl 223
xyÓ˚G flõT˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !Ó!˲ߨ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl# ÎyÓ˚y ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ x!˲K˛ï˛y xç≈l
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛≤Ãò_ !ܲS%È §ÇK˛y !lˆÏ¡¨ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •°–
å1ä ~•zã˛‰É í˛!Óœí˛z Óyl≈yí˛ åH. W. Bernard) ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ã˛y!•òy ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ï˛y ˛õ)Ó˚î •ˆÏFSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚–
å2ä í˛z•z°§l ~ÓÇ !Ù°yÓ˚ (Willson and Miller) ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î •°
~Ùl ~ܲ xyã˛Ó˚î !Ó!ô Îy Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%Âôyã˛yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ í˛zm%Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ° xyˆÏSÈ
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy ï,˛!ÆÓ˚ x˲yÓ–
å3ä ˆÜ ˛y ~ÓÇ ˆÜ ˛y (Crow and Crow) ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ˆÎ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ Óƒy•ï˛ •Î˚
~ÓÇ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ xï,˛!Æ âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y•z •° x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î–
ܲyÓ˚î§Ù)• / (Causes):
§yôyÓ˚lï˛ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ xï,˛!ƈÏï˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛ x˛õ§Aà!ï˛ ~ˆÏ°G ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y xyã˛Ó˚îÙ)°Ü˛ x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ
!ӈϢ£ ܲï˛à%!° ܲyÓ˚î !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~•z §ÙhflÏ Ü˛yÓ˚îà%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ •° ı
åܲä xhs˝m≈®µ åConflict)ı
§Ó ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ° Ùyl!§Ü˛ xhs˝m≈®µ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#
Ùyl!§Ü˛ •zFSÈyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §yÙy!çܲ !lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ §Çâyï˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– ~•z §Çâyï˛ ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ !lÎ˚Ùܲyl%ˆÏlÓ˚
à[˛#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyÓÂô Óƒ!=˛ ~Ùl xˆÏlܲ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ x§yÙy!çܲG lÎ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ §yÙy!çܲ
xyã˛Ó˚îG Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ~•z Ùyl!§Ü˛ mˆÏ®µÓ˚ Ù#Ùyǧy Î!ò §%¤˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Óƒ!=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ly ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
lylyÓ˚Ü˛Ù x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚–
Óƒ!=˛ ç#ÓˆÏl §yÙy!çܲ ˆã˛ï˛ly Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAà m®µ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ˲yˆÏÓ•z xyˆÏ§– m®µ Ùye•z xfl∫y˲y!Óܲ
lÎ˚– Óƒ!=˛c !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ˆÏAà m®µ Gï˛ˆÏ≤Ãyï˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ ç!í˛¸ï˛– Óƒ!=˛ Îál §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˆÙ°yˆÏÙ¢yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˛õyÎ˚
~ÓÇ xˆÏlƒÓ˚ §y!ߨˆÏôƒ !lˆÏçÓ˚ fl∫yï˛sfƒñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ~ÓÇ xlƒ§_y åOther Selves) §¡∫ˆÏrô §ˆÏã˛ï˛l •Î˚ ï˛ál
fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ˲yˆÏÓ•z m®µ ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚– ~•z m®µ ˆË˛ò ܲÓ˚y Óy §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛§_yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ÓÎ˚§ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAà §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ G §ÇáƒyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ m®µ !lË≈Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÔÓlyàˆÏÙ
åAdolesence) !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˜ò!•Ü˛ G Ùyl!§Ü˛ hflψÏÓ˚ ˆÎ !Ó˛õ%° ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l xyˆÏ§ ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˜¢¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ !Ù°
ˆl•z– ˆÎÔÓlyàˆÏÙ ˆÎ !Ó!ã˛e Ùyl!§Ü˛ §Çâyï˛ G ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏl ã˛ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ §Çà!ï˛ §yôl
§•ç lÎ˚– !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ m®µ xÓò!Ùï˛ •ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ x˛õ§Çà!ï˛˛õ)î≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
xfl∫yfiÌƒÜ˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
åáä !lÓ˚y˛õ_y•#lï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ åSense of Insecurity)ı
!¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y•#lï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ çy@˝Ãï˛ •ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏܲ x˛õ§Aà!ï˛¢#° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°ñ
~ÓÇ !¢«˛yÌ≈# lyly x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˜¢¢Ó xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !¢¢% Î!ò ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 224
ˆÎñ ˆ§ xӈϕ!°ï˛ Óy xÓy!N˛ï˛ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y•#lï˛yÓ˚ ˲yÓ çß√yÎ˚– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆ§ ò%Ó≈°ñ §sfhflÏ
•ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ~ܲ!ê˛ xˆÏ•ï%˛Ü˛ ˲Î˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– §ÓˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !lˆÏçÓ˚ x!hflψÏcÈÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô §Ü˛° ܲyçܲÙ≈ âê˛ˆÏSÈ ÓˆÏ°
ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚– à,ˆÏ•ñ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ñ §yÙy!çܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ï˛y myÓ˚y ˛õ#!í˛¸ï˛ !¢¢% lylyÓ˚ܲÙ
x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛zòƒÙñ lï%˛l ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y Óy §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ˲ˆÏÎ˚ !¢¢% !lˆÏçˆÏܲ à%!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚
Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– §•˛õyë˛#ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˆÙ°yˆÏÙ¢yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ í˛zòy§#l ÌyˆÏܲ– §Ó§ÙÎ˚ í˛zÍܲt˛y ˆÓyô ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏ¢Ó˚
¢!=˛à%!° ï˛yÓ˚ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏSÈly– Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ !¢¢% !lˆÏçˆÏܲ xÓy!N˛ï˛ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
x!ï˛ ˜¢¢ˆÏÓ ~•z !lÓ˚y˛õ_y•#lï˛yÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ– Ùyï˛y!˛õï˛y !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆfl¨•ñ ÙÙï˛yñ ã˛y!•òyñ
xyÓòyÓ˚ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ myÓ˚y !lÓ˚y˛õ_y çy!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°l– !ܲv ˆÎáyˆÏl Ùyï˛y!˛õï˛y ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ˛õ!Ó˚çl myÓ˚y !¢¢%
xӈϕ!°ï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ã˛y!•òyà%!° x˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛Æ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆ§áyˆÏl !¢¢% !lÓ˚y˛õ_y•#lï˛y xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ•z–
åàä xyÜ ˛Ùîydܲ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ åSense of Hostility)ı
x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ Ü˛yÓ˚î •° xyÜ ˛Ùîydܲ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ– ~•z ÙˆÏly˲yÓ
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆã˛ï˛l Óy xÓˆÏã˛ï˛l ÙˆÏl §,!T˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– lyly ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓܲyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÜ ˛ÙîÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly˲yˆÏÓÓ˚
§,!T˛ •Î˚– xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ Ùyï˛y!˛õï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ«˛˛õyï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚îñ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ¢y§lñ xӈϕ°y !¢¢%ˆÏܲ
xyÜ ˛ÙîôÙ≈# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– xyÓyÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ lyly ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚)˛õ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲálG ܲálG
xyÜ ˛Ùîydܲ ÙˆÏly˲yˆÏÓÏÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ÙˆÏly˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !ܲ !ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ §,!T˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !¢¢% §¡õ)î≈ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l ÌyˆÏܲ– Ê˛ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ í˛zq(ï˛ x§yÙy!çܲ xyã˛Ó˚îà%!°ˆÏܲ xÓòÙl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !¢¢% Óy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ÃÓ° xhs˝m≈ˆÏ®µÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ m®µ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ lyly ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
x˛õ§Aà!ï˛ Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çß√ ˆòÎ˚–
˜¢¢ˆÏÓ !¢¢%Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî í˛zjyÙï˛yñ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏl flõ¢≈ܲyï˛Ó˚ï˛y !ܲS%Èê˛y !lÓ˚y˛õ_y•#lï˛y ˆÓyô Ìyܲy fl∫y˲y!Óܲ–
~Ùl xˆÏlܲ ˛Ùyï˛y!˛õï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ÌyˆÏܲl ÎyÓ˚y §ÇÎÙ G ¢,C°yÓ˚ lyˆÏÙ !¢¢%§%°Ë˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî Óyôy §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
ï˛yÓ˚y ˆá°yô)°yñ ܲyçܲÙ≈ˆÏܲ xˆÏ•ï%˛Ü˛ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly G !ï˛Ó˚flÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ myÓ˚y §#!Ùï˛ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~•z§Ó
ˆfl¨•≤ÃyÌ≈# flõ¢≈ܲyï˛Ó˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚)˛õ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyÓòyÓ˚ñ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° !¢¢% ÙˆÏl
xyÜ ˛Ùîô!Ù≈ï˛yÓ˚ §,!T˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
åâä x˛õÓ˚yôˆÏÓyô (Sense of Guilt):
x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î •° x˛õÓ˚yôˆÏÓyô– xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ !¢¢% ï˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ xçyˆÏhs˝
~Ùl !ܲS%È x§yÙy!çܲ xyã˛Ó˚î §¡õyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ° ˆÎ ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x˛õÓ˚yôˆÏÓyô çß√ ˆlÎ˚– ~•z
xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ ˆ§ §Ó§ÙÎ˚ §ÇÜ%˛!ã˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyç•z xyd!ÓŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õyòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
ly– ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%!=˛ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ !¢¢% !Ù̃y ܲÌy ӈϰ– xˆÏlƒÓ˚ âyˆÏí˛¸ ˆòy£Ï ã˛y˛õyÎ˚– ˆ§à%!°
x˛õ§Çà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚à!îï˛ •Î˚–
x˛õÓ˚yôˆÏÓyô ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ •#lÙlƒï˛yˆÏÓyô çß√yÎ˚– !lˆÏçÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛cˆÏܲ !l¡¨hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚
ˆË˛ˆÏÓ Óƒ!=˛ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ˆòy£Ï# ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ê˛ˆÏ° xyd@’y!lñ xˆÏ•ï%˛Ü˛ xyd!l®yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚– Óƒ!=˛
 !lˆÏò¢≈ ly G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl 225
!lˆÏçˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ ~ï˛ê˛y•z x˛õÓ˚yô# ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ ˆ§ xyd•ï˛ƒy myÓ˚y !l‹Ò,!ï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– xyô%!lܲ
Ùl/§Ù#«˛îÓyò#Ó˚y ӈϰlñ ˆÎÔlï˛yˆÏÓyôˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚yôˆÏÓyô Óƒ!=˛ ã˛!Ó˚ˆeÏ ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚– x˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà#Ó˚
ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !¢¢%Ó˚ ˆÎÔl ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•°ˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ly– !ܲv ˆÎÔl ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•° §Ùyç xl%ˆÙÏ y!òï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
˛õ!Ó˚ï˛, Æ ly •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆày˛õˆÏl ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– §ÇflÒyÓ˚ñ §yÙy!çܲ xl%¢y§ˆÏlñ ˆÎÔl!¢«˛y ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙ fiÌyl ly
˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ~•z ˆÎÔl !Ó£ÏÎÜ˚ ˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Ë%˛° !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x˛õÓ˚yôˆÏÓyôˆÏܲ Óy!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°–
å.ä •ï˛y¢y åFrustration)ı
x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î •° •ï˛y¢y– §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y à%!° ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÎ˚
˛õÎ≈Ó!§ï˛ •ˆÏ° Óƒ!=˛ •ï˛y¢y@˝ÃfiÌ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ xÌy≈Í °«˛ƒ ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ Îál Óyôy xyˆÏ§ ï˛ál ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ !lÓ˚y¢y
ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ•z •ï˛y¢y Ó°y •Î˚– ã˛y!•òy˛õ)Ó˚î Óyôy≤ÃyÆ •ˆÏ°•z •ï˛y¢yÓ˚ xy!ÓË≈˛yÓ âˆÏê˛– ~!ê˛ ~Ùl ~ܲ
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ xÓfiÌy ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° xydÙÎ≈yòy ˆÓyô ~ÓÇ xyd≤Ãï˛ƒÎ˚ ~Ó˚ x˲yÓ âˆÏê˛– ~•z •ï˛y¢yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~Ùl !ܲS%È ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ Îy xfl∫y˲y!Óܲ xyã˛Ó˚î !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– •#lÙlƒï˛y ˆÓyˆÏôÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ~Ó˚y
!lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòy£ÏÈüÈe%!ê˛ˆÏܲ˛•z Óí˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏá ~ÓÇ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ˲Î˚ ˛õyÎ˚–
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ •ï˛y¢yÓ˚ §,!T˛ •ˆÏ° ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚eyî ˛õyÓyÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ ÓyhflÏÓˆÏܲ ˆÙˆÏl !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly °«˛ƒ
˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏî Óyôy ~ˆÏ° §•ç °«˛ƒ !fiÌÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §òÌ≈ܲ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚
!lˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y xylˆÏ° §%fiÌ ç#Ól Îy˛õl §Ω˛Ó–
åã˛ä Ùyl!§Ü˛ ã˛y˛õ åStress)ı
Ùyl!§Ü˛ ã˛y˛õ x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù ܲyÓ˚î– Óƒ!=˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !l!ò≈T˛ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏï˛ ly
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆÎ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ò%!Ÿã˛hs˝yÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ã˛y˛õ Ó°y •Î˚– x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˲yÓ˚§yˆÏÙƒÓ˚ x˲yÓ ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Óƒ!=˛ !Ó!˲ߨ x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî !°Æ •Î˚– Ùyl!§Ü˛
ã˛y˛õ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ xhs˝m≈®µ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y Ùyl§!ܲ ã˛y˛õ §,!T˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~SÈyí˛¸y •ï˛y¢y ˆÌˆÏܲG Ùyl!§Ü˛ ã˛y˛õ §,!T˛ •Î˚–
~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îà%!° SÈyí˛¸yG xyˆÏÓ˚yG !ܲS%È Ü˛yÓ˚î Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
x˛õ§Çà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚– !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ !¢¢%ˆòÏ Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ˆòáy ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îà%!°
•° /
å1ä à,ˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ §!ë˛Ü˛ ly •ˆÏ° !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚– ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚
!˛õï˛y Ùyï˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚)˛õ xyã˛Ó˚î !¢¢%Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
å2ä !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ•#l ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ !¢¢%ˆòÏ Ó˚ §ÓÓ˚Ü˛Ù ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛, !Æ Ü˛Ó˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
Ê˛ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy ï,˛!ÆÓ˚ çlƒ x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî !°Æ •Î˚–
å3ä !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ¢y§ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §M˛yÓ˚ •Î˚– Ê˛ˆÏ° fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆ◊!îÓ˚˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyˆÏç ˆÎyàòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ ly– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ï˛yÓ˚ x˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° xÓy!M˛ï˛ xyã˛Ó˚î
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 226
å4ä xˆÏlܲ ÙˆÏly!Óò‰àî ӈϰ ÌyˆÏܲlñ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò° àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
!ÓˆÏ¢Ï£Ï !¢«˛yÌ≈# Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï ò° ˆÌˆÏܲ §•˛õyë˛# ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒ=˛ •Î˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ°G !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚–
å5ä !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ !ӈϢ£Ï x˛õÓ˚yô≤ÃÓî (Delinquent) !•§yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚– !¢«˛Ü˛ÈüÈ!¢!«˛Ü˛y ˙ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §!ë˛Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚l ly– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚)˛õ
xyã˛Ó˚î !¢«˛yÌ≈ˆÏòÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚yô≤ÃÓî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ° ~ÓÇ x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î •ˆÏÎ˚ òyÑí˛¸yÎ˚–
å6ä !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ xyfiÌy ly ÌyܲˆÏ°G xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛
xyã˛Ó˚î ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚–
å7ä ˆ◊î#ܲˆÏ«˛ !¢«˛Ü˛ÈüÈ!¢!«˛Ü˛yÓ˚y ˛õyë˛òyˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ ˛õÂô!ï˛ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ˆ§•z ˛õÂô!ï˛
!¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚lyñ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ê˛°yÊ˛° xy¢yl%Ó˚)˛õ •Î˚ ly– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ÓƒÌ≈ï˛y ~ÓÇ xyd!ÓŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚ x˲yÓ ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î •ˆÏÎ˚ òyÑí˛¸yÎ˚–
å8ä !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ly ÌyܲˆÏ° ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°ˆÏï˛
xÇ¢@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !¢«˛Ü˛ !¢!«˛Ü˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͧy• ly ˆ˛õˆÏ°G §Ù§ƒyÙ)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ˆòáy
!òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ê%˛Ü%˛ ôyÓ˚îy !òˆÏ°•z ˆ¢£Ï •Î˚ly– ~SÈyí˛¸yG lyly
Ó˚Ü˛Ù Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏî !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ˆòáy !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y ˛õ)Ó≈ !l!ò≈T˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï˛y!°Ü˛yÓ˚
§ˆÏAà !Ù!°ˆÏÎ˚ x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î á%шÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î !Óòƒy°Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ ~ÓÇ à,• ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ•z ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛y•z !ӈϢ£Ï xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ù)° ܲyÓ˚î á%шÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ°ñ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚îÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏܲ•z
!ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò åTypes):
x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆËÏ ˛ò Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ Èñ ܲˆÏÎÜ˚ ˛!ê˛ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ §yôyÓ˚î x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆîÏ Ó˚
ò,T˛yhs˝ l#ˆÏã˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏ°y /
å1ä ˆ◊!î ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy°yˆÏly åTruancy)ı ˛õ)Ó≈ xl%Ù!ï˛ SÈyí˛¸y !l!ò≈T˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏà !Óòƒy°Î˚ ï˛ƒyà
ܲÓ˚yˆÏܲ ˆ◊!î ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy°yˆÏly ӈϰ– ~Ó˚ lyly Ó˚Ü˛Ù Ü˛yÓ˚î xyˆÏSÈ– !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ !¢«˛y §¡õÜ≈˛#Î˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ x˲yÓ
âê˛ˆÏ° ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚– ~•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ xlˆÏܲ í˛zͧ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆ◊î# ܲˆÏ«˛ e%!ê˛˛õ)î≈
!¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ !¢«˛l#Î˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ÙlˆÏܲ xyÜ,˛T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y ˆ◊î#ܲˆÏ«˛ ˛õyë˛òyˆÏlÓ˚
§ÙÎ˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ó%!Âô §¡õߨ ~ÓÇ «˛#î Ó%!Âô§¡õߨ í˛z˲Î˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ §ˆÏAà !¢«˛yòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° í˛zߨï˛
Ó%!Âô §¡õߨˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˛õyë˛ƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ á%Ó•z §yôyÓ˚î ÙˆÏl •Î˚– ˆ§ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y Üœ˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xy@˝Ã• ˆÓyô ܲˆÏÓ˚
ly– xyÓyÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚ ¢,C°yñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !lÙ≈Ù xyã˛Ó˚î G ¢y!hflÏ òyl
ÓƒÓfiÌy !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ÙˆÏl ˲#!ï˛Ó˚ §M˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy ï˛yˆÏܲ !Óòƒy°Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ≤ÃyˆÏÓ˚y!ã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
!¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ •z!wÎ˚àï˛ e%!ê˛ ÌyܲˆÏ° xlƒ §•˛õyë˛#ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õ•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õye# •Î˚ñ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ •#lÙlƒï˛yˆÏÓyô
ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Ê˛ˆÏ° !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ˆ◊!î ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy°yÎ˚–
 !lˆÏò¢≈ ly G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl 227
ˆ◊!î ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy°yˆÏly ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î x!ï˛ o%ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– ~Ó˚ çlƒ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚à%!° •°ÈüÈ
å1ä ˛õyë˛ƒ!Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ xyܲ£Ï≈î#Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà x!ï˛ §•ˆÏç•z xylÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y
ÎyˆÏÓ–
å2ä ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl §¡øï˛ !¢«˛y ˛õÂô!ï˛ ~•z Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ◊!î !¢«˛î ÎyˆÏï˛ ≤ÃyîÓhs˝ ~ÓÇ
xyܲ£Ïî≈ #Î˚ •Î˚ ˆ§ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy xÓ°¡∫l ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ l– §Ó˚°#Ü,˛ï˛ Ó=˛Óƒ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õlñ
!¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ˆ◊!î ˛õy°yˆÏly ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
å3ä ¢y§ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚ï˛y •…y§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÎÏ yà ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏ° ˆ◊!î ˛õy°yˆÏly
ˆÌˆÏܲ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ–
å4ä ˜ò!•Ü˛ G Ùyl!§Ü˛ fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ xÓlÙˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆîG !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Üœ˛y§ ˛õy°yˆÏlyÓ˚ Ùï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛
ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ˆ§ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˜ò!•Ü˛ G Ùyl!§Ü˛ fl∫yfĩ ˲yˆÏ°y Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çlƒ !¢¢%˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyàyÓ˚
fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y ~ܲyhs˝ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
å5ä !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî Ü%˛ §ˆÏAà ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆ◊!î ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy°yˆÏly x˲ƒy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆ§ê˛y ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#
ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ÎÌyÎÌ ÓƒÓfiÌy !lˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
!Ù̃y ˲y£Ïî åLying):
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ x˛õ!Ó˚ï˛, !ÆÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛yÌ≈# Îál •zˆÏFSÈ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ §yçyˆÏly ܲÌy ӈϰ ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏܲ !ÙˆÏ̃ ˲y£Ïî
ӈϰ– !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ù̃y ܲÌy Ó°y x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛Ó˚)˛õñ xydÓ˚«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ !Ù̃y Ó°y Óy x!ï˛
í˛zͧyˆÏ• !Ù̃y Ó°y x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xhs˝Ë≈)˛=˛ lÎ˚– xˆÏ•ï%˛Ü˛ Óy x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ !Ù̃y Ó°y Îy ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛
§•˛õyë˛# ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Ù§ƒy §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y §Ù§ƒyÙ)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚
ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ xï,˛!ÆÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛yÌ≈# !Ù̃y ܲÌy ӈϰ– !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ï˛yÓ˚ ÎÌyˆÏÎyàƒ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ ly ˆ˛õˆÏ° §•˛õyë˛#ˆÏòÓ˚
ܲyˆÏSÈ xydfl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ ˛õyÓyÓ˚ çlƒ !Ù̃y ܲy“!lܲ ܲy!•!l Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ù̃y˲y£Ïî ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
!¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛y G •ï˛y¢yÓ˚ Ê˛° ~ÓÇ xhs˝m≈ˆÏ®µÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ù̃y ˲y£ÏˆÏî !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚
ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛!Æ âˆÏê˛ ly ~ÓÇ xhs˝m≈ˆÏ®µÓ˚ G ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ùyôyl •Î˚ ly ÓÓ˚Ç !Ù̃yÓ˚˚ Ùyey Ü ˛Ù¢ Óyí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ x˛õÓ˚yôˆÏÓyô ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ÙlˆÏܲ xyFSÈߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ ò%Ó≈° •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çàˆÏï˛
!Ù̃yÓyò#Ó˚ˆ) ˛Ï õ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚– fl∫˲yÓï˛•z !¢«˛yÌ≈# ï˛yÓ˚ ܲy!A«˛ï˛˛ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓl˚ y ~ÓÇ x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛
xyã˛Ó˚î xyÓ˚G Óyí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
!Ù̃y ˲y£Ïî ≤Ã!ï˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ /
å1ä !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ã˛y!•òyà%!°ˆÏܲ ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §•˛õyë˛#ñ !¢«˛Ü˛ÈüÈ!¢!«˛Ü˛y ~ÓÇ
ÓyÓyÈüÈÙy ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ ˆÎl !Ù̃y Ó°y ˆÌˆÏܲ !ÓÓ˚ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy Ù)°Ü˛
!¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚˚ §yÙˆÏl–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 228
å2ä !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ §yÙÌ≈ƒ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ò°àï˛ Ü˛yˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ xydfl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ–
å3ä Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ~ˆÏ« ˆÏe x!ï˛ o%ï˛ §%Ê˛° ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
å4ä !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˆÎ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ x˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛!ÆÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z !Ù̃y ˲y£Ïîñ Ȉ§!ê˛ ÎÌy§Ω˛Ó ˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛!ÆÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
å5ä ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏly!ã˛!ܲͧˆÏܲÓ˚ §y•y΃ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆ°
Ï !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ù̃y˲y£Ïî
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
˲#Ó˚%ï˛y åTimidity)ı
xyd!ÓŸªy§Ï•#l xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈# Îál ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §Çà!ï˛ §yôˆÏl x«˛Ù •Î˚ ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏܲ ˲#Ó˚%ï˛y
ӈϰ– ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ §•˛õyë˛# ~ÓÇ !¢«˛Ü˛ÈüÈ!¢!«˛Ü˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚y ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !¢«˛yÌ≈# ¢yhs˝!¢T˛
G ã%˛˛õã˛y˛õ ӈϧ ÌyˆÏܲ– §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˲y° !¢«˛yÌ≈# ÙˆÏl •ˆÏ°G ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎñ ~
çyï˛#Î˚ xyã˛Ó˚î x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î– ˆÎ §Ó !¢«˛yÌ≈# ÓyhflÏÓ ˛˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §Çà!ï˛ §yôˆÏl ÓƒÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚
!lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá ï˛yˆÏܲ ˲#Ó%̊ï˛y ӈϰ– ~•z§Ó !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ xï,˛!ÆÓ˚ çlƒG ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– •zFSÈy ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xï,˛!ÆÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò%/áñ ˆÓòly G •ï˛y¢y ˆÓyô §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ÈüÈ ÎyÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛yÓ˚y
ÓyhflÏÓ ˆÌˆÏܲ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá– Ùl/§Ù#ܲ«˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ~Ó˚y •° xhs˝Ù≈%á# Óƒ!=˛c §¡õߨ– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
~ˆÏòÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ Óƒy•ï˛ •Î˚– xyÓyÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚ ¢y§ˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ •ˆÏ° ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î
ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛#Ó˚% !¢¢%Ó˚ °«˛îà%!° •°Èüü ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ x!fiÌÓ˚ï˛y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– §Ó!ܲS%È xï˛ƒhs˝
ï˛#«¯˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ x!ÓlƒhflÏ ~ˆÏ°yˆÏوϰy ã˛°yˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– §yÙylƒ à[˛ˆÏàyˆÏ° çl§ÙˆÏ«˛ ï˛#«¯˛
xyˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Ë˛#ï˛ ã˛!Ü˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ~Ó˚y !fiÌÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢«˛î ~ܲ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ Ó§ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyñ ¢yhs˝ !fiÌÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏ¢G
x!fiÌÓ˚ ˲yÓ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
˲#Ó˚%ï˛y ≤Ã!ï˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ı
å1ä !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˲#Ó˚%ï˛y ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xyd!ÓŸªy§ çy!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛y°y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ÙˆÏlÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ •ï˛y¢yÓ˚ @’y!lñ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yñ ˜lÓ˚y¢ƒ ˆÓyô ò)Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §y•§ §M˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
å2ä ÓyhflÏÓˆÏܲ ~!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ly !àˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ §y•§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÓyhflψÏÓÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§!òˆÏܲ lçÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ–
å3ä ≤Èϫ˛y˲Ù)°Ü˛ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˲#Ó˚%ï˛yÓ˚ §,!T˛ •ˆÏ° ˆ§ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ܲyÓ˚î!ê˛ !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛!ܲͧyÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy
ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ §Ùï˛y !Ê˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyly ÎyÎ˚–
å4ä !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Îï˛ê˛y §Ω˛Ó §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° ~•z §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó–
å5ä ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆáy°yˆÏÙ°y •ˆÏÓ– xˆÏ•ï%˛Ü˛ ˲Î˚ í˛zˆÏoàܲyÓ˚# âê˛ly ÎyˆÏï˛ ly âˆÏê˛ ˆ§!òˆÏܲ
°«˛ƒ Ó˚yáy ~ܲyhs˝ ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
 !lˆÏò¢≈ ly G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl 229
í˛zˆÏmà åAnxiety)ı
ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ xܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !ÓÓ˚)˛õ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ §•˛õyë˛#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙyÓ˚ôÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ùï˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ˆÜ˛ í˛zˆÏmà Ó°y
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe §•˛õyë˛#ñ ˲y•zˆÏÓyl §Ü˛°ˆÏܲ•z !l˛õ#!í˛¸ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyÙ)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y xyl®
˛õyÎ˚– ÙˆÏly!Óò‰ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ !lÓ˚y˛õ_yˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ x˲yÓ•z !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z í˛zˆÏmà ÙˆÏly˲yÓ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!lÓ˚y˛õ_yˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ x˲yÓ âê˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ !¢«˛yÌ≈# !lˆÏçˆÏܲ xӈϕ!°ï˛ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !lˆÏçÓ˚ xydÙÎ≈yòy ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚
çlƒ xܲyÓ˚ˆÏî xlƒˆÏܲ í˛zͲõ#í˛¸l ܲˆÏÓ˚– fl∫y˲y!Óܲ í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚ xydfl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ °yˆÏ˲ !ÓÊ˛° •ˆÏÎ˚•z !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ~•z
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî !°Æ •Î˚–
x§ˆÏhs˝y£ÏÙ°) ܲ ç#Ól ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ •° í˛zˆÏmˆÏàÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó%̊c˛õ)î≈ ܲyÓ˚î– Óy°ƒÜ˛yˆÏ° !lÓ˚y˛õ_yÓ˚ x˲yÓˆÏÓyô
!¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ •#lÙlƒï˛yÓ˚ xl%˲) !ï˛ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛yˆÏ° ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ÓƒÌ≈ï˛y G ˛õÓ˚yçˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˲Î˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– xyÓyÓ˚
˜¢¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y•#lï˛yç!lï˛ í˛zˆÏmà G xyd!ÓŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚ x˲yÓ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚
ܲyÓ˚î–
í˛zˆÏmà ≤Ã!ï˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ /
~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î x!ï˛ o%ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– ~Ó˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚à%!° •° ÈüÈ
å1ä ˆfl¨• ˲y°Óy§yÓ˚ myÓ˚y !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !lÓ˚y˛õ_yÓ˚ x˲yÓ ˆÓyô ~ÓÇ xӈϕ°yÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÓòly ï˛yˆÏܲ ò)Ó˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
å2ä !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ xydfl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ xyd!ÓŸªy§ ÎyˆÏï˛ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§ ï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– í˛zˆÏmàˆÏܲ
xÓò!Ùï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáy Î%!=˛§Aàï˛ lÎ˚–
å3ä àë˛lôÙ≈# ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyˆÏç !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ Î%=˛ ܲÓ˚yñ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ˆá°yô%°yÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà
ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x˛õ§Çà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
å4ä í˛zˆÏmà ≤Ã!ï˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ ˆÎ §Ó !ã˛hs˝yñ xl%Ë%˛!ï˛ñ xyˆÏÓà Óy ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ ~•z ò%!Ÿã˛hs˝yÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ
ˆ§à%!°ˆÏܲ ~!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y–
å5ä !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ í˛zˆÏmà ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ §Çà!ï˛!Óôyl ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yˆÏܲ §yÌ≈ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ çlƒ
Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ò,ì˛¸ï˛y G xyd!ÓŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚ §ˆÏAà !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
!Ó£Ïߨï˛y åDepression)ı xܲyÓ˚î ò%/ˆÏáÓ˚ ˲yÓˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ÙˆÏly!ÓܲyÓ˚ ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ•z
Ó°y •Î˚ !Ó£Ïߨï˛y– ~!ê˛ xyˆÏÓàç!lï ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ– xyˆÏÓà •ˆÏFSÈ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ Ü˛Ù≈ˆÏ≤ÃÓ˚îyÓ˚ Ù)° í˛zͧ–
fl∫y˲y!Óܲ xÓfiÌy Îál ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ál ~•z ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy ÓyhflÏÓ xÓfiÌy myÓ˚y !lÎ˚!sfï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §,çl¢#°ï˛y
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv ~•z xyˆÏÓà Î!ò !Óã˛yÓ˚ ¢!=˛Ó˚ !lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ç#ÓˆÏl lyly
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x¢y!hs˝Ó˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚– ~•z xÓfiÌyÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛ ܲálG ܲálG !lˆÏçˆÏܲ x§#Ù ¢!=˛Ó˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚
xyÓyÓ˚ ܲálG ܲálG x!ï˛¢Î˚ ˜lÓ˚y¢ƒÓyò# •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– Ê˛ˆÏ° fl∫y˲y!Óܲ xyd!ÓŸªy§ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ x§•yÎ˚
ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˜lÓ˚y¢ƒÓyò# xÓfiÌy•z •° !Ó£Ïߨï˛y– !Ó£Ïߨï˛yÎ˚ xyÜ ˛yhs˝ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%ȈÏï˛•z Ùl/§ÇˆÏÎyà
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ly– ˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢ylyÎ˚G ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ly– ˆ§•z §ˆÏAà ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏl •Î˚ ˆÎñ ˆ§ !ܲS%È•z ÙˆÏl
Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏSÈly–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 230
!Ó£Ïߨï˛y ˛≤Ã!ï˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ / !Ó£Ïߨï˛y ≤Ã!ï˛yˆÏÓ˚yô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ°ÈüÈ
å1ä !lˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyfiÌy Óyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– xydÙÎ≈yòy ˆÓyô çy@˝Ãï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° !Ó£Ïߨï˛y ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲÓ˚y
ÎyÎ˚–
å2ä x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ í˛zFã˛yܲyA«˛y !Ó£Ïߨï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ï˛y•z !lˆÏçÓ˚ §yÙˆÏÌ≈ƒÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyܲyA«˛y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
å3ä ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚ çí˛¸ï˛yñ xy°§ƒñ Üœ˛y!hs˝Ó˚ ˲yÓ •zï˛ƒy!ò ò)Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ Î%=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
å4ä í˛zÍܲt˛yñ ˲Î˚ÈüÈ˲#!ï˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùl ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
å5ä !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §Ê˛°ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%!° ÙˆÏl ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ §yôyÓ˚l ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ òyˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y
!Ó£Ïߨï˛y ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ (Conclusion)ı
§ÓˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ ˜ò!•Ü˛ fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Ùyl!§Ü˛ fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ x!ï˛ !l!Óí˛¸– ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ §%fiÌ ly
ÌyܲˆÏ° !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Èϫ˛y˲Ù)°Ü˛ §Ùï˛y ÓçyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ lyñ Ê˛ˆÏ° lyly ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ ܲyˆÏç ï˛yÓ˚y
!°Æ •Î˚– x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §Ó§ÙÎ˚•z ≤Ã!ï˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô ÓƒÓfiÌy @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y ˲yˆÏ°y–
!¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ xyd!ÓŸªy§ G xydÙÎ≈yòy Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚yñ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !ã˛hs˝l «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚
!Óܲy¢ âê˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ÓÎ˚ı§!rôܲyˆÏ° !¢«˛yÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §•yl%Ë)˛!ï˛ çy!àˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~SÈyí˛¸y à,• ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ âê˛yˆÏlyñ !Óòƒy°Î˚
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚lñ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ xyòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ Ùyl Ó,!Âôñ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ xyòyl ≤Ãòylñ §yÙy!çܲ òy!Î˚c G
ܲï≈˛Óƒ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y Ó,!Âô §Ó !Ù!°ˆÏÎ˚ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ ˲yˆÏÓ §Ùyç ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ âê˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°
x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ò)Ó˚ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ–

È
 !lˆÏò¢≈ ly G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl 231

§yÓ˚§ÇˆÏ«˛˛õ åSummaryä
≤ÃÌÙ ~ܲܲ
Óƒ!=˛c / xÌ≈ñ ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆËÏ ˛ò
Óƒ!=˛c (Personality) ~Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy Ù)°ï˛ •° ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ (Abstract) ôyÓ˚îy– ~•z ¢∑!ê˛ !Ó!˲ߨ
xˆÏÌ≈ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ôyÓ˚îy ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y §•ç §yôƒ lÎ˚– Óƒ!=˛c Ó°ˆÏï˛ §yôyÓ˚îï˛
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆ§•z§Ó x§yôyÓ˚î G xyܲ£Ï≈î#Î˚ à%îyÓ!°ˆÏܲ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ Îy Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ !Ó!¢T˛ï˛y ˆòÎ˚ xÌ≈yÍ xlƒylƒ
Óƒ!=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÎyÓ˚ ã˛y°ã˛°l ܲÌyÓyï≈˛y Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏl §æÙ çyàyÎ˚ lyñ ï˛yˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ÚÓƒ!=˛c•#lÛ ÓˆÏ°
ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– !ܲv ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÎ˚ ÚÓƒ!=˛cÛ ¢∑!ê˛ ~•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù ˆ°Ô!ܲܲ xˆÏÌ≈ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ly– ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÎ˚ Ó°y
•Î˚ ˆÎñ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚•z Óƒ!=˛c xyˆÏSÈ– ÎyÓ˚ ã˛y°ã˛°l ܲÌyÓyï≈˛y §æÙçlܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÎÙl Óƒ!=˛c xyˆÏSÈ ˆï˛Ù!l
ÎyÓ˚ ܲÌyÓyï≈˛y §yôyÓ˚î ï˛yÓ˚G Óƒ!=˛c xyˆÏSÈ– Óƒ!=˛c Ó°ˆÏï˛ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏly •Î˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆ§•z ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ÎyÓ˚
çlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ xlƒ Óƒ!=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ xÌ≈yÍ Óƒ!=˛c Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˜ò!•Ü˛ G Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ §Ù)ˆ•Ï Ó˚ §%§ÙyO§ƒ˛õ)î≈
˙ܲƒ– xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛c Ó°ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝yñ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ G ˲yÓôyÓ˚yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏly •Î˚– xyÓyÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚
Óƒ!=˛c G ã˛!Ó˚e ~•z ¢∑ ò%!ê˛ˆÏܲ §ÙyÌ≈ܲ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Î!òG ~•z Óƒyáƒy @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒ lÎ˚– Óƒ!=˛cˆÏܲ
ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˆòáyG Î%!=˛Î%=˛ lÎ˚– Óƒ!=˛c ã˛!Ó˚e ˆÌˆÏܲ Óƒy˛õܲï˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ã˛!Ó˚eˆÏܲ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
xlƒï˛Ù í˛z˛õyòyl ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ §Ó í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛Ù)°ƒ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ly– xyÓyÓ˚
Óƒ!=˛c G Ó%!ÂôˆÏܲ x!˲ߨ ӈϰG ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ xyˆÏSÈñ ˆ§•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
x!˲ߨ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y Î%!=˛§Aàï˛ lÎ˚– Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ Óƒ!=˛c ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yààï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
•zLjÏÓ˚ç# ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ§yly!°!ê˛ (Personality) ܲÌy!ê˛ @˝Ã#ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛¢∑ Ú˛õyˆÏ§≈ylyÛ (Persona) ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ– ˛õyˆÏ§≈yly
¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ •° Ù%ˆÏáy¢– ≤Ãyã˛#lܲyˆÏ° ˆÓ˚yˆÏÙ x!˲ˆÏlï˛yÓ˚y Ù%ˆÏáy¢ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚AàÙˆÏM˛ x!˲lÎ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xÓï˛#î≈
•ˆÏï˛l– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ§yly!°!ê˛ ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ í˛zͲõ!_ ˆÎ ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲñ ˆ§!ê˛ xy§ˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ SÈpñ !Ù̃y Óy Óƒ!=˛
ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ•z ˆÓyV˛yï˛– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ܲyˆÏ° ˛õyˆÏ§≈yly ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
ÎyÎ˚– xÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚ lyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ x!˲ˆÏlï˛y– ÙˆÏly!Óò !§§yˆÏÓ˚y (Cicero) ‘Persona’ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ xÌ≈
!ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ï˛y•° ı Ü˛ä ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– (As one appears to
others.)ñ áä Óƒ!=˛ ç#ÓˆÏl ˆÎ Ë)˛!ÙܲyÎ˚ x!˲lÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– (The part someone plays in life.)ñ àä !ܲS%È
Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ §ÙÓyÎ˚ Îy Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– (An assembling of personal
qualities that fit a man for his work.)ñ âä fl∫yï˛sfƒ ~ÓÇ ÙÎ≈yòy (Distinction and dignity) –
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 232

!mï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ
!lˆÏò¢≈ lyı xÌ≈ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆËÏ ˛òñ !¢«˛yÎ˚ !lˆÏò¢≈ lyÓ˚ à%Óc%˚
~ܲ!ê˛ §%¢C
, ° ˆ˛õ¢yÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyç!•§yˆÏÓ Ú!lˆÏò≈¢lyÛÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy ≤ÃÌÙ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚ 1905 §yˆÏ°– xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚
Ófiê˛l åBoston) ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x!ôÓy§# Ê ˛yAܲ ˛õyÓ˚§l§ åFrank Parsons) !lˆÏò≈¢lyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy ≤ÃÌÙ ˛≤ÃÓï˛≈l
ܲˆÏÓ˚Ïl– ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ Ùyl%£Ï !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÜ%˛Ó˚# ˆÎyàyí˛¸ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚◊Ù Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ !ï˛!l Ófiê˛l ¢•ˆÏÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ly ˆÜ˛w fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ÚChoosing a Vocation’ lyˆÏÙ !ï˛!l ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ%hflÏܲ G Ó˚ã˛ly
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°ˆÏl– Ê ˛yAܲ ˛õyÓ˚§ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆç!§É !ÓÉ ˆí˛!˲§ åJessie. B. Davious) xƒy!l!Ó˚í˛ åAnne Reed)
≤ÃÙ%á §Ùyç §ÇflÒyÓ˚ܲ ~•z ~ܲ•z í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ !ܲS%È Ü˛yçܲÙ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈl– 1910 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÓ¢
!ܲS%È ˆ˛õ¢yÙ)°Ü˛ §Çàë˛l !lˆÏò¢≈ ly xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zß!¨ ï˛ˆÏï˛ à%Óc%̊ ˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓl˚ – ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£≈Ï !lˆÏò¢≈ ly
xyˆÏ®y°l !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ !¢«˛y ܲ!Ù¢l å1952-53ä ~Ó˚ §%˛õy!Ó˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛– Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ
!¢«˛y ܲ!Ù¢l xT˛Ù ˆ◊î#Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ §yï˛!ê˛ ≤ÃÓy• ≤ÃÌy åSeven Stream
System) ≤ÃÓï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ܲ!Ù¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòˆÏl Ó°y •Î˚ ˆÎñ xT˛Ù ˆ◊î# ˛õy¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y
!lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚%!ã˛ñ ã˛y!•òy ~ÓÇ @˝Ã•î «˛Ùï˛y xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃÓy• !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•zÙï˛ ˛õí˛¸y¢%ly
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~•z§ÙÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ xï˛ƒhs˝ Ü˛Ù ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lÓy≈ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢lyòyl
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl– !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ~ál fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õSÈ®Ùï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lÓy≈ã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ !ܲv ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y
Ü˛Ù ÌyܲyˆÏï˛ Ó•% !¢«˛yÌ≈# §!ë˛Ü˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ˆÓˆÏSÈ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ x!˲˲yÓܲÓ˚yG ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛
K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ x˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §hs˝ylˆÏòÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ly !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ly– !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lÓy≈ã˛ˆÏl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ë%° ÌyܲˆÏ°
!¢«˛yˆÏ«ˆÏe !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §yÊ˛°ƒ x!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ~•z §Ó ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ !lˆÏò¢≈ ly !¢«˛yÓ˚ xyÓ!¢ƒÜ˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ
fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ
õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òylı xÌ≈ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆËÏ ˛òñ !¢«˛yÎ˚ õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ à%Óc%˚
˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl !Ó£ÏÎ!˚ ê˛ x!ï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l– ≤Ã!ï˛!òˆÏlÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl !Ó!Ëߨ hflˆÏ ÓÏ ˚ §Ó§ÙÎ˚•z ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ã˛°ˆÏSÈ– ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚
!˛õï˛yÙyï˛y ï˛yшÏòÓ˚ §hs˝ylˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ !òˆÏFSÈl– !¢«˛Ü˛ Ù•y¢Î˚ ï˛yÑÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ !òˆÏFSÈl– ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛
˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl •° !lˆÏò≈¢ly ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ xÇ¢– ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ê˛!°ï˛ ¢yáy–
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !Ó!˲ߨ l#!ï˛ G ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°– Óï≈˛Ùyl §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §Çà!ï˛!Óôyl
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á •ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ~•z §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚y•z •° ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚
≤Ãôyl ܲyç– ‘Counselling’ ¢∑!ê˛ •zLjÏÓ˚!ç ‘to counsel’ !Ü ˛Î˚y˛õò ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zq$ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ •°
 !lˆÏò¢≈ ly G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl 233
˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ ˆòGÎ˚y– ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ~ܲ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ã˛y!•òy–
!ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ÓK˛yl G ܲy!Ó˚àÓ˚#Ó˚ Î%ˆÏà ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y xˆÏlܲ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ˆàˆÏSÈ– ~•z !ÓK˛yl G
˛≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ Î%ˆÏà Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ ˆ§à%!° ˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛!ÆÓ˚ xl%Ü)˛° xÓfiÌy §,!T˛ˆÏï˛ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ
§y•y΃ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÂô!ï˛ !fiÌÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !ÓK˛yl !˲!_ܲ ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà# @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–

ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ~ܲܲ
x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚îı xÌ≈ñ ܲyÓ˚î§Ù)•ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆËÏ ˛ò åˆ◊î#
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy°yˆÏlyñ !ÙˆÏ̃ ˲y£Ïîñ ˲#Ó˚ï) ˛yñ ã%˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yñ í˛zˆmÏ àñ !Ó£Ï]ï˛yä
ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓy˚ ˆÏôÓ˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚§Ù)•
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy ÌyˆÏܲ– çß√yÓfiÌyÎ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !¢¢% ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È ã˛y!•òy !lˆÏÎ˚•z
çß√yÎ˚– áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛– ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ÎÌyÎÌ ˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛!Æ ly âê˛ˆÏ° !¢¢%Ó˚ x!hflc !Ó˛õߨ •Î˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ
xyˆÏÓ˚yG !ܲS%È à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ã˛y!•òy !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ ~à%!° •° Ùyl!§Ü˛ ã˛y!•òy ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ ã˛y!•òy–
Ùyl!§Ü˛ ã˛y!•òyà%!° !¢¢%Ó˚ !lçfl∫ó ˆÎÙlÈüÈ !lÓ˚y˛õ_yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyñ ˲yˆÏ°yÓy§yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyñ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•ˆÏ°Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy •zï˛ƒy!ò–
~•z ã˛y!•òyà%!°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛!ÆÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛ §_yÓ˚ §%¤˛ !Óܲy¢ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~SÈyí˛¸yG Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ §yÙy!çܲ
ã˛y!•òyó ˆÎÙlÈüÈ xydfl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ã˛y!•òyñ ò°Ë%˛=˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛– ~•z §Ó ã˛y!•òyà%!°Ó˚ ÎÌyÎÌ ˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛!Æ
âê˛ˆÏ° ï˛ˆÏÓ•z !¢¢%Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛c !Óܲy¢ ÎÌyÎÌ •ˆÏÓ– ˆ§ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §Aà!ï˛ §yôˆÏl §ÙÌ≈ •ˆÏÓ–
ï˛y•z Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §Aà!ï˛ §yôˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛!Æ– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
Î!ò Óƒ!=˛ ~•z§Ó ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛!Æ §yôl ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° Ùyl!§Ü˛ mˆÏ®µÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚– Óƒ!=˛ lyly ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
xyã˛Ó˚î §¡õyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏܲ ӈϰ x˛õ§Aà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î åMaladjusted Behaviour)–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 234

xl%¢#°l#
§!ë˛Ü˛ í˛z_Ó˚ ÓySÈy•z ܲˆÏÓ˚y / 1 ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿
1ä ‘Persona’ ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ •°Èüüü
åܲä xyܲyÓ˚ åáä xÓÎ˚Ó åàä Ù%ˆÏáy¢ åâä ˆÜ˛yl!ê˛•z lÎ˚
2ä ~l‰ˆÏí˛yÙ!Ê≈˛ ˜ò!•Ü˛ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ !Ó!¢T˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î •°Èüüü
åÜ˛ä ˛fl¨yÎ˚%Ó•%° G ã˛Ù≈§yÓ˚ åáä ˆày°yܲyÓ˚ G ˆÜ˛yÙ° ˆò• !Ó!¢T˛
åàä x!fiÌˆÏ˛õ¢# Ó•%° åâä §ÇÎï˛ G §yÓôyl#
3ä !lˆÏò≈¢lyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy ≤ÃÌÙ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚ÈüüüÈ
åÜ˛ä ˛1911 §yˆÏ° åáä ˛1905 §yˆÏ° åàä 1909 §yˆÏ° åâä 1907 §yˆÏ°
1 ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿ / ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓyˆÏܲƒ
1ä ˛Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ ˆÜ˛yl ò%!ê˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
2ä ˛õyÎ˚%ܲyÙ# Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ˆ°yˆÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚–
3ä !lˆÏò≈¢ly Ó°ˆÏï˛ !ܲ ˆÓyV˛⁄
2 ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿ / §Ó≈y!ôܲ 40!ê˛ ¢∑
1ä í˛zˆÏmà ≤Ã!ï˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ !°á–
2ä ˙!FSÈܲ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ !°á–
3ä !•ˆÏ˛õyˆÏÜ ˛y!ê˛§ Óƒ!=˛cˆÏܲ ܲÎ˚!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏà ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ ˆ§à%!° !ܲ !ܲ⁄
4 ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿ / §Ó≈y!ôܲ 100!ê˛ ¢∑
1ä !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x˛õ§Çà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î §,!T˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚îà%!° í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚–
2ä ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%!° !°á–
3ä !¢«˛yÎ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢lyÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ !°á–
xhs˝Ë%≈˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y 235

£Ï¤˛ xôƒyÎ˚ ı xhs˝Ë%≈˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y

l ≤ÃÌÙ ~ܲܲ ı xhs˝Ë%≈˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y ı xÌ≈ñ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ§Ù)•ñ í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)•ñ
Óyôy§Ù)•
l !mï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ ı Óƒy•ï˛ ò, ! T˛¢!=˛ §¡õߨ !¢¢% ı xÌ≈ ñ !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ î ñ
≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲òñ !¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛
l ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ ı Óƒy•ï˛ ◊ÓÙï˛y §¡õߨ !¢¢%ı xÌ≈ñ !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ
≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲òñ !¢«˛î˛õÂô!ï˛
l ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ~ܲܲ ı !¢álÙ)°Ü˛ x«˛Ùï˛yı xÌ≈ñ !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲òñ
!¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 236

£Ï¤˛ xôƒyÎ˚
xhs˝Ë˛≈% !=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y (Inclusive Education)
í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ (Objectives)ı
l !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y xhs˝Ë)≈˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈ñ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ §Ù)•ñ í˛z˛õyòylñ Óyôy§Ù)• §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xÓàï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
l !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y Óƒy•ï˛ ò,!T˛¢!=˛ §¡õߨ !¢¢%ı xÌ≈ñ !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲òñ !¢«˛l ˛õÂô!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
çylˆÏÓ–
l !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y Óƒy•ï˛ ◊ÓÙï˛y §¡õߨ !¢¢%ı xÌ≈ñ !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲òñ !¢«˛î˛õÂô!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
xÓàï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
l !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y !¢álÙ)°Ü˛ x«˛Ùï˛yı xÌ≈ñ !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲òñ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
xÓàï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
≤Ãyܲ‰ÈüÈܲÌl (Pre-face)ı
Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !¢«˛yˆÏܲ §yÓ≈çl#l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ~ÓÇ x˜ÏÓï˛!lܲ G Óyôƒï˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚
xy•zl (RTE Act 2009) ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲv x!ï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#lܲyˆÏ° ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly˲yˆÏÓ
x§ÙÌ≈ !¢¢% §ÙyˆÏç Ó yï˛ƒ !SÈ°– §ÙyˆÏç ~•z ôyÓ˚îy ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ !SÈ° ˆÎ ˛õ)Ó≈çˆÏß√Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
~Ó˚Ü˛Ù xÓfiÌy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆ§çlƒ ˆ§ §ÙhflÏ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚•yÓ˚ñ !l¤%˛Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚îñ ~Ùl!ܲ •ï˛ƒy ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ܲÓ˚y •ï˛ñ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ !l¡¨Ü˛yçñ !˲«˛yÓ,!_ •zï˛ƒy!òˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ ܲÓ˚y •ï˛– §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ §Ùyç
ÓƒÓfiÌyG ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •°– ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛yÓ˚ ôÓ˚î xl%ÎyÎ˚# §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xy°yòy˲yˆÏÓ !ӈϢ£Ï ˛≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏl
!¢«˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yçl ܲÓ˚y •° ~ÓÇ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚G ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •°ñ ~•z
ôyÓ˚îy xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •° ˆÎ Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !¢«˛y ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xyÓ˚ ~!ê˛•z •° !¢«˛yÎ˚
ÙylÓï˛yÓ˚ !òܲ– xyÓ˚ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°•z !¢«˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛–
xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ò¢≈l Îy !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ Ùyl%£Ï §¡øyl#Î˚ G Ù)°ƒÓyl– ~Ó˚
!ÓhflÏyÓ˚ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ SÈy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Ó,•_Ó˚ §Ùyç G ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ Óƒ!=˛Ï §Ùyl
xÇ¢#òyÓ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ !¢«˛yÎ˚ï˛ˆÏl !¢¢% ï˛yÓ˚ çy!ï˛ñ ôÙ≈ñ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ñ !°Aà˛ xÌÓy ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛y !l!Ó≈ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï ~ܲ§ˆÏAà
˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl xl%ÎyÎ˚# ÌyܲˆÏÓ !ӈϢ£Ï §Ó˚OyÙñ !ӈϢ£Ï !lˆÏò≈¢ly– ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ
≤Ã!¢«˛î≤ÃyÆ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §y•y΃G ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛ •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ Îy §ÙhflÏ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚
§Ó≈y!ôܲ «˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õë˛lˆÏܲ˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ myÓ˚y §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !¢¢%Ó˚ @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒï˛y
G ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §Ùyl ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà#ˆÏܲ Ó%V˛yÎ˚–
 xhs˝Ë%≈˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y 237
xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y åInclusive Education) §yôyÓ˚î G ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî x§ÙÌ≈ §Ü˛° !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
~ܲ•z ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏl ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î G xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛y@˝Ã•î §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z !¢«˛yñ !¢«˛yÎ˚
˜Ó£ÏÙƒ•#lï˛yñ ˙ܲƒÜ˛Ó˚îñ §ÇÎ%!=˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !Óòƒy°Î˚ G ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ §yÓ≈çl#l àë˛lˆÏܲ
§%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ê˛ˆÏ° xhs˝Ë≈% !=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y Ù)°ï˛ •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ò¢≈l Óy l#!ï˛ ÎyÓ˚ Ù)°
°«˛ƒ •° ÎyÓ˚y !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Óy•zˆÏܲ ~ܲ!eï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y–
ˆã˛yá Óy ò¢≈ˆÏl!wÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà !¢¢%Ó˚‡Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÎyàfiÌy˛õˆÏl !ӈϢ£Ï Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ò¢≈làï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly e%!ê˛ Óyôy Óy xl%˛õÎ%=˛ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~ܲçl !¢¢%‡Óƒ!=˛ Óƒy•ï˛ ò,!T˛¢!=˛ §¡õߨ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
Óƒy•ï˛ ò,!T˛¢!=˛ §¡õߨï˛y ç#ÓˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%ï˛Ó˚ §Ù§ƒy– Î!òG Óƒy•ï˛ ò,!T˛¢!=˛ §¡õߨï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
çl§yôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §!ë˛Ü˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ Ù)°ˆÏflÀyˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ê˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
xylyÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚y§ °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏFSÈ–
ÙylÓ §ÙyˆÏç ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà Ó˚«˛y Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚•z ܲÓ˚y ~ܲyhs˝ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl
•° í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ◊ÓÙï˛y §¡õߨ Óƒ!=˛– í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ◊Óî SÈyí˛¸y ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ !Óܲy¢ §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ lÎ˚–
Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà !¢«˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ó §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Óƒy•ï˛ ◊ÓÙï˛y §¡õߨ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛yG xï˛ƒhs
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ Îy ˆÜ˛yl ÙˆÏï˛•z í˛zˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ lÎ˚– xlƒylƒ Óƒy•ï ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ «˛Ùï˛y Óy•zˆÏÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •ˆÏ°G ◊ÓÙï˛y lT˛ •ˆÏ° ï˛y Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ §•ˆÏç ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ly Îï˛«˛î ly
˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ xyòyl ≤Ãòyl •ˆÏFSÈ– ï˛y•z Óƒy•ï˛ ◊ÓÙï˛y §¡õߨ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y xï˛ƒhs˝
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈–
ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛y Óy x«˛Ùï˛y xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ ~ܲ Óy ~ܲy!ôܲ ˆ«˛e Óy !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà
§¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛– !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !¢ál x«˛Ùï˛y •° ~ܲôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ x«˛Ùï˛yñ ~!ê˛
Ù)°ï˛ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ Î%!=˛òyˆÏlÓ˚ x«˛Ùï˛y– !¢áˆÏl x«˛Ù !¢¢%Ó˚y !lˆÏçÓ˚ ÓÎ˚!§ xlƒ !¢¢% G §•˛õyë˛#ˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛y ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲ•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù xyã˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲv ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛yl ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yÓ˚y xlƒ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ
ܲyç §¡õyòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyñ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl ˆ«˛ˆÏe §Ùyl ï˛yˆÏ° ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly ~ÓÇ ~•z x˛õyÓ˚àï˛yÓ˚
ܲyÓ˚î •ˆÏFSÈ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy– !¢ál ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛y !Ó!˲ߨ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ !òˆÏܲ !¢ál x«˛Ùï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ xlƒ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆ§•z §ÙhflÏ
!òˆÏܲ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ x«˛Ùï˛y lyG ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙlüü ~ܲçl !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y !¢ál G ˛õë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
§Ù§ƒy ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲçl !¢«˛yÌ≈# •Î˚ˆÏï˛y xAܲ ܲ£ÏyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §Ù§ƒy ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xÓyÓ˚ ~ܲçl
!¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y í˛z˲Î˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z !¢ál ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛y Óy x«˛Ùï˛y ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !¢ál x«˛Ùï˛y Ó%V˛yˆÏï˛
Ó%V˛yˆÏly •Î˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢%lyñ ܲÌy Ó°yñ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛Ó˚yñ ˆ°áyñ Î%!=˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ~ÓÇ ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ §Ù§ƒy §Ùyôyl
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó!•/≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ !¢ál §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ x«˛Ùï˛yó Î!òG !¢ál x«˛Ùï˛y ܲáˆÏly•z ~•z Ù)° ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛yÓ˚
å¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲñ Ùyl!§Ü˛ •zï˛ƒy!òä ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ !Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ê˛° lÎ˚–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 238

≤ÃÌÙ ~ܲÜ
xhs˝Ë˛≈% !=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y ı xÌ≈ñ í˛zˆj
Ï ¢ƒ§Ù)•ñ í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)•ñ Óyôy§Ù)•
(Inclusive Education : Objectives, Factors, Barriers)

Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Introduction) ı
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ !¢ál ã˛y!•òy ~ܲçˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ x˛õÓ˚çˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ,Ìܲ– !¢«˛y @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yG §Ó !¢¢%Ó˚
~ܲ•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù •Î˚ly– !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ã˛y!•òy§¡õߨ •Î˚– !¢«˛yÎ˚ ~•z§Ó
!ӈϢ£Ï ã˛y!•òy§¡õߨ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ ≤ÃÎ˚y§ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ 1994 §yˆÏ°
ˆflõˆÏlÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ §y°yÙyl§y åSalamanca) ˆï˛ xl%!¤˛ï˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ã˛y!•òyÎ%=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛y §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ !ÓŸª §ˆÏ¡ø°l
xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ~ÓÇ ~•z §ˆÏ¡ø°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆây£Ïîy xl%ÎyÎ˚# ≤Ã!ï˛Órô# G !ӈϢ£Ï ã˛y!•òy§¡õߨ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚
§%ˆÏÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy Ù)°ï˛ !ÓŸªÓƒy˛õ# ~ܲ!ê˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õ !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– UNICEF xhs≈˝Ë%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛
!¢«˛y åInclusive Education) ˆÜ˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ù)°ˆÏflÀyï˛ §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ çyï˛#Î˚ !¢«˛yl#!ï˛Ó˚ xAà !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏSÈ– §yôyÓ˚î !Óòƒy°Î˚à%!°ˆÏï˛ §ÙhflÏ !¢¢%Ó˚ çlƒ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲñ ˆÓÔ!Âôܲñ ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲñ
§yÙy!çܲñ ˲y£Ïyàï˛ G xlƒylƒ ã˛y!•òy xl%ÎyÎ˚# !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– 2000 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ February
ÙyˆÏ§ xl%!¤˛ï˛ E-9 ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ˆÏ¡ø°l ~ Ú§ÓyÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛yÛ ~Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl °«˛ƒ !•§yˆÏÓ ˆây£Ïîy
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ Ù)°ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ §Ó !ӈϢ£Ï ã˛y!•òy§¡õߨ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ xhs≈˝Ë%˛=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~•z
≤çˆÏAà •z•y ӈϰ Ó˚yáy í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ ˆÎñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ G ~•z ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ !SÈ°– xhs≈˝Ë%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü
!¢«˛y •° ˆ§•z ÓƒÓfiÌy ÎyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lçfl∫ ã˛y!•òyñ §yÙy!çܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ !l!Ó≈ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï
§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ xlƒ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Ù)°ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~•z !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ù)° °«˛ƒ •°
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !¢¢% ˆÎl Ù)°ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!M˛ï˛ ly •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎl x°yòy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y ly •Î˚ñ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎl Óyò ˆòGÎ˚y ly •Î˚–
§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ !Ó˛õ%° xLjϢÓ˚ !¢¢% !¢«˛yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!M˛ï˛ñ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü)˛°ï˛yÎ˚
Ó•%§ÇáƒÜ˛ !¢¢% !¢«˛yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!M˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~•z Ó!M˛ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ òyÎ˚ Ù)°ï˛ Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ó˚yT˛… ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– xhs≈˝Ë%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü !¢«˛y ܲáˆÏly•z !ӈϢ£Ï ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
!¢«˛y ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ lÎ˚ñ ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyò¢≈Ùye ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓ˚îy ˆÎáyˆÏl !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢¢%Ó˚
~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ fiÌyl ÌyܲˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈# ï˛yÓ˚ §yÙÌ≈ƒ xl%ÎyÎ˚# !¢«˛y §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
xhsË%˛≈!=˛Ù)°Ü !¢«˛y •° ~Ùl ~ܲê˛y ˛õÌ ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ xӈϕ!°ï˛ Óy §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ Ù)° Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚
Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ ~Ùl §Ó !¢¢%ˆÏܲ !¢«˛yòyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy– ~!ê˛ Ù)°ï˛ §yôyÓ˚î !¢«˛y @˝Ã•ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛
 xhs˝Ë%≈˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y 239
˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ §Ü˛° !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– xhs≈˝Ë%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü !¢«˛y §ÙhflÏ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲñ
ˆÓÔ!Âôܲñ §yÙy!çܲñ xAà§M˛y°lÙ)°Ü˛ í˛zߨ!ï˛˛ âê˛yˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ,Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚î
Órô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– xhs≈˝Ë%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü !¢«˛yÎ˚ §yôyÓ˚î ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ §ÓÓ˚ܲÙ
§•yÎ˚ï˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ G §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ°#Ó˚
Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ܲálG !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ x§¡õ)î≈ Óy Èx«˛Ù ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ly ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Norwich ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly˲yˆÏÓ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%È ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛y xyˆÏSÈñ xÌã˛ xlƒylƒ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ
ï˛yÓ˚y xlƒ §Ó fl∫y˲y!Óܲ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ùy!çܲ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y G ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ã˛y!•òy
xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˆòGÎ˚y •° xhs≈˝Ë%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü !¢«˛y–
NCERT xhs≈˝Ë%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü !¢«˛y §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ӈϰˆÏSÈñ Inclusive Education means all learners,
young people with or without disabilities being able to learn together in regular
pre-school provisions, school and community, educational settings with appropriate
network of services.
!ÓlyÎ˚ܲ òyˆÏÙyòÓ˚ ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ xhs≈˝Ë%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü !¢«˛y •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓ˚îy Îy xӈϕ!°ï˛ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yÓ˚
Ù)°ˆÏflÀyˆÏï˛Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛ §Ü˛° !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛y §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
(Vinayak Damoder- Inclusive education is a concept which secures education of
all those students who are ignored, out of main stream education.)
xhsË%˛≈!=˛Ù)°Ü !¢«˛y •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy ˆÎáyˆÏl §ÙhflÏ ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ xy§yÓ˚
§%ˆÏÎyà ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ xÌ≈ ~•z lÎ˚ ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚y !l!‹;Î˚ !¢«˛y @˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓñ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ
Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈Ü ˛ˆÏÙ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §!Ü ˛Î˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î Ü ˛Ùyàï˛ Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏ°•z xhsË%˛≈!=˛Ù)°Ü
!¢«˛y §Ü˛° •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
~!ê˛ •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌy ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚y xyˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ü˛°ˆÏܲ
!¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y•z •° Ù)° °«˛ƒ– ~!ê˛ •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌy ÎyÓ˚ Ù)° °«˛ƒ •°ñ !¢«˛yÓ˚
Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ§Ü˛° !¢¢%Ó˚y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ü˛°ˆÏܲ !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y– !¢¢%Ó˚ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲñ
ˆÓÔ!Âôܲñ §yÙy!çܲñ ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲñ ˲y£Ïyàï˛ !ܲÇÓy xlƒ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ §Ù§ƒy Îy ÌyÜ%˛Ü˛ ly ˆÜ˛l
ï˛yˆÏܲ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÈÏӈϢÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y•z •° xhs≈˝Ë%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü !¢«˛y–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛•z !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏܲ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÈÏӈϢÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y•z •°
xhs≈˝Ë%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü !¢«˛y ~ÓÇ ~•z !¢«˛yÎ˚ Óƒy•ï˛ «˛Ùï˛y §¡õߨ !¢¢%ñ í˛zß¨ï˛ ˆÙôy§¡õߨ !¢¢%ñ ˛õÌ!¢¢%ñ í˛z˛õçy!ï˛
§¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !¢¢%ñ ˲y£Ïyàï˛ Óy §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ §Çáƒy°â% ~Ùl §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !¢¢%ñ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
!˛õ!SȈÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸y !¢¢% •zï˛ƒy!ò ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚ !¢«˛y §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó%˚c˛õ)î≈ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 240
xhs≈˝Ë%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ åCharacteristics of Inclusive Education):
l ~•z !¢«˛y !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰ ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢¢%Ó˚y ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚#˲yˆÏÓ !¢«˛y°y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
l !Óòƒy°Î˚ G !¢«˛Ü˛àî ˆÙˆÏl ˆll ˆÎ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈# xlƒ !¢«˛yÌ≈# ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ï˛y•z
!Óòƒy°Î˚ˆÏܲ lÙl#Î˚ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ã˛y!•òy ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ–
l ~•z !¢«˛y ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
l xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢¢% ~ܲ•z§ˆÏAà !Óly ÓyôyÎ˚ !¢«˛y°yˆÏ˲Ó˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˛õyÎ˚–
l ~•z !¢«˛y !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ ã˛y!•òyñ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ Ê˛ˆÏ° xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛
!¢«˛y lÙl#Î˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
l ~•z !¢«˛y §ÙhflÏ Ó˚Ü˛Ù Ùyl!§Ü˛ñ ≤ây§!lܲ G xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛ ÓyôyÓ˚ x˛õ§yÓ˚ˆîÏ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
l ~•z !¢«˛y §yÙy!çܲ ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ !ӈϰy˛õ§yôˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
l xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y xl%ܲ¡õyñ §•yÎ˚ï˛yñ !ӈϢ£Ï §%!Óôy •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï˛≈ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ !lçfl∫
§yÙÌ≈ƒ G xyd!lË≈˛Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°–
xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c åImportance of Inclusive Education):
~ܲçl x«˛Ùï˛yÎ%=˛ !¢¢%ñ xyÌ≈ÈüȧyÙy!çܲ˲yˆÏÓ Ó!M˛ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢¢%ñ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ xÌÓy Ùyl!§Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
Óƒy•ï˛ «˛Ùï˛y §¡õߨ !¢¢% !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ˲!ï≈˛ •ÓyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚G lylyÓ˚Ü˛Ù §ÇˆÏܲyã˛ñ Óyôyñ Ùyl!§Ü˛ G §yÙy!çܲ
xhs˝Ó˚yÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §!Ü ˛Î˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈# •ˆÏÎ˚ Gë˛ˆÏï˛ ÓÑyôy ˆòÎ˚ !ܲv xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y ˆ§•z §ÙhflÏ ÓyÑôy
ò)Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ Ù)°ï˛ àîï˛y!sfܲ ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà#ˆÏï˛ ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y •z•y •° ~Ùl !¢«˛y ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ~ܲ•z ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ §Ü˛° !¢¢%Ó˚ !¢«˛y §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y
ÎyÎ˚–
xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y Óƒï˛#ï˛ çy!ï˛ñ ôÙ≈ñ Óî≈ñ !°Aàñ §yÙÌ≈ƒñ x§yÙÌ≈ƒ !l!ÓˆÏ≈¢ˆÏ£Ï §ÙhflÏ !¢¢%Ó˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚
ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ã˛y!•òy ~ÓÇ x!ôܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ÓyhflÏÓy!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢¢% ï˛yÓ˚ çlˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
xÓ!fiÌï˛ §yôyÓ˚î !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ §yôyÓ˚î ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ï˛yÓ˚ §ÙÓÎ˚§# §ÙhflÏ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ~ܲ•z à%îàï˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚
ÈÓÎ˚ˆÏ§y˛õˆÏÎyà#È ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•züÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly !¢¢%•z §ÙÓÎ˚!§ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§y˛õˆÏÎyà#
È˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!M˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ly–
xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c !lˆÏ¡¨ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •° :
l §Ü˛° !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ !¢«˛y @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ ~•z ˆÓyôˆÏܲ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
l ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ ÙyˆÏV˛ G ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyd!ÓŸªy§ çy!àˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
l !¢«˛y §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ x!ôܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
 xhs˝Ë%≈˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y 241
l ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˲Î˚ ܲ!ÙˆÏÎ˚ Órô%c ˜ï˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
l ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ ◊Âôy ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸y G ˲yˆÏ°yÓy§y Ó!,ÂôˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy
§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ Ù)°ˆÏflÀyˆÏï˛ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà#–
l ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙyˆÏV˛ ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒG xyd!ÓŸªy§ çy!àˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Education For All Óy §ÓyÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛yÈüüüÈ ~•z ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ ÓyhflÏÓy!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛
!¢«˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ çÓ˚%!Ó˚ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ x!ôܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˛õ)î≈ ÙÎ≈yòy ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ܲÌy xlfl∫#ܲyÎ≈
ˆÎ xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÈüÈ~Ó˚ §yÊ˛°ƒ ˆÜ˛ylê˛y•z !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly ÓÓ˚Ç Ó˚yT˛…ñ
≤ây§lñ !Óòƒy°Î˚ ܲï≈,˛˛õ«˛ñ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ñ §Ùyç˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò §ÓyÓ˚ §Ùyl òy!Î˚c Óï≈˛yÎ˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛
!¢«˛yˆÏܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe–
í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ§Ù)• (Objective) ı
!¢«˛y òy¢≈!lܲ A.N. Whitehead ï˛yÑÓ˚ çyà!ï˛Ü˛ ò¢≈ˆÏl çyà!ï˛Ü˛ §ï˛ƒ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ lï%˛l ˆÎ Óƒyáƒy
!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl Îy ‘Process Quality’ lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– !ï˛!l ï˛yÑÓ˚ òy¢≈!lܲ Î%!=˛Ó˚ Ù)° ܲÌy •° ˆÎ !ï˛!l Ùl G
¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜mï˛ x!hflψÏcÓ˚ ܲÌy fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l– Ùl G ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly fl∫ï˛sf x!hflÏc ˆl•zñ ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°– ~ܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ çàˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Ó!FSÈߨ Óy ~ܲyܲ# lÎ˚ñ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ çyà!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏܲ
x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°ó xyÓ˚ §Ó!ܲS%ÈÓ˚ !Ù!°ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˙ܲƒÓÂô x!hflÏc•z çyà!ï˛Ü˛ §ï˛ƒ–
!ë˛Ü˛ ˆï˛Ù!l Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yG ~ܲ!ê˛ ˙ܲƒÓÂô !ÓŸªÓƒyÆ !¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌy ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛í˛z•z ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚
Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ lÎ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §Ü˛°ˆÏܲ ˙ܲƒÓÂô˲yˆÏÓ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó,ˆÏ_ xylyÓ˚ Ù)° í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ
xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y ˛õ)î≈ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ xy§ˆÏSÈ– ~•z !¢«˛yÎ˚˚ ò!Ó˚o !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚ !¢¢%ñ !ӈϢ£Ï ã˛y!•òy
§¡õߨ !¢¢%ñ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ Ù)°ˆÏflÀyï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó!FSÈߨ !¢¢% •zï˛ƒy!ò §ÙhflÏ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y•z •° Ù)° °«˛ƒ–
Î!ò ~•z §ÙhflÏ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá !¢«˛y ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆ§•z §ÙhflÏ !¢¢%Ó˚y
~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲÙy!eܲ m#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚˚ Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# Óƒ!=˛ !•§yˆÏÓ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÓ– Ê˛ˆÏ° §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ Ó,•_Ó˚ Ù)°ˆÏflÀyï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ
ï˛yÓ˚y !Ó!FSÈߨ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ– ï˛ál §ÙyçfiÌ Óƒ!=˛ ~•z§ÙhflÏ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ Ü,˛˛õy Óy ܲÓ˚%îyÓ˚ ò,!T˛ˆÏï˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
Ê˛ˆÏ° §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ Ù)°Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ~•z §ÙhflÏ !¢¢%Ó˚y §Ó≈òy ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏÓ–
!ܲv !¢«˛y ˆÎÙl Óƒy!=˛àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ í˛zÕ‘¡∫ §yÙy!çܲ §ã˛°ï˛y (Vertical Social Mobility) âê˛yÎ˚
ˆï˛Ù!l §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âê˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ Ü,˛!T˛àï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lñ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ñ Ü%˛§ÇflÒyÓ˚ñ
!ÓŸªy§ •zï˛ƒy!ò §ÙhflÏ!ܲS%È•z !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚– !ܲv !ܲS%È !¢¢% Î!ò §Ùyç!Ó!FSÈߨ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏl !¢«˛y
˛õyÎ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ñ Ü%˛§ÇflÒyÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲyd •ÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §%ˆÏÎyà ˛õyˆÏÓ ly
~ÓÇ §Ùyç ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ~Ó˚y §!Ü ˛Î˚ xÇ¢#òyÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly– Ê˛ˆÏ° xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y•z ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛
§Ùyç ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 242
xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ !ܲS%È à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ§Ù)• •° !l¡¨Ó˚)˛õ ı
~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ !Óܲy¢ SÈyí˛¸yG ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Îï˛ê˛y §%Æ §Ω˛yÓly Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ Îï˛ê˛y §Ω˛Ó !Óܲy¢
âê˛yˆÏly ÎyÎ˚ ˆ§•z ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y–
l xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° ÎyˆÏï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ Îï˛ê˛y §Ω˛Ó xyd!lË≈˛Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆ§ §yÙy!çܲñ ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲñ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ñ Ùyl!§Ü˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò ˆ«˛ˆÏe
fl∫ÈüÈ!lË≈˛Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z xydÈüÈ!lË≈˛Ó˚ï˛y myÓ˚y xyd!ÓŸªy§ çy@˝Ãï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ˆï˛y°y•z •°
~•z xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ–
l ~•z !¢«˛yÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Óc %̊ ˛õ)î≈ í˛zˆj
Ï ¢ƒ •° ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈# ÎyˆÏï˛ !lˆÏçÓ˚ñ §yÙy!çܲñ ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ
G xlƒylƒ òy!Î˚c @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z ~•z !¢«˛yÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •°
ÎyˆÏï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢¢% ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛ xlƒylƒˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛•z §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ G §ÙÌ≈l xyòyÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù
•ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !lçfl∫ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §yǧy!Ó˚ܲ òyÎ˚òy!Î˚c ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
l xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° òy!Ó˚oñ xӈϕ°y G !lˆÏ‹õ£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ã˛Ü ˛ ˲yAàˆÏï˛
§•yÎ˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y– ~•z ˛≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !¢«˛y !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ §Ü˛° !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ˆÏï˛
§•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚y–
l §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ !¢«˛yÎ˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ •ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚y •° ~Ó˚ x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ–
l §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ˆÎ ˛õ,Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚î !ÓòƒÙyl ï˛yˆÏܲ •…y§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚y–
l ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲñ §Ùy!çܲñ xAà §M˛y°lÙ)°Ü˛ ˆÓÔ!Âôܲñ Ùyl!§Ü˛ñ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zߨ!ï˛ âê˛yˆÏï˛
§•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚y–
l ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ Ù)°ˆÏflÀyˆÏï˛ Ó•Ùyl •ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚y–
l !¢¢%ˆÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyd!Óܲy¢ çy!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛y°y G Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚y–
í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)• (Factors) :
§ÙyˆÏç ¢y!hs˝˛õ)î≈ §•ÓfiÌyl xÎÌy ç#ÓˆÏl •hflψϫ˛˛õ ly ܲÓ˚y §•l¢#°ï˛y ˆÎÙl ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ ˆï˛Ù!l
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl §•Ù!Ù≈ï˛yñ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°ï˛yñ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ~ÓÇ ˆÎÔÌ §yÙy!çܲ òy!Î˚c˛õy°l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
ÙˆÏly˲yÓñ xyÓ˚ ~•z §Ó!ܲS%ÈÓ˚ §Ù!T˛•z •° Ùyl!Óܲà%l– ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ xydï˛ƒyàñ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ !Ó§ç≈l
~ܲï˛Ó˚Ê˛y˲yˆÏÓ •Î˚ ly– §ÙyˆÏç ~ܲò° Ùyl%£Ï ¢%ô%•z òyï˛y xlƒÓ˚y @˝Ã•#ï˛yñ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ •ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏܲ
Ùyl!Óܲ §Ùyç Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ly– !ӈϢ£Ï ã˛y!•òy§¡õߨ !¢¢%Ó˚yG §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚•z xÇ¢ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚yG §ÙyˆÏç òyï˛y G
@˝Ã•#ï˛yÓ˚ Ë)˛!ÙܲyÎ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ §ÙyçˆÏܲ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓüÈ ~
°ˆÏ«˛ƒ•z xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yG !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y •° ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Îy Ü ˛Ù¢•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#°
G !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyç≈l¢#°– ˛≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ã˛y!•òy Îï˛«˛l ly ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˛õ)î≈
 xhs˝Ë%≈˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y 243
•ˆÏFSÈ ï˛ï˛«˛l ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆ§•z ã˛y!•òy ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ~•z ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢«˛y ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛!¢«˛yÓ˚
˛õˆÏÌ lylyÓ˚Ü˛Ù Óyôy !ÓòƒÙyl ~ÓÇ ~•z !¢«˛y ˆ§•z§ÙhflÏ Óyôy G ≤Ã!ï˛Ü)˛°ï˛y ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
§ÙhflÏ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ñ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î G ˛≤Ãy!ƈÏܲ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒÙ •ˆÏFSÈ xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y–
~•z !¢«˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~Ùl xˆÏlܲ í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)• Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)• •° !l¡¨Ó˚)˛õı
l !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ Ü˛#Ó˚)˛õ ï˛y xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ñ Î!ò !¢¢%Ó˚ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y
!¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢!«˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yˆÏï˛ ã˛ylñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §òyÌ≈ܲ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢!«˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yˆÏï˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
Ë)˛!Ùܲy !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲñ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚ xӈϕ°y˛õ)î≈ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
!¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ x!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°–
l xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ í˛z˛õyòyl •° xyÌ≈ÈüȧyÙy!çܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢– xyÌ≈ÈüȧyÙy!çܲ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ Î!ò í˛zß¨ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛y xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ í˛z˛õyòyl !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ–
l !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆË˛Ôï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ •° xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ í˛z˛õyòyl– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ
xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚ƒy¡õñ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ àë˛l ÎyˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏӈϢÓ˚
çlƒ §%!Óôyçlܲ •Î˚ñ ç°ñ !Óò%ƒÍñ xyˆÏ°yÈüÈÓyï˛y§ñ ˛õÎ˚/≤Ãîy°#ñ ê˛Î˚ˆÏ°ê˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò ÎyˆÏï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛
!¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ çlƒ §%!Óôyçlܲ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
l xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ í˛z˛õyòyl •° !¢¢%Ó˚ Óy§fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §!ߨܲê˛Óï≈˛# fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚
çlÓ§!ï˛Ó˚ xyhs˝/ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚– Î!ò çlÓ§!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ
§•ˆÏÎy!àï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§•z çlÓ§!ï˛Ó˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ §Ü˛° !¢¢%•z !¢«˛yÎ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ •ÓyÓ˚
Ùyl!§Ü˛ï˛y Ó,!Âô˛ õyÎ˚–
l l#!ï˛Ó˚ àë˛l ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ÓyhflÏÓyÎ˚l åPolicy making and its implementation) •°
xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ xï˛ƒhs˝ §!ë˛Ü˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ í˛z˛õyòylñ ܲyÓ˚îñ l#!ï˛Ó˚ àë˛l G ï˛yÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛
ÓyhflÏÓyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚•z !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ~•z !¢«˛y–
l xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ !ӈϢ£Ï ≤Ã˲yÓܲyÓ˚# í˛z˛õyòyl •° !¢¢%Ó˚ Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# ˆË˛ÔˆÏày!°Ü˛
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ñ ˛õy•y!í˛¸ xM˛°ñ xï˛ƒhs˝ ò)Ó˚Óï≈˛# xM˛°ñ ò%Ó≈° ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ÓƒÓfiÌy •zï˛ƒy!ò ~•z !¢«˛yÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe xï˛ƒhs˝˛˛≤Ã˲yÓܲyÓ˚# í˛z˛õyòylÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ §yÊ˛°ƒ Óy ÓƒyÌ≈ï˛y !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòylà%!°Ó˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §Ç˛õ,=˛ï˛y Óy
x§Ç˛õ,=˛ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– Î!ò í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°y ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §Ç˛õ,=˛ Óy ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §!ߨ!ÓT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ˆÏÓ xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y §yÌ≈ܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Î!òG xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe í˛z˛õ!Ó˚í˛z=˛
Ó!î≈ï˛ í˛z˛õyòylà%!°•z ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye òyÎ˚# lÎ˚ ÓÓ˚Ç ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ G ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ xlƒylƒ í˛z˛õyòylG
xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 244
Óyôy§Ù)• (Barriers) :
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢¢%•z •° ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ,Ìܲ §_y– ˛≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ¢y!hflÏÓ˚ ˲Î˚ ly ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ Órô%c˛õ)î≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ
!¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚Ü˛Ù í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ÓƒÓfiÌy @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛
!¢«˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° §ÙhflÏ !¢¢% ~ܲ•z §ˆÏAà lyly• ˆÓÔ!Âôܲñ §yÙy!çܲñ ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ •zï˛ƒy!ò ܲyˆÏç xÇ¢@˝Ã•î
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°ñ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢¢% ç#Ól˜Ï¢°#Ó˚ !¢«˛y ˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ó,•_Ó˚ §ÙyˆÏç !lˆÏçˆÏܲ
Ùy!lˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!ܲv xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ܲS%È Óyôy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ~•z §ÙhflÏ Óyôyà%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛
!lˆÏ¡¨ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •° ı
l ÙˆÏly˲yÓ ı !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y x!˲˲yÓܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl
xhs˝Ó˚yÎ˚– Î!ò ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ §òyÌ≈ܲ ly •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y §Ê˛° •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ly–
l ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù ı §Ü˛° §yôyÓ˚î !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ˆÎ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l G
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyç≈lÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÎ˚– Î!ò ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù ÎÌyÌ≈ ly •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ
xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y §¡õ)î≈ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ly–
l ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ı ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢˛õÌñ !§Ñ!í˛¸ñ ê˛Î˚ˆÏ°ê˛ñ ˆ◊!îܲ«˛ñ !Ó˚ˆÏ§y§≈ ܲ«˛ñ Ó˚ƒy¡õñ !°Ê‰˛ê˛
•zï˛ƒy!ò Î!ò §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ly ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ˆÏÓ xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y §¡õߨ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
l xÌ≈§ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ Óyôy ı ˛õÎ≈yÆ xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ §ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ x˲yÓ xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˛§Ê˛°ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe˛
ÓyôyÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲyÓ˚î xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õÎ≈yÆ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ܲyÓ˚î
!Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈# ~áyˆÏl ~ܲ•z§yˆÏÌ !¢«˛y@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– Ê˛ˆÏ° lyly ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛
í˛z˛õܲÓ˚îñ !¢«˛y§•yÎ˚ܲ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ÎyÓ˚ çlƒ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˛õÎ≈yÆ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî xÌ≈–
l xyÌ≈ÈüȧyÙy!çܲ ܲyÓ˚î ı xyÌ≈ÈüȧyÙy!çܲ˲yˆÏÓ !˛õ!SȈÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸y !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ Îy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ï˛yÓ˚
xˆÏlܲ!ܲS%È•z !¢¢%Ó˚y §ÇfiÌyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ly Ê˛ˆÏ° !¢ál Óyôy@˝ÃfiÌ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛y•z ~•z §ÙhflÏ
!¢¢% ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒy•ï˛ xyÌ≈ÈüȧyÙy!çܲ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÎ˚ §¡õ)î≈ §yÊ˛°ƒ °y˲
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ly–
l ˲y£Ïy G ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ı xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xlƒï˛Ù !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •ˆÏFSÈ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ˲y£Ïy
G ~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà– ï˛y•z !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛y Î!ò Ùyï,˛Ë˛y£ÏyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ly •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛y
xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Óyôy •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚–
l xˆÏlܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y ˆÜ˛w#Î˚˲yˆÏÓ !¢«˛y Ü%˛!«˛àï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
!§Âôyhs˝ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏ§ Îy §Ó§ÙÎ˚ xyM˛!°Ü˛ Óy ï,˛îÙ)° hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yÊ˛°ƒˆÏܲ cÓ˚y!ß∫ï˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly ˆ§•z hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ xl%ÎyÎ˚#–
xhs˝Ë%≈˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y 245
l l#!ï˛ ≤ÃlÎ˚ˆÏl ÓyÑôy ı xˆÏlܲ !¢«˛y!Óò ~ÓDz l#!ï˛ ≤ÈÏîï˛yàî !¢«˛yÎ˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛ˆÏï˛ !ÓŸªy§# ll–
ï˛yÑÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ Î%!=˛ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ã˛yl ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y
xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y Ó•%°yLjϢ Óyôy≤ÃyÆ •Î˚–
l !¢«˛Ü˛ ı !˲ߨ !˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ §ÙÌ≈ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ åDifferently abled children) !Ó!˲ߨ !¢álÙ)°Ü˛
ã˛y!•òy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ≤Ã!¢«˛î≤ÃyÆ !¢«˛Ü˛– !¢«˛Ü˛ Î!ò í˛z˛õÎ%=˛
≤Ã!¢«˛î≤ÃyÆ ly •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y §yÊ˛°ƒ°y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
l §ÇáƒyÓ˚ x§yÙO§ƒï˛y ı ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ã˛y!•òy§¡õߨ ~ÓÇ ÎyÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ 3 ˆÌˆÏܲ 18 ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚!§ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §Çáƒy ˆÓ¢# ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Óy•zˆÏܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ x≤Ãï%˛°ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
l ˆË˛ÔˆÏày!°Ü˛ Óyôy ı ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ ˆË˛ÔˆÏày!°Ü˛ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ñ ~Ó˚ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒñ !Ó!˲ߨ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
ò)à≈Ùï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y §¡õߨ ܲÓ˚y xï˛ƒhs˝ ܲ!ë˛l ܲyÓ˚î ¢•Ó˚yM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚
!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §Çáƒy ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ Ü˛Ù–
l ≤Ã!¢!«˛ï˛ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ x˲yÓ ı xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !¢¢% ˲!ï≈˛ •Î˚ ï˛y•z ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛
!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ xhs˝ï˛ ò%ÈüÈ!ï˛lçl !ӈϢ£Ï !¢«˛l ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ≤Ã!¢!«˛ï˛ !¢«˛Ü˛ÈüÈ!¢!«˛Ü˛y ÌyܲˆÏ°
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ xlƒylƒ !¢«˛Ü˛ÈüÈ!¢!«˛Ü˛yÓ˚yG ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl !ӈϢ£Ï !¢«˛yÎ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l–
!ܲv ~álG ˆÓ¢#Ó˚˲yà !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲçl ܲˆÏÓ˚G !ӈϢ£Ï ≤Ã!¢«˛î≤ÃyÆ !¢«˛Ü˛ ˆl•z ï˛y•z ≤Ã!¢!«˛ï˛
!¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ x˲yˆÏÓ xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y Óƒy•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
l §Ó˚OyÙ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ Óyôy ı xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî !¢«˛l G !¢ál
§•yÎ˚ܲ §Ó˚OyÙñ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒàï˛ G ≤ÃÎ%!=˛àï˛ §Ó˚OyÙ– !ܲv ˆÓ¢#Ó˚˲yà
!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚•z §Ó˚OyÙÙ)°Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòˆÏlÓ˚ x˲yÓ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚ Îy xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ ÓÑyôy !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
l !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ x≤Ãï%˛°ï˛y ı ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ Ó•%° ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî !¢¢% !lÓ˚«˛Ó˚ ï˛y §ˆÏ_¥G x!ôܲyÇ¢ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚
!¢«˛yÌ≈# G !¢«˛Ü˛ xl%˛õyï˛ xfl∫y˲y!Óܲ ˆÓ¢#– Ê˛ˆÏ° xyÓ˚G lï%˛l !Óòƒy°Î˚ fiÌy˛õl G !¢«˛Ü˛
!lˆÏÎ˚yà ly •ˆÏ° xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xï˛ƒhs˝ Óí˛¸ Óyôy !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚–
l §yÙy!çܲ Óyôy ı ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ §Ùyç ˆ◊!î!Ó˲=˛ §Ùyç– §yÙy!çܲ ˆ◊!î !Ó˲yçl ~ï˛•z ≤Ãܲê˛
ˆÎ ~•z §Ùyç §Ü˛°ˆÏܲ ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏܲ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ ˆ◊!îË%˛=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ë˛y°ÓyˆÏ§
~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xrô!ÓŸªy§ñ Ü%˛§ÇflÒyÓ˚ñ Óyôy!lˆÏ£Ïô Îy §Ó !Ù!°ˆÏÎ˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xlƒï˛Ù Óyôy–
l ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ˛õ%là≈ë˛l ı ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ
˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÎÌyÎÌ Óy!M˛ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lñ ˛õ%là≈ë˛l
òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÎ˚ §ÙhflÏ !¢¢%Ó˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÎÌyÎÌ ˛õ%là≈ë˛l ~Ó˚ x˲yÓ xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
~ܲ!ê˛ Óyôy !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 246
l !¢«˛l ˛õÂô!ï˛ ı xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÎ˚ !¢«˛l ˛õÂô!ï˛ •ˆÏÓ lÙl#Î˚ ܲyÓ˚î ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ çlƒ
!¢«˛l ˛õÂô!ï˛ ~ܲ•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly ~ÓÇ xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ lÙl#Î˚ï˛y xï˛ƒhs˝
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ !¢«˛l ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ x˲yÓ xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ Óí˛¸ ÓyôyÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ
˛õ!Ó˚à!îï˛ •Î˚–
l !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒï˛y ı xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xlƒï˛Ù ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •°
!¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ó!ã˛eï˛yñ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ à,• ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚îñ xy@˝Ã•ñ ÙˆÏly˲yÓñ ≤Èϫ˛y˲ñ
Ó%!Âôñ §,çl«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ !¢¢%Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛yG !˲ߨñ Ê˛ˆÏ° !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z x§Ù
˜Ó!ã˛eï˛y xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ Óí˛¸ Óyôy !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚à!îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
l Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ÓƒÓfiÌy ı xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó%̊c˛õ)î≈ Óyôy •° Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ÓƒÓfiÌy–
Ù)°yÎ˚l ÓƒÓfiÌy •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ÈüÈˆÜ˛!wܲ xÌy≈Í !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ó!ã˛eï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚•z
Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ˛õÂô!ï˛ Î!ò xlÙl#Î˚ •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛y xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
Óyôy •ˆÏÎ˚ òyÑí˛¸yÎ˚–
l §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õly ı ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ˛õë˛lÈüÈ˛õyë˛l Ù)°ƒyÎ˚lñ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ˆlGÎ˚yñ xlƒylƒ ܲyç •zï˛ƒy!ò
§ÙhflÏ !ܲS%ÈÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ xy°yòy˲yˆÏÓ §ÙÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y xï˛ƒhs˝ ܲ!ë˛l Óƒy˛õyÓ˚– ï˛y•z
í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õly ly ÌyܲˆÏ° xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÓyhflÏÓyÎ˚l ܲ!ë˛l •ˆÏÎ˚ òyÑí˛¸yÎ˚–
í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ (Conclusion)ı
xhs˝Ë≈%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÎ˚ x«˛Ùï˛yÎ%=˛ !¢¢% ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ xӈϕ!°ï˛ !¢¢% ÎyÓ˚y §yôyÓ˚î ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚
§ò§ƒ– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y!˲!_ܲ ܲyˆÏç xÇ¢@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ §%ˆÏÎyà ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y
•Î˚– ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyÓ˚ myÓ˚y í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ùñ í˛z˛õÜÓ˚î ~ÓÇ !lˆÏò≈¢lyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
ã˛y!•òy ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– !¢«˛Ü˛ÈüÈ!¢!«˛Ü˛y SÈyí˛¸y xlƒylƒ ܲÙ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚G !ӈϢ£Ï ≤Ã!¢«˛î ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §•yÎ˚ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ~áyˆÏl ò«˛ ˛˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛yÓ˚ §y•y΃G ˆlGÎ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ
G §•˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°ˆÏܲ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ~•z ˆË˛ˆÏÓ ˆÎ §Ü˛° !¢«˛yÌ≈# ÎÌyÎÌ˲yˆÏÓ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ x«˛Ùï˛y ˆÎl Óyôy •ˆÏÎ˚ ly òyí˛¸ÑyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z ܲy!Cï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛•z
xhs˝Ë%≈˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y §yÌ≈ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°y ÎyÎ˚–
 xhs˝Ë%≈˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y 247

!mï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ
Óƒy•ï˛ ò,!T˛¢!=˛ §¡õߨ !¢¢%ı xÌ≈ñ !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Óî˚ ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆËÏ ˛òñ !¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛
(Visually Impaired Children: Meaning, Identification, Types,
Methods of Teaching)

Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Introduction)ı
˛õ)î≈ ò,!T˛•#l Óy xrô Ùyl%£Ï Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ó%V˛yÎ˚ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ò,!T˛¢!=˛ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚•z ˆl•z ~ÓÇ xyˆÏ°yܲÓ˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ í˛zͧ
xl%ôyÓl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ly– ò,!T˛¢!=˛Ó˚ «˛#îï˛y !¢¢%Ó˚‡Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ñ §M˛y°lÙ)°Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ ~ÓÇ
§yÙy!çܲ !Óܲy¢ •zï˛ƒy!òˆÏܲ˛ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ò,!T˛¢!=˛ fl∫y˲y!ÓˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ü˛Ù •ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏܲ Óƒy•ï˛
ò,!T˛¢!=˛ §¡õߨ Ó°y •Î˚– ~•z Óƒy•ï˛ ò,!T˛¢!=˛ §¡õߨï˛y !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
xÌ≈ (Meaning)ı
Óƒy•ï˛ ò,!T˛¢!=˛ §¡õߨï˛yˆÏܲ ò%˲yˆÏà §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ÎÌyı
ܲä !ã˛!ܲͧy !ÓK˛ylàï˛ Óy xy•zlàï˛ §ÇK˛y (Medical or Legal Definition)
áä !¢«˛yàï˛ §ÇK˛y (Educational Definition)
ܲä !ã˛!ܲͧy !ÓK˛ylàï˛ Óy xy•zlàï˛ §ÇK˛y xl%ÎyÎ˚# (Medical or Legal Definition)ı
xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyl ˆÙ!í˛ˆÏܲ° xƒyˆÏ§y!§ˆÏÎ˚¢l ˆÎ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˲yˆÏ°y ˆã˛yˆÏá Óy ˆ°™ ÓƒÓ•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚G
ò¢≈l#Î˚ ≤Ãôyl xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ flõT˛ ò,!T˛ 20‡200 Óy ï˛yÓ˚G Ü˛Ù xÌÓy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !˲¢%Î˚y° xƒyÜ%˛•z!ê˛ 20‡200
ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˲yˆÏ°y ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ò,!T˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe 20 ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢ lÎ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ò,!T˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Órô# Ó°y •ˆÏÓ–
(American Medical Association - Blindness in visual acuity for distance of 20/200 or
less in the better eye with correction or if greater than 20/200 a field of vision not
greater than 20 degrees at the widest diameter.)
~áyˆÏl 20‡200 Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ó%V˛yÎ˚ ~ܲçl fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ò,!T˛¢!=˛ §¡õߨ Óƒ!=˛ 200 Ê%˛ê˛ ò)Ó˚c ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÎ
Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ flõT˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õylñ ~ܲçl Óƒy•ï˛ ò,!T˛¢!=˛ §¡õߨ !¢¢%‡Óƒ!=˛ ï˛y §Ó≈y!ôܲ Ùye 20 Ê%˛ê˛ ò)Ó˚c
ˆÌˆÏܲ G•zÓ˚)˛õ flõT˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓl– !Ùê˛yÓ˚ ~ܲˆÏܲ ~•z xl%˛õyï˛ •° 6/60.
áä !¢«˛yàï˛ §ÇK˛y (Education Definition)ı
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá ò%%ÈüÈÓ˚Ü˛Ù ò,!T˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ÎÌyñÈüüüÈ
1ä ò)Ó˚ò,!T˛ (Hyper Metropia) ~ÓÇ
2ä •…fl∫ò,!T˛ (Miopia)–
ˆÎÙl ã˛°yˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y ܲÓ˚yñ §yÙy!çܲ ç#ÓlÎy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎÙl ò)Ó˚ò,!T˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ñ ˆï˛Ùl ˆ°áy˛õí˛¸yñ
xAܲlñ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲyç ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ Ü˛yˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ !lÜ˛ê˛ ò,!T˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ !¢«˛yàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õ)î≈Óƒy•ï˛
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 248
ò,!T˛¢!=˛ §¡õߨ åò,!T˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛y Óy xrôˆÏcÓ˚ä ܲyˆÏܲ ӈϰ ï˛y Óƒyáƒy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ~ÓÇ ï˛y •° ÈüüüÈ
ˆ§•z !¢¢%‡Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ•z xrô Ó°y •Î˚ ÎyÓ˚ ò,!T˛ ~Ùl e%!ê˛˛õ)î≈ ˆÎ ã˛«%˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ §ÇˆÏÓòl (Sensation) ~ÓÇ
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î (Perception) ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yl ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏܲ !¢«˛y ˆòGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– (A blind child/
person is one whose vision is so defective that he/she can not be educated through any
method neither by sensation nor by perception.)
•ƒy°y•yl ~ÓÇ Ü˛yÊ˛Ùƒyl ӈϰˆÏSÈl ˆÎÈüüüÈ !¢«˛yàï˛ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò,!T˛•#l ï˛yÓ˚y•zñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚
ò,!T˛¢!=˛ ~ï˛ e%!ê˛˛õ)î≈ ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ •z° ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ «˛#îò,!T˛
ï˛yÓ˚y ÎyÓ˚y !ÓÓô≈ܲ ܲyˆÏã˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ §yôyÓ˚î x«˛Ó˚ SÈy˛õy ˛õ%hflÏܲ xÌÓy ÓˆÏí˛¸y x«˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ˛õ%hflÏܲ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– (Hallahan and Kauffman - For eductional purposes, the blind are those who are
severely impaired that they must be taught to read by Braille while the partially sighted
can read print even though they need to use magnifying devices or books with large
print.)
!ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î (Identification)ı
Óƒy•ï˛ ò,!T˛¢!=˛ §¡õߨ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î Óy §ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚î xlylƒ §Ü˛° Óƒy•ï˛ «˛Ùï˛y §¡õߨ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲê˛y•z §•ç– !lß√!°!áï˛ xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ myÓ˚y Óƒy•ï˛ ò,!T˛¢!=˛ §¡õߨ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î
ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Óı
l !¢¢% âl âl ˆã˛yá Ó˚àí˛¸yˆÏ°–
l !¢¢% Î!ò ~ܲ ˆã˛yá Órô ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲÇÓy ~ܲ ˆã˛yˆÏá •yï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆì˛ˆÏܲ xlƒ ˆã˛yˆÏá ï˛yܲyÎ˚–
l !¢¢% Î!ò ˛˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ Ó•zñ áyï˛y ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ á%Ó Ü˛yˆÏSÈ xyˆÏl xÌÓy Ó•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ VÑ%˛ˆÏܲ ˛õˆÏí˛¸–
l !¢¢%Ó˚ ˆã˛yá âl âl °y° •GÎ˚yñ ˆã˛yá !òˆÏÎ˚ ç°˛õí˛¸yñ ˆã˛yá ã%˛°Ü˛y!l •zï˛ƒy!ò–
l ÓœƒyܲˆÏÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ ˆ°áy ˆòáˆÏï˛ ly ˛õyGÎ˚y Óy ò)ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ç!l§Ï flõT˛ ly ˆòáy–
l ò,¢ƒÓ›Ó˚ ܲÌy xlƒˆÏܲ !çˆÏK˛§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ çylyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚y–
l í˛zIµ° !òˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yˆÏï˛G flõT˛ ly ˆòáyñ Óy V˛y˛õ§y ˆòáy–
l í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ•#l ò,!T˛–
l ã˛°yˆÏÊ˛Ó˚yÎ˚ ˛õˆÏò ˛õˆÏò Óyôy ˛õyGÎ˚y ~ÓÇ flõ¢≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛°yÓ˚ ˛õÌ !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚y–
l •yï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ flõ¢≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl !ܲS%ÈÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ñ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚y–
l §yÙy!çܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y G xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ x«˛Ùï˛y–
l ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z ˆã˛yá Ê%˛ˆÏ° í˛zë˛y–
l ~ܲ•z Ó›ˆÏܲ ò%•z Óy ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ ˆòáy–
l !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚Ç !ã˛lˆÏï˛ ly ˛õyÓ˚y–
l Ó˚yˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ù ˆòáy–
l !ܲS%È«˛î ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ÙyÌy ôÓ˚y–
l xyˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ï˛yܲyˆÏï˛ x§%!Óôy •GÎ˚y •zï˛ƒy!ò–
 xhs˝Ë%≈˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y 249
≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò (Types)ı
Óƒy•ï˛ ò,!T˛¢!=˛ §¡õߨ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò Óƒy•ï˛ ò,!T˛¢!=˛ §¡õߨ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓó !lˆÏ¡¨ ï˛y Ó!l≈ï˛ •°ı
!ÓŸª fl∫yfĩ §ÇfiÌy (World Health Organization) ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ Óƒy•ï˛ ò,!T˛¢!=˛ §¡õߨï˛yÓ˚ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yàı

hflÏÓ˚ ܲÙ≈ò«˛ï˛y
1ä ÙôƒÙ ÙyeyÓ˚ Óƒy•ï˛ ò,!T˛¢!=˛ §¡õߨï˛y Óy fl∫“ §yôyÓ˚î ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ Óy !Ó˚ˆÏ§y§≈ ܲˆÏ«˛ !Ó!˲ߨ
ò,!T˛Ùyl ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ó˚OyÙñ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î
•zï˛ƒy!ò xyˆÏ°y!Ü˛ï˛ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚
fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ò,!T˛ÙylˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù–
~Ó˚y 14 point -~Ó˚ ˆ°áy ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–

2ä à%Ó˚%ï˛Ó˚ ÙyeyÓ˚ Óƒy•ï˛ ò,!T˛¢!=˛ §¡õߨï˛y Óy
xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ò,!T˛Ùyl
ò,!T˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ~•zÓ˚)˛õ ܲyçܲÙ≈ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
~ˆÏòÓ˚ x!ôܲ §ÙÎ˚ G ¢!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎyçl •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
ò,!T˛ §•yÎ˚ܲ Îsf˛õy!ï˛ G í˛z˛õܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
˛õÓ˚G ~Ó˚y !lË%≈˛° ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ~Ó˚y
18 point -~Ó˚ ˆ°áy ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–

3ä à˲#Ó˚ ÙyeyÓ˚ Óƒy•ï˛ ò,!T˛¢!=˛Ó˚ §¡õߨï˛y Óy ò,!T˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ~Ó˚)˛õ ܲyçܲÙ≈ ܲÓ˚y ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛
≤ÃyÎ˚ ò,!T˛•#l xï˛ƒhs˝ ܲT˛Ü˛Ó˚– ~Ó˚y !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚
ò,!T˛ˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ly–

ÓƒyˆÏÓ˚ç (Barrage) ~ÓÇ ~!Ó˚l (Erin) !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y xl%ÎyÎ˚# Óƒy•ï˛ ò,!T˛¢!=˛ §¡õߨ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
!l¡¨!°!áï˛ ˆ◊î#ˆÏï˛ !Ó˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlı
ܲä ò,!T˛ç!lï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛y (Visually Handicapped)ı ˆ§•z§Ó !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚‡Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚
!ӈϢ£Ï !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
áä xrô (Blind)ı ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl Ó˚ܲÙ˲yˆÏÓ xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ •Î˚ ly Óy ÎyÓ˚y xyˆÏ°y xrôܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ï˛Ê˛yÍ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛yܲ çlƒ ˆÓ •z° (Braille) Óy xò,!T˛ç!lï˛ !¢«˛y§•yÎ˚ܲ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚–
àä «˛#îò,!T˛ §¡õߨ (Low Vision)ı ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%Èê˛y fl∫“ ò,!T˛¢!=˛ xyˆÏSÈ– ˆ§ê˛y fl∫“ ò)Ó˚c •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ
ÓˆÏí˛¸y x«˛Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ V˛y˛õ§y ò¢≈l (Blurred Vision) •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ •zï˛ƒy!ò– ï˛y•z ~Ó˚y ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ ˆÓ •z°
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 250
!lË≈˛Ó˚ ly •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ°áy˛õí˛¸y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
xyÓyÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÌ≈y”˛ ˆ°yˆÏÎ˚lˆÏÊ˛”˛ (Berthhold Lowenfeld) !¢¢%Ó˚‡Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ò,!T˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛yˆÏܲ
!l¡¨!°!áï˛ SÈÎ˚!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏà !Ó˲=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ï˛y •° !l¡¨Ó˚)˛õı
1ä §¡õ)î≈ ò,!T˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó!rôï˛y Îy çß√àï˛ Óy çˆÏß√Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ˛õÑyã˛ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x!ç≈ï˛–
2ä §¡õ)î≈ ò,!T˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó!rôï˛y Îy çˆÏß√Ó˚ xhs˝ï˛ ˛õÑyã˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ x!ç≈ï˛–
3ä çß√àï˛ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ò,!T˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó!rôï˛y–
4ä x!ç≈ï˛ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ò,!T˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó!rôï˛y–
5ä çß√àï˛ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ò,!T˛¢!=˛–
6ä x!ç≈ï˛ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ò,!T˛¢!=˛–
!¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ (Methods of Teaching)ı
Óƒy•ï˛ ò,!T˛¢!=˛ §¡õߨ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)° ò%!ê˛ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ å˛õ%lÓ≈ƒy•ï˛ ò,!T˛§¡õߨ !¢¢% ~ÓÇ fl∫“ Óy xyÇ!¢Ü˛
Óƒy•ï˛ ò,!T˛¢!=˛ §¡õߨ !¢¢%ä !ÓlƒhflÏ Ü˛Ó˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛G ˆ§•zÓ˚)˛õ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ó ܲyÓ˚î
~ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛G ܲáˆÏly ~ܲ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ !¢«˛î˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z í˛z˲Î˚≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚
çlƒ ˛õÂô!ï˛ xy°yòy ~ÓÇ !lˆÏ¡¨ ï˛y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •°ÈüüüÈ
˛õ%lÓ≈ƒy•ï˛ ò,!T˛§¡õߨ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ Óy ò,!T˛•#l !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ı
fl∫y˲y!Óܲ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏly •Î˚ñ ò,!T˛•#l !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆ§•z˲yˆÏÓ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏly ÎyÎ˚ ly– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
˛õyë˛òyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌy @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !ܲS%È •°ıÈüÈ
1ä ˆÓ •z° ˛õÂô!ï˛ı ò,!T˛•#l !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyë˛òyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÓ •z° ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– °%•z§ ˆÓ •z° 1829
§yˆÏ° ~•z !ӈϢ£Ï flõ¢≈ ˛õÂô!ï˛ xy!ÓflÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yí≈˛ˆÏÓyí≈˛ Óy ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÎ ¢=˛
!ç!l§Ï !òˆÏÎ˚ í˛zãÑ%˛ í˛zãÑ%˛ í˛ê˛ Óy !Ó®% ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ Úfiê˛y•z°y§Û– í˛zã%Ñ˛ í˛zã%Ñ˛ SÈÎ˚!ê˛ !Ó®%ˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ
§y!çˆÏÎ˚ Óy !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛yl!òˆÏܲ ˆÓ •z° ˆ°áy •Î˚– ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ flõˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆ°áy ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛
•Î˚–
2ä Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ!wܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ı ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ xy°yòy˲yˆÏÓ Îb ˆlGÎ˚y •Î˚– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢¢%Ó˚
ã˛y!•òy xl%ÎyÎ˚# !¢«˛l ˛õÂô!ï˛ xy°yòy˲yˆÏÓ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚–
3ä ¢∑ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ı xrô!¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˆê˛˛õˆÏÓ˚ܲí≈˛yÓ˚ñ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆!l: Îsf˛õy!ï˛ !ӈϢ£ÏܲˆÏÓ˚
˛õyë˛ƒ§)!ã˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ x!í˛ˆÏÎ˚y ܲƒyˆÏ§ê˛ (Audio Cassette) ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y
GˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%lyˆÏly •Î˚–
4ä §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y!˲!_ܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ı ò,!T˛•#lˆÏòÓ˚ §!Ü ˛Î˚˲yˆÏÓ !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yˆÏç xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yˆÏly •Î˚ ~•z
 xhs˝Ë%≈˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y 251
˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
5ä flõ¢≈ G ◊Óî!˲!_ܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ı ò,!T˛•#l !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó› flõ¢≈ G ~ˆÏòÓ˚ lyÙ Ó°yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ
!Ó!˲ߨ Ó›Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛!ï˛ âê˛yˆÏly §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
6ä •%˲yÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ (Hoover Method)ı ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ò,!T˛•#l !¢¢%Ó˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl °y!ë˛!ê˛
ôˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ç!ÙˆÏܲ flõ¢≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ °y!ë˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ xyˆÏ®y!°ï˛ Óy lyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆ§ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yÙyeyÎ˚
Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ ˆÜ˛yl Óyôy xyˆÏSÈ !ܲlyó Î!òG ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ l#ˆÏã˛ G í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ
V%˛°hs˝ Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ §•ˆÏç Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
7ä ò,!T˛Ùyl §•Îye# ˛õÂô!ï˛ı ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲçl ò,!T˛Ùyl ~ܲçl ò,!T˛•#lˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏܲyl
~ܲ!ê˛ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲl%•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ë˛Ü˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl– ò,!T˛•#l Óƒ!=˛ xl%§Ó˚îܲyÓ˚# ò,!T˛•#l
Óƒ!=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~eܲ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ §yÙˆÏl ÌyܲˆÏÓl– !Ë˛í˛¸ G xlƒylƒ ç!ê˛° ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ò,!T˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ ܲyшÏô
ò,!T˛•#l •yï˛ Ó˚yáˆÏÓl G ï˛yÑÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ !˛õSȈÏl•z ÌyܲˆÏÓl–
fl∫“ Óy xyÇ!¢Ü˛ Óƒy•ï˛ ò,!T˛¢!=˛ §¡õߨ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ı
ˆÎ§Ó !¢¢%Ó˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà# fl∫y˲y!Óܲ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ Ü˛Ù ~ÓÇ ¢!=˛¢y°# ˆ°ˆÏ™Ó˚ Óy ã˛¢ÙyÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ G
ÎyÓ˚y fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚ly ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫“ Óy xyÇ!¢Ü˛ Óƒy•ï˛ ò,!T˛¢!=˛ §¡õߨ !¢¢% ӈϰ– fl∫“ Óy
xyÇ!¢Ü˛ Óƒy•ï˛ ò,!T˛¢!=˛ §¡õߨï˛y çß√àï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏî •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ çˆÏß√Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚G lyly!Óô ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîG •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛y ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˛õÂô!ï˛ •° !l¡¨Ó˚)˛õıÈüüü
1ä ÓˆÏí˛¸y •Ó˚Ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛˛õÂô!ï˛ı xyÇ!¢Ü˛ Óƒy•ï˛ ò,!T˛¢!=˛ §¡õߨ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ Óí˛¸
•Ó˚Ê˛ xÌ≈yÍ 18 ˆÌˆÏܲ 24 ˛õˆÏÎ˚rê˛ !Ó!¢T˛ x«˛ˆÏÓ˚ SÈy˛õy Ó•z ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ò,!T˛§¡õߨ
!¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §yôyÓ˚îï˛ SÈy˛õyˆÏly x«˛Ó˚ 10 ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏrê˛Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
2ä ò¢≈l §•yÎ˚ܲ Îsf ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ı xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ò,!T˛¢!=˛ §¡õߨ !¢¢%ˆòÏ Ó˚ çlƒ í˛zßï¨ ˛ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚
ˆ°™ G Ó,•ò#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yòyl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
3ä ◊%!ï˛ §•yÎ˚ܲ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ı ˆê˛˛õˆÏÓ˚ܲí≈˛yÓ˚ñ ܲÌy Ó°yÓ˚ Îsf (Talking Machine),
x!í˛ˆÏÎ˚y ܲƒyˆÏ§ê˛ (Audio Cassette) ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ◊%!ï˛ §•yÎ˚ܲ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ Óƒy•ï˛ ò,!T˛¢!=˛
§¡õ)î≈ !¢¢%%ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛yòyl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
4ä §Ù!ß∫ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ˛õÂô!ï˛ı xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ò,!T˛¢!=˛ §¡õߨ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !lÜ˛ê˛ G fl∫“ò,!T˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ñ ˆ§•z §Ó ˆ«˛ˆÏe fl∫y˲y!Óܲ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
§ˆÏAà xyÇ!¢Ü˛ Óƒy•ï˛ ò,!T˛¢!=˛ §¡õߨ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲˆÏe !¢«˛yòyl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y SÈyí˛¸yG xyÇ!¢Ü˛ Óƒy•ï˛ ò,!T˛¢!=˛ §¡õߨ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ
xÓ¢ƒ•z ˆáÎ˚y° Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏï˛ ~•z !¢¢%Ó˚y ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ §yÙˆÏlÓ˚ §y!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Ó§ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛Ü˛
ÓœƒyܲˆÏÓyˆÏí≈˛ ˆ°áyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ í˛zFã˛yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ G ÓˆÏí˛¸y •Ó˚ˆÏÊ˛ !°áˆÏÓl–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 252
í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ (Conclusion)ı
!¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Óƒy•ï˛ «˛Ùï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Óƒy•ï˛ ò,!T˛¢!=˛
xlƒï˛Ù– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ §ly=˛ ܲÓ˚y ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ §•ç§yôƒ •ˆÏ°G ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl xyÇ!¢Ü˛ Óƒy•ï˛ ò,!T˛«˛Ùï˛y
!¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ §ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚î ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y ˛õ)î≈ xrô !¢¢%‡Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ ly •Î˚– ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl §yÙy!çܲ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y G
x!˲˲yÓܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ G ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà#Ó˚ §M˛yÓ˚ âê˛yˆÏly ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ)î≈ xrôˆÏcÓ˚
•yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ •Î˚– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ç#Ól G §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ Ù)°ˆÏflÀyˆÏï˛ !Ê˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xylyÓ˚ çlƒ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Óƒy•ï˛ «˛Ùï˛y §¡õߨ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ !¢«˛y ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y Ùyl!§Ü˛ñ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲñ §yÙy!çܲ˲yˆÏÓ
!˛õ!SȈÏÎ˚ ly ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ !lˆÏçÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ G ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° ly •ˆÏÎ˚ ç#Ól ܲyê˛yˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
 xhs˝Ë%≈˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y 253

ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ
Óƒy•ï˛ ◊ÓÙï˛y §¡õߨ !¢¢%ı xÌ≈ñ !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆËÏ ˛òñ
!¢«˛î˛õÂô!ï˛
(Hearing Impaired Children: Meaning, Identification,
Types, Methods of Teaching)

Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Introduction)ı
Óƒy•ï˛ ◊ÓÙï˛y §¡õߨ !¢¢%%Ó˚yG Ù)°ï˛ •z!wÎ˚ç!lï˛ e%!ê˛Ó˚ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yÓ˚y fl∫y˲y!Óܲ
!¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ !˛õ!SȈÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ◊ÓîÈüÈ•z!wÎ˚ ï˛Ìy ܲyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl xLjϢ e%!ê˛ ˆòáy !òˆÏ° ◊Óî !Ü ˛Î˚y Óƒy•ï˛
•Î˚– ܲyˆÏlÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yl xLjϢ ܲ# çyï˛#Î˚ e%!ê˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ◊Óîç!lï˛ e%!ê˛ !Ó!˲ߨ
≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •Î˚– ܲyˆÏlÓ˚ e%!ê˛ Ó!•/ܲî≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÙôƒÜ˛î≈ G xhs˝/ܲî≈ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚
fl∫y˲y!Óܲ !¢¢% !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÓ˚yàÓƒy!ôÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî Óy ò)â≈ê˛lyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ◊ÓÙï˛y •yÓ˚yÎ˚– ˆÜ˛yl !¢¢% Ó!ôÓ˚ !ܲ ly ï˛y
!lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Îsf ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
xÌ≈ (Meaning)ı
Ù)°ï˛ ◊Óî «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óƒy•ï˛ ◊Óî «˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ãôylï˛ Ó!ôÓ˚ Óy ܲyˆÏl áyˆÏê˛y Ó°y •Î˚–
Ó!ôÓ˚ ı
ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ◊Óî •z!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛y ÌyˆÏܲly xÌ≈yÍ çß√ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ~Ó˚y ◊ÓˆÏî x«˛Ùñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó!ôÓ˚
Ó°y •Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ◊Óî «˛Ùï˛y ~ï˛ê˛y•z lT˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ ◊Óî ΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !lˆÏÎ˚ Óy §y•y΃ SÈyí˛¸y xˆÏlƒÓ˚
¢∑ ¢%lˆÏï˛ §¡õ)î≈ x«˛Ù– ÙˆÏly!Óò‰ xƒy!°§ ˆfiê˛∆O ӈϰˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈÈ çß√ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÎ !¢¢% ◊Óî ¢!=˛•#l •ˆÏÎ˚
çß√yÎ˚ xÌÓy ˆÎ !¢¢% ~•z «˛Ùï˛y •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ≤Ãy܉˛ÈüȘ¢¢ˆÏÓ Óyã˛!lܲ ˲!Aà xç≈l ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ Ë˛y£ÏyÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚
xyˆÏà ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ Ó!ôÓ˚–
Ù)°ï˛ ˆÎ !¢¢% çß√yÓyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ò%•z Óy !ï˛l ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ◊Óî¢!=˛•#lï˛yÎ˚ ˆË˛yˆÏà ~ÓÇ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ
ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ~•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÎyÓ˚y ˲y£ÏyK˛yl xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ly ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó!ôÓ˚ ӈϰ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
Ó!ôÓ˚ï˛y Ù)°ï˛ •° ~Ùl Óƒy•ï˛ ◊ÓÙï˛y ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !¢¢%‡Óƒ!=˛ ΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•y΃ !lˆÏÎ˚ Óy ly !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yl˲yˆÏÓ•z
ï˛Ìƒ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚ˆÏî §ÙÌ≈ •Î˚ ly ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !¢¢%Ó˚ ◊ÓÙï˛y Óƒy•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ܲyˆÏl áyˆÏê˛y ı
ÎyÓ˚y ~ܲê˛y !l!ò≈T˛ í˛zFã˛ÙyeyÓ˚ ¢∑ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚ xÌÓy ◊Óî ΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏl áyˆÏê˛y Ó°y •Î˚– ~Ó˚y ◊Óî ΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•y΃ !lˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏlƒÓ˚ ¢∑ x!ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏT˛ ¢%lˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 254
!ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î (Idetification)ı
˛!l¡¨!°!áï˛ xyã˛Ó˚î Óy ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ Óƒy•ï˛ ◊ÓÙï˛y !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ
1ä ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z ˆ˛õSÈl ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛yܲˆÏ° §yí˛¸y ˆòÎ˚ ly–
2ä ˆÙÔ!áܲ ˲y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚y xÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà# ÌyˆÏܲ–
3ä ˲y£Ïy !¢áˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó°¡∫ •Î˚–
4ä !l!ò≈T˛ Ù%!T˛ˆÏÙÎ˚ ¢∑yÓ!° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
5ä ˆÙÔ!áܲ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õly !¢¢%Ó˚ !lÜ˛ê˛ x§%!Óôyçlܲ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl •Î˚–
6ä ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ í˛zͧ Óy Ó=˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ÙyÌy ˆâyÓ˚yÎ˚ Óy V%Ñ˛!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá–
7ä ˆÓ˚!í˛Gñ ˆê˛!°!˲¢lñ §yí˛zu˛ !§ˆÏfiê˛Ù •zï˛ƒy!ò x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ í˛zFã˛ ¢ˆÏ∑ ÓyçyÎ˚–
8ä ܲyˆÏl §ÇÜ ˛Ùî ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õ%Ñç !là≈ï˛ •Î˚–
9ä ܲyˆÏlÓ˚ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ àë˛ˆÏl x§Çà!ï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
10ä ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ˆÜ˛yl !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ Ó°yÓ˚ çlƒ xl%ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲÓ˚y–
11ä ~•z §ÙhflÏ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢∑ í˛zFã˛yÓ˚ˆÏî Óƒy˛õܲ x§Çà!ï˛ °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
12ä ~•z §ÙhflÏ !¢¢%Ó˚y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ã˛M˛° ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ñ Ü˛Ù ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà §¡õߨ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
13ä !°!áï˛ Ë˛y£ÏyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z §ÙhflÏ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !°Aàñ !ӈϢ£Ïƒñ !Ü ˛Î˚yñ ܲy°ñ ÓyܲƒyÇ¢ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ç!lï˛ ºy!hs˝ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚–
14ä fl∫˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z §ÙhflÏ !¢¢%Ó˚y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ xhs˝Ù≈%á# G ÓòˆÏÙçyç# •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
15ä ¢∑yÌ≈ñ !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ !ã˛hs˝lñ ÓyˆÏܲƒÓ˚ ç!벰 àë˛l ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ˆÏòÓ˚ x§%!Óôy ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚
•zï˛ƒy!ò–
≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò (Types)ı
ˆÎ !¢¢%‡Óƒ!=˛ 25 ˆí˛!§ˆÏÓ° ï˛#Ó ï˛y §¡õߨ ¢∑ ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ◊Óî Î%=˛ Óƒ!=˛ ӈϰ–
Ù)°ï˛ Ü˛ï˛ ˆí˛!§ˆÏÓ° ≤ÃyӈϰƒÓ˚ ¢∑ ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óƒy•ï˛ ◊Ól «˛Ùï˛y §¡õߨ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚ !Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y •° !l¡¨Ó˚)˛õıÈüüüÈ
ܲä x!ï˛ §yÙylƒ Ùyey ı ~•z §ÙhflÏ !¢¢% 26 ˆí˛!§ˆÏÓ° (dB) ˆÌˆÏܲ 40 ˆí˛!§ˆÏÓ° (dB) ˛õÎ≈hs˝
≤ÃyӈϰƒÓ˚ ¢∑ ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ «˛#î Óy !Ê˛¢!Ê˛¢ ¢∑ ¢%lˆÏï˛ x§%!Óôy •Î˚ñ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒy•ï˛
◊ÓÙï˛yÓ˚ ¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y •yÓ˚ •° ≤ÃyÎ˚ 40%–
áä Ù,ò% Ùyey ı ~•z §ÙhflÏ !¢¢% 41 ˆí˛!§ˆÏÓ° (dB) ˆÌˆÏܲ 55 ˆí˛!§ˆÏÓ° (dB) ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ≤ÃyӈϰƒÓ˚ ¢∑
¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚– ~Ó˚y Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á ܲÌy ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xhs˝ï˛ 3 ˆÌˆÏܲ 5 Ê%˛ê˛ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Óyܲƒy°y˛õ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒy•ï˛ ◊ÓÙï˛yÓ˚ ¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y •yÓ˚ •° ≤ÃyÎ˚ 40% ˆÌˆÏܲ 50%–
àä ÙôƒÙ Ùyey ı ~•z §ÙhflÏ !¢¢% 56 ˆí˛!§ˆÏÓ° (dB) ˆÌˆÏܲ 70 ˆí˛!§ˆÏÓ° (dB) õÎ≈hs˝ ≤ÃyӈϰƒÓ˚
 xhs˝Ë%≈˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y 255
¢∑ ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚– §yôyÓ˚î Óyܲƒ°yˆÏ˛õ ~•z §ÙhflÏ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ Óyܲƒy°yˆÏ˛õ x§%!Óôy •Î˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
Óƒy•ï˛ ◊ÓÙï˛yÓ˚ ¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y •yÓ˚ •° ≤ÃyÎ˚ 50% ˆÌˆÏܲ 75%–
âä à%Ó˚%ï˛Ó˚ Ùyey ı ~•z §ÙhflÏ !¢¢% 71 ˆí˛!§ˆÏÓ° (dB) ˆÌˆÏܲ 90 ˆí˛!§ˆÏÓ° (dB) ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ≤ÃyӈϰƒÓ˚
¢∑ ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚– ~Ó˚y ≤Ãã˛[˛ !ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ G ˆçyˆÏÓ˚ ܲÌy ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒy•ï˛ ◊ÓÙï˛yÓ˚
¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y •yÓ˚ •°˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 75% ˆÌˆÏܲ 90%–
.ä ã˛)í˛¸yhs˝ Ùyey ı ~•z §ÙhflÏ !¢¢% 91 ˆí˛!§ˆÏÓ° (dB) Óy ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢ ≤ÃyӈϰƒÓ˚ ¢∑ ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚– ~Ó˚y
≤ÃÓ° í˛zFã˛ fl∫ˆÏÓ˚ ¢∑G !ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚ ly– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒy•ï˛ ◊ÓÙï˛yÓ˚ ¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y •yÓ˚
•° 90% ˆÌˆÏܲ 100%–
ã˛ä Ó!ôÓ˚ ı ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢¢% ˆÜ˛yl ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ¢∑•z ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚ ly– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒy•ï˛ ◊Óî
«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y •yÓ˚ •° §¡õ)î≈ 100%–
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ÓÎ˚§ xl%ÎyÎ˚# Óƒy•ï˛ ◊ÓÙï˛y §¡õߨ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ò%!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ÎÌyıÈüüüÈ
ܲä çß√àï˛ Ó!ôÓ˚ï˛y ı çß√àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÎyÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yl!ܲS%È•z ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚lyñ ï˛yÓ˚y ~•z ˆ◊!îÓ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛–
áä §Çà!ë˛ï˛ Ó!ôÓ˚ï˛y ı ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ !¢¢% çˆÏß√Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˲y°Ë˛yˆÏÓ ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏ°G ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yl
ˆÓ˚yàÓƒy!ô Îy xlƒ ˆÜ˛yl ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚lyñ ï˛yÓ˚y ~•z ˆ◊î#Ó˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛–
xyÓyÓ˚ñ !¢«˛yàï˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲG Óƒy•ï˛ ◊Óî «˛Ùï˛y §¡õߨ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏà !Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ
ÎÌyıÈüüüÈ
xä ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ !¢¢% 41 ˆí˛!§ˆÏÓ° (dB) ˆÌˆÏܲ 55 ˆí˛!§ˆÏÓ° (dB) ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ≤ÃyӈϰƒÓ˚ ¢∑ ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆl•z–
xyä ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ !¢¢% 56 ˆí˛!§ˆÏÓ° (dB) ˆÌˆÏܲ 70 ˆí˛!§ˆÏÓ° (dB) ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ≤ÃyӈϰƒÓ˚ ¢∑ ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙyˆÏV˛ ÙyˆÏV˛ !ӈϢ£Ï !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
•zä ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ !¢¢% 71 ˆí˛!§ˆÏÓ° (dB) ˆÌˆÏܲ 90 ˆí˛!§ˆÏÓ° (dB) ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ≤ÃyӈϰƒÓ˚ ¢∑ ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ !ӈϢ£Ï !Óòƒy°Î˚ È~Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ~ÓÇ ~•z §ÙhflÏ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ◊%!ï˛ñ ˲y£Ïy !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚
ÓƒÓfiÌy ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
{ä ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ !¢¢% 91 ˆí˛!§ˆÏÓ° (dB) Óy ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyӈϰƒÓ˚ x!ôܲ ¢∑ ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï
!Óòƒy°Î˚ G !¢«˛yÓƒyfiÌyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛y !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ˆÜ˛yl xˆÏAàÓ˚ ˜ÓܲˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛!ܲͧܲàî Óƒy•ï˛ ◊ÓÙï˛y §¡õߨ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
xyˆÏÓ˚yG ò%!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏà !Ó˲=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ÎÌyıÈüÈ
1ä ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•îàï˛ (Conductive)ı ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒy•ï˛ ◊Óî «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î •° ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó!•/
ܲî≈ Óy ÙôƒÜ˛ˆÏî≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yl §Ù§ƒy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛ˆÏÓ Ù)°ï˛ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒy•ï˛ ◊ÓÙï˛y ÙyÓ˚ydܲ lÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
!ã˛!ܲͧy G ◊ÓîΈÏsfÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏˆÏÙ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%Èê˛y í˛zߨ!ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y §Ω˛Ó •Î˚–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 256
2ä K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚ Óy fl¨yÎ˚%àï˛ (Sensorineural)ı ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒy•ï˛ ◊Óî «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î
•° ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xhs˝/ܲˆÏî≈Ó˚ñ ◊%!ï˛ fl¨yÎ˚% Óy Ù!hflψÏflÒÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl §Ù§ƒy– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒy•ï˛ ◊ÓÙï˛y xï˛ƒhs˝ ÙyÓ˚ydܲ
~ÓÇ !ã˛!ܲͧy G ◊ÓîΈÏsfÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ á%Ó ˆÓ¢# ~ܲê˛y ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ lÎ˚–
l ~SÈyí˛¸yG ˆÎ !¢¢% çß√ܲy° ˆÌˆÏܲ ◊Óî ≤Ã!ï˛Órô# ï˛yˆÏܲ ‘Congenitally Deaf’ Óy çß√àï˛
Ó!ôÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚– ˲y£Ïy !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ◊Óî ≤Ã!ï˛Ó!rô •Î˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ‘Prelingual
Deaf’ G Ó°y •Î˚–
l xyÓyÓ˚ñ ˆÎ !¢¢% fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ◊Óî §«˛Ùï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ çß√@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°G ˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈#ܲyˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yl ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
◊Óî ≤Ã!ï˛Ó!rô •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyܲ!fløܲ Ó!ôÓ˚ Óy ‘Adventiously Deaf’ Ó°y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ë˛y£ÏyÓ˚
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !l!Ó˚ˆÏ«˛ ~•z ˆ◊î#Ó˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ‘Postlingual Deaf’ G Ó°y •Î˚–
!¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ (Teaching Method)ı
ˆ£Ïyí˛¸¢ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ !à!Ó˚°yˆÏÙy ܲyí≈˛yˆÏly (Girolamo Cardano) lyÙܲ ~ܲçl •zê˛y°#Î˚ à!îï˛!Óò‰ G
!ã˛!ܲͧܲ Ù)°ï˛ Óƒy•ï˛ ◊ÓÙï˛y §¡õߨ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ §˛õˆÏ«˛ ӈϰl ~ÓÇ í˛zlyÓ˚
•yï˛ ôˆÏÓ˚•z ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆòˆÏ¢ Óƒy•ï˛ ◊ÓÙï˛y §¡õߨ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚– Ù)°ï˛
ˆ˛õˆÏí»˛≈y ˛õl‰ˆÏ§ ˆí˛ !°Î˚l (Pedro Ponce de Leon) lyÙܲ x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ ˆflõl#Î˚ Óƒ!=˛– !Î!l ˆflõˆÏlÓ˚
˲yÕ‘yí˛!°‰í˛ (Valladolid) ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ Ó!ôÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÃÌÙ !Óòƒy°Î˚ fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ç%Î˚yl ˛õyÓ‰ˆÏ°y
ÓˆÏlê˛ (Juan Pablo Bonet) lyÙܲ x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ ˆflõl#Î˚ Óƒ!=˛ Óƒy•ï˛ ◊ÓÙï˛y §¡õߨ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚
!¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •l– !ï˛!l ≤ÃÌÙ xy.%ˆÏ°Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Óylyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢∑ í˛zFã˛yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
ˆ°áy G ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° xy!ÓflÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ •zÇ°ƒyu˛ñ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyñ çyÙ≈y!l ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ˆòˆÏ¢
Óƒy•ï˛ ◊ÓÙï˛y §¡õߨ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚– ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈G ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ Óƒy•ï˛
◊ÓÙï˛y §¡õߨ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚–
Ù)°ï˛ Óƒy•ï˛ ◊ÓÙï˛y §¡õߨ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ çlܲ Óy ˛õ!ÌÜ,˛ï˛ !°Î˚l (Leon) ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛
!¢«˛yòyl ˆÜ˛Ô¢° lyly˲yˆÏÓ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– !ӈϟªÓ˚ §Ó≈≤ÃÌÙ Óƒy•ï˛ ◊ÓÙï˛y
§¡õ)î≈ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ !Óòƒy°Î˚ fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ xllƒ l!çÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ‘De l’ Epee’– ~•z !Óòƒy°Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛
•Î˚ ï˛yÑÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ ˛õƒy!Ó˚ˆÏ§ 1775 §yˆÏ° ÎÙç ◊Óî˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Órô# ò%•z ˲y•zˆÏܲ ôÙ≈#Î˚ !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ •z•y °«˛ƒ
ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ ~•z ºyï,˛mˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ã˛•´ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ xyòylÈÈüÈ≤Ãòyl
§Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ •ˆÏFSÈ– !ï˛!l !ã˛•´ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛î˜Ï¢°# Ó˚Æ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ x!ôܲ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ
çyÙ≈yl !ӈϢ£K˛ §ƒyÙ%ˆÏÎ˚° ˆ••z!Ó˚ܲ (Samuel Heiricke) 1778 §yˆÏ° Óƒy•ï˛ ◊ÓÙï˛y §¡õߨ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Óòƒy°Î˚ fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚l– !ï˛!l ~ÓÇ ï˛yÑÓ˚ xl%àyÙ# ˆ@˝Ã§yÓ˚ (Graser) ~ÓÇ !•° (Hill)Èü È~Ó˚
˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ Ü˛ÌƒË˛y£ÏyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ !°!áï˛ Ë˛y£ÏyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ x!ôܲ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚l– Heiricke
-~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ìy •° !ã˛hs˝l ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ÙyôƒÙñ ï˛y•z ܲÌy Ó°yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ §Ç•ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ !ã˛•´
ÙyôƒÙˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÓlï˛yˆÏܲ !lÓ˚%ͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚ψÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
 xhs˝Ë%≈˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y 257
˛õÂô!ï˛àï˛ !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ~ܲ lï%˛l ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §)ã˛ly •Î˚Èüü Îál ÌÙy§ Ì˛õ!ܲl§‰ à°ˆÏò‰ (Thomas Hopkins
Gallaudet) ~Ó˚ ˛õ%e ~í˛GÎ˚≈yí˛ !Ù°yÓ˚ à°ˆÏò‰ (Edward Miller Gallaudet) ܲy!Î˚ܲ G ˆÙÔ!áܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚
§Ùß∫Î˚ §yôˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰl– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ !Óáƒyï˛ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ xyˆÏ°Ü˛çyu˛yÓ˚ @˝Ãy•yÙˆÏÓ° (Alexandar Graham
Bell) x!˲Ùï˛ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ !ã˛•´ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ˲y£Ïy Ó˚Æ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚
xy@˝Ã• G «˛Ùï˛y !ÓlT˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ «˛!ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛y•z !ï˛!l ~•z !ã˛•´ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓˆÏrôÓ˚ §%˛õy!Ó˚¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
˛õÂô!ï˛ §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ xÓ§yˆÏl ~ÓÇ ˙ܲƒÙï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ 1880 §yˆÏ° •zï˛y!°ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ
xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ x!ôˆÏÓ¢ˆÏlÓ˚ §)ã˛ly •Î˚– ˆ§•z x!ôˆÏÓ¢ˆÏlÓ˚ !§Âô≈yhs˝ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ~ܲÙye ˆÙÔ!áܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ §yÓ˚y
•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv xˆÏlܲ ˆò¢ ˆÙÔ!áܲ Èü Èܲy!Î˚ܲ !Ù◊ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ã˛y°% Ó˚yˆÏá– !Ó!˲ߨ
≤ÃÎ%!=˛àï˛ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ◊Óî §•yÎ˚ܲ Îsfy!ò Ü ˛ˆÏÙ §•ç°Ë˛ƒ •GÎ˚y ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ê˛ˆÏ° Îsf ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
!òˆÏÎ˚ ~•z Óƒy•ï˛ ◊ÓÙï˛yÓ˚ Ùyey •…y§ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ¢%%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §Ü˛° !¢¢%ˆÏܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ù)°ˆÏflÀyˆÏï˛ xylÎ˚l
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ◊Óî §•yÎ˚ܲ Îsfy!ò§Ù)•ñ Óƒy•ï˛ ◊Óî «˛Ùï˛y §¡õߨ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛î
˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ Ó•%° ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ !ܲS%È •° !l¡¨Ó˚)˛õıÈüüüÈ
1ä ˆÙÔ!áܲÈüÈ ◊Óî ~ÓÇ G¤˛ ˛õyë˛ ı ˆÙÔ!áܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ◊Óî G G¤˛˛õyë˛ˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ !ܲv
!ã˛•´ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ly– ~•z ◊Óî ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ Ù)°ï˛ xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°G flõ¢≈ G ò¢≈l •z!wÎ˚mÎ˚ˆÏܲ
ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
2ä ˆÙÔ!áܲ ◊Óî ~ÓÇ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ܲy!Î˚ܲ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õly ˛õÂô!ï˛ ı ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ G¤˛ ˛õyë˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ §¡õ)î≈ Ù%=˛–
ܲÌy Ó°yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ í˛zFã˛y!Ó˚ï˛ ¢∑ !Ó!˲ߨ !ã˛ˆÏ•´Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ í˛z˛õfiÌy!˛õï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚ ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛–
3ä ˆÙÔ!áܲ ◊Óî G xAà%°# Óylyl ˛õÂô!ï˛ ı ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ó=˛Óƒ ˆ˛õˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ !¢«˛Ü˛
xyAà%° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ Óylyl ≤Ãò¢≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl– !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó=˛ÓƒˆÏܲ xyAà%° ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xl%ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°y •Î˚– !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ Óylyl !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãò¢≈î ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ !°áˆÏlÓ˚ §Ùï%˛°ƒ ӈϰ
àlƒ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
4ä ~ܲ ˲y£Ïy G ò%•z ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ˛õÂô!ï˛ ı ˆÎ ˲y£Ïy Ó•%° ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ ˆ§•z ˲y£ÏyˆÏï˛•z !¢«˛Ü˛
ܲÌl G !ã˛•´ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl–
5ä ◊Óî §•yÎ˚ܲ Îsf!˲!_ܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ı ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ Ù)°ï˛ xyÇ!¢Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Óƒy•ï˛ ◊ÓÙï˛y §¡õߨ
!¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yòyl xˆÏlܲyLjϢ §yÌ≈ܲ ӈϰ ≤ÃÙy!îï˛ •Î˚– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl
í˛zß¨ï˛ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ Î%ˆÏà xï˛ƒhs˝ §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#° §)- ◊Óî §•yÎ˚ܲ Îsf åSensitive Hearing Aidä ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ÎyÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !¢«˛yòyl §•ç •Î˚–
6ä ò¢≈l!˲!_ܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ı Óƒy•ï˛ ◊ÓÙï˛y §¡õߨ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ò¢≈l!˲!_ܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛G ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ˲yÓ
≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– !¢«˛Ü˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl Óî≈ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z§Ó ≤Ãï˛#ˆÏܲÓ˚
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ ˆòl– !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚y !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛zFã˛yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ Ù%ˆÏáÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ §ˆÏAà °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚y xyÎ˚lyÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Ù%á˲!Aà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ¢∑ í˛zFã˛yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y xyÎ˚_ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 258
7ä §M˛y°l ˛õÂô!ï˛ ı ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ x.%° lyí˛¸yã˛í˛¸yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xy.%ˆÏ°Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !Ó!˲ߨ
xyÜ,˛!ï˛ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ˲yÓ ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ !¢¢%Ó˚y xl%ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ï˛y xyÎ˚_ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÓï≈˛Ü˛ •ˆÏ°l !¢«˛y!Óò !˛õ!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ åPereireä–
8ä ܲ¡õl G flõ¢≈ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ı ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ¢∑ í˛zFã˛yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚
àyˆÏ° •yï˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá Óy ܲt˛ly!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ •yï˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ¢∑ ܲ¡õˆÏlÓ˚ flõ¢≈yl%Ë)˛!ï˛ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ xl%Ó˚)˛õ ¢∑ܲ¡õl §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óyã˛!lܲ !Óܲy¢ âê˛yÎ˚– ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÓï≈˛Ü˛ •ˆÏ°l ò%•z
!Óáƒyï˛ !¢«˛y!ÓòÈüü ˆÜ˛•zê˛ x°Ü˛l≈ åKate Alcornä ~ÓÇ ˆ§y!Ê˛Î˚y x°Ü˛l≈ åSophia Alcornä–
í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ (Conclusion)ı
Óƒy•ï˛ ◊ÓÙï˛y §¡õߨ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛y˛õÂô!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ܲÌy Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ §Ó≈òy•z lÙl#Î˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛•ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ~•z ≤çˆÏAà ~•z ܲÌy ÙyÌyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎñ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ
◊ÓÙï˛y §¡õߨ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe x!˲˲yÓܲàî•z •ˆÏ°l !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ !¢«˛Ü˛– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
§•ˆÏÎy!àï˛y G xyhs˝!Ó˚ܲ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y Óƒy•ï˛ ◊ÓÙï˛y §¡õߨ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛à%%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §yÌ≈ܲ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°y ÎyÎ˚–
 xhs˝Ë%≈˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y 259

ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ~ܲܲ
!¢álÙ)°Ü˛ x«˛Ùï˛yı xÌ≈ñ !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆËÏ ˛òñ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚
Ë)˛!Ùܲy
(Learning Disability: Meaning, Identification, Types, Role
of Teacher)

Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Introduction)ı
!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ §Ó≈e•z !ܲS%È !ܲS%È !¢«˛yÌ≈# ÌyˆÏܲ ÎyÓ˚y xy˛õyï˛ ò,!T˛ˆÏï˛ fl∫y˲y!Óܲñ !ܲv !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ
!˛õSȈÏlÓ˚ §y!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ Ê˛° xy¢yl%Ó˚)˛õ •Î˚ ly– ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ ~ܲ•z ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛
xˆÏlܲ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Î˚ ˛õí˛¸y ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ˆòÎ˚– !Ó!˲ߨ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ lyˆÏÙ x!˲!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎÙlñ ܲálG
Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ù!hflÏflÒ §yÙylƒ xyâyï˛ ≤ÃyÆñ ܲálG Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ù!hflÏflÒ §yÙylƒ !l!fl;Î˚ï˛y ˆòy£ÏÎ%=˛ñ ܲálG
Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÙrÌÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ñ xyÓyÓ˚ ܲálG Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îç!lï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Órô#ñ xyÓyÓ˚ ܲálG Óy ˛õë˛l
x«˛Ù !¢«˛yÌ≈# •zï˛ƒy!ò–
!ܲv 1963 §yˆÏ° !lí˛z •zÎ˚Ü≈˛ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ x!˲˲yÓܲˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ §Ë˛yÎ˚ §ƒyÙ%ˆÏÎ˚° xƒyˆÏ°Ü˛çy[˛yÓ˚ ܲyÜ≈˛
(Samuel Alexander Kirk) ~•z §Ó lyˆÏÙÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï˛≈ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z §Ù§ƒyˆÏܲ !¢ál x«˛Ù (Learning
Disabled) lyˆÏÙ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ ˆòl– ˆ§•z §ÙÎ˚ !¢ál x«˛Ù !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ x!˲˲yÓܲÓ˚y !¢ál
x«˛Ù !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ §!Ù!ï˛ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ lyÙ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ‘Association for Children
With Learning Disability’– ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~•z §!Ù!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˆ˛õ¢yòyÓ˚ §Çàë˛là%ˆÏ°y fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ !¢ál
x«˛Ùï˛y (Learning Disability) lyÙ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï !¢«˛yÎ˚ (Special Education) fiÌyÎ˚#˲yˆÏÓ à,•#ï˛ •Î˚–
xÌ≈ (Meaning)ı
!¢ál x«˛Ùï˛y !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yàï˛ !Ó¢,C°yÓ˚ Ê˛° Îy Ù)°ï˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ófi˚ Ì
ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÎÙl ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsf ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ x«˛Ùï˛yñ ï˛Ìƒ ˛≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚ˆÏî x«˛Ùï˛y ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛–
xlylƒ ˜ò!•Ü˛ñ Ùyl!§Ü˛ñ fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ !¢ál ˛≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛y âˆÏê˛ ÌyܲˆÏ°G
~!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yl ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛° lÎ˚– !¢áˆÏl x«˛Ù !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)°ï˛ Ó%ÂôƒyAܲ (I.Q.) fl∫y˲y!Óܲ
§#ÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÌyܲˆÏ°G ï˛yÓ˚y !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §yÊ˛°ƒ xç≈ˆÏl ~ܲê%˛ ˆÓ!¢ §ÙÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ !l!ò≈T˛
ˆ◊!î G ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ xlƒ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ ~Ó˚y ~ܲê%˛ !˛õ!SȈÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– !¢ál x«˛Ùï˛y
Ù)°ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy ò%!ê˛ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §#ÙyÓÂô ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÎÙlüü ˲y£Ïy §ÇˆÏÎyˆÏà x«˛Ùï˛yñ à!îï˛ Óy §yÙy!çܲ
ˆÜ˛yl ò«˛ï˛y §yôˆÏl x«˛Ùï˛y ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛– ~•z ≤çˆÏAà •z•y í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒË˛yˆÏÓ ˆáÎ˚y° Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ !¢áˆÏl
§yÙ!Î˚ܲ Óy fl∫“ ˆÜ˛yl ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî x§ÙÌ≈ •ˆÏ°•z ˆÜ˛yl !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ !¢ál x«˛Ù ӈϰ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly ~ÓÇ
ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛#Ó  G fiÌyÎ˚#˲yˆÏÓ !¢áˆÏl x«˛Ùï˛y Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È ï˛yÓ˚y•z !¢ál x«˛Ù (Leanning Disable) ӈϰ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 260
xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyˆÏï˛ xÓ!fiÌï˛ Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)ÈüÈ ~ !¢ál
x«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ §ÇK˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ï˛y !ӈϟªÓ˚ §Ó≈e à,•#ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ï˛y •° !l¡¨Ó˚)˛õ ÈüüüÈ
!ӈϢ£Ï !¢ál x«˛Ùï˛y ~ܲ Óy ~ܲy!ôܲ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ !Ó¢,C°y ÎyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ ˆÙÔ!áܲñ !°!áï˛
˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ˆÓyô G ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ÓÇ ÎyÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ âˆÏê˛ Ü˛Ìy ˆ¢ylyÓ˚ñ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ñ ܲÌy Ó°yÓ˚ñ ˛õí˛¸yñ ˆ°áyñ
Óylyl ܲÓ˚yñ xAܲ ܲ£ÏyÓ˚ x!l˛õ%î §«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ– ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyˆÏSÈ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ x«˛Ùï˛yñ Ù!hflψÏflÒÓ˚
xyâyï˛ñ l)ƒlï˛Ù Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ x˲yÓñ ˛õë˛l x«˛Ùï˛y G !Óܲy¢Ù)°Ü˛ Ù)ܲ xÓfiÌy •zï˛ƒy!ò– xyÓyÓ˚ñ
!¢ál x«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ܲyÓ˚îñ ò,!T˛ñ ◊Óî G §M˛y°lÙ)°Ü˛ x«˛Ùï˛yñ
Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛yñ ≤Èϫ˛yç!lï˛ !Ó¢,C°y xÌÓy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ñ Ü,˛!T˛ G xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õŸã˛yò‰Ó!ï˛≈ï˛y ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ lÎ˚–
(IDEA - Special Learning Disability is a disorder is on or more of the basic
psychological process involved in understanding or in using larguage, spoken or written,
that may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell
or do mathematical operations, iucluding condition such as perceptual disabilities,
brain injury, minimal, brain dysfunction, dyslexia and developmental aphasia. However
SLDs do not include learning problems that are primarily the result of visual, hearing
or motor disabilities or mental retardation, of emotional disabilities or of environmental,
cultural or economic disadvantages.)
1980 §yˆÏ° !àÎ˚yÓ˚•yê≈˛ ~ÓÇ í˛z•z§•ƒyl (Gearheart and Weishan) ӈϰ!SȈϰlÈüüÈ !¢ál x«˛Ù
!¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸yÎ˚ñ ˆ°áyÎ˚ñ Óylyl ܲÓ˚yÎ˚ñ xAܲ ܲ£ÏyÎ˚ñ ܲÌy Ó°yÎ˚ñ !ã˛hs˝y
˲yÓlyÎ˚ Óy ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà §•Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢ylyÎ˚ •zï˛hflÏï˛ !Ó¢,C°Ë˛yÓ ≤ÃÜ˛ê˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏ벖 ~•z «˛Ùï˛y xyÓyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚
åÜ˛Ìƒ Óy !°!áï˛ä §ˆÏAà xAày!Aàܲ˲yˆÏÓ ç!í˛¸ï˛– ܲyí˛zˆÏܲ !¢áˆÏl x«˛Ù Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ §%Æ
«˛Ùï˛y xl%ÎyÎ˚# ï˛yÓ˚ Îï˛ê˛y §yÊ˛°ƒ °y˲ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰ ÙˆÏl •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ~ÓÇ ÓyhflψÏÓ Îy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°y
ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛yͲõÎ≈˛õ)î≈ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !ÓòƒÙyl–
!lˆÏܲy°y§ •Ó§‰ (Nicholas Hobbs) ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ÈüüÈ !¢ál x«˛Ùï˛yÎ%=˛ !¢¢% •° ï˛yÓ˚y•z ÎyÓ˚y ÓÎ˚§
xl%ÎyÎ˚# !¢«˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ Óy ~ܲy!ôܲ !òˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒË˛yˆÏÓ !˛õ!SȈÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ܲyÓ˚î ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î G
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÈüȧM˛y°l §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛y xyˆÏSÈ xÌ≈yÍ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îñ §ÇˆÏÓòlñ §M˛y°l ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ï˛Ìy
¢y!Ó˚Ó˚#ܲÈüÈÙyl!§Ü˛ e%!ê˛Ó˚ çlƒ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)î≈ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚lyñ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xˆÏlܲ !˛õ!SȈÏÎ˚
˛õˆÏí˛¸–
Individuals with Disabilities Edcation Act ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ ≤Ãò_ §ÇK˛y!ê˛ •°Èüü Specific learning
disability refers to a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes
involved in understanding, or in using larguage, spoken or written that may manifest
itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, spell or do mathematical operations.
 xhs˝Ë%≈˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y 261
å!¢ál x«˛Ùï˛y •°üüÈ !˲!_Ù)°Ü˛ ~ܲ Óy ~ܲy!ôܲ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˛≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyñ ˆÎÙlÈ ÈüüüÈ Ó%V˛ÓyÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ ܲÌy G !°!áï˛ Ë˛y£Ïy ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~Ó˚ Ó!•/≤Ãܲy¢ âˆÏê˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ◊Óîñ !ã˛hs˝lñ ܲÌlñ
˛õë˛lñ !°ál‰ñ Óylyl ܲÓ˚yñ ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚y •zï˛ƒy!ò ≤çˆÏAà–ä
USA ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) Amendment 1997
§yˆÏ° ˆÎ §ÇK˛y !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ï˛y •°ÈüüüÈ
§yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ !¢ál x«˛Ùï˛y •° ~ܲôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x«˛Ùï˛y Îy !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˆÙÔ!áܲ G !°!áï˛ñ ˲y£Ïy ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ÓÇ xl%ôyÓî §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ ~ܲ Óy ~ܲy!ôܲ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ ~ÓÇ ~•z «˛Ùï˛y ˆÜ˛yl
!ӣψÏÎ˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢ylyñ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yñ ܲÌy Ó°yñ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛Ó˚yñ ˆ°áyñ Óylyl ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ §Ù§ƒy
§ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– (IDEA Amendment: In general the term specific learning
disabilities means a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved
in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, the disorder may manifest
itself imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell or do methematical
calculation.)
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ !¢ál x«˛Ùï˛y •° !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ !¢ál G ˆÓyˆÏôÓ˚ x«˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ Ó%V˛yÎ˚ Îy x!ôܲyÇ¢ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ çlƒ xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ G ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛– ~•z !¢ál x«˛Ùï˛y ~ܲyhs˝Ë˛yˆÏÓ !l!ò≈T˛ ˆÜ˛yl !¢ál G §Ù§ƒy
§ÙyôyˆÏl x§yÊ˛°ƒˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– ~•z !¢ál x«˛Ùï˛y xlƒylƒ ˜ò!•Ü˛ñ Ùyl!§Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛yÓ˚
§ˆÏAà ~ܲˆÏÎyˆÏà ˆòáy !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z !¢ál x«˛Ùï˛y ~•z §ÙhflÏ Ù)° ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛y åˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ Ùyl!§Ü˛
˛õŸã˛yò˛õòï˛yñ xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ §Ù§ƒyñ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ §ÇˆÏÓòlàï˛ x«˛Ùï˛y •zï˛ƒy!òäÈüÈ ~Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ !Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ê˛° lÎ˚–
!ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î (Idintification)ı
!¢ál x«˛Ùï˛y (Learning Disability) ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ ~Ùl !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ !¢álÙ)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS% •° !l¡¨Ó˚)˛õı
1ä ˆÌˆÏÙ ˆÌˆÏÙ Óylyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸y Óy ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ xl#•y–
2ä ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓyˆÏܲƒÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ ¢∑ Ü ˛Ù˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ly ˛õí˛¸y xÌ≈yÍ xyˆÏàÓ˚ ¢∑ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ Óy ˛õˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ¢∑ xˆÏà
˛õí˛¸y–
3ä xflõT˛ í˛zFã˛yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸y–
4ä xflõT˛ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆ°áy Óy ˆ°áyÓ˚ ï˛#Ó  xl#•y–
5ä ˲yAày ˲yAày Ùyey•#l x«˛Ó˚ ˆ°áy–
6ä xyˆÏàÓ˚ x«˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ Óy ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x«˛Ó˚ xyˆÏà !°ˆÏá Ë%˛° ¢∑ ˆ°áy–
7ä x§¡õ)î≈ xAܲ ܲ£Ïy–
8ä §Çáƒy !°áˆÏï˛ !°áˆÏï˛ •Î˚ Óyò ˆòGÎ˚y Óy xlƒ §Çáƒy ˆ°áy–
9ä §ÇáƒyÓ˚ §yÓ˚!î Ë%˛° ܲÓ˚y–
10ä Ü˛Ìƒ ˲y£Ïy Óy !°!áï˛ Ë˛y£ÏyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ Î%!=˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ly ˛õyÓ˚y G ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ly ˛õyÓ˚y–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 262
11ä ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ !Ó!«˛Æï˛y ˆòáyˆÏly–
12ä ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ x!fiÌÓ˚ï˛y G x!ï˛§!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y ˆòáyˆÏly–
13ä !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ˛õyˆÏë˛ xly@˝Ã• ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y Óy ˛õë˛l ã˛°yܲy°#l §ÙˆÏÎ˚ xlƒÙlflÒ Ìyܲy–
14ä ˆÜ˛yl !ӣψÏÎ˚ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ Ë%˛° Óy xl%˛õÎ%=˛ ôyÓ˚îy àë˛l ܲÓ˚y–
15ä ˆÜ˛yl !Ó£ÏÎ˚ Óy Ó› §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §ÇÓƒyáƒyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ x§%!ÓôyˆÏÓyô ܲÓ˚y–
16ä ˆÜ˛yl !ӣψÏÎ˚ ò#â≈«˛î ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ly ˛õyÓ˚y–
17ä Ù)°ï˛ ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÎyàñ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yàñ à%îñ ˲yà §Ó≈òy ~!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y–
18ä ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z xÓ§yò@˝ÃfiÌ ˆÓyô ܲÓ˚y–
19ä ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ x˲yÓñ xÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàñ §Ù§ƒy §Ùyôylñ ï˛Ìƒ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î G !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ x«˛Ùï˛y–
20ä flø,!ï˛ñ !ã˛hs˝lñ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îñ §yôyÓ˚î §Ùß∫Î˚ •zï˛ƒy!òˆÏï˛ !Ó!«˛Æï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚–
21ä xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ x!ï˛ §!Ü ˛Î˚ xyã˛Ó˚î Óy xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ !Ó!«˛Æï˛y ≤Ãܲy¢ ˛õyÎ˚–
22ä ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#°ï˛y ≤Ãܲy¢ ˛õyÎ˚–
23ä ˆÎyàñ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yàñ à%îñ ˲yà Ë%˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ˆÎ §Çáƒy!ê˛ ˆ°áyÓ˚ ܲÌy ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ xlƒ §Çáƒy
ˆ°ˆÏá–
24ä ¢∑˲yu˛yÓ˚ àë˛l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Óƒy•ï˛ •Î˚ñ ÓyˆÏܲƒÓ˚ àë˛l §!ë˛Ü˛ •Î˚ ly–
25ä ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ fl∫“ï˛yÎ˚ ˆË˛yˆÏà ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Óƒyâyï˛ ≤ÃÓîï˛y (Distractibility)
˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚ xÌ≈yÍ §yÙylƒ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ Óƒyâyï˛ âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
26ä ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy ÌyܲyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ó›Ó˚ xÓfiÌylñ SÈy˛õy Óy !°!áï˛ x«˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÓfiÌyl G xyÜ,˛!ï˛
§!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚ ly ~ÓÇ xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ ◊ÓˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG Ü˛ÌˆÏ˛õyÜ˛ÌˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ¢∑
¢%lˆÏ°G ÓyˆÏܲƒÓ˚ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ xÌ≈ xl%ôyÓl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ly–
27ä ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î §M˛y°l §Ùß∫ˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆ°áyñ ˛õí˛¸yñ Ó°y •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §yÙO§ƒ ÌyˆÏܲly–
ï˛y•z ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z Ë%˛° Óylylñ Ë%˛° ܲÌy !°ˆÏá ˆÊ˛ˆÏ° xˆÏlܲê˛y !lˆÏçÓ˚ xK˛yˆÏï˛•z–
28ä ˆÙÔ!áܲ !lˆÏò≈¢ !òˆÏ° §•ˆÏç xl%ôyÓl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ly ˛õyÓ˚y–
29ä !ã˛hs˝ˆÏl flõT˛ï˛yÓ˚ x˲yÓ–
30ä ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yl Óî≈ Óyò ˆòGÎ˚y Óy í˛zˆÏŒê˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸y–
31ä ~ܲ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ !ӣψÏÎ˚ §•ˆÏç ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ x«˛Ùï˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò–
32ä !¢«˛Ü˛ Ó•% •z!wÎ˚!˲!_ܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ (Multi Sensory Approach) ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl ~ÓÇ ~•z
˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ Ù)° Ó=˛Óƒ •° !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl !¢ál ~ܲy!ôܲ •z!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚ x!ôܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚#
•Î˚ xÌ≈yÍ ˆÜ˛yl !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈# Î!ò ~ܲ§ˆÏAà ~ܲy!ôܲ •z!wÎ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ !¢ál ˆÎÙl o%ï˛ •Î˚ñ ˆï˛Ù!l !l˲%≈°G •Î˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ ˛õÂô!ï˛
•° VAKT ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˆÎáyˆÏlÈüüüÈ
 xhs˝Ë%≈˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y 263
V- Visual
A- Auditory
K- Kinesthetic
T- Tactual
ˆÎÙlÈüüÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ à“ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ ÓœƒyܲˆÏÓyˆÏí≈˛ àˆÏ“ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ¢∑à%ˆÏ°y !°ˆÏá !òˆÏ°lñ
ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢áˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– G•z ¢∑à%ˆÏ°y !¢áˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈# ≤Ã̈ÏÙ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ˆòˆÏá (Visual)–
!¢«˛Ü˛ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ¢∑à%ˆÏ°y í˛zFã˛yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ï˛y ˆ§ ˆ¢yˆÏl (Auditory)– !¢«˛yÌ≈# !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚
¢∑à%ˆÏ°y í˛zFã˛yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ (Auditory)– ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈# ¢∑!ê˛ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ (Kinesthetic
~ÓÇ Tactual)–
!¢ál x«˛Ùï˛yÎ%=˛ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ¢ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ Ó•% x˲#«˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xlƒï˛Ù
•° ‘Development Indicators for the Assessment of Learning’(DIAL)– ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚
≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z 2½ ˆÌˆÏܲ 5½ ÓÎ˚§ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢ál x«˛Ùï˛y !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ– •z•y SÈyí˛¸yG !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ NCERT ‘Functional Assessment Guide’
lyˆÏÙ ~ܲ!ê˛ !lˆÏò≈!¢Ü˛y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ Ü˛yÓ˚î §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !¢ál x«˛Ùï˛y !ã˛!•´ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ° !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlÙï˛ ≤Ã!¢«˛îñ §•yÎ˚ï˛yòyl G ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ≤Ûï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ x«˛Ùï˛y ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Óy Ü˛Ù Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚
ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ÎyÓ˚y ï˛#Ó ÙyeyÓ˚ !¢ál x«˛Ùï˛yÎ%=˛ ï˛yˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ !Ó˚ˆÏ§y§≈ ܲ«˛ G !ӈϢ£ÏK˛
!¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ G §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚y ~ܲyhs˝ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– !¢ál x«˛Ùï˛yÎ%=˛ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ §ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y
xï˛ƒhs˝ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ܲyÓ˚î í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ !¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ G !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˆ§•z §ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚î ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xï˛ƒhs˝
Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° ܲyÓ˚î í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ !¢«˛y SÈyí˛¸y ~•z §ÙhflÏ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ Ù)° ˆflÀyˆÏï˛ Ü˛áˆÏly•z
!Ê˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyly §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ lÎ˚–
≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò (Types)ı
!¢ál x«˛Ùï˛y ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– xlƒylƒ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ x«˛Ùï˛y
ˆÎÙl ÈüüüÈ ò,!T˛àï˛ñ ◊Óîàï˛ñ ˆ˛õ!¢àï˛ñ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢Ù)°Ü˛ x«˛Ùï˛yñ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ xl@˝Ã§Ó˚ï˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò
!¢ál x«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §ÙyÌ≈ܲ lÎ˚– !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ x«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ !ܲS%È à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò •° !l¡¨Ó˚)˛õıÈüüüÈ
1ä ˛õë˛l x«˛Ùï˛y ı ~•z x«˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ xyÜ ˛yhs˝ !¢¢% ¢%Âô˲yˆÏÓ §Ó˚Ó ˛˛õyë˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õyë˛
ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ Óƒy•ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ˛õyë˛ x«˛Ùï˛y!ê˛ !í˛§‰ˆÏ°!:Î˚y (Dyslexia) lyˆÏÙG ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛–
2ä !°ál x«˛Ùï˛y ı ˆ°áyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ Î!ò x«˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆày°Ùy°ñ x§¡õ)î≈ ÓyˆÏܲƒÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà Óy
ã˛Ó˚Ù xly@˝Ã• ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ !°áˆÏl §Ù§ƒy xyˆÏSÈ– §Ù,Âô ¢∑˲yu˛yÓ˚ñ ÓƒyܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ K˛ylñ
ˆã˛yá G •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲçl !°áˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv !¢ál x«˛Ù !¢¢%Ó˚ ~•z§Ó ˆ«˛ˆÏe §Ù§ƒy ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 264
~•z !°ál x«˛Ùï˛y!ê˛ !í˛§‰@˝Ãy!Ê˛Î˚y (Dysgraphia) lyˆÏÙG ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛–
3ä ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ x«˛Ùï˛y ı à!îˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎ !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàñ !ã˛•´ G §ÇˆÏܲˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl
•Î˚ ï˛y xˆÏlܲ !¢¢%•z ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– Ê˛ˆÏ° ~•z §ÙhflÏ !¢¢%Ó˚y §Çáƒy G !ã˛ˆÏ•´Ó˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲñ fløÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yñ
§Çáƒy !Ólƒy§ •zï˛ƒy!ò !ӣψÏÎ˚ x«˛Ù •Î˚– ~•z ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ x«˛Ùï˛y!ê˛ !í˛§‰Ü˛ƒy°Ü%˛!°Î˚y (Dyscalculia)
lyˆÏÙG ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛–
4ä Óyã˛!lܲ G ˲y£Ïyàï˛ ≤Ãܲy¢Ù)°Ü˛ x«˛Ùï˛y ı ˆÜ˛yl !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ Óyܲƒ àë˛ˆÏl Óy ¢∑!lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl §Ù§ƒy
•Î˚ Îy !í˛§‰ˆÏly!ÙÎ˚y (Dysnomia) lyˆÏÙG ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛–
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ˆÜ˛yl í˛zFã˛yÓ˚îàï˛ x«˛Ùï˛y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ ܲÌyÓ˚ xflõT˛ï˛y ÌyˆÏܲ Óy ~•z çyï˛#Î˚ §Ù§ƒy ÌyˆÏܲ Îy
!í˛§‰xy!Ì≈Î˚y (Dysarthia) lyˆÏÙG ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛–
5ä ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛yl !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˲y£Ïy ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ñ Ù!hflÏflÒ ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ §ÇÎ%!=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏî Óy §M˛y°lyÎ˚ Î!ò
§Ù§ƒy ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ !í˛§‰≤Ãy܉˛!¢Î˚y (Dyspraxia)–
~SÈyí˛¸yGÈ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy Attention Deficit Disorder Óy ADD Óy ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà•#lï˛y G
x!ï˛§M˛°ï˛yÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy (Attention Deficiency and Hyper Activity Disorder Óy ADHD) G
!¢ál x«˛Ùï˛y Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õG Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
!¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Role of Teacher)ı
!¢ál x«˛Ùï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢ál §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ §Ù§ƒy ~ÓÇ ~•z §Ù§ƒy !¢¢%Ó˚ ˛õë˛lñ !°álñ Óylyl ܲÓ˚yñ xAܲ
ܲ£Ïy ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z çyï˛#Î˚ §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ !ӈϢ£ÏK˛ !¢«˛Ü˛
xÓ¢ƒ•z !lˆÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– !ܲv !ӈϢ£ÏK˛ !¢«˛Ü˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z §•ç°Ë˛ƒ •Î˚ ly– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ
!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yôyÓ˚î !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚•z !¢ál x«˛Ùï˛yÎ%=˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
•Î˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ !ܲS%È •° !l¡¨Ó˚)˛õ ÈüüüÈ
1ä ˆSÈyê˛ ˆSÈyê˛ §•ç ~ÓÇ §%!l!ò≈T˛ °«˛ƒ !fiÌÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛y ˆòGÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛–
2ä !¢«˛yÌ≈# Îï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ !¢á° ï˛y ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà G x˲ƒy§ ܲÓ˚yˆÏly òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚
§yÙy!lƒÜ˛Ó˚î (Generalisation) §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ •ˆÏÓ xÌ≈yÍ !¢álˆÏܲ ÓyhflÏÓ ç#ÓˆÏl ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
3ä ˆÜ˛yl !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ˛õyë˛ Óy xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ í˛z_Ó˚ òyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ΈÏÌT˛ §ÙÎ˚
!òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
xhs˝Ë%≈˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y 265
4ä ˆÎˆÏܲyl !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl ≤Ãôyl !òܲà%ˆÏ°y !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
5ä §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆÙÔ!áܲ Óy !°!áï˛ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ !lˆÏò≈¢ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ xï˛ƒhs˝ flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ–
6ä !Ó!˲ߨ !¢«˛îÈüÈ≤Ãò#˛õl ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ΈÏÌT˛ §ÙÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ Óƒyáƒy §•Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚
í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
7ä !¢ál !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› á%Ó ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
8ä ˆÜ˛yl !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xl%ôyÓl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ§ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ !¢«˛Ü˛ ÎÌyÎÌ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà !òˆÏÎ˚
¢%lˆÏÓl–
9ä !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §yò,¢ƒÎ%=˛ Óy §ÙôÙ≈# !Ó!˲ߨ Óî≈ G ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !lÓ˚)˛õî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ x˲ƒy§
!¢«˛Ü˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl–
10ä ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢ál x«˛Ùï˛yÎ%=˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ §yÙylƒ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛Ü˛ ≤âǧy ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl
ÎyˆÏï˛ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y !¢áˆÏl í˛zͧy• ˛õyÎ˚–
11ä !¢«˛Ü˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› G !lˆÏò≈¢ˆÏܲ §Ó≈òy ÓœƒyܲˆÏÓyˆÏí≈˛ !°ˆÏá Ó˚yáˆÏÓl ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢ál x«˛Ùï˛yÎ%=˛ !¢¢%Ó˚y
ï˛y ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y xl%ôyÓl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
12ä !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ü ˛Ù í˛zߨ!ï˛ (Progress) ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ çlƒ !l!ò≈T˛ §ÙÎ˚ xhs˝Ó˚ xhs˝Ó˚
Ù)°ƒyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl–
13ä !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyd!ÓŸªy§ àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛°ˆÏÓl ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ ˆòˆÏÓl–
14ä !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ !˛õï˛yÈüÈÙyï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà Ó˚yáˆÏÓl– ~ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ !Óܲy¢ G
í˛zߨÎ˚l §•ç ~ÓÇ cÓ˚y!ß∫ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
15ä ˛õë˛l §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ܲÙyˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õlí»˛y•zˆÏ˲ ˆÓ˚ܲí˛Ü,˛ï˛ Ó•z ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl–
16ä ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà §•ˆÏç•z lT˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ •Î˚ §yÙˆÏl lÎ˚ˆÏï˛y ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ÙyV˛áyˆÏl
Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
17ä !¢«˛Ü˛ ˆÎ §Ó§ÙÎ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈ !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly xl%ÎyÎ˚# !¢«˛yòyˆÏl x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓl ï˛y lÎ˚ó
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlˆÏÓyˆÏô ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly o%ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ùï˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛ï˛y G «˛Ùï˛yG ï˛yÑÓ˚ Ìyܲy
ã˛y•z–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 266
~•z ≤çˆÏAà !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ xÓ¢ƒ•z ˆáÎ˚y° Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA) ÈüÈ~Ó˚
ôy˛õ Óy hflÏÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y ~ÓÇ ~•z ôy˛õ Óy hflÏÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y •° !l¡¨Ó˚)˛õ ÈüüüÈ
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l#Î˚ xyã˛Ó˚î !l!ò≈T˛Ü˛Ó˚î
↓
xyã˛Ó˚î!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ
↓
ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã•
↓
xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l
↓
°kô Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î
↓
˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ ˆã˛T˛y
↓
§yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ Óy ≤âǧy
↓
ˆÜ˛Ô¢°à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛
↓
§yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ •yÓ˚ §%!l!ò≈T˛ G §•ç˲yˆÏÓ ã˛yê≈˛ Óy @˝ÃyˆÏÊ˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl–
ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ !¢ál x«˛Ùï˛yÎ%=˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ my!Î˚c•z ≤Ãôyl ï˛y•z !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ
xÓ¢ƒ•z ï˛yÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §Ó≈òy §ˆÏã˛ï˛l G ÎbÓyl ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢ál x«˛Ùï˛yÎ%=˛ !¢¢%
§yÌ≈ܲ˲yˆÏÓ !¢«˛y ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ (Conclusion)ı
!¢ál x«˛Ùï˛yÎ%=˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ !¢«˛y– ˆÎáyˆÏl Ù,ò% §ÙƒÓƒhflÏ Óy fl∫“ ÙyeyÎ˚
!¢ál x«˛Ùï˛yÎ%=˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏlÓ˚ myÓ˚y §yôyÓ˚î ˆ◊î#ܲˆÏ«˛ !Ê˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyly ÎyÎ˚ ˆ§áyˆÏl
ï˛#Ó  ÙyeyÎ˚ !¢ál x«˛Ùï˛yÎ%=˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ !ӈϢ£Ï ˆ◊î#ܲ«˛ G ò«˛ !ӈϢ£ÏK˛ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ §ÙyçˆÏܲ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl §ÙyçfiÌ §Ü˛° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ó §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ Ù)°ˆÏflÀyˆÏï˛Ó˚
Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ !¢ál x«˛Ùï˛yÎ%=˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏ° §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ Ù)° ã˛y!°Ü˛y¢!=˛•z Óƒy•ï˛ •Î˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚
ܲï≈˛Óƒ !¢ál x«˛Ùï˛yÎ%=˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xÓàï˛ •GÎ˚y ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §Ùyç !lÙ≈yî G ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÌ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y–
 xhs˝Ë%≈˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y 267

§yÓ˚§ÇˆÏ«˛˛õ (Summary)

≤ÃÌÙ ~ܲÜ
xhs˝Ë%≈˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y ı xÌ≈ñ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ§Ù)•ñ í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)•ñ Óyôy§Ù)•

xhsË%˛≈!=˛Ù)°Ü !¢«˛y •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy ˆÎáyˆÏl §ÙhflÏ ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ xy§yÓ˚
§%ˆÏÎyà ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ xÌ≈ ~•z lÎ˚ ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚y !l!‹;Î˚ !¢«˛y @˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓñ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ
Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈Ü ˛ˆÏÙ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §!Ü ˛Î˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î Ü ˛Ùyàï˛ Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏ°•z xhsË%˛≈!=˛Ù)°Ü
!¢«˛y §Ü˛° •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
~!ê˛ •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌy ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚y xyˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ü˛°ˆÏܲ
!¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y•z •° Ù)° °«˛ƒ– ~!ê˛ •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌy ÎyÓ˚ Ù)° °«˛ƒ •°ñ !¢«˛yÓ˚
Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ§Ü˛° !¢¢%Ó˚y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ü˛°ˆÏܲ !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y– !¢¢%Ó˚ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲñ
ˆÓÔ!Âôܲñ §yÙy!çܲñ ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲñ ˲y£Ïyàï˛ !ܲÇÓy xlƒ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ §Ù§ƒy Îy ÌyÜ%˛Ü˛ ly ˆÜ˛l
ï˛yˆÏܲ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÈÏӈϢÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y•z •° xhs≈˝Ë%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü !¢«˛y–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛•z !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏܲ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÈÏӈϢÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y•z •°
xhs≈˝Ë%˛!=˛Ù)°Ü !¢«˛y ~ÓÇ ~•z !¢«˛yÎ˚ Óƒy•ï˛ «˛Ùï˛y §¡õߨ !¢¢%ñ í˛zß¨ï˛ ˆÙôy§¡õߨ !¢¢%ñ ˛õÌ!¢¢%ñ í˛z˛õçy!ï˛
§¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !¢¢%ñ ˲y£Ïyàï˛ Óy §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ §Çáƒy°â% ~Ùl §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !¢¢%ñ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
!˛õ!SȈÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸y !¢¢% •zï˛ƒy!ò ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚ !¢«˛y §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó%˚c˛õ)î≈ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ–

!mï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ
Óƒy•ï˛ ò,!T˛¢!=˛ §¡õߨ !¢¢%ı xÌ≈ñ !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲òñ !¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛

˛õ)î≈ ò,!T˛•#l Óy xrô Ùyl%£Ï Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ó%V˛yÎ˚ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ò,!T˛¢!=˛ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚•z ˆl•z ~ÓÇ xyˆÏ°yܲÓ˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ í˛zͧ
xl%ôyÓl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ly– ò,!T˛¢!=˛Ó˚ «˛#îï˛y !¢¢%Ó˚‡Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ñ §M˛y°lÙ)°Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ ~ÓÇ
§yÙy!çܲ !Óܲy¢ •zï˛ƒy!òˆÏܲ˛ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ò,!T˛¢!=˛ fl∫y˲y!ÓˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ü˛Ù •ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏܲ Óƒy•ï˛
ò,!T˛¢!=˛ §¡õߨ Ó°y •Î˚– ~•z Óƒy•ï˛ ò,!T˛¢!=˛ §¡õߨï˛y !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 268
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ
Óƒy•ï˛ ◊ÓÙï˛y §¡õߨ !¢¢%ı xÌ≈ñ !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲òñ !¢«˛î˛õÂô!ï˛

Óƒy•ï˛ ◊ÓÙï˛y §¡õߨ !¢¢%%Ó˚yG Ù)°ï˛ •z!wÎ˚ç!lï˛ e%!ê˛Ó˚ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yÓ˚y fl∫y˲y!Óܲ
!¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ !˛õ!SȈÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ◊ÓîÈüÈ•z!wÎ˚ ï˛Ìy ܲyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl xLjϢ e%!ê˛ ˆòáy !òˆÏ° ◊Óî !Ü ˛Î˚y Óƒy•ï˛
•Î˚– ܲyˆÏlÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yl xLjϢ ܲ# çyï˛#Î˚ e%!ê˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ◊Óîç!lï˛ e%!ê˛ !Ó!˲ߨ
≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •Î˚– ܲyˆÏlÓ˚ e%!ê˛ Ó!•/ܲî≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÙôƒÜ˛î≈ G xhs˝/ܲî≈ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚
fl∫y˲y!Óܲ !¢¢% !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÓ˚yàÓƒy!ôÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî Óy ò)â≈ê˛lyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ◊ÓÙï˛y •yÓ˚yÎ˚– ˆÜ˛yl !¢¢% Ó!ôÓ˚ !ܲ ly ï˛y
!lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Îsf ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–

ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ~ܲܲ
!¢álÙ)°Ü˛ x«˛Ùï˛yı xÌ≈ñ !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲òñ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy

!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ §Ó≈e•z !ܲS%È !ܲS%È !¢«˛yÌ≈# ÌyˆÏܲ ÎyÓ˚y xy˛õyï˛ ò,!T˛ˆÏï˛ fl∫y˲y!Óܲñ !ܲv !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ
!˛õSȈÏlÓ˚ §y!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ Ê˛° xy¢yl%Ó˚)˛õ •Î˚ ly– ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ ~ܲ•z ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛
xˆÏlܲ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Î˚ ˛õí˛¸y ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ˆòÎ˚– !Ó!˲ߨ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ lyˆÏÙ x!˲!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎÙlñ ܲálG
Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ù!hflÏflÒ §yÙylƒ xyâyï˛ ≤ÃyÆñ ܲálG Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ù!hflÏflÒ §yÙylƒ !l!fl;Î˚ï˛y ˆòy£ÏÎ%=˛ñ ܲálG
Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÙrÌÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ñ xyÓyÓ˚ ܲálG Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îç!lï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Órô#ñ xyÓyÓ˚ ܲálG Óy ˛õë˛l
x«˛Ù !¢«˛yÌ≈# •zï˛ƒy!ò–
!ܲv 1963 §yˆÏ° !lí˛z •zÎ˚Ü≈˛ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ x!˲˲yÓܲˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ §Ë˛yÎ˚ §ƒyÙ%ˆÏÎ˚° xƒyˆÏ°Ü˛çy[˛yÓ˚ ܲyÜ≈˛
(Samuel Alexander Kirk) ~•z §Ó lyˆÏÙÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï˛≈ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z §Ù§ƒyˆÏܲ !¢ál x«˛Ù (Learning
Disabled) lyˆÏÙ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ ˆòl– ˆ§•z §ÙÎ˚ !¢ál x«˛Ù !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ x!˲˲yÓܲÓ˚y !¢ál
x«˛Ù !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ §!Ù!ï˛ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ lyÙ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ‘Association for Children
With Learning Disability’– ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~•z §!Ù!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˆ˛õ¢yòyÓ˚ §Çàë˛là%ˆÏ°y fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ !¢ál
x«˛Ùï˛y (Learning Disability) lyÙ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï !¢«˛yÎ˚ (Special Education) fiÌyÎ˚#˲yˆÏÓ à,•#ï˛ •Î˚–
xhs˝Ë%≈˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y 269

xl%¢#°l#
1 ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿ / ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓyˆÏܲƒ
1ä ˛ˆÓœ•z° ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˆÜ˛ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l⁄
2ä Óƒy•ï˛ ◊ÓÙï˛y §¡õߨ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ §M˛y°l ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˆÜ˛ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l⁄
3ä E-9 ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ §ˆÏ¡ø°l ܲˆÏÓ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°⁄
2 ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿ / §Ó≈y!ôܲ 40!ê˛ ¢∑
1ä !í˛§‰ˆÏ°!:Î˚y ܲyˆÏܲ ӈϰ⁄
2ä Óƒy•ï˛ ◊ÓÙï˛y §¡õߨ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ܲ¡õl G flõ¢≈ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˆÜ˛ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l⁄
3ä xhs˝Ë%≈˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y !ܲ⁄
3 ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿ / §Ó≈y!ôܲ 60!ê˛ ¢∑
1ä xhs˝Ë%≈˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !°á–
2ä Óƒy•ï˛ ◊ÓÙï˛y §¡õߨ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ !°á–
3ä xhs˝Ë%≈˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ Óyôy í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚–
4 ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿ / §Ó≈y!ôܲ 100!ê˛ ¢∑
1ä Óƒy•ï˛ ◊ÓÙï˛y §¡õߨ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚–
2ä Óƒy•ï˛ ò,!T˛¢!=˛ §¡õߨ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ !°á–
3ä !¢álÙ)°Ü˛ x«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !°á–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 270

§ÆÙ xôƒyÎ˚ ı !¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl

˛ ≤ÃÌÙ ~Ü˛Ü ı Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl ı xÌ≈ñ !¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yñ
˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy !Ó˲yçl
!mï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ ı ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏe ï˛Ìƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢l ı x!Ó!FSÈߨ hflÏΩ˛!ã˛eñ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy
Ó•%Ë%˛ç
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ ı ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ı àí˛¸ñ ÙôƒÙÙylñ Ë%˛!£ÏT˛Ü˛
ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ~ܲܲ ı !Ó£ÏÙï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ı §ÙƒÜ˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛
!¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl 271

§ÆÙ xôƒyÎ˚
!¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl
(Statistics in Education)

í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ (Ovjectives)ı
l !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛ylÈüÈ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ñ !¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy !Ó˲yçl
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylˆÏÓ–
l !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏe ï˛Ìƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢l åx!Ó!FSÈߨ hflÏΩ˛!ã˛eñ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó•%Ë%˛çä §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xÓàï˛
•ˆÏÓ–
l !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ˛˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ åàí˛¸ñ ÙôƒÙÙylñ Ë)˛!£ÏT˛Ü˛ä §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylˆÏÓ–
l !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y !Ó£ÏÙï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ å§ÙƒÜ˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ä §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xÓàï˛ •ˆÏÓ–

≤Ãy܉˛ÈüÈܲÌl (Pre-face) :
xyô%!lܲ Î%à !ÓK˛yl G ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ myÓ˚y §Ù,Âô– !ÓK˛yl G ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°y
ï˛Ìƒ xyòyl ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ~•z §%˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛
ï˛Ìƒ!˲!_ܲ x@˝Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ï˛y° !Ù!°ˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚l §yôl ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !ÓŸªñ §Ùyçñ Ó˚yT˛…ñ
Ó˚yçƒ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï˛Ìƒyl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ xÓòyl xlfl∫#ܲyÎ≈– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ lyly
!òˆÏܲ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢y!ôܲyÓ˚ âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ñ §Ùyç!Óòƒyñ fl∫yfĩñ àˆÏÓ£Ïîyñ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛
!ӈϟ’£Ïî ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ–
Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl •° ~Ùl ~ܲ !ÓK˛ylñ ÎyÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛ylG !ӣψÏÎ˚ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚yñ ï˛yˆÏܲ !ÓlƒhflÏ
ܲÓ˚yñ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy !Ó˲yçˆÏl §y!çˆÏÎ˚ ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏ˲ˆÏò
ˆÜ˛ylG ˆÜ˛ylG ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙG ï˛Ìƒy!ò ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ !lî≈#ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ
˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó•%Ë%˛ç Óy !Ê ˛ˆÏܲyˆÏÎ˚™# ˛õ!°àlñ !•ˆÏfiê˛y@˝ÃyÙ •zï˛ƒy!ò– xyÓyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y!lÓ˚#«˛yñ §Ù#«˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ
ï˛Ìƒà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !ÓlƒhflÏ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ~•z
!ÓlƒhflÏ ï˛ÌƒyÓ°#Ó˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ §•ˆÏÎyà#ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏl ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ !ï˛lÓ˚Ü˛Ù ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ xyˆÏSÈ– ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y •° àí˛¸ (Mean)ñ
ÙôƒÙÙyl (Median) ~ÓÇ Ë)˛!£ÏT˛Ü˛ (Mode)– ~•z ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw Ìyܲy
~ܲˆÏܲÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒˆÏܲ §Ù!T˛àï˛ Ê˛°yÊ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚
Ùyl !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ï˛Ìƒ !ӈϟ’£Ïîñ ï˛yÓ˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈˛õ)î≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢lñ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ï˛yÓ˚ Ùyl !lî≈Î˚ñ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚
§yÊ˛°ƒ Óy ÓƒÌ≈ï˛y !lî≈Î˚ñ Óƒy˛õܲ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ !lî≈Î˚ ~ÓÇ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚ˆÏl !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 272
ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ myÓ˚y §Ù!T˛àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛ï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y ˆflÒyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ~ܲܲ Ùyl myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy¢
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Î!ò ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ylG ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃyÆ l¡∫Ó˚ •Î˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛w#Î˚
≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ G•z ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô fiÌyl#Î˚ Ùyl ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv G•z ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ
!¢«˛yÌ≈# !ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ï˛yÓ˚ Ùyl xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y G•z ˆÜ˛w#Î˚Ùyl myÓ˚y ˆÓyV˛yˆÏly ÎyÎ˚ ly– ï˛y•z
ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ò%!òˆÏܲ xÌ≈yÍ G˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ l#ˆÏã˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ï˛yÓ˚ Ùyl ˆÓyV˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ Óy ~ܲ!ê˛
ˆflÒyÓ˚ Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏlñ ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ò%!òˆÏܲ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ xyˆÏSÈ ï˛y ˆÓyV˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ !Ó£ÏÙï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ– §ÙƒÜ˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒG ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÙï˛yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ– xyô%!lܲܲyˆÏ° §ÙƒÜ˛ ˛õyÌ≈ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y
ÎyÎ˚–
í í˛z
!¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl 273
≤ÃÌÙ ~ܲܲ
Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl ı xÌ≈ñ !¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚ï˛yñ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy !Ó˲yçl
(Statistics : Meaning, Need of Statistics in Education, Frequency
Distribution)
˲)!Ùܲy (Introduction) ı
˛≤Ãyã˛#lܲy° ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ x!˲K˛ï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ Ùyl%£Ï lylyÓ˚ܲÙ
≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ xy§ˆÏSÈ– !ܲv !Ó!˲ߨ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÙyî •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ àï˛yl%à!ï˛Ü˛ ˙ ˛õÂô!ï˛ à%!° !SÈ° e%!ê˛ ˛õ)î≈–
xyô%!lܲܲyˆÏ° !lË%≈˛° ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ¢yáy à!îˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÎ ¢yáyÓ˚ myÓ˚fiÌ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y •°
Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl Óy Statistics.
xÌ≈ (Meaning) ı
•zLjÏÓ˚ç# ‘Statistics’ ¢∑!ê˛ °ƒy!ê˛l ¢∑ ‘Status’ •zï˛y°#Î˚ ¢∑ ‘Statista’ Óy çyÙy≈l ¢∑ Statistik
ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõ!_ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ‘Status’ ~ÓÇ ‘Statistik’ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÌ≈ ÚÓ˚yT˛…Û– xyÓ˚ ‘Statista’ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÌ≈
ÚÓ˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ°#Û–
Ó%ƒÍ˛õ!_àï˛ xÌ≈ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y•z Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ Ó˚yˆÏT˛… ܲyç ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ ôyÓ˚ly ˆÌˆÏܲ•z
Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zͲõ!_ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ï˛Ìƒñ ˆÎÙlÈüüü ˆ°yܲ§Çáƒyñ Ó˚yçˆÏfl∫Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùylñ çß√ÈüÈÙ,ï%˛ƒ
≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ !•§yˆÏÓÓ˚ çlƒ ~!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ï˛– ï˛ˆÏÓ ≤Ãã˛#lܲyˆÏ° Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye Ó˚yÏT˛…#Î˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ°#
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §#!Ùï˛ ÌyܲˆÏ°G Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ÙylÓ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xÌ≈yÍ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ñ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ñ
§yÙy!çܲñ ÙylÓ Ü˛°ƒyˆÏlñ !ÓK˛yl •zï˛ƒy!òˆÏï˛ !Óhfl,Ïï˛–
xT˛yò¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙyV˛yÙy!V˛ çyÙ≈yl flÒ°yÓ˚ ˆày!ê˛!Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚í˛ xˆÏã˛lGˆÏÎ˚° (Gotifried Achenwell)
‘Statistics’ ¢∑!ê˛ ≤ÃÌÙ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ‘Statistics’ ~•z •zLjÏÓ˚ç# ≤Ã!ï˛¢∑!ê˛ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl G ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyl
í˛z˲Î˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ï˛Ó%G Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyl §ÙyÌ≈ܲ ¢∑ lÎ˚– ˛õ!Ó˚§ÇáƒyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùylàï˛
ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî G ï˛yͲõÎ≈ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y •° Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyç– Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §AàyÎ˚ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ÈüüÈ
ˆÎ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆÜ˛yl !ӈϢ£Ï §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ Ó›ˆÏܲ Óy !˲ߨ !˲ߨ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yl !ӈϢ£Ï Ó›ˆÏܲ
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î myÓ˚y Ó˚y!¢ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ §Çܲ°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛y•z •° Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl–
!Ó!˲ߨ §Ùyç!ÓK˛yˆÏl Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl !Ó!˲ߨ lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ˆÎÙlÈüüÈ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏl ~Ó˚ lyÙ •°
Psychometry– xÌ≈!ÓK˛yˆÏl Econometry, l,ï˛c !ÓòƒyÎ˚ Authropometry, §Ùyç!Óòƒy Sociom-
etry, ≤Ãyl#!ÓòƒyÎ˚ Biometry •zï˛ƒy!ò– ‘metry’ ܲÌy!ê˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ ÚÙy˛õÛ–
!¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y (Need of Statistics in Education) ı
xyô%!lܲ ܲyˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yl !ÓK˛yl•z Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛y SÈyí˛¸y ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ï˛y•z ÙˆÏly!Óòƒyñ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ñ
≤Ãyl#!Óòƒy •zï˛ƒy!ò !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !¢«˛y!ÓK˛yˆÏlG Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ K˛yl x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ– Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚
K˛yl !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÎ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlà%ˆÏ°y ˆÙê˛yˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y •° ÈüüüÈ
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 274
≤ÃÌÙï˛ı !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ï˛ÌƒˆÏܲ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl §•ç §Ó˚°Ë˛yˆÏÓ G ï˛yͲõÎ≈˛õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
§•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ï˛Ìƒà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §•ç˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ò%ñôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùyl ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ÈüüüÈ
1ä ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓlï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ (Measures of Central Tendency)
2ä !Ó£ÏÙï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ (Measures of Varialeility)
!mï˛#Î˚ï˛ı Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ x!ÓlƒhflÏ l¡∫Ó˚ Óy ˆflÒyÓ˚ˆÏܲ
!ÓlƒhflÏ G §y!Ó˚ÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÌ≈˛õ)î≈ Ó˚)˛õ ˆòGÎ˚y §Ω˛Ó •Î˚–
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ï˛ı !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ x!ç≈ï˛˛ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ !Óã˛yÓ˚ܲÓ˚ˆÏî §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ï˛ı ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤ÃyÆ !Ó!˲ߨ ï˛ÌƒˆÏܲ ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÓyôàÙƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
˛õM˛Ùï˛ı Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl à!îˆÏï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢yáy •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~!ê˛ ï˛Ìƒ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÎ !§Âôyhs˝
@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ !lË%≈˛° G Î%!=˛§¡øï˛ •Î˚– ï˛y•z fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !Ó!˲ߨ !ӣψÏÎ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î G ˆ§•z xl%ÎyÎ˚# !Ó!˲ߨ !¢«˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y
§Ω˛Ó •Î˚–
£Ï¤˛ï˛ı Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ K˛ylˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ !lË%≈˛°Ë˛yˆÏÓ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ G ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ
x˲#«˛yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°y §Ω˛Ó •Î˚–
§ÆÙï˛ı Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y Óy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xÜ,˛ï˛Ü˛yÎ≈ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î
!lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó •Î˚–
xT˛Ùï˛ı Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈# §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ï˛ÌƒÓ°# §Ç@˝Ã• G ï˛yͲõÎ≈ !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
˲!ӣσˆÏï˛Ó˚ çlƒ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ G !lˆÏò≈¢ly òyl ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó •Î˚–
˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy !Ó˲yçl (Frequency Distribution) ı
Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ Ü˛yç •ˆÏFSÈ §Çà,•#ï˛ âê˛ly Óy ï˛ÌƒˆÏܲ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y– ~•z ï˛Ìƒ !Ó!˲ߨ
í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ §Çà,•#ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îñ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚# Óy ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚# ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛
!ÓÓÓ˚l#ñ §ÇÓyò˛õe Óy Ùƒyày!çˆÏl ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ !ÓÓÓ˚l#ñ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏlyÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛° Óy àˆÏÓ£ÏlyÎ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛
Ê˛°yÊ˛° •zï˛ƒy!ò– ï˛ˆÏÓ §Çà,•#ï˛ ~•z ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ~ˆÏ°yˆÏوϰy Óy x!ÓlƒhflÏ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §%!ÓlƒhflÏ G §%§ÇÓÂô xyܲyÓ˚ ly !òˆÏ° ï˛y §yôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ •Î˚ ly– ˆ§•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
§Çà,•#ï˛ ï˛ÌƒˆÏܲ ˆ◊î# !Ó˲=˛ G SÈܲ!ÓlƒhflÏ (Classification and Taleulation) ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y
•Î˚ G ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏe (Graph) ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ §Çà,•#ï˛ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ï˛y !ӈϟ’£Ïî G ï˛yͲõÎ≈
!lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– !lˆÏã˛ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏl ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •° ÈüüüÈ
!¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl 275
1ä ˆflÒ° (Scale)ı ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y Îál ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ §Ùyl •zí˛z!lê˛ !•§yˆÏÓ Óƒ=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛ál
ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆfl҈ϰ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ˆflÒ° •° ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õܲ– !¢«˛y ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏl ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y à%l Óy
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆfl҈ϰÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚% ‘0’ ˆÌˆÏܲ •Î˚ ly–
2ä ˆflÒyÓ˚ (Score)ı Óƒ!=˛ Óy Ó›Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒˆÏܲ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆflÒyÓ˚ ӈϰ–
ˆÎÙl ÈüüüÈ ˆ◊î#Ó˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ à!îˆÏï˛Ó˚ K˛yl ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yl ˛õÓ˚#«˛y !lˆÏ°l xÌÓy ~ܲò°
!¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ Ó%!Âô ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛yl x˲#«˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y •°– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ü,˛!ï˛c Óy §Ê˛°ƒˆÏܲ l¡∫Ó˚
Óy §ÇáƒyÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˛õ!Ó˚§ÇáƒyˆÏlÓ˚ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ӈϰ ˆflÒyÓ˚–
3ä ã˛° (Varialele)ı Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆÎ§Ó ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#° ï˛yˆÏܲ•z ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y
ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xyÓ˚ ˆÎ§Ó ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ x˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#° ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ï˛y•z Ó°y
ÎyÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#° ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ òÓ˚%l ˆÎ ˆflÒyÓ˚ ˛˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ•z ã˛° ӈϰ– ã˛° ò%•z ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
•Î˚ÈüüÈ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õàï˛ G à%làï˛– Gçlñ í˛zFã˛ï˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò •° ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õàï˛ ã˛° ~ÓÇ Ó%!Âô •° à%làï˛ ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
í˛zòy•Ó˚î–
4ä x!ÓlƒhflÏ G !ÓlƒhflÏ ˆflÒyÓ˚ (Ungrouped and Grouped Score)ı ˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ï˛yÓ˚ x˲#«˛yÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛°
ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ l¡∫Ó˚ Óy ˆflÒyÓ˚ à%ˆÏ°y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ~ˆÏ°yˆÏوϰy xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛y•z ~à%ˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ xÌ≈˛õ)î≈ ôyÓ˚ly
àë˛l ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏFSÈÓ˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ §!ë˛Ü˛ ˲yˆÏÓ Óƒyáƒy Óy !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §%¢,C°Ë˛yˆÏÓ
§yçyˆÏly Óy ˆ◊î#!Ólƒy§ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ •Î˚– ˆÜ˛yÓ˚à%Fã˛ Îál ˆ◊î#!Ólƒy§ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ly xÌ≈yÍ ~ˆÏ°yˆÏوϰy
xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ál ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ x!ÓlƒhflÏ ˆflÒyÓ˚ Óy ܲyÑã˛y ï˛Ìƒ (Raw Score)– xyÓ˚ ˆ◊î#!Ólƒy§
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆflÒyÓ˚à%FSȈÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ !ÓlƒhflÏ ˆflÒyÓ˚ (Grouped Score)–
5ä x!Ó!FSÈߨ §y!Ó˚ G !Ó!FSÈߨ §y!Ó˚ (Discrete Series and Continuous Series)ı ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
ï˛Ìƒ §Ù!T˛ˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ §yçyˆÏly •ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏܲ §y!Ó˚ Óy (Series) ӈϰ– ~•z §y!Ó˚ ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •Î˚ ÈüüüÈ x!Ó!FSÈߨ
§y!Ó˚ G !Ó!FSÈߨ §y!Ó˚–
~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒñ ˆflÒyÓ˚ Óy Ó› •zï˛ƒy!ò ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ §yçyˆÏ° ÙyV˛áyˆÏl Î!ò ˆÜ˛yl ˆSÈò Óy !ÓÓ˚!ï˛ ly ÌyˆÏܲ
ï˛yˆÏܲ x!Ó!FSÈߨ §y!Ó˚ ӈϰ– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §y!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ò%•z ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ÓÓ˚yÙ ˆSÈò!ê˛ˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •ˆÏ°
«%˛oï˛Ó˚ xLjϢ ˲yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎÙlÈüüÈ ˆÜ˛yl Ó›Ó˚ ˜òˆÏâ≈ƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe àçñ Ê%˛ê˛ñ •z!M˛ ôyˆÏ˛õ ôyˆÏ˛õ
ˆlˆÏÙ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ xÌ≈yÍ àçˆÏܲ Ê%˛ê˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ xÌÓy Ê%˛ê˛ˆÏܲ •z!M˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˆSÈyê˛ ˆSÈyê˛ Ë˛yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yl Ê˛Ñyܲ ˆl•z– xÌÓy !lˆÏã˛Ó˚ !ã˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áy˛ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈ Îy ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ܲï˛à%!° !Ó®%
~ܲ!eï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˜ï˛Ó˚# •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yl ˆSÈò Óy !ÓÓ˚!ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ly– ò%!ê˛ !Ó®%Ó˚ ÙÏôƒÓï˛≈# xÇ¢ˆÏܲ
§)«˛ï˛Ó˚ ˲yà ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó–
A B
!ã˛e ı AB ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó˚° ˆÓ˚áy å!Ó®%Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ä
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 276
!Ó!FSÈߨ §y!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ò%!ê˛ ˆflÒyÓ˚ Óy Ó›Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÓƒÓôyl ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~•z ÓƒÓôylˆÏܲ «%˛oï˛Ù xLjϢ ˲yà
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ˆÎÙlüüÈ ˆÜ˛yl !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ £Ï¤˛ ˆ◊î#Ó˚ A, B, C, D ~•z ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ (Section) !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚
§Çáƒy ÎÌyÜ ˛ˆÏÙ 40, 41, 42, 43– ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~˲yˆÏÓ•z ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– 40.1, 41.2 ........ ~˲yˆÏÓ ôÓ˚y
ÎyˆÏÓ ly xÌÓy !lˆÏã˛Ó˚ !ã˛ˆÏe !Ó®%à%ˆÏ°y §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áyÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏ°G ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆSÈò xyˆÏSÈ xÌ≈yÍ
~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó®% x˛õÓ˚!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó!FSÈߨ–
.......................
A B
!ã˛e ı AB ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó˚° ˆÓ˚áy å!Ó®%à%!° ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ !Ó!FSÈߨä
6ä ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy G ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Órê˛l (Frequency and Frequency Distribution)ı ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏFSÈÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yl ˆflÒyÓ˚ ܲï˛ÓyÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏܲ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚yˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Óy Frequency ӈϰ–
~ˆÏܲ §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ f x«˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– xyÓ˚ ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y ˆÎ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §yçyˆÏly ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏܲ
Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚§ÇáƒyÓrê˛l Óy Frequency Distribution ӈϰ–
7ä ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ùı §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˆÜ˛yl !ӣψÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚
Ó˚y!¢à%ˆÏ°y ÌyˆÏܲ x!ÓlƒhflÏ xÓfiÌyÎ˚– ~ˆÏܲ ӈϰ ܲyÑã˛y ï˛Ìƒ Óy Raw Data. ~•z çyï˛#Î˚ ˆflÒyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲܲ
˲yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆflÒyÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Óy §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆflÒyÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÜ˛yl ôyÓ˚ly ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– !lˆÏã˛ xT˛Ù
ˆ◊î#Ó˚ 50 çl SÈyˆÏeÓ˚ à!îˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÆ l¡∫Ó˚ ˆòGÎ˚y xyˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˙ ˆ◊î#Ó˚ SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ à!îˆÏï˛Ó˚
˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÎÙl ôyÓ˚îy ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚ ˆï˛Ù!l ˆÜ˛yl SÈyˆÏeÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ï˛y ˆÜ˛Ùl ï˛yG çyly §Ω˛Ó
•ˆÏÓ ly– ï˛y çylyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xyˆÏà §%!Ólƒhfl ܲˆÏÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛ Ü ˛ˆÏÙ ï˛y!°Ü˛yÓÂô ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
~çlƒ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl Èüüü

40 51 69 72 82 90 96 69 59 72
78 69 67 55 45 73 82 85 70 70
75 74 80 65 49 53 84 92 96 89
85 74 74 83 78 76 75 72 81 89
90 75 76 74 71 54 59 79 60 63
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ ÈüÈ 1ı
ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤çyÓ˚ (Range) !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– §ˆÏÓy≈Fã˛ ˆflÒyÓ˚ G §Ó≈!l¡¨ ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ ÓƒÓôyl
ï˛yˆÏܲ Îál §ÇáƒyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ӈϰ ≤çyÓ˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe §ˆÏÓy≈Fã˛ ˆflÒyÓ˚!ê˛ •° 98 ~ÓÇ §Ó≈!l¡¨
ˆflÒyÓ˚!ê˛ •° 40ñ ï˛y•z ≤çyÓ˚ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §)e!ê˛ •° ÈüüüÈ
˛ ≤çyÓ˚ ù §ˆÏÓy≈Fã˛ ˆflÒyÓ˚ - §Ó≈!l¡¨ ˆflÒyÓ˚ + 1
ù (98-40) + 1
ù 58 + 1
ù 59
姈ÏÓy≈Fã˛ Óy §Ó≈!l¡¨ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà 1 ˆÎyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓä
!¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl 277
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ ÈüÈ 2ı
ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §yçyˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y §%!l!ò≈T˛ òˆÏ° Óy ˆ◊î#ˆÏï˛ Ë˛yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆ◊î# ÓƒÓôyl Óy Class Interval ӈϰ– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ˆ◊î# ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ Ü˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆÙyê˛
ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y ˆ◊î# ÓƒÓôyl •ˆÏÓ ï˛y xyˆÏà ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !lÓ˚)˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆ◊î# ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ ~ÓÇ
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ !l˲≈Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ≤çyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õ ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚–
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˆ◊î# ÓƒÓôyl 3, 5 ~ÓÇ 10 ~Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ˆ◊î# ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ §Çáƒy 8 - 15 ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ÌyˆÏܲ– ܲyÓ˚î á%Ó Ü˛Ù Óy á%Ó ˆÓ¢# §Çáƒyܲ ˆ◊î# ÓƒÓôyl !lˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° àllyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ lyly
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ë%˛° •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆ◊î# ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ G §Çáƒy ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ï˛y •°üüÈ
59 å≤çyÓ˚ä ÷ 3 åˆ◊î# ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ä ù 20 åˆ◊î# ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ §Çáƒyä
59 å≤çyÓ˚ä ÷ 5 åˆ◊î# ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ä ù 12 åˆ◊î# ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ §Çáƒyä
59 å≤çyÓ˚ä ÷ 10 åˆ◊î# ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ä ù 5.9 åˆ◊î# ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ §Çáƒyä
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y=˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈ ˆ◊î# ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ 3 •ˆÏ° ˆÙyê˛ ˆ◊î# ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ §Çáƒy •ˆÏÓ 20!ê˛–
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆ◊î# ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ §Çáƒy 15 Ó˚ ˆÓ¢#– ˆ◊î# ÓƒÓôyl 5 •ˆÏ° ˆÙyê˛ ˆ◊î# ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ §Çáƒy •ˆÏÓ
12 ~ÓÇ 10 •ˆÏ° ï˛y •ˆÏÓ 6–
ˆ◊î# ÓƒÓôyl 3 ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ ~•z ˆ◊î# !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ˆ◊î# ÓƒÓôyˆÏl !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆflÒyÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– ˆÎÙl
≤ÃÌÙ §y!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏSÈ 40,41,42 ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆflÒyÓ˚– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl ˆ◊î# ÓƒÓôyˆÏl ˆÎ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˆflÒyÓ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÎê˛y•z ˆ§•z ˆ◊î#Ó˚ ≤çyÓ˚– !lˆÏã˛ 5 ˆ◊î# ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ◊î# !Ólƒy§ ˆòáyˆÏly •° ÈüüüÈ
ci (Class Interval‡ˆ◊î# ÓƒÓôyl)

40 - 44
45 - 49
50 - 54
55 - 59
60 - 64
65 - 69
70 - 74
75 - 79
80 - 84
85 - 89
90 - 94
95 - 99
å~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ◊î# !Ólƒy§ ˆSÈyê˛ (40 - 44) ˆÌˆÏܲ Óí˛¸ (95 - 99) xÌÓy Óí˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆSÈyê˛ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl
˲yˆÏÓ•z §yçyˆÏly ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–ä
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 278
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ ÈüÈ 3 ı
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ◊î# ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ ˙ ˆ◊î#Ó˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ Raw Score à%ˆÏ°y ܲï˛ÓyÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ ï˛y ê˛ƒy!°
(Tally) Ú‡Û !ã˛ˆÏ•´Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ òyà !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ê˛ƒy!° !ã˛•´à%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛ylyÜ%˛!l˲yˆÏÓ G˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !lˆÏã˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ
í˛yl !òˆÏܲ ~ܲê%˛ ÓyÑ!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ê˛yly •Î˚– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ˆflÒyÓ˚ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ òyà ܲyê˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ° ˛õM˛Ù
Tally !ã˛•´!ê˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyí˛¸yxy!í˛¸Ë˛yˆÏÓ ê˛ylˆÏï˛ •Î˚– £¤˛˛ ê˛ƒy!° !ã˛ˆÏ•´Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyˆÏàÓ˚ xyÑܲy ê˛ƒy!° !ã˛•´à%ˆÏ°y
˛õyˆÏ¢ ~ܲ•z ˛õrÌyÎ˚ lï%˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ê˛ƒy!° !ã˛•´ xyÑܲˆÏï˛ •Î˚–

Class Interval (Ci) Tallies (/)

40 - 44 /
45 - 49 //
50 - 54 ///
55 - 59 ///
60 - 64 //
65 - 69 ////
70 - 74 //// //// /
75 - 79 //// ///
80 - 84 //// /
85 - 89 ////
90 - 94 ///
95 - 99 //

˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ ÈüÈ 4 ı
§Óà%ˆÏ°y Raw Score ˆÜ˛ ê˛y!° !ã˛ˆÏ•´Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !l!ò≈T˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ◊î# ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢
!ã˛!•´ï˛ ê˛y!°à%ˆÏ°y à%ˆÏl ˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ hflψÏΩ˛ ˆÙyê˛ §Çáƒy!ê˛ !°áˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~ˆÏܲ ˙ ˆ◊î# ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy
(Frequency) Ó°y •Î˚– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ ˙ !l!ò≈T˛ ˆ◊î# ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÙyê˛ Ü˛ï˛à%ˆÏ°y
ˆflÒyÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÓyÓ˚ §Óà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy ˆÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Óy Nunber of Total Frequency
(N) !°áˆÏï˛ •Î˚– !lˆÏã˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î ˆòGÎ˚y •° ÈüüüÈ
!¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl 279

Class Interval (Ci) Tallies (/) f (frequency)

40 - 44 / 1
45 - 49 // 2
50 - 54 /// 3
55 - 59 /// 3
60 - 64 // 2
65 - 69 //// 5
70 - 74 //// //// / 11
75 - 79 //// /// 8
80 - 84 //// / 6
85 - 89 //// 4
90 - 94 /// 3
95 - 99 // 2
N = 50

!lˆÏã˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ)î≈yAà ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î ˆòGÎ˚y •° ÈüüüÈ

75 71 41 51 56 62 67 69 61 73
37 46 58 77 71 48 61 83 70 69
63 38 48 77 69 62 55 57 78 74
87 68 66 32 46 62 52 60 63 68
65 56 74 35 43 81 62 54 63 64

≤çyÓ˚ ù §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ ˆflÒyÓ˚ - §Ó≈!l¡¨ ˆflÒyÓ˚ + 1

ù 87 - 32 + 1
ù 55 + 1
ù 56
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 280

Class Interval (Ci) Tallies (/) f (frequency)

32 - 36 // 2
37 - 41 /// 3
42 - 46 /// 3
47 - 51 /// 3
52 - 56 //// 5
57 - 61 //// 5
62 - 66 //// //// 10
67 - 71 //// //// 9
72 - 76 //// 4
77 - 81 //// 4
82 - 86 / 1
87 - 91 / 1
N=50

~áyˆÏlñÈ
Ci = Class interval åˆ◊î# ÓƒÓôylä
f = Frequency å˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyä
N = Total Number of Frequency åˆÙyê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyä–

í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ (Conclusion)ı
˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ xˆÏ°yã˛ly ≤çˆÏAà ˆÎ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y !ӈϢ£Ï ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ï˛y •° ÈüüüÈ
ˆÎˆÏܲyl ˆflÒ° ˆÎÙl x!Ó!FSÈߨ •Î˚ ˆï˛Ù!l ˛Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲG x!Ó!FSÈߨ ܲ“ly ôˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏï˛ •Î˚–
ˆÎÙl ÈüüüÈ 40 -44 ~•z ˆ◊î# ÓƒÓôyl!ê˛Ó˚ !l¡¨ï˛Ù §#Ùy 39.5 ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ í˛zôÁ≈§#Ùy 44.5 ˛õÎ≈hs˝
!Óhfl,Ïï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ◊î# ÓƒÓôyl!ê˛ ~ܲ•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù Ë˛yˆÏÓ 44.5 ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ 49.5 ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !Óhfl,Ïï˛
ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe 40 Óy 44 ˆÜ˛ ¢%ô%Ùye ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó®% !•§yˆÏÓ ly ôˆÏÓ˚ 39.5 ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ 44.5 ˛õÎ≈hs˝
!Óhfl,Ïï˛ ~•z !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛“ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ x!Ó!FSÈߨ Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ ܲ“ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È Ë%˛°
ÌyˆÏܲ ly– Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏl ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Ó˚y!¢Ó˚ ÙylˆÏܲ ~˲yˆÏÓ•z ôÓ˚y •Î˚–
!¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl 281

!mï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ
ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏe ï˛Ìƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢l ı x!Ó!FSÈߨ hflÏΩ˛!ã˛eñ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó•%Ë%˛ç
(Graphical Representation of Data : Histogram, Frequency Polygon)

xyˆÏàÓ˚ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ raw score Óy ÜÑ˛yã˛y ï˛Ìƒà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §•ç G §Ç!«˛Æ
xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛yË%˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆï˛Ù!l ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙG
~ܲ•z §ˆÏAà Ó•% ï˛ÌƒˆÏܲ §•ç˲yˆÏÓñ o%ï˛ G xÌ≈˛õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ï˛y §•ˆÏç•z ˆÓyôàÙƒ
•Î˚– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y !Ó!˲ߨ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §•ˆÏç•z ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó •Î˚–
§%•z§ à!îï˛¢yflf!Óò !°Gl•yí≈˛ •zí˛z°yÓ˚ (Leonhard Euler) ˆ°á!ã˛e §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ôyÓ˚lyÓ˚
≤ÃÓï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ˆ°á!ã˛e ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°– ~!ê˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° ï˛Ìƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢l ܲÓ˚y– ~ˆÏܲ ӈϰ ï˛Ìƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢Ü˛ ˆ°á!ã˛e– xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆ°á!ã˛e ï˛Ìƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈G !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛eˆÏܲ
ӈϰ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ !lî≈yÎ˚ܲ ˆ°á!ã˛e–
xyÙÓ˚y ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ x!Ó!FSÈߨ hflΩÏ ˛!ã˛e (Histogram) ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó•%˲% ç (Frequency Polygon)
!lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓy– ~•z ò%!ê˛•z ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢Ü˛ ˆ°á!ã˛e–
x!Ó!FSÈߨ hflÏΩ˛!ã˛e (Histogram) :
1891 §yˆÏ° ‘Historical diagram’ ~•z ¢∑ ò%!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!eï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ܲy°≈ !˛õÎ˚yÓ˚§l (Karl Pearson)
≤ÃÌÙ ‘Histogram’ ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÓï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ܲï˛à%!° ˆflÒyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆ◊!îÓÂô˲yˆÏÓ §y!çˆÏÎ˚ x!Ó!FSÈߨ hflψÏΩ˛Ó˚
xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆ°á!ã˛e ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ x!Ó!FSÈߨ hflÏΩ˛!ã˛e Óy Histogram ӈϰ– ~!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï˛ÌƒˆÏܲ
ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!•ˆÏfiê˛y@˝ÃyÙ Óy x!Ó!FSÈߨ hflÏΩ˛!ã˛e xAܲˆÏlÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ù ı
ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyl (ci) ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy (f)
20 – 29 3
30 – 39 5
40 – 49 5
50 – 59 7
60 – 69 8
70 – 79 6
80 – 89 3
90 – 99 3
N = 40
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 282
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ1
x!Ó!FSÈߨ hflÏΩ˛!ã˛e xÑyܲyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ Óy ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ !l¡¨§#ÙyˆÏܲ (Lower limit)
ˆflÒyÓ˚ Ùyl !•§yˆÏÓ ôÓ˚y •Î˚– ï˛y•z ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ !l¡¨§#Ùy !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆÎÙl 20-29 ~•z
ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ !l¡¨§#Ùy •° 19.5– §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ !l¡¨§#Ùy SÈyí˛¸yG ~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛
ܲy“!lܲ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yà àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚G !l¡¨§#Ùy ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ Ú0Û
ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyl ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy !l¡¨§#Ùy
20 – 29 3 19.5
30 – 39 5 29.5
40 – 49 5 39.5
50 – 59 7 49.5
60 – 69 8 59.5
70 – 79 6 69.5
80 – 89 3 79.5
90 – 99 3 89.5
åx!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ˆ◊!îä 100 – 109 0 99.5
N = 40

˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ2
SÈܲ ܲyàˆÏç ÓÑy !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛yl!òܲ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áy ˆê˛ˆÏl 0X x«˛ ~ÓÇ 0X xˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ÓÑy
!òˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ≤Ãyhs˝ ˆÌˆÏܲ °¡∫˲yˆÏÓ x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áy ˆê˛ˆÏl 0Y x«˛ xAܲl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ÎyÓ˚ ˆSÈò
!Ó®% •ˆÏÓ ‘0’
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ3
0X xˆÏ«˛ ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ !l¡¨§#Ùyà%ˆÏ°y Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyl!ê˛ ‘0’ ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚%
•Î˚!l ï˛y•z ≤ÃÌÙ ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyl!ê˛Ó˚ xyˆÏà 0X xˆÏ«˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ 11 !ã˛•´ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓƒÓôyl ~шÏܲ ˆòáyˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !l¡¨§#ÙyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Ùyl ò)Ó˚c Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y•z 0X xˆÏ«˛ !l¡¨§#Ùyà%ˆÏ°y ˆï˛Ùl˲yˆÏÓ•z
§Ùyl ò)Ó˚c ÓçyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá•z Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– !l¡¨§#Ùyà%ˆÏ°y SÈܲ ܲyàˆÏç !l!ò≈T˛ ò)Ó˚c ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ó§yˆÏï˛
ˆàˆÏ° ˆÙyê˛ Ü˛ï˛à%ˆÏ°y «%˛o Óà≈ ~ܲˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ï˛y xyˆÏà ˆÌˆÏܲ !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~!ê˛ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ
çyly ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y •°ÈüüüÈ
ˆÙyê˛ !l¡¨§#ÙyÓ˚ §Çáƒy × ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyl = X xˆÏ«˛ ˆÙyê˛ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî «%˛e Óà≈ ~ܲˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
≤Ãò_ ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyl xl%ÎyÎ˚#
9 åˆÙyê˛ !l¡¨§#ÙyÓ˚ §Çáƒyä × 10 ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyl = 90 «%˛o Óà≈ ~ܲܲ åX xˆÏ«˛ ˆÙyê˛ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî
«%˛e Óà≈ ~ܲˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlä
!¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl 283
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ4
0Y xˆÏ«˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyà%ˆÏ°y í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ~ܲܲ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ü ˛Ùyß∫ˆÏÎ˚ Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~ܲ!ê˛ xyò¢≈ x!Ó!FSÈߨ
hflÏΩ˛!ã˛e Óy !•ˆÏfiê˛y@˝ÃyÙ xÑyܲyÓ˚ çlƒ 75% l#!ï˛ xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ï˛y•z 0X xˆÏ«˛ ˆÙyê˛ Îï˛ Óà≈
~ܲܲ ˆlGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ 75% Óà≈ ~ܲܲ 0Y xˆÏ«˛ !lˆÏ° ˲y°– ï˛ˆÏÓ àîlyÓ˚ §%!ÓôyˆÏÌ≈ ï˛y 70-80
¢ï˛yÇ¢ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆlGÎ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Óï≈˛Ùyl ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó^˝ê˛l xl%ÎyÎ˚#ÈüüüÈ

3
90 ÷
4
270
=
4
= 67.5 Óà≈ ~ܲܲ
xÌ≈yÍ 75% l#!ï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# Óï≈˛Ùyl ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy !Ó˲yçˆÏl 0Y xˆÏ«˛ 67.5 !ê˛ Óà≈ ~ܲܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y
ÎyˆÏÓ–
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ5
75% l#!ï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# 0Y xˆÏ«˛Ó˚ çlƒ Îï˛à%ˆÏ°y Óà≈ ~ܲܲ !l!ò≈T˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏܲ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˲yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ≤Ã!ï˛ 1!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy !˛õS%È Ü˛ï˛ Óà≈ ~ܲܲ !l!ò≈T˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ ï˛y ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ– ~ÓyÓ˚ ˆ§•z
§ÇáƒyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà !l!ò≈T˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyà%ˆÏ°y ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ à%î ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îï˛ Óà≈ ~ܲܲ •ˆÏÓ ï˛y 0Y xˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ˆ§yçy§%!ç
!l¡¨§#Ùy ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ˆ§•z ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyà%ˆÏ°y Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– Óï≈˛Ùyl ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy !Ó˲yçl xl%ÎyÎ˚# §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛
˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy!ê˛ •° 8
∴ 67.5 ÷ 8 = 8.44 Óà≈ ~ܲܲ
ò¢!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ x§%!Óôy ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ 0Y xˆÏ«˛ 8 Óà≈ ~ܲܲ = 1 ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy ~˲yˆÏÓ ˆlGÎ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ6
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !l¡¨§#ÙyÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ 0Y x«˛ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyà%ˆÏ°y Ü ˛Ùyß∫ˆÏÎ˚ Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ SÈܲ
ܲyàˆÏç ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏܲ 0X xˆÏ«˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ °¡∫ ˆÓ˚áy ê˛ylˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛
˛õ!Ó˚§ÇáƒyÓ˚ çlƒ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ !l¡¨§#ÙyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ 0Y xˆÏ«˛Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ °¡∫ xAܲl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ7
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ °ˆÏ¡∫Ó˚ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# °¡∫ ˆÓ˚áy ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~ܲ!ê˛ xl%Ë)˛!Ùܲ ˆÓ˚áy xAܲl ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyÎ˚ï˛ˆÏ«˛e xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ã˛e xAܲl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ !l¡¨§#ÙyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG xl%Ë)˛!Ùܲ ˆÓ˚áy!ê˛ˆÏܲ
˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# !l¡¨§#ÙyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ x!AÜ˛ï˛ °ˆÏ¡∫Ó˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ x!Ó!FSÈߨ hflÏΩ˛!ã˛e
xAܲl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 284
í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ SÈܲ ܲyàˆÏç ~ܲ!ê˛ x!Ó!FSÈߨ hflÏΩ˛!ã˛e xAܲl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáyˆÏly •°Èüüü
í˛zòy•Ó˚î ı 1
ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyl ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy !l¡¨§#Ùy
20 – 29 3 19.5
30 – 39 5 29.5
40 – 49 5 39.5
50 – 59 7 49.5
60 – 69 8 59.5
70 – 79 6 69.5
80 – 89 3 79.5
90 – 99 3 89.5
100 – 109 0 99.5 åx!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ !l¡¨§#Ùyä

x!Ó!FSÈߨ hflÏΩ˛!ã˛e ÈüÈ 1

!¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl 285
í˛zòy•Ó˚î ı 2
ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyl (Ci) ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy (f) !l¡¨§#Ùy (LL)
95 - 99 1 94.5 - 99.5
90 - 94 2 89.5 - 94.5
85 - 89 4 84.5 - 89.5
80 - 84 5 79.5 - 84.5
75 - 79 8 74.5 - 79.5
70 - 74 10 69.5 - 74.5
65 - 69 6 64.5 - 69.5
60 - 64 4 59.5 - 64.5
55 - 59 4 54.5 - 59.5
50 - 54 2 49.5 - 54.5
45 - 49 3 44.5 - 49.5
40 - 44 1 39.5 - 44.5
N = 50

x!Ó!FSÈߨ hflÏΩ˛!ã˛e ÈüÈ 2

!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 286
x!Ó!FSÈߨ hflÏΩ˛!ã˛e ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §%!Óôy ı
l ~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ x!Ó!FSÈߨ ï˛ÌƒˆÏ◊!îˆÏܲ §•ˆÏç ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢l ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
l ~Ó˚ ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ hflÏΩ˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆflÒyÓ˚ ˆ◊!îˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢l ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ê˛ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚y §•ç •Î˚–
l ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eÊ˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ !ӈϢ£Ï ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– §ÙhflÏ xyÎ˚ï˛ˆÏ«˛eà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÎyàÊ˛°
ˆÌˆÏܲ §¡õ)î≈ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy çyly ÎyÎ˚–
l ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe x!Ó!FSÈߨ hflÏΩ˛!ã˛e ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó•%Ë%˛ˆÏçÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚
ˆÓ!¢ ï˛yͲõÎ≈˛õ)î≈– ܲyÓ˚î ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó•%Ë%˛ˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§ÇáƒyˆÏܲ
fl∫ï˛sf˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓyV˛yÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÓƒÓfiÌy ˆl•z– ˆ§•z!òܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ §ÙhflÏ ˛õ!Ó˚§ÇáƒyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà !Ó!˲ߨ
ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§ÇáƒyÓ˚ xl%˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !lá%Ñï˛ ôyÓ˚îy x!Ó!FSÈߨ hflÏΩ˛!ã˛e ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˛õyGÎ˚y
ÎyÎ˚–
˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó•%Ë%˛ç (Frequency Polygon)
˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó•%Ë%˛ç •° ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˜Ó˚!áܲ ˆ°á!ã˛e– SÈܲ ܲyàˆÏçñ ≤ÃyÆ ˆ◊î# ˛õ!Ó˚§ÇáƒyÓ˚
ÙôƒÙylà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ü ˛ˆÏÙ ˆSÈyê˛ ˆSÈyê˛ §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áy myÓ˚y Î%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ xyÓÂô ˆ«˛e ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ
ï˛yˆÏܲ•z ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó•%Ë%˛ç (Frequency Polygon) ӈϰ–
˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó•%Ë%˛ç xAܲˆÏlÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ù
l#ˆÏã˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ÆÙ ˆ◊î#Ó˚ 50 çl SÈyˆÏeÓ˚ à!îï˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÆ l¡∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy !Ó˲yçl
ˆòGÎ˚y •°– ~•z ï˛Ìƒ!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó•%Ë%˛ˆÏçÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
ˆ◊î#§#Ùy 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 55 - 59 60 - 64 65 - 69 70 - 74 75 - 79 80 - 84

˛ õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy 2 5 5 8 10 7 6 4 3

˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ1
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ◊î#§#ÙyÓ˚ Ùôƒ!Ó®% !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ ~ÓÇ §Ó≈!l¡¨ hflψÏÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ˆ◊î#§#Ùy àë˛l
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚G Ùôƒ!Ó®% !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy •ˆÏÓ ‘0’– Ùôƒ!Ó®% !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §)e!ê˛ •°ÈüüüÈ
|ôÁ≈≤Ãyhs + !l¡¨≤Ãyhs˝ ˛
Ùôƒ!Ó®% (Mid point) =
2
!¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl 287

ˆ◊î# ÓƒÓôyl ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ùôƒ!Ó®%

35 – 39 0 37
40 – 44 2 42
45 – 49 5 47
50 – 54 5 52
55 – 59 8 57
60 – 64 10 62
65 – 69 7 67
70 – 74 6 72
75 – 79 4 77
80 – 84 3 82
85 – 89 0 87
N = 50
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ2
SÈܲ ܲyàˆÏç 0X ~ÓÇ 0Y x«˛ ê˛ylˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ÎyÓ˚ ˆSÈò!Ó®% •ˆÏÓ ‘0’–
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ3
0X xˆÏ«˛ ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ Ùôƒ!Ó®%à%ˆÏ°y !l!ò≈T˛ ò)Ó˚c ÓçyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ≤ÃÌÙ
ˆ◊!î!ê˛ ‘0’ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃÌÙ Ùôƒ!Ó®%Ó˚ ÙôƒfiÌ ÓƒÓôyl xM˛ˆÏ° ‡‡ ~•z !ã˛•´!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÓƒÓôylˆÏܲ !lˆÏò≈¢
ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– 0X xˆÏ«˛ Ùôƒ!Ó®%à%ˆÏ°y !l!ò≈T˛ ò)Ó˚c ÓçyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá Ó§yˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° Ü˛ï˛ Óà≈ ~ܲܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl
ï˛y !l¡¨!°!áï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ çyly ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ÈüüüÈ
ˆÙyê˛ Ùôƒ!Ó®%Ó˚ §Çáƒy × ˆ◊î# ÓƒÓôyl = X xˆÏ«˛ ˆÙyê˛ Ü˛ï˛ Óà≈ ~ܲˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
11 åˆÙyê˛ Ùôƒ!Ó®%Ó˚ §Çáƒyä × 5 åˆ◊î# ÓƒÓôylä = 55 åX xˆÏ«˛ ˆÙyê˛ Îï˛ Óà≈ ~ܲˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlä
到á!ã˛e!ê˛ˆÏܲ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ Óí˛¸ ˆòáyÓyÓ˚ çlƒ 55 Óà≈ ~ܲˆÏܲÓ˚ !mà%î §ÇáƒÜ˛ Óà≈ ~ܲܲ xÌ≈yÍ 110 Óà≈
~ܲܲ ˆlGÎ˚y •°–ä
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ4
75% l#!ï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# 0Y xˆÏ«˛ ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y Óà≈ ~ܲܲ !lˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ï˛y !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓÈüüüÈ

3
110 ×
4
330
=
4
= 82.5 Óà≈ ~ܲܲ–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 288
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ5
ˆ°á!ã˛e!ê˛Ó˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ G ≤ÈÏfiÌÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §yÙO§ƒ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çlƒ 75% l#!ï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# 0Y xˆÏ«˛ 82.5
å§Ó≈!l¡¨ 78 ˆÌˆÏܲ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ 87 Óà≈ ~ܲܲä ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˲y°– ò¢!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ x§%!ÓôyˆÏܲ ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
0Y xˆÏ«˛ 80 Óà≈ ~ܲܲ ˆlGÎ˚y •°– §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy !òˆÏÎ˚ ˲yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ÈüüüÈ
80 ÷ 10 = 8 «%˛o Óà≈ ~ܲܲ
xÌ≈yÍñ 8 «%˛o Óà≈ ~ܲܲ = 1 ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy ôÓ˚y •°–
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ6
0X xˆÏ«˛ fiÌy!˛õï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ùôƒ!Ó®%Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ 8 «%˛o Óà≈ ~ܲܲ = 1 ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy
xl%ÎyÎ˚# SÈܲ ܲyàˆÏç !Ó®%à%ˆÏ°y fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ7
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !Ó®% Ü ˛Ùyß∫ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚áy myÓ˚y Î%=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ≤ÃyÆ ˆ°á!ã˛e!ê˛Ó˚ ò%•z ≤Ãyhs˝ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ò%!ê˛ !Ó®%Ó˚
å§Ó≈!l¡¨ G §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ä §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó•%Ë%˛ç ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ–
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ !lÎ˚Ùà%ˆÏ°y xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ SÈܲ ܲyàˆÏç !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó•%Ë%˛ç!ê˛ xÑyܲy
ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y ˆòáyˆÏly •°ÈüüüÈ
í˛zòy•Ó˚î ı 1

˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó•%Ë%˛çÈüÈ1
!¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl 289
í˛zòy•Ó˚î ı 2
ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyl (Ci) ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy (f) Ùôƒ!Ó®% (Midpoint)
95 - 99 1 97
90 - 94 2 92
85 - 89 4 87
80 - 84 5 82
75 - 79 8 77
70 - 74 10 72
65 - 69 6 67
60 - 64 4 62
55 - 59 4 57
50 - 54 2 52
45 - 49 3 47
40 - 44 1 42
N = 50

˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó•%Ë%˛çÈüÈ1
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 290
˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó•%Ë%˛ç ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §%!Óôy
l ò%•z Óy ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó•%Ë%˛çñ
x!Ó!FSÈߨ hflÏΩ˛!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xxˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ §%!Óôyçlܲ– ܲyÓ˚î ~ܲ•z xˆÏ«˛ ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢
x!Ó!FSÈߨ hflÏΩ˛!ã˛e xAܲl ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° x§%!ÓôyÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚– ˆ§áyˆÏl ~ܲ•z xˆÏ«˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲÓ˚
ˆÓ!¢ Ó•%Ë%˛ç xAܲl ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ï˛Ìƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢l §•çˆÏÓyôƒ •Î˚–
l ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó•%Ë%˛ˆÏçÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛
fl∫y˲y!Óܲ Ó^˝ê˛l (Normal distribution) !ܲly ˆ§ §¡∫ˆÏrôG ôyÓ˚îy ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
~ܲ•z xˆÏ«˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ x!Ó!FSÈߨ hflÏΩ˛!ã˛e G ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó•%Ë%˛ç xAܲl
~ܲ•z xˆÏ«˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ x!Ó!FSÈߨ hflÏΩ˛!ã˛e Óy ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó•%Ë%˛ç xÑyܲˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ xÑyܲyÓ˚
˛õÓ˚ xlƒ!ê˛ §•ˆÏç•z xÑyܲy ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ SÈܲ ܲyàˆÏç ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó•%Ë%˛ç xAܲl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy
!Ó®%Ó˚ ò%!òˆÏܲ ˆ◊î#§#Ùy ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ˆÓ˚áy ˆê˛ˆÏl 0X x«˛ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ °¡∫ ê˛ylˆÏ° x!Ó!FSÈߨ hflÏΩ˛!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛
hflÏΩ˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ– ~˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó•%Ë%˛ˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ x!Ó!FSÈߨ hflÏΩ˛!ã˛e xÑyܲy ÎyÎ˚–
xlƒ!òˆÏܲ x!Ó!FSÈߨ hflÏΩ˛!ã˛e xÑyܲyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ xyâyï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xl%Ë)˛!Ùܲ ˆÓ˚áyÓ˚ Ùôƒ!Ó®%•z
˙ ˆ◊î#Ó˚ Ùôƒ!Ó®% !lˆÏò¢≈ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˙ !Ó®%àˆ% ° Ï y•z ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÎyà ܲÓ˚ˆ°
Ï ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó•%˲% ç ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
l#ˆÏã˛ ≤Ãò_ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó^˝ê˛l!ê˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~ܲ•z xˆÏ«˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ x!Ó!FSÈߨ hflÏΩ˛!ã˛e ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy
Ó•%Ë%˛ç xAܲl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáyˆÏly •°–
ˆ◊î# ÓƒÓôyl 20 - 29 30 - 39 40 - 49 50 - 59 60 - 69 70 - 79 80 - 84 90 – 99
˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy 5 7 8 10 6 5 5 4

˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ1
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ◊î#Ó˚ !l¡¨§#Ùyà%ˆÏ°y 姈ÏÓ≈yFã˛ hflψÏÓ˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l¡¨§#Ùy §•ä ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ◊î#Ó˚ Ùôƒ!Ó®%à%ˆÏ°y
å§Ó≈!l¡¨ G §ˆÏÓy≈ Fã˛hflˆÏ ÓÏ ˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ò%!ê˛ Ùôƒ!Ó®% §•ä !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !l¡¨!°!áï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ï˛y!°Ü˛yÓÂô ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏÓ–
ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyl ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy !l¡¨§#Ùy Ùôƒ!Ó®%
10 – 19 0 –– 14.5
20 – 29 5 19.5 24.5
30 – 39 7 29.5 34.5
40 – 49 8 39.5 44.5
50 – 59 10 49.5 54.5
60 – 69 6 59.5 64.5
70 – 79 5 69.5 74.5
80 – 89 5 79.5 84.5
90 – 99 4 89.5 94.5
100 – 109 0 99.5 104.5
!¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl 291
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ2
SÈܲ ܲyàˆÏç 0X ~ÓÇ 0Y x«˛ xAܲl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ3
0X xˆÏ«˛ §Ùò)Ó˚c ÓçyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá !l¡¨§#Ùyà%ˆÏ°y ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ó§yˆÏly ò%!ê˛ !l¡¨§#ÙyÓ˚ ÙyV˛áyˆÏl
Ùôƒ!Ó®%à%ˆÏ°y Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ≤ÃÌÙ ˆ◊!î!ê˛ ‘0’ ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚!l ï˛y•z 0X xˆÏ«˛ ‘0’ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÌÙ
Ùôƒ!Ó®% ò%!ê˛Ó˚ ÙyˆÏV˛ Ú‡‡Û ~•z !ã˛•´!ê˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÓƒÓôylˆÏܲ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ4
~ܲ•z xˆÏ«˛ x!Ó!FSÈߨ hflÏΩ˛!ã˛e G ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó•%Ë%˛ç xyÑܲˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° §Ó≈!l¡¨ ˆÌˆÏܲ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ Ùôƒ!Ó®%
˛õÎ≈hs˝ Ó§yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ Îï˛à%ˆÏ°y «%˛o Óà≈ ~ܲܲ ˆlGÎ˚y •Î˚ 0Y xˆÏ«˛ ï˛yÓ˚ 75% Óy 70% - 80% «%˛o Óà≈
~ܲܲ !lˆÏ° ˲y°– ~ÓyÓ˚ 0Y xˆÏ«˛Ó˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ~ܲܲ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ 0Y x«˛ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ 0X xˆÏ«˛Ó˚
!l¡¨§#ÙyÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy !Ó®%à%!° Ü ˛Ùyß∫ˆÏÎ˚ fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy !Ó®%
ˆÌˆÏܲ 0X xˆÏ«˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ °¡∫ ˆÓ˚áy ê˛ylˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ5
°ˆÏ¡∫Ó˚ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# °¡∫ ˆÓ˚áy ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~ܲ!ê˛ xl%Ë)˛!Ùܲ ˆÓ˚áy ˆê˛ˆÏl ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyÎ˚ï˛ˆÏ«˛e
xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ã˛e xAܲl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ !l¡¨§#ÙyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG xl%Ë)˛!Ùܲ ˆÓ˚áy!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# !l¡¨§#ÙyÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ x!AÜ˛ï˛ °ˆÏ¡∫Ó˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~˲yˆÏÓ x!Ó!FSÈߨ hflÏΩ˛!ã˛e xAܲl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ6
x!Ó!FSÈߨ hflÏΩ˛!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ xyÎ˚ï˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xl%Ë)˛!Ùܲ ˆÓ˚áy!ê˛Ó˚ ÙyV˛yÙy!V˛ xM˛°ˆÏܲ Ùôƒ!Ó®%Ó˚
xÓfiÌyl !•§yˆÏÓ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~˲yˆÏÓ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áy myÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ùôƒ!Ó®%ˆÏܲ
˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Î%=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ åò%•z ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ò%!ê˛ Ùôƒ!Ó®%§•ä– ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ•z xˆÏ«˛ x!Ó!FSÈߨ hflÏΩ˛!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó•%Ë%˛ç xAܲl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 292
l#ˆÏã˛ SÈܲ ܲyàˆÏç ~ܲ•z xˆÏ«˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ x!Ó!FSÈߨ hflΩÏ ˛!ã˛e ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó•%˲% ç xAܲl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáyˆÏly •°ÈüüüÈ
í˛zòy•Ó˚î ı 1

~ܲ•z xˆÏ«˛ x!Ó!FSÈߨ hflÏΩ˛!ã˛e G ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó•%Ë%˛çÈüÈ1

í˛zòy•Ó˚î ı 2
ˆ◊î# ÓƒÓôyl (Ci) ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy (f) !l¡¨ §#Ùy Ùôƒ!Ó®% (Midpoint)
95 - 99 1 94.5 - 99.5 97
90 - 94 2 89.5 - 94.5 92
85 - 89 4 84.5 - 89.5 87
80 - 84 5 79.5 - 84.5 82
75 - 79 8 74.5 - 79.5 77
70 - 74 10 69.5 - 74.5 72
65 - 69 6 64.5 - 69.5 67
60 - 64 4 59.5 - 64.5 62
55 - 59 4 54.5 - 59.5 57
50 - 54 2 49.5 - 54.5 52
45 - 49 3 44.5 - 49.5 47
40 - 44 1 39.5 - 44.5 42
N = 50
!¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl 293

~ܲ•z xˆÏ«˛ x!Ó!FSÈߨ hflÏΩ˛!ã˛e G ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó•%Ë%˛çÈüÈ2

í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ åConclusionä ı
x!Ó!FSÈߨ hflÏΩ˛!ã˛e G ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó•%Ë%˛ç ~•z ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ xÌ≈yÍ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ myÓ˚y §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ˲yˆÏÓ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyîˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏly
ÎyÎ˚– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y ò%!ê˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï%˛°lyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó•%Ë%˛ç G x˛õÓ˚!ê˛Ó˚
x!Ó!FSÈߨ hflÏΩ˛!ã˛e ~ܲ•z x«˛ˆÏÓ˚áyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~шÏܲ ˆ§ ò%!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ù° G x!Ù° ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
~Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ ò%!ê˛ Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §%®Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ ôyÓ˚îy ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 294

ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ
ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õı àí˛¸ñ ÙôƒÙÙylñ Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛˛
(Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median, Mode)

Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Introduction) :
§yÙy!çܲ !ÓK˛yˆÏl ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î°kô ˆÎ ˆÜ˛ylG ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ !lî≈Î˚ G §%§ÇÓÂô˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏlÓ˚
çlƒ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ K˛yl ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏeG !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ lylyÓ˚Ü˛Ù ï˛Ìƒ
§Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z§Ó ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î G ï˛yͲõÎ≈ !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ !§Âôyhs˝à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !lË≈˛Ó˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– Îál !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï˛Ìƒ §yÇáƒÙyl !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛ál Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ày!î!ï˛Ü˛
ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ÇâÓÂô ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~•z í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ≤ÃyÆ ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy !Ó˲yçˆÏl fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ ˆflÒyÓ˚Ùylà%ˆÏ°y !l!ò≈T˛Ü ˛ˆÏÙ §!Iï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲÓ˚# §yÇáƒÙyˆÏlÓ˚
§ÇáƒyG ܲˆÏÙ ÎyÎ˚– xÌ≈yÍ ˆÜ˛ylG ˆ◊!îÓ˚ 50 çl !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ≤ÃyÆ l¡∫Ó˚ˆÏܲñ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ï˛y xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ §•ç ~ÓÇ ï˛yͲõÎ≈˛õ)î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏ벖
ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ˛≤ÃÓîï˛y /
~•z ܲyçˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G §%¤%˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §¡õyòˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏl xyÓ˚ ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚– ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Óܲ“ !•§yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆflÒyÓ˚ÙylˆÏܲ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ xÌ≈yÍ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùye §yÇáƒÙyl myÓ˚y
ܲï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y ˆflÒyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z˲yˆÏÓñ ˆÎ ~ܲܲ §yÇáƒÙyl myÓ˚yñ ܲï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y ˆflÒyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ xÌ≈yÍ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ •° ~Ùl ~ܲ
≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô fiÌyl#Î˚ §yÇáƒÙyl Îy ~ܲà%FSÈ ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ xÌ≈yÍ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
!Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyˆÏÓñ ~•z §yÇáƒÙylñ ˆflÒyÓ˚Ùylà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙôƒÓï≈˛# fiÌyˆÏl xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z ~ˆÏܲ Ó°y
•Î˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ !ï˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §yÇáƒÙyl myÓ˚y ~•z ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õˆÏܲ
≤Ãܲy¢ •Î˚– ~à%ˆÏ°y •°ÈüüÈ å1ä ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ àí˛¸ Óy Meanñ å2ä ÙôƒÙÙyl Óy (Midian)ñ å3ä Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛ Óy
(Mode)–
àí˛¸ •° ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ˲Ó˚ˆÏܲw– ÙôƒÙÙyl •° ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õܲ ˆfl҈ϰÓ˚ Ùôƒ!Ó®%– xyÓ˚ Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛
Ó°ñ ˆ§•z §yÇáƒÙyl Îy §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ÓyÓ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~•z ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ !lî≈Î˚
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ,Ìܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈G !Ó!˲ߨ–
ˆÜ˛ylG ˛õÓ˚#«˛î Óy ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛° !•§yˆÏÓ ≤ÃyÆ x!ÓlƒhflÏ ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Órê˛ˆÏl §yçyˆÏlyÓ˚
˛õÓ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÓ¢#Ó˚ ˲yà ˆflÒyÓ˚ Órê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyV˛yÙy!V˛ ˆ◊î#à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ âî#Ë)˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ G l#ˆÏã˛
ˆ◊î#à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ á%Ó Ü˛Ù §ÇáƒÜ˛ ˆflÒyÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ xÌ≈yÍ á%Ó Ü˛Ù §ÇáƒÜ˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈# á%Ó Ü˛Ù l¡∫Ó˚ ˛õyÎ˚– xlƒ !òˆÏܲ
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á%%Ó ˆÓ¢# l¡∫Ó˚ ≤ÃyÆ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ §ÇáƒyG á%Ó ˆÓ¢# •Î˚ ly– x!ôܲyÇ¢ !¢«˛yÌ≈#•z ÙyV˛yÙy!V˛ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛°
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛yl Órê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ âî#Ë)˛ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yˆÏܲ ӈϰ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y Óy
Central Tendency. ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl fl∫y˲y!Óܲ Órê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ≤ÈÏÎy烖
ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c ı
!¢«˛yàï˛ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ÈüüüÈ
l ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ Ùyl !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ï˛Ìƒà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xÌ≈Ó• ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ° ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Óƒy˛õܲ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚
§y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
l ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ Óy àí˛¸ Órê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ§•z ÙylˆÏܲ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚ Îy §Ù@˝Ã Órê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ
ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚–
l ò%•z Óy ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ Órê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôcÙ)°Ü˛ ÙylˆÏܲ !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– ˆÜ˛w#Î˚
≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôcÙ)°Ü˛ ÙylˆÏܲ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
l ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ÙylˆÏܲ xyˆÏàܲyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï%˛°ƒyAܲ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ◊!îÓ˚
§yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ •yÓ˚ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
l !Ó£ÏÙï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õñ !ï˛Î≈ܲï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õñ §•à!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ~ÓÇ §)ã˛Ü˛ l¡∫Ó˚ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !Ó!˲ߨ
Ó˚y!¢˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yˆÏܲ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏ벖
l §Çà,•#ï˛ Óy ˆ◊!îÓÂô §ÇáƒyÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲà%ˆÏ°y (Figure) !Óhfl,Ïï˛ •Î˚– ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
çlƒ àí˛¸ (Mean) ˆÜ˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– !Ùl Óy àí˛¸ §ÙhflÏ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùye §Çáƒy
≤Ãï˛#ˆÏܲ (Figure) ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ı
ˆÎ ~ܲܲ §ÇáƒyÙylˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲà%FSÈ §yÇáƒÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô !•§yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏl
ï˛yˆÏܲ•z ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ӈϰ– !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §yôyÓ˚îï˛/ !ï˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚
≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ï˛y •°ÈüüüÈ å1ä ˛õy!ê˛ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ àí˛¸ (Arithmatic Mean)ñ å2ä
ÙôƒÙÙÙyl (Mediam)ñ å3ä Ë)˛!£¤˛Ü˛ (Mode)–
1– ˛õy!ê˛ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ àí˛¸ Óy Mean :
§yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ àí˛¸ •ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ çyï˛#Î˚ Ó˚y!¢Ó˚ §Çáƒyï˛y!°Ü˛y Óy Ó˚y!¢Ó˚ §Ü˛° ÙylˆÏܲ
≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôcܲyÓ˚# ~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲܲ Ùyl– ~ܲ çyï˛#Î˚ §ÙhflÏ Ó˚y!¢Ó˚ ˆÎyàÊ˛°ˆÏܲ ˆ§•z Ó˚y!¢Ó˚ §Çáƒy !òˆÏÎ˚ ˲yà
ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆÎ ˲yàÊ˛°!ê˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ•z ˛õy!ê˛ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ àí˛¸ Óy Mean ӈϰ–
àˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ Óy !ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ôÙ≈ ı
àˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ˆÎ §yôyÓ˚î ôÙ≈à%ˆÏ°y °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y •°ÈüüüÈ
l ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ ˆflÒyÓ˚ myÓ˚y xÌ≈yÍ á%Ó Ü˛Ù Óy á%Ó ˆÓ!¢ ˆflÒyÓ˚ myÓ˚y àí˛¸ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚– ܲyÓ˚î àí˛¸ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
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ˆàˆÏ° §Óà%ˆÏ°y ˆflÒyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆÎyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ï˛y•z á%Ó Ü˛Ù Óy ˆÓ!¢ ˆflÒyÓ˚ •ˆÏ° àí˛¸G ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚–
l ˆÜ˛yˆÏly x§ÙyÆ Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ àí˛¸ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly–
l àí˛¸ Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚y!¢Ó˚ Ùyl myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚ xÌ≈yÍ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ àˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •Î˚–
l ˆÜ˛yl Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ó˚y!¢Ó˚ §ˆÏAà !l!ò≈T˛ Ùyl ˆÎyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° Óy ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ !l!ò≈T˛ Ùyl !ÓˆÏÎ˚yà
ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° xÌÓy G•z §ÇáƒyÓ˚ myÓ˚y à%î Óy ˲yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ àí˛¸G xl%Ó˚)˛õ˲yˆÏÓ G•z §ÇáƒyÓ˚ myÓ˚y
≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
l àí˛¸ •° Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ §yÙƒ !Ó®% (Balance point) xÌ≈yÍ Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ê˛y Ó˚y!¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ
àí˛¸ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yàÊ˛°à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !ã˛•´ åôlydܲ G }îydܲ !ã˛•´ä xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˆÎyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆÎyàÊ˛°
¢)lƒ •ˆÏÓ xÌ≈yÍ Σ (X−M) = 0
àˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ §%!Óôy ı
àˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ §%!Óôyà%ˆÏ°y •°ÈüüüÈ
l §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ !lË%≈˛°ñ e%!ê˛Ù%=˛ G !lË≈˛Ó˚ˆÏÎyàƒ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° àí˛¸•z §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚
ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚–
l ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ Ùyl !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ àí˛¸ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚–
l Îál Ó^˝ê˛l!ê˛ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ál àí˛¸ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y•z §Ù#!ã˛l–
l ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xlƒylƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆÎÙl §ÙƒÜ‰˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ Óy SDñ §•˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚
Ùyl •zï˛ƒy!ò !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ •Î˚ ï˛ál xyˆÏà•z àí˛¸ ÓyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚–
l Îál ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õܲ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚–
l ~!ê˛ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ Îy á%%Ó §•ˆÏç àîly ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
l àí˛¸ !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ü ˛Ù xl%ÎyÎ˚# §yçyˆÏlyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ ly–
l ~!ê˛ àîlyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ §ÙhflÏ ˆflÒyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
àˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ x§%!Óôy ı
àí˛¸ !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎ x§%!Óôyà%ˆÏ°y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y •°ÈüüüÈ
l ~!ê˛ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ ˆflÒyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛y•z !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §!Iï˛ ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝
ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ ˆflÒyÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚ àí˛¸ ÓyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ï˛y !lË≈˛Ó˚ˆÏÎyàƒ •Î˚ ly– ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ 1 3 7 9 200 ~Ó˚
àí˛¸ 44 ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆflÒyÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛•z ôyÓ˚îy ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly–
l ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Çáƒyàï˛ Ùyl ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ly ܲÓ˚y ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Ó%!Âôñ ˆ§Ô®Î≈ƒ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y à%îàï˛ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚
àí˛¸ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ˆÎÙl Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe IQ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y–
!¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl 297
l ~ܲà%FSÈ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùye ï˛Ìƒ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyܲˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ àí˛¸ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly–
l ~!ê˛ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y §ÙÎ˚ §yˆÏ˛õ«˛ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚–
àí˛¸ !lî≈Î˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ı
x!ÓlƒhflÏ Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ àí˛¸ !lî≈Î˚
x!ÓlƒhflÏ Óy xˆÏ◊!îÓÂô Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ àí˛¸ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ xhs˝Ë)≈˛=˛ Ó˚y!¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §Ù!T˛ˆÏܲ
Ó˚y!¢Ó˚ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˲yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáy òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÎ Ó˚y!¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ àí˛¸ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ ï˛yÓ˚
ˆÎ ~ܲܲ xyˆÏSÈ !l!î≈ï˛ àˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ~ܲܲG ï˛y•z •ˆÏÓ xÌ≈yÍ Ó˚y!¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ~ܲܲ @˝ÃyÙñ !°ê˛yÓ˚ !ܲÇÓy !Ùê˛yÓ˚
•zï˛ƒy!ò Îy•z ˆ•yܲ ly ˆÜ˛l !l!î≈ï˛ àˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ~ܲܲ G ï˛y•z •ˆÏÓ–
l#ˆÏã˛ xˆÏ◊!îÓÂô ˆflÒyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ àí˛¸ !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáyˆÏly •°ÈüüüÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ 7 çl !¢«˛yÌ≈# à!îï˛
!ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ ˆÎ l¡∫Ó˚à%ˆÏ°y ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y ˆòGÎ˚y xyˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ àí˛¸ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓÈüüüÈ
50, 52, 69, 70, 64, 55, 60
x!ÓlƒhflÏ Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe àí˛¸ !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §)e •°ÈüüüÈ
Σx
§)e ı M =
N
å~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeñ M = àí˛¸ (Mean), x′ = ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚y!¢ Óy l¡∫Ó˚ñ Σx = §ÙhflÏ Ó˚y!¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÎyàÊ˛°ñ
N = Ó˚y!¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ §Çáƒyä

50 + 52 + 69 + 70 + 64 + 55 + 60
M=
7
420
=
7
= 60

§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ 7 çl !¢«˛yÌ≈# à!îï˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ 60 l¡∫Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–

x!ÓlƒhflÏ Óy xˆÏ◊!îÓÂô ˆflÒyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲ!“ï˛ àí˛¸ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ àí˛¸ !lî≈Î˚ ı
àí˛¸ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ xyˆÏSÈ Îy ܲ!“ï˛ àí˛¸ ˛õÂô!ï˛ (Assumed mean method)
lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !lˆÏß√y=˛ §)e ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
Σx
Mean = A +
N
å~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeñ M=Mean Óy àí˛¸ñ A= ܲ!“ï˛ àí˛¸ñ N= ˆÙyê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyñ x′= ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆflÒyÓ˚ x′ ˆÌˆÏܲ
ܲ!“ï˛ àí˛¸ (A)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ã%˛ƒ!ï˛ Óy ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒñ Σx′= G•z ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Óy ã%˛ƒ!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §Ù!T˛–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 298
í˛zòy•Ó˚î ı lÓÙ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ÓyÇ°y ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ 10 çl !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ≤ÃyÆ l¡∫Ó˚à%ˆÏ°y •° 50, 28, 46, 32, 35, 39,
54, 42, 25, 30– ܲ!“ï˛ àí˛¸ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ l¡∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ àí˛¸ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
≤ÃyÆ l¡∫Ó˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Óy ã%˛ƒ!ï˛
x (x′′ = x − A)
25 –14
28 –11
30 –9
32 –7
35 –4
39 0
42 3
46 7
50 11
54 15
Σ x′′ = −9

Σx ′
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ àí˛¸ (Mean ) = A +
N
 A = 39 ( ôÓ˚y Îyܲ) 
 −9   Σx ′ = −9 
= 39 +  
 10   
 N = 10 
= 39 − 0.9
= 38.1

xï˛~Ó !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÆ l¡∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !lˆÏî≈Î˚ àí˛¸ •°ÈüüüÈ 38.1

!¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl 299
!ÓlƒhflÏ Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ àí˛¸ !lî≈Î˚ ı
!ÓlƒhflÏ Ó˚y!¢Ùy°y ˆÌˆÏܲ àí˛¸ !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ò%!ê˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ å1ä ò#â≈ ˛õÂô!ï˛ åLong
Methodäñ å2ä §Ç!«˛Æ ˛õÂô!ï˛ åShort Methodä Óy ܲ!“ï˛ àí˛¸ ˛õÂô!ï˛ åAssumed Mean Methodä–
(1) ò#â≈ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ àí˛¸ !lî≈Î˚Èüü
í˛zòy•Ó˚î å~ܲä
ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyl ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy ÙôƒÙyl ÙôƒÙyl × ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy
Óy ˆflÒyÓ˚ (Score) f x fx′′
40 – 44 3 42 126
45 – 49 3 47 141
50 – 55 5 52 260
55 – 59 7 57 399
60 – 65 10 62 620
65 – 69 8 67 536
70 – 75 6 72 432
75 – 79 5 77 385
80 – 85 2 82 164
85 – 89 1 87 87
Ν = 50 Σ fx = 3150

ò#â≈ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ àí˛¸ !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §)e •°ÈüüüÈ

Σfx ′
àí˛¸ ( Mean ) =
N
§)e xl%ÎyÎ˚# Ùyl Ó!§ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õy•zÈüüüÈ
Σfx ′
Mean =
N
3150  N = 50 
=  Σfx ′ = 3150
50  
= 63

å~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeñ M = àí˛¸ (Mean), f = ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyñ x = Ùôƒ!Ó®%ñ fx = ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy G Ùôƒ!Ó®%Ó˚ à%îÊ˛°ñ

Σfx′ = §ÙhflÏ fx′ ~Ó˚ ˆÎyàÊ˛°ä
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 300
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ1

≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ Ùôƒ!Ó®% (§ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ ˆflÒyÓ˚ +2 §Ó≈!l¡¨ ˆflÒyÓ˚ ) ~•z §)eyl%ÎyÎ˚# !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ x §y!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Ó§yˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ–
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ2
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ Ùôƒ!Ó®%Ó˚ §ˆÏAà G•z ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§ÇáƒyˆÏܲ à%î ܲˆÏÓ˚ fx §y!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ3
fx §y!Ó˚Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ à%îÊ˛°ˆÏܲ ˆÎyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ~•z ˆÎyàÊ˛°ˆÏܲ Σfx ~Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ !°áˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ4
§)e xl%ÎyÎ˚# !Ó!˲ߨ ÙylˆÏܲ Ó!§ˆÏÎ˚ àí˛¸ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
í˛zòy•Ó˚î åò%•zä
ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyl ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy ÙôƒÙyl ÙôƒÙyl × ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy
Óy ˆflÒyÓ˚ (Score) f x fx′′
90 – 92 1 91 91
93 – 95 2 94 188
96 – 98 4 97 388
99 – 101 3 100 300
102 – 104 6 103 618
105 – 107 9 106 954
108 – 110 5 109 545
111 – 113 4 112 448
114 – 116 2 115 230
117 – 119 2 118 236
120 – 122 2 121 242
Ν = 40 Σ fx = 4240

Σfx ′
àí˛¸ (Mean ) =
N
4240  N = 40 
=  Σfx ′ = 4240
40  
= 106
!¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl 301
å2ä §Ç!«˛Æ ˛õÂô!ï˛ åShort Methodä Óy ܲ!¡õï˛ àí˛¸ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ åAssumed Meanä àí˛¸ !lî≈Î˚ ı
í˛zòy•Ó˚î å~ܲä
ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyl Óy ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ùôƒ!Ó®% !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛
x−M
ˆflÒyÓ˚ (Score) f x x′ = fx′
i
98 – 102 1 100 –5 –5
103 – 107 3 105 –4 –12
108 – 112 9 110 –3 –27
113 – 117 11 115 –2 –22
118 – 122 18 120 –1 –18
123 – 127 26 125 0 0
128 – 132 17 130 +1 +17
133 – 137 10 135 +2 +20
138 – 142 3 140 +3 +9
143 – 147 2 145 +4 +8
N = 100 Σ fx′′ = −
−30

Σf x ′
M = A.M + ×i
N
−30
= 125 + ×5
100
−150
= 125 +
100
= 125 − 1.5
= 123.5

å~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeñ f = ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyñ x = Ùôƒ!Ó®%ñ x′ = ܲ!“ï˛ àí˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ùôƒ!Ó®%Ó˚ ò)Ó˚cñ A.M =
ܲ!“ï˛ àí˛¸ñ N = ˆÙyê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyñ i = ˆ◊!î ≤çyÓ˚ñ fx′ = ˛≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ f G x′ ~Ó˚ à%îÊ˛°ñ
Σfx = §ÙhflÏ fx′ ~Ó˚ ˆÎyàÊ˛°ä
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 302
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ1

≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ Ùôƒ!Ó®% (§ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ ˆflÒyÓ˚ +2 §Ó≈!l¡¨ ˆflÒyÓ˚ ) ~•z §)eyl%ÎyÎ˚# !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ x hflψÏΩ˛ Ó§yˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ–
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ2
x §y!Ó˚Ó˚ Ùôƒ!Ó®%à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ ܲ!“ï˛ àí˛¸ !•§yˆÏÓ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ܲ!“ï˛
àí˛¸ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly l#!ï˛ ˆl•z– ï˛ˆÏÓ Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy!ê˛
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§áyˆÏl ܲ!“ï˛ àí˛¸ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˲y°– ≤Ãò_ Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏl §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy!ê˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ 123-127
~•z ˆ◊!î!ê˛ˆÏï˛– ï˛y•z ~•z ˆ◊!î!ê˛Ó˚ Ùôƒ!Ó®% 125 ˆÜ˛ ܲ!“ï˛ àí˛¸ !•§yˆÏÓ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚y •°–
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ3
ܲ!“ï˛ àˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ í˛yl!òˆÏܲÓ˚ x′ hflψÏΩ˛ ‘0’ Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ‘0’ ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ Óy l#ˆÏã˛ ˆÎ !òˆÏܲ Ü ˛ˆÏÙyFã˛
ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôylà%ˆÏ°y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ x′ hflψÏΩ˛ í˛zôÁ≈Ü ˛Ù xl%ÎyÎ˚# +1, +2, +3 ~ÓÇ ˆÎ!òˆÏܲ Ü ˛Ù
!l¡¨ ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôylà%ˆÏ°y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§áyˆÏlG í˛zôÁ≈Ü ˛Ù xl%ÎyÎ˚# −1, −2, .... ~˲yˆÏÓ §Óà%ˆÏ°y ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚
!Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ §Çáƒyà%ˆÏ°y Ó§yˆÏly §¡õ)î≈ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ï˛ˆÏÓ ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ §Çáƒyà%ˆÏ°y Îy!sfܲ˲yˆÏÓ
x − A.M
Ó§yˆÏly •ˆÏ°G ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆ§ §)e xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Çáƒyà%ˆÏ°y Ó§yˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y •ˆÏ°y
i
xÌ≈yÍ Ü˛!“ï˛ àí˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ùôƒ!Ó®% !ÓˆÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z !ÓˆÏÎ˚yàÊ˛°ˆÏܲ ˆ◊!î ≤çyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˲yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°•z
~•z §Çáƒyà%ˆÏ°y ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ– ≤Ã!ï˛ÓyÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˲yà ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ˆÏܲ ÓÑyã˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z ˛õrÌy xl%§Ó˚î
ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ4
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ f §ˆÏAà G•z ˆ◊!îÓ˚ x′ ˆÜ˛ à%î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y fx′ hflψÏΩ˛ Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ùylà%ˆÏ°y
Ó§yˆÏlyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ x′ hflψÏΩ˛Ó˚ ‘+’ G ‘−’ !ã˛•´à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲG ly ~!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ fiÌyˆÏl Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ5
x′ hflψÏΩ˛Ó˚ ‘+’ !ã˛•´ Î%=˛ Ùylà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~ܲˆÏe ˆÎyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ‘−’ !ã˛•´ Î%=˛ Ùylà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
xy°yòy ˆÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎyàÊ˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yàÊ˛° Óyò !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– xyÓ˚ ~•z Ùyl!ê˛ fx′ hflψÏΩ˛Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï Σfx′
~Ó˚ Ùyl !•§yˆÏÓ Ó§ˆÏÓ–
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ6
§)e xl%ÎyÎ˚# Ùylà%ˆ°
Ï y ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆÎÙlÈüü ≤Ãò_ Ó^˝ê˛l xl%ÎyÎ˚# A.M = 125, Σfx′‘ = −30,
N = 100, i = 5. ~˲yˆÏÓ àí˛¸ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
!¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl 303
í˛zòy•Ó˚î åò%•zä

ˆ◊!îÓƒÓôyl Óy ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ùôƒ!Ó®% !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛

x−M
ˆflÒyÓ˚ (Score) f x x′ = fx′
i
55 – 59 2 57 +4 +8
50 – 54 4 52 +3 +12
45 – 49 7 47 +2 +14
40 – 44 6 42 +1 +6
35 – 39 11 37 0 0
30 – 34 7 32 –1 –7
25 – 29 5 27 –2 –10
20 – 24 4 22 –3 –12
15 – 19 3 17 –4 –12
10 – 14 1 12 –5 –5
N = 50 Σ fx′′ = −
−6

Σfx ′
àí˛¸ ( Mean ) = A.M + ×i
N  ~áyˆÏlñ A.M = 37 
−6  Σfx ′ = −6 
= 37 + ×5 
50  N = 50 
= 37 − 0.12 × 5  
 i=5 
= 37 − 0.6
= 36.4

2– ÙôƒÙÙyl (Median) :
ÙôƒÙÙyl •° ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛– ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó®%ñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ï˛Ìƒ lÎ˚– Îál Ó˚y!¢à%ˆÏ°y ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ Ü ˛Ùyl%§yˆÏÓ˚ !ÓlƒhflÏ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛ál ÙôƒÙÙyl •° ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õܲ ˆfl҈ϰÓ˚ ~Ùl
~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó®% Îy ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õܲ ˆflÒ°ˆÏܲ §Ùyl ò%Û˲yˆÏà ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆfl҈ϰÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ G l#ˆÏã˛ §Ùyl §ÇáƒÜ˛
Ó˚y!¢ ÌyˆÏܲ– ÎyÓ˚ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ xLjϢÓ˚ Ó˚y!¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ÙôƒÙÙyl ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆSÈyê˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ xlƒ xLjϢÓ˚
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ Ó˚y!¢Ó˚ Ùyl ÙôƒÙÙyl ˆÌˆÏܲ Óí˛¸ •Î˚– ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ Mdn !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 304
ÙôƒÙÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ôÙ≈ ı
ܲä Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ §Çáƒy ~ÓÇ ÙôƒÙÙyˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ Ó˚y!¢Ó˚ fiÌyl åÙôƒÙyÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ Óy l#ˆÏã˛ä
x˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá Ó˚y!¢Ó˚ Ùyl ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ÙôƒÙÙyl x˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– !ܲv àˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe àˆÏí˛¸Ó˚
Ùyl ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ï˛y•z ÙôƒÙÙyl àí˛¸ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y xˆÏlܲ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#°–
áä ÙôƒÙÙyl ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õܲ ˆfl҈ϰÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó®% Ùyeñ ˆÎ !Ó®%Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ G l#ˆÏã˛ Ü˛Î˚!ê˛ ˆflÒyÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ ï˛y
Ó°y ÎyÎ˚–
àä x§ÙyÆ Órê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙôƒÙÙyl !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– !ܲv àí˛¸ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly–
âä ÙôƒÙÙyl àˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ó˚y!¢Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ~ܲ•z §Çáƒy ˆÎyàñ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yàñ à%î Óy ˲yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°
xl%Ó˚)˛õ˲yˆÏÓ G•z §Çáƒy myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚–
.ä ÙôƒÙÙyl ~ÓÇ Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ ܲÎ˚!ê˛ Ó˚y!¢ xyˆÏSÈ çyly ÌyܲˆÏ° ÙôƒÙÙyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ G l#ˆÏã˛ Ü˛Î˚!ê˛
ˆflÒyÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ó˚y!¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !lçfl∫ Ùyl çylyÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ •Î˚ ly– !ܲv àˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï˛y
§Ω˛Ó lÎ˚–
ÙôƒÙÙyˆÏlÓ˚ §%!Óôy ı ˆÎ§Ó ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÙôƒÙÙyl ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y §%!Óôyçlܲ ï˛y •°ÈüüüÈ
l Îál ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Ùôƒ!Ó®%!ê˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylˆÏï˛ ã˛yGÎ˚y •Î˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ G l#ˆÏã˛ ¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y ï˛yÓ˚ 50
˲yà ˆflÒyÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
l àˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ÙôƒÙÙyl Ü˛Ù §ÙˆÏÎ˚ o%ï˛ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
l ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ á%Ó Óí˛¸ Óy á%Ó ˆSÈyê˛ xÌ≈yÍ ã˛Ó˚Ù ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˆflÒyÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆ§ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe àí˛¸ §•ˆÏç•z ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ á%Ó ˆSÈyê˛ Óy Óí˛¸ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° àˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆflÒyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôc
ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó •Î˚ ly– !ܲv ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÙôƒÙÙyl ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚ ly– Ê˛ˆÏ° ÙôƒÙÙyl ˆÌˆÏܲ
x!ôܲyÇ¢ ˆflÒyÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó •Î˚–
l Îál Ó^˝ê˛l!ê˛ x§¡õ)î≈ ÌyܲyÓ˚ çlƒ àí˛¸ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly ï˛álG ÙôƒÙÙyl !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
l Îál à,•#ï˛ ~ܲܲ!ê˛ ˆÎ §Ó≈e §Ùyl ˆ§ §¡∫ˆÏrô xyÙÓ˚y !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ l•zñ ï˛ál ÙôƒÙÙyl ÓƒÓ•,ï˛
•Î˚–
x§%!Óôy ı
l ÙôƒÙÙyl !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆflÒyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚ ly–
l Ó˚y!¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚y!¢Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •ˆÏ° ÙôƒÙÙyl ï˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yl˲yˆÏÓ•z ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚
ly–
l ÙôƒÙÙyˆÏlÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !lá%Ñï˛ Ùyl ÓyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ lyñ Ùyl!ê˛ •Î˚ xyl%Ùy!lܲ–
l ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ü ˛ˆÏÙyFã˛ Óy Ü ˛Ù!l¡¨ Ùyl xl%ÎyÎ˚# ly §yçyˆÏ° ÙôƒÙÙyl !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly–
ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Çáƒy ˆÓ!¢ •ˆÏ° ï˛y §yçyˆÏï˛ ò#â≈ §ÙÎ˚ °yˆÏà–
l ~!ê˛ àˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ Ü˛Ù !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° (Stable)–
!¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl 305
l ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ ã˛Ó˚Ù ˆflÒyÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏ° ÙôƒÙÙyl !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ã˲yÓ ÌyˆÏܲ ly–
l àí˛¸ˆÏܲ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ àîly !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ •Î˚– !ܲv ÙôƒÙÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï˛y
≤ÈÏÎyçƒ lÎ˚–
ÙôƒÙÙyl !lî≈Î˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ı
x!ÓlƒhflÏ (Ungrouped) Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ ÙôƒÙÙyl !lî≈Î˚ ı
x!ÓlƒhflÏ Ó˚y!¢Ùy°y ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •Î˚ÈüüüÈ (i) !ÓˆÏçyí˛¸ §ÇáƒÜ˛ñ (ii) ˆçyí˛¸ §ÇáƒÜ˛–
!ÓˆÏçyÓ˚ §ÇáƒÜ˛ Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ ÙôƒÙÙyl !lî≈Î˚ÈüüüÈ
ˆflÒyÓ˚ ı 8, 3, 5, 9, 10, 11, 7
≤Ãò_ ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ Ü ˛ˆÏÙ §!Iï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° Ó˚y!¢Ùy°y!ê˛ !l¡¨Ó˚)˛õ •Î˚ÈüüüÈ 3, 5, 7, 8, 9,
10, 11
~áyˆÏl N = 7ñ xÌ≈yÍ Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÎ˚ !ÓˆÏçyí˛¸ §ÇáƒÜ˛ ˆflÒyÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ÙôƒÙÙyl !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §)e
N +1
•°ÈüüüÈ ÙôƒÙÙyl (Median) = ï˛Ù ˛õò
2
7 +1 8
= = = 4 ï˛Ù ˛õò
2 2
~ál Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ !l¡¨Ùyl ˆÌˆÏܲ àîly ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ 8 •° 4 ï˛Ù ˛õò
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Mdn = 4 ï˛Ù ˛õò Óy 8
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe N = 7 åˆÙyê˛ Ó˚y!¢Ó˚ §Çáƒyä
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚˝ÈüÈ1
§Çáƒyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆSÈyê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Óí˛¸ xl%ÎyÎ˚# §yçyˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ2
§)e xl%ÎyÎ˚# Ùyl!ê˛ Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ≤Ãò_ Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe N = 7 Ó§yˆÏly •°–
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ3
§)eyl%ÎyÎ˚# Îï˛ ï˛Ù ˛õˆÏò Mdn !ê˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ §!Iï˛ Ó˚y!¢Ùy°y ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛y ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆ§ê˛y•z •ˆÏÓ G•z
Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ ÙôƒÙÙyl– Óï≈˛Ùyl Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏl 4 ï˛Ù ˛õˆÏò Mdn !ê˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xÌ≈yÍ ÙôƒÙÙyl •ˆÏÓ 4 ï˛Ù ˛õò Óy 4–
ˆçyí˛¸ §ÇáƒÜ˛ Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ ÙôƒÙÙyl !lî≈Î˚ÈüüüÈ
ˆflÒyÓ˚ ı 10, 8, 9, 4, 12, 16
≤Ãò_ ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ Ü ˛ˆÏÙ §!Iï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° Ó˚y!¢Ùy°y!ê˛ !l¡¨Ó˚)˛õ •Î˚–
4, 8, 9, 10, 12, 16
~áyˆÏl N = 6ñ xÌ≈yÍ Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÎ˚ ˆçyí˛¸ §ÇáƒÜ˛ ˆflÒyÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 306
n1 + n 2
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ÙôƒÙÙyl !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §)e •°Èüü ÙôƒÙÙyl (Median) =
2
N N 
ˆÎáyˆÏl n1 = ï˛Ù ˛õò ~ÓÇ n2 =  + 1 ï˛Ù ˛õò
2 2
N 6
xÌ≈yÍ n1 = = = 3 ï˛Ù ˛õò xÌ≈yÍ 9
2 2
N  6
n2 =  + 1 = + 1 = 3 + 1 = 4 ï˛Ù ˛õòñ xÌ≈yÍ 10
2  2
n1 + n 2 9 + 10 19
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Median = = = = 9. 5
2 2 2
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ1
§Çáƒyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆSÈyê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Óí˛¸ Óy Óí˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆSÈyê˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# §yçyˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ2
§)e xl%ÎyÎ˚# Ùyl!ê˛ Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ≤Ãò_ Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe N = 6 Ó§yˆÏly •°–
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ3
§)eyl%ÎyÎ˚# Îï˛ ï˛Ù ˛õˆÏò Mdn !ê˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ §!Iï˛ Ó˚y!¢Ùy°y ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛y ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆ§ê˛y•z •ˆÏÓ G•z
Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ ÙôƒÙÙyl– Óï≈˛Ùyl Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏl 3 ï˛Ù ˛õˆÏò 4 ï˛Ù ˛õˆÏòÓ˚ ÙyV˛yÙy!V˛ Mdn !ê˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe 3
ï˛Ù ˛õò!ê˛ •° 9 ~ÓÇ 4 ï˛Ù ˛õò!ê˛ •°˛10– ~•z ò%!ê˛ ˛õòˆÏܲ ˆÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ 2 !òˆÏÎ˚ ˲yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ÙôƒÙyl!ê˛
˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y •° 9.5.
!ÓlƒhflÏ (Grouped) Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ ÙôƒÙÙyl !lî≈Î˚ ı
í˛zòy•Ó˚î å~ܲä
ˆflÒyÓ˚ (Score) ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy (f) ˆ◊!î§#Ùyly (L) Ü ˛ÙˆÏÎÔ!àܲ ˛õ!Ó˚§ÇჃy (Cf)
20 – 29 5 19.5 – 29.5 5
30 – 39 7 29.5 – 39.5 12
40 – 49 8 39.5 – 49.5 20
50 – 59 10 49.5 – 59.5 30
60 – 69 12 59.5 – 69.5 42
70 – 79 4 69.5 – 79.5 46
80 – 89 3 79.5 – 89.5 49
90 – 99 1 89.5 – 99.5 50
N = 50
!¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl 307
!ÓlƒhflÏ Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ ÙôƒÙÙyl !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §)e •°ÈüüüÈ
N 
−F
 2 
ÙôƒÙÙyl (Median) = L +  ×i
fm 
 

~áyˆÏlñ L = ˆÎ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ ÙôƒÙÙyl xÓ!fiÌï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ !l¡¨§#Ùy

N
= ˆÙyê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§ÇáƒyÓ˚ xˆÏô≈ܲ
2
F = L ~Ó˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# xÌÓy l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ˆ◊!î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ §Óà%ˆÏ°y ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ˆÎyàÊ˛° å≤ÃÌÙ
§Ùyôyl!ê˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# Ü ˛Ù˛õ%!Oï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy ˆlGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈä
fm = ˆÎ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ ÙôƒÙÙyl xÓ!fiÌï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy
i = ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ≤çyÓ˚

N
−F
§)e ı Mdn = L + 2 ×i
fm  ~áyˆÏlñ L = 49.5
25 − 20  F = 20 
= 49.5 + × 10  
10  fm = 10 
5  
= 49.5 + × 10  N = 50 
10  i = 10 
= 49.5 + 5
= 54.5

!ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ÙôƒÙÙyl !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓÈüüüÈ

˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ1
N N 50
ˆÙyê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§ÇáƒyˆÏܲ 2 !òˆÏÎ˚ ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ≤Ãò_ Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏl = = 25
2 2 2
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ2
§Ó≈!l¡¨ ˆ◊!î ˆÌˆÏܲ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ ˆ◊!î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyà%ˆÏ°y ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ü ˛ÙÓô≈Ùyl ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy
(Cumulative Frequency) !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyl xl%ÎyÎ˚# Cf hflψÏΩ˛ Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ≤Ãò_
Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏl §Ó≈!l¡¨ ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyl!ê˛ •° 20-29– ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy •° 5– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Cf hflψÏΩ˛ 5 Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 308
!mï˛#Î˚ ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyl!ê˛ •° 30-39– ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy •° 7– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ~•z §y!Ó˚Ó˚ Cf !ê˛ •ˆÏÓ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ˆ◊!î
ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ Cf + 7 = 12– ï,˛ï˛#Î˚!ê˛ •ˆÏÓ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ Cf Óy 12 + 8 åG•z ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyä ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛
ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ï˛y Cf hflψÏΩ˛ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ3
N/2 §ÇáƒÜ˛ ˆflÒyÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆ◊!î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ≤Ãò_ Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏl 50-59 ˆ◊!î!ê˛Ó˚ Cf •°
N
30– xÌ≈yÍ ~•z ˆ◊!î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ §ÇáƒÜ˛ Óy 25!ê˛ ˆflÒyÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
2
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ4
§)e xl%ÎyÎ˚# L Óy !l¡¨ §#Ùy!ê˛ (Lower limit) !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ùyl!ê˛ Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~çlƒ ˆÎ ˆ◊!î
ÓƒÓôyl!ê˛ˆÏï˛ N/2 §ÇáƒÜ˛ ˆflÒyÓ˚ Óy ÙôƒÙÙyl!ê˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§•z ˆ◊!î§#Ùy!ê˛ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ §Ó≈!l¡¨ §#Ùy
!lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ≤Ãò_ Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÙôƒÙÙyl!ê˛ ˆÎ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ !l¡¨§#Ùy Óy ‘L’ •ˆÏÓ
49.5– å~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆ◊!îÓ˚ í˛zôÁ≈§#Ùy !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ˆÎÙl G•z ˆ◊!îÓ˚
§ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà .5 ˆÎyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ !l¡¨§#Ùy !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° !l!ò≈T˛ ˆ◊!î!ê˛Ó˚
§Ó≈!l¡¨ ˆflÒyÓ˚!ê˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ .5 !ÓˆÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•§yˆÏÓ ≤Ãò_ Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ 50-59 ~•z ˆ◊!î!ê˛Ó˚
!l¡¨§#Ùy •ˆÏÓ 50 −.5 = 49.5 ñ xyÓ˚ í˛zôÁ≈§#Ùy •ˆÏÓ 59 +.5 = 59.5ä
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ5
F ~Ó˚ Ùyl !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe F •ˆÏFSÈ ˆÎ ˆ◊!î!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ÙôƒÙÙyl!ê˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚
l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ ˆ◊!îà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Óy Cf– ≤Ãò_ Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe F = 20
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ6
fm ~Ó˚ Ùyl !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe fm •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˆ◊!î!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ÙôƒÙyl!ê˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy– ≤Ãò_ Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe fm = 20
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ7
ˆ◊!î ≤çyÓ˚ !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– Óï≈˛Ùyl Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ◊!î ≤çyÓ˚ 10
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ8
§)eyl%ÎyÎ˚# !Ó!˲ߨ Ùylà%ˆÏ°y Ó!§ˆÏÎ˚ ÙôƒÙÙyl !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
!¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl 309
í˛zòy•Ó˚î åò%•zä
ˆflÒyÓ˚ (Score) ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy (f) ˆ◊!î§#Ùyly (L) Ü ˛ÙˆÏÎÔ!àܲ ˛õ!Ó˚§ÇჃy (Cf)
45 – 49 1 44.5 – 49.5 30
40 – 44 2 39.5 – 44.5 29
35 – 39 2 34.5 – 39.5 27
30 – 34 4 29.5 – 34.5 25
25 – 29 9 24.5 – 29.5 21
20 – 24 8 19.5 – 24.5 12
15 – 19 3 14.5 – 19.5 4
10 – 14 0 9.5 – 14.5 1
5 – 9 1 4.5 – 9.5 1
N = 30

N 
−F
 2 
ÙôƒÙÙyl (Median) = L +  ×i
fm 
 

 15 − 12 
= 24.5 +  ×5
 9   ~áyˆÏlñ L = 24.5
3  F = 12 
= 24.5 + ×5  
9  fm = 9 
= 24.5 + 1.665 
N = 30 


= 24.5 + 1.67  i=5 
= 26.17
3– Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛ (Mode) :
Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛ ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ àí˛¸ (Average)– Îál á%Ó o%ï˛ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚
ï˛ál Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Îál ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y x!ÓlƒhflÏ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛ál ˆÎ ˆflÒyÓ˚!ê˛ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚
ˆÓ!¢ÓyÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛ Óy Mode ӈϰ– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÎ˚ Î!ò ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ Ó˚y!¢ Ùye ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~•z Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 310
Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ôÙ≈ ı
l Ó˚y!¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùye ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚–
l xlƒylƒ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ àîlyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly à%Ó˚%c ˆl•z–
l Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î ≤ÃÓîï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ܲê˛y ôyÓ˚îy ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
l ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ˆÏÎyàƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õܲ–
l Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏl ~•z Ùyl!ê˛ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏ§ Óy ~•z !Ó®% §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ë˛í˛¸ ˆòáy
ÎyÎ˚–
l ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏl ~ܲy!ôܲ Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §%!Óôy ı
l ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ xlƒylƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ o%ï˛ G §•ˆÏç !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î myÓ˚y•z ~!ê˛ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
l ÙôƒÙÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~!ê˛G ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ ˆflÒyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚ ly–
l Îál ≤Ãò_ Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆflÒyÓ˚!ê˛ ˆÓ!¢ ÓyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl
•Î˚ ï˛ál ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y §%!Óôyçlܲ–
l ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ~Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢– !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ~!ê˛ Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ
ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚–
l ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !Óhfl,Ï!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~Ó˚ Ùyl !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly–
l à%îàï˛ Óy ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ã˛° (Variable) ˆÓ!¢ ÓyÓ˚ âˆÏê˛ ï˛y çylyÓ˚ çlƒ
òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ •Î˚– ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ xyô%!lܲ ˆSȈϰ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y ˆÜ˛yl‰ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ˛õ¢y ˆÓ!¢ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y
Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ çyly ÎyÎ˚–
l Ù%=˛ÈüȧÙyÆ Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ (Open Ended Distribution) ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆ◊!î§#Ùy !lî≈Î˚ ly ܲˆÏÓ˚•z ~Ó˚
Ùyl !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ x§%!Óôy ı
l ~Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !lá%Ñï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚y ܲ!ë˛lñ ï˛y•z ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ !•§yˆÏÓ ~!ê˛ Ü˛Ù
!lË≈˛Ó˚ˆÏÎyàƒ–
l ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ ÎÌyÎÌ˲yˆÏÓ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly–
l Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ ˆflÒyÓ˚ˆÏܲ à%Ó˚%c ˆòÎ˚ ly–
l ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛ lyG ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
l ~Ó˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ˆÏÎyàƒï˛y àí˛¸ G ÙôƒÙÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ Ü˛Ù–
l ~ܲy!ôܲ Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛ !Ó!¢T˛ Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe í˛z˛õÎ%=˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y xï˛ƒhs˝ ܲ!ë˛l–
l Ó#çày!î!ï˛Ü˛ àîlyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ lÎ˚–
l Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ xlƒylƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õ ~!ê˛ §•yÎ˚ܲ lÎ˚–
!¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl 311
Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛ !lî≈Î˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ı
Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ ò%Û˲yˆÏÓ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ å1ä fiÌ)° Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛ (Crude Mode) Óy x!˲K˛ï˛y !lË≈˛Ó˚
Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛ (Impirical Mode)ñ å2ä ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛ (True Mode)–
x!ÓlƒhflÏ ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏFSÈÓ˚ fiÌ)° Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛ !lî≈Î˚ ı
x!ÓlƒhflÏ ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏFSÈÓ˚ fiÌ)° Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎÙlÈüü10, 5, 8, 12,
10, 9, 6, 10, 6, 5, 10 ÈüüÈ~•z ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y §y!çˆÏÎ˚ !°áˆÏ° Îy òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚ ï˛y •°ÈüüÈ
5, 5, 6, 6, 8, 9, 10, 10, 10, 10, 12
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y=˛ §y!Ó˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ 10 ~•z ˆflÒyÓ˚!ê˛ ã˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ Óy §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ÓyÓ˚
~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ– ï˛y•z 10 •° ~•z §y!Ó˚Ó˚ fiÌ)° Ë)˛!£ÏT˛Ü˛ Óy Ü %˛í˛ ˆÙyí˛– ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ Îy !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ
ï˛y •°ñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏl Î!ò ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ ò%!ê˛ §Çáƒy ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏ§ ï˛ˆÏÓ G•z Ó^˝ê˛l!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ó°y •ˆÏÓ !mÈüÈË)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛
Î%=˛ Ó^˝ê˛l Óy Bio-modal Distribution.
!ÓlƒhflÏ ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏFSÈÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ fiÌ)° Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛ !lî≈Î˚ ı
!ÓlƒhflÏ Óy ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏl §yçyˆÏly ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏFSÈÓ˚ fiÌ)° Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛ ÓyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ù •°ñ ˆÎ
ˆ◊!îÓƒÓôyl!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ˆ§•z ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyl!ê˛Ó˚ Ùôƒ!Ó®%ˆÏܲ !lˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ
ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyl f Mid Point
10 – 14 5 12
15 – 19 7 17
20 – 24 9 22
25 – 29 10 27
30 – 34 12 32
35 – 39 8 37
40 – 44 6 42
45 – 49 2 47
50 – 54 1 52
= 60
N=

≤Ãò_ Ó^˝ê˛l!ê˛ˆÏï˛ 30 – 34 ~•z ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyl!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢– ï˛y•z Ó^˝ê˛l!ê˛Ó˚ fiÌ)°
Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛ •° 30 – 34 ~•z ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyl!ê˛Ó˚ Ùôƒ!Ó®% xÌ≈yÍ 32 ÈåˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó^˝ê˛l Î!ò fl∫y˲y!Óܲ •Î˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ°
fiÌ)° Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛ G ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛ ~ܲ•z •Î˚– !ܲv Ó^˝ê˛l!ê˛ Î!ò Skewed Óy !ï˛Î≈ܲ •Î˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° fiÌ)° G ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛
Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ •ˆÏÓä–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 312
≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Ë)˛!£ÏT˛Ü˛ ı˛
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ (True) Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ˆ§•z !Ó®%!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÎ !Ó®%ˆÏï˛ ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ˆflÒyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w#Ë)˛ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ˆÏܲ ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w#Ë˛ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ¢#£Ï≈!Ó®% ӈϰ–
fiÌ)° Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛ •° ~•z ¢#£Ï≈!Ó®% §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙyê˛yÙ%!ê˛ ôyÓ˚îy– xyÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛ •° ÎÌyÎÌ àîly
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z ¢#£Ï≈!Ó®%!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ–
!ÓlƒhflÏ ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏFSÈÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛ !lî≈Î˚ ı
!ÓlƒhflÏ ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏFSÈÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ò%•z˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛ Óy True Mode ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚Èüüü å1ä àí˛¸ G
ÙôƒÙÙyˆÏlÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ñ å2ä §Ó˚y§!Ó˚–È
å1ä àí˛¸ G ÙôƒÙÙyˆÏlÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛ !lî≈Î˚ ı
í˛zòy•Ó˚î å~ܲä
ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyl ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ü ˛ÙˆÏÎÔ!àܲ Ùôƒ!Ó®% ã%˛ƒ!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy
Óy ˆflÒyÓ˚ (Score) f ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy x x − A.M !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛
x′ =
i
Cf fx′
40 – 44 1 1 42 –6 –6
45 – 49 2 3 47 –5 –10
50 – 54 3 6 52 –4 –12
55 – 59 3 9 57 –3 –9
60 – 64 2 11 62 –2 –4
65 – 69 5 16 67 –1 –5
70 – 74 11 27 72 0 0
75 – 79 8 35 77 1 8
80 – 84 6 41 82 2 12
85 – 89 4 45 87 3 12
90 – 94 3 48 92 4 12
95 – 99 2 50 97 5 10
N = 50 Σ fx′′ = 8
Σfx ′
Mean = A.M + ×i
N  A.M = 72
8  Σfx ′ = 8
= 72 + ×5 
50 N = 50
= 72 + . 8  
i = 5
= 72.8
!¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl 313

Mode = 3 × Mdn − 2 × Mean

= 3 × 73.59 − 2 × 72.8  Mdn = 73.59
 Mean = 72.8 
= 220.77 − 145.6  
= 75.17
í˛zòy•Ó˚î åò%•zä
ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyl ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ü ˛ÙˆÏÎÔ!àܲ Ùôƒ!Ó®% ã%˛ƒ!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy
Óy ˆflÒyÓ˚ (Score) ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛
x − A.M
f Cf x x′ = fx′
i
90 – 94 2 56 92 +5 10
85 – 89 2 54 87 +4 8
80 – 84 4 52 82 +3 12
75 – 79 8 48 77 +2 16
70 – 74 6 40 72 +1 6
65 – 69 11 34 67 0 0
60 – 64 9 23 62 –1 –9
55 – 59 7 14 57 –2 –14
50 – 54 5 7 52 –3 –15
45 – 49 0 2 47 –4 0
40 – 44 2 2 42 –5 –10
N = 56 Σ fx′′ = 4
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 314

Σfx ′
Mean = A.M + ×i
N  A.M = 67 
4  Σfx = 4
= 67 + ×5  
56 i = 5
= 67 + 0.071 × 5  
N = 56
= 67 + 0.355
= 67 + 355
= 67.36

N
−F
Mdn = L + 2 ×i
fm L = 64.5
56 N 
− 23  = 28 
= 64.5 + 2 ×5 2 
11 F = 23 
28 − 23  
= 64.5 + ×5  Fm = 11 
11
i = 5 
5  
= 64.5 + × 5
11  
= 64.5 + 0.45 × 5
= 64.5 + 2.25
= 66.75
Mode = 3 × Mdn − 2 × Mean
= 3 × 66.75 − 2 × 67.36  ~áyˆÏlñ Mdn = 66.75 
= 220.25 − 134.72  Mean = 67.36

= 65.53
!¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl 315
å2ä ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó^˝ê˛l ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛ !lî≈Î˚ ı
ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyl f

40 – 44 1
45 – 49 2
50 – 54 3
55 – 59 3
60 – 64 2
65 – 69 5
70 – 74 11
75 – 79 8
80 – 84 6
85 – 89 4
90 – 94 3
95 – 9 9 2
N = 50

 fa 
Mode = L +  xi
 fa + fb 
 8 
= 69.5 +  ×5
 8 + 5 
40
= 69.5 +
13
= 69.5 + 3.008
= 72.58
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ1
≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛!ê˛ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§ÇáƒyÎ%=˛ ˆÎ ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyˆÏl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ !l¡¨§#Ùy !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §)eyl%ÎyÎ˚#
Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ≤Ãò_ Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏl §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§#Ùyl 11!ê˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ 70–74 ~•z ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyˆÏl– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~•z ˆ◊!î
ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ !l¡¨§#Ùy!ê˛ •ˆÏÓ 69.5.
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ2
Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛!ê˛ ˆÎ ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyˆÏl ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ ˆ§•z ˆ◊!îÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# Ü ˛ˆÏÙyFã˛ ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy!ê˛ˆÏܲ
faÓ˚ Ùyl !•§yˆÏÓ §eyl%ÎyÎ˚# Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ≤Ãò_ Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏl fa = 8.
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 316
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ3
ˆÎ ˆ◊!îÓƒÓôyˆÏl Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛!ê˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§•z ˆ◊!îÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# Ü ˛Ù!l¡¨ ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy!ê˛ˆÏܲ
fbÓ˚ Ùyl !•§yˆÏÓ §)eyl%ÎyÎ˚# Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ≤Ãò_ Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏl fb = 5.
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ4
ˆ◊!î xhs˝Ó˚ Óy ÓƒÓôyl!ê˛ !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ i ~Ó˚ Ùyl !•§yˆÏÓ Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ≤Ãò_ Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏl i = 5.
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ5
§)eyl%ÎyÎ˚# Ùylà%ˆÏ°y Ó!§ˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ˆÙyí˛ ÓyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ (Conclusion) :
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ xÓfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §)ã˛Ü˛– ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ !•§yˆÏÓ àí˛¸ (Mean)ñ
ÙôƒÙÙyl (Mediam) G Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛ (Mode) ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ !lá%Ñï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ •° àí˛¸– !ܲv ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ Îál ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ ˆflÒyÓ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ !ܲÇÓy ~ܲà%FSÈ Ó˚y!¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚y!¢ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyܲˆÏ° xÌÓy á%Ó o%ï˛ Îál ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚
Ùyl ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •zï˛ƒy!ò !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏe àí˛¸ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôc ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
ˆ§ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ xlƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §y•y΃ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ •Î˚– ~˲yˆÏÓ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ çlƒ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆ§•z !òܲ
!Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl 317

ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ~ܲܲ
!Ó£ÏÙï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ı §ÙƒÜ˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛
(Measures of variability : Standard Deviation)

Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Introduction) :
ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó^˝ê˛l §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÎ ôyÓ˚îy ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y ÎÌyÌ≈ •Î˚ Î!ò
ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ ÌyˆÏܲ– !ܲv ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y Î!ò ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ál ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ù@˝Ã Ó^˝ê˛l!ê˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ÎÌyÌ≈ ôyÓ˚îy àë˛l ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly–
ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ~ÓÇ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ çylˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ çylˆÏ°•z ã˛°ˆÏÓ ly–
~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲï˛ê˛y ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ xyˆÏSÈ ï˛yG çylˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˛õ!Ó˚§ÇáƒyˆÏlÓ˚ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ ~ˆÏܲ•z !Ó£ÏÙï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ
ӈϰ– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ !Ó£ÏÙï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ– ï˛ˆÏÓ !Ó£ÏÙï˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ §ÙƒÜ˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ Óy xyò¢≈ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛•z (Standard Deviation) •ˆÏÓ ~•z ~ܲˆÏܲÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚–
!Ó£ÏÙï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ı
!Ó£ÏÙï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚y Îyܲ– Î!ò Ó°y •Î˚ ò%!ê˛
xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ x!ôÓy§#ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùy!§Ü˛ ˆÓ˚yçàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ àí˛¸ ~ܲ•z xÌ≈yÍ 500 ê˛yܲy– !ܲv ˆòáy ˆà° ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
x!ôÓy§#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yçàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤çyÓ˚ •° §Ó≈!l¡¨ 50 ê˛yܲy ˆÌˆÏܲ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ 1000 ê˛yܲy– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ xlƒ xM˛°!ê˛Ó˚
x!ôÓy§#ˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤çyÓ˚ •° §Ó≈!l¡¨ 300 ê˛yܲy ˆÌˆÏܲ 800 ê˛yܲy– ò%!ê˛ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ x!ôÓy§#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yçàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
àí˛¸ ~ܲ•z •ˆÏ°G ≤çyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ !˲ߨ– ˆ§•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ò%!ê˛ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ x!ôÓy§#ˆÏòÓ˚ xy!Ì≈ܲ xÓfiÌy
~ܲ•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ò%!ê˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ àí˛¸ ~ܲ •ˆÏ°G ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ àë˛làï˛
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ΈÏÌT˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y Óy ï˛yͲõÎ≈ Óƒyáƒy
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° àˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ §ˆÏAà Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ!ê˛ çyly ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ï˛y •° ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛
!Ó!˲ߨ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ !Óhfl,Ï!ï˛ Ü˛ï˛áy!l Óy ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲï˛ê˛y ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ Óy ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ xyˆÏSÈ– Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚
˲y£ÏyÎ˚ ~ˆÏܲ !Óhfl,Ï!ï˛ Óy !Ó£ÏÙï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ӈϰ (Measures of Variability)– Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏl ã˛yÓ˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚
!Ó£ÏÙï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚Èüüü
1É ≤çyÓ˚ (Range)
2É ã˛ï%˛Ì≈yÇ¢ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ (Quartile Deviation)
3É àí˛¸ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ (Average Deviation)
4É §ÙƒÜ˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ (Standard Deviation)
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 318
ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏFSÈÓ˚ Ó,•_Ù G «%˛oï˛Ù ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xhs˝Ó˚ˆÏܲ ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏFSÈÓ˚ !Óhfl,Ï!ï˛ ÓˆÏ°– Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙôƒÓï≈˛#
¢ï˛Ü˛ï˛Ó˚y 50 ˲yà ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xˆÏô≈ܲˆÏܲ ӈϰ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈yÇ¢ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛– Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ àí˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
!Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛Ó˚ àí˛¸ˆÏܲ àí˛¸ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ ÓˆÏ°– !Ó£ÏÙï˛yÓ˚ §Ó≈ˆÏ¢£Ï ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ!ê˛ •° §ÙƒÜ˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛–
§ÙƒÜ˛ ã%˛ƒ!ï˛ (Standard Deviation) :
!Ó£ÏÙï˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §ÙƒÜ˛ ã%˛ƒ!ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ !l˲≈Ó˚ˆÏÎyàƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ– ~!ê˛ @˝Ã#ܲ !ã˛•´ σ
å!§àÙyä !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– §ÙƒÜ˛ ã%˛ƒ!ï˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Ó˚y!¢ xyÓ˚ àˆÏí˛¸Ó˚
xhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óà≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§•z àˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ Óà≈Ù)° !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆÎ Ùyl ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ•z §ÙƒÜ˛ ã%˛ƒ!ï˛ ÓˆÏ°–
§ÙƒÜ˛ ã%˛ƒ!ï˛Ó˚ ôÙ≈ ı
l §ÙƒÜ˛ ã%˛ƒ!ï˛ Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ àí˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°– ï˛y•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy ò%!ê˛ ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ xlƒ ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ •Î˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° §ÙƒÜ˛
!Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛Ó˚ Ùyl xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe §ÙƒÜ˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ §Ù@˝Ã Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ !Ó£ÏÙï˛yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛yÎ˚ܲ •ˆÏÓ ly–
l Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Ó˚y!¢Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ~ܲ•z §Çáƒy ˆÎyà Óy !ÓˆÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° §ÙƒÜ˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛Ó˚ Ùyl
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •Î˚ ly–
l Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Ó˚y!¢Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ~ܲ•z §Çáƒy à%%î Óy ˲yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° §ÙƒÜ˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛Ó˚ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚G
ˆ§•z •yˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛–
l Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ ˆflÒyÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏ° ˆ§ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe §ÙƒÜ˛ ˛õyÌ≈ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛
ˆÓ!¢ •Î˚– ï˛y•z xfl∫y˲y!Óܲ ˆflÒyÓ˚ Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §ÙƒÜ˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ !Óhfl,Ï!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ lyG
!òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
§ÙƒÜ˛ ã%˛ƒ!ï˛Ó˚ §%!Óôy ı
l !Ó£ÏÙï˛yÓ˚ xyò¢≈ Óy !lË≈˛Ó˚ˆÏÎyàƒ Ùyl !•§yˆÏÓ ~!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚–
l Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ §Ùyl à%Ó˚%c òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
l ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ àˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôc §¡∫ˆÏrô çylˆÏï˛ ~!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– §ÙƒÜ˛ ã%˛ƒ!ï˛ Îï˛ Ü˛Ù
•ˆÏÓ àˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ï˛y ï˛ï˛ ˆÓ!¢ •ˆÏÓ–
l ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏl !l!ò≈T˛ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ fiÌyl !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ §ÙƒÜ˛ ˛õyÌ≈ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ myÓ˚y•z–
l §ÙƒÜ˛ ˛õyÌ≈ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ Ù)°ƒ •°ñ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ Curve ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ á%Ó•z !lÜ˛ê˛–
l ò%!ê˛ Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ù° Óy ˛õyÌ≈ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ Ùyey çylˆÏï˛ ~!ê˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ò%!ê˛ Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙƒÜ˛
˛õyÌ≈ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ Ùyl Îï˛ Ü˛Ù •ˆÏÓ Ó^˝ê˛là%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Ùï˛y ï˛ï˛ ˆÓ!¢ ӈϰ ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– xyÓ˚ Î!ò
§ÙƒÜ˛ ˛õyÌ≈ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ Ùyl ˆÓ!¢ •Î˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° Ó^˝ê˛l ò%!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x§Ùï˛y Óy ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆÓ!¢ ӈϰ ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ–
l Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ àîlyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~!ê˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ §%!Óôyçlܲ– Correlation ~Ó˚ ÓƒyáƒyÎ˚ G
Sampling ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG §ÙƒÜ˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈–
!¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl 319
§ÙƒÜ˛ ã%˛ƒ!ï˛Ó˚ x§%!Óôy ı
l ~!ê˛ §•çˆÏÓyôƒ lÎ˚– Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ΈÏÌT˛ K˛yl ly ÌyܲˆÏ° ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ ÎÌyÎÌ˲yˆÏÓ
Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚–
l ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ ˆflÒyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ~!ê˛ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚–
l ~Ó˚ Ùyl !lô≈yÓ˚ˆÏî ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆÓ!¢ §ÙÎ˚ ÓƒÎ˚ •Î˚–
§ÙƒÜ˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ !lî≈Î˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ı
x!ÓlƒhflÏ Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ §ÙƒÜ˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ !lî≈Î˚ÈüüüÈ x!ÓlƒhflÏ Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ §ÙƒÜ˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛
!lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ Óï≈˛Ùyl xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ ò%!ê˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚•z ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ– ˛õÂô!ï˛
ò%!ê˛ •ˆÏ°yÈüüüÈ (1) ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ã%˛ƒ!ï˛ !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙñ (2) ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ó˚y!¢Ó˚ Ùyl Óy ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃–
(1) ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ã%˛ƒ!ï˛ !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ı !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ÙƒÜ˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓÈüüüÈ
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
í˛zòy•Ó˚î å~ܲä
ˆflÒyÓ˚ (x) ã%˛ƒ!ï˛ ã%˛ƒ!ï˛Ó˚ Óà≈
(Score) x′′ (x–M) x′′ 2
1 – 4.5 20.25
2 – 3.5 12.25
3 – 2.5 6.25
4 – 1.5 2.25
5 .5 .25
6 1.5 2.25
7 2.5 6.25
8 3.5 12.25
9 4.5 20.25
10 5.5 30.25
2
Σ x = 55 Σ x′′ = 112.50
x!ÓlƒhflÏ Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §ÙƒÜ˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §)e •°ÈüüüÈ

Σx Σx ′ 2
M= σ=
N N
55 112.50  Σx ′ 2 = 112.5
= =  
10 10  N = 10 
= 5.5
= 11.25
= 3.35
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 320
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeñ
x = ˆflÒyÓ˚ñ N = ˆÙyê˛ ˆflÒyÓ˚ §Çáƒy M = àí˛¸ (Mean), x′ = àí˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ñ x′2
= àí˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛Ó˚ Óà≈ñ Σx′2 = àí˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛Ó˚ ÓˆÏà≈Ó˚ §Ù!T˛–
!lî≈Î˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ı
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ1
ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ x hflψÏΩ˛ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ §Óà%ˆÏ°y ˆflÒyÓ˚ ~ܲˆÏe ˆÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ Σx !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ–
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ2
Σx
~•z §)e xl%ÎyÎ˚# §Óà%ˆÏ°y ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÎyàÊ˛°ˆÏܲ åΣxä ˆÙyê˛ ˆflÒyÓ˚ §Çáƒy åNä !òˆÏÎ˚ ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚
N
àí˛¸ åMä !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ3
àí˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆflÒyÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ àí˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ x′ hflψÏΩ˛
Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ4
àí˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ˆÏܲ åx′ä Óà≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ x′2 hflψÏΩ˛ Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ §Óà%ˆÏ°y x′2
ˆÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ Σx′2 !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ5
Σx ′ 2
~ál ~•z §)ˆÏeÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ §ÙƒÜ˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ åσä !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
N
í˛zòy•Ó˚î åò%•zä
ˆflÒyÓ˚ (x) ã%˛ƒ!ï˛ ã%˛ƒ!ï˛Ó˚ Óà≈
(Score) x′′ (x–M) x′′ 2
8 –9 81
10 –7 49
12 –5 25
14 –3 9
16 –1 1
18 1 1
20 3 9
22 5 25
24 7 49
26 9 81
Σ x′′ 2 = 330
!¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl 321
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe §ÙƒÜ˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ≤Ã̈ÏÙ àí˛¸ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
Σx
àí˛¸ (Mean) =

[ ~áyˆÏl Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ §Ù!T˛ (Σx)=8+10+12+14+

]
N
170 16+18+20+22+24+26=170 Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛
=
10 §Çáƒy (N)=10
= 17

Σx ′ 2
§ÙƒÜ˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ (SD) =
N
330  ~áyˆÏlñ Σx 2 = 330
=  
10  N = 10 
= 33
= 5.744

(2) ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ §ÙƒÜ˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ !lî≈Î˚ ı Îál Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÎ˚ á%Ó Ü˛Ù §ÇáƒÜ˛ Ó˚y!¢
ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛ál ˆ§•z Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çრ!Ó˲yçˆÏl !Ó˲yà ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§yçy§%!ç Ó˚y!¢à%ˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ §ÙƒÜ˛ã%˛ƒ!ï˛
1
ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z !lÎ˚ˆÏÙ §ÙƒÜ˛ã%˛ƒ!ï˛ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §)e •°ÈüüüÈ σ = NΣx 2 − (Σx ) 2
N
í˛zòy•Ó˚î å~ܲä

ˆflÒyÓ˚ (x) x′′2

1 1
2 4
3 9
4 16
5 25
6 36
7 49
8 64
9 81
10 100
Σ x=55
=55 Σ x′′ 2=385
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 322
1
σ= NΣx ′ 2 − (Σx ) 2
N
1
= 10 × 385 − (55) 2  ~áyˆÏlñ Σx = 55 
10  
 Σx 2 = 385
= 10 3850 − 3025 
 N = 10 
1
= 825
10
1
= × 28.72
10
= 2.872
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe x = ˆflÒyÓ˚ñ x′2 = ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óà≈ñ N = ˆÙyê˛ ˆflÒyÓ˚ §Çáƒyñ Σx = §ÙhflÏ ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÎyàÊ˛°ñ
Σx′2 = §ÙhflÏ ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓˆÏà≈Ó˚ ˆÎyàÊ˛°–
!lî≈Î˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ1
ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ x hflψÏΩ˛ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ §Óà%ˆÏ°y ˆflÒyÓ˚ ~ܲˆÏe ˆÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ Σx !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ–
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ2
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óà≈ !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ x2 hflψÏΩ˛ Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Óà%ˆÏ°y Óà≈ˆÏܲ ˆÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ Σx2
!lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ3
1
σ= NΣx 2 − (Σx )2 ~•z §)ˆÏeÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ §ÙƒÜ˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ Óy !§àÙy åσä !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
N
!¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl 323
í˛zòy•Ó˚î åò%•zä
9, 7, 15, 11, 17, 19, 13 •° ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚y!¢Ùy°y–
ˆflÒyÓ˚ ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óà≈
(x) x′′2
7 49
9 81
11 121
13 169
15 225
17 289
19 361
Σ x=91
=91 Σ x′′ 2=1295

1
§ÙƒÜ˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ (SD) = NΣx 2 − (Σx ) 2
N
1  ~áyˆÏlñ N = 7 
= 7 × 1295 − (91) 2  
7 
2
Σx = 1295
1  Σx = 91 
= 9065 − 8281 
7
1
= 784
7
1
= × 28
7
= 0.142 × 28
= 3.976
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 324
!ÓlƒhflÏ Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ §ÙƒÜ˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ !lî≈Î˚ ı
!ÓlƒhflÏ Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ §ÙƒÜ˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ ò%Û˲yˆÏÓ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ï˛y •°ÈüüüÈ å1ä
ܲ!“ï˛ àí˛¸ ˛õÂô!ï˛ñ å2ä ò#â≈ ˛õÂô!ï˛–
å1ä ܲ!“ï˛ àí˛¸ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §ÙƒÜ˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ !lî≈Î˚ ı
í˛zòy•Ó˚î å~ܲä
ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyl ÙôƒÙyl (x1) ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ fx′′ fx′′2
Óy ˆflÒyÓ˚ (Score) f x′′ (x1 – A.M)
21 – 30 25.5 2 –4 –8 32
31 – 40 35.5 5 –3 –15 45
41 – 50 45.5 5 –2 –10 20
51 – 60 55.5 8 –1 –8 8
61 – 70 65.5 10 0 0 0
71 – 80 75.5 12 +1 12 12
81 – 90 85.5 5 +2 10 20
91 – 100 95.5 3 +3 9 27
Σ x=50
=50 Σ fx′=
′= −10 Σ fx′′2=164

2
Σfx ′  Σfx ′ 
§)e ı σ å!§à‰Ùyä =i −
N  N 
2
164  −10 
= 10 − 
50  50 
= 10 3.28 − .04
= 10 3.24
= 10 × 1.8
= 18

~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeñ xl = ÙôƒÙylñ f = ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyñ x′ = ܲ!“ï˛ àí˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ùôƒ!Ó®%Ó˚ ò)Ó˚cñ i = ˆ◊!î
ÓƒÓôylñ fx′ = ˛õ!Ó˚§ÇáƒyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ܲ!“ï˛ àí˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ùôƒ!Ó®%Ó˚ ò)Ó˚ˆÏcÓ˚ à%îÊ˛°ñ fx′2 = ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛
ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyl xl%ÎyÎ˚# x′ hflψÏΩ˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà fx′ hflψÏΩ˛Ó˚ à%îÊ˛°– Σfx′ = §ÙhflÏ ôlydܲ !ã˛•´Î%=˛ fx ~Ó˚ ˆÎyàÊ˛°
ˆÌˆÏܲ §ÙhflÏ }îydܲ !ã˛•´Î%=˛ fx ~Ó˚ ˆÎyàÊ˛°ˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yàñ Σfx′2 = §ÙhflÏ fx2 ~Ó˚ ˆÎyàÊ˛°–
!lî≈Î˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ1
§ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ ˆ◊!îÈüȧÓ≈!l¡¨ ˆ◊!îÈüüüÈ ~•z §)eyl%ÎyÎ˚# ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙôƒÙyl !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ xl
!¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl 325
hflψÏΩ˛ Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùôƒ!Ó®%ˆÏï˛ àí˛¸ ܲ“ly (Assumed Mean) ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ≤Ãò_
Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏl 65.5 ˆÜ˛ ܲ!“ï˛ àí˛¸ !•§yˆÏÓ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ2
ܲ!“ï˛ àí˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ùôƒ!Ó®%Ó˚ ò)Ó˚c !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ x′ hflψÏΩ˛ Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~çlƒ ܲ!“ï˛ àí˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ùôƒ!Ó®%Ó˚ ò)Ó˚cˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z !ÓˆÏÎ˚yàÊ˛°ˆÏܲ ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyl (i) !òˆÏÎ˚ ˲yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ3
ܲ!“ï˛ àí˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ùôƒ!Ó®%Ó˚ ò)Ó˚ˆÏcÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §ˆÏAà G•z ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy à%î ܲˆÏÓ˚
fx′ hflψÏΩ˛ Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ4
§ÙhflÏ ôîydܲ !ã˛•´Î%=˛ fx′ ~Ó˚ ˆÎyàÊ˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ §ÙhflÏ }îydܲ !ã˛•´Î%=˛ fx′ ~Ó˚ ˆÎyàÊ˛°ˆÏܲ
!ÓˆÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ Σfx′ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ5
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ fx′ ~Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# hflψÏΩ˛Ó˚ x′ ˆÜ˛ à%î ܲˆÏÓ˚ fx′ hflψÏΩ˛ Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ
ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ fx′2 ˆÜ˛ ˆÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ Σfx′ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ6
§)e xl%ÎyÎ˚# ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ Ùyl Ó!§ˆÏÎ˚ §ÙƒÜ˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ Óy σ å!§àÙyä !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
í˛zòy•Ó˚î åò%•zä
ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyl Óy ÙôƒÙyl ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy G
ˆflÒyÓ˚ (Score) (x1) (f) !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ (fx′)
′) !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛Ó˚ Óà≈ (fx′′ 2)
95 – 99 97 8 +5 +40 200
90 – 94 92 3 +4 +12 48
85 – 89 87 2 +3 +6 18
80 – 84 82 4 +2 +8 16
75 – 79 77 5 +1 +5 5
70 – 74 72 7 0 0 0
65 – 69 67 3 –1 –3 3
60 – 64 62 5 –2 –10 20
55 – 59 57 6 –3 –18 54
50 – 54 52 4 –4 –16 64
45 – 49 47 2 –5 –10 50
40 – 44 42 1 –6 –6 36
N=50
=50 Σ fx=8
=8 Σ fx2=514
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 326

2 2
§ÙƒÜ˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ (SD) = i Σfx ′ −  Σfx ′ 
N  N 

514  8 
2
 ~áyˆÏlñ i=5 
=5 −   
50  50   Σfx ′ = 8 
514 64
 Σfx 2 = 514
=5 −  
50 2500  N = 50 
= 5 10.2
28 − 0.025
= 5 10.255
= 5 × 3.202
= 16.01

å2ä ò#â≈ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §ÙƒÜ˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ !lî≈Î˚

í˛zòy•Ó˚î å~ܲä
ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyl Óy ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy åÙôƒÙylä ã%˛ƒ!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy
x ′− A.M
ˆflÒyÓ˚ (Score) (f) (x 1) x′ = × ã%˛ƒ!ï˛ d (xl – M) !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ (fd) !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛Ó˚ Óà≈ (fd2)
i
fx′′

90 – 94 1 92 5 5 22.6 22.6 510.76

85 – 89 3 87 4 12 17.6 52.8 929.28
80 – 84 6 82 3 18 12.6 75.6 952.56
75 – 79 7 77 2 14 7.6 53.2 404.32
70 – 74 8 72 1 8 2.6 20.8 54.08
65 – 69 10 67 0 0 –2.4 –24.0 57.60
60 – 64 6 62 –1 –6 –7.4 –44.4 328.56
55 – 59 4 57 –2 –8 –12.4 –49.6 615.04
50 – 54 2 52 –3 –6 –17.4 –34.8 605.52
45 – 49 2 47 –4 –8 –22.4 –44.8 1003.52
40 – 44 1 42 –5 –5 –27.4 –27.4 750.76
N=50
=50 Σ fx′=24
′=24 Σ fd2= 6212
!¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl 327
ò#â≈˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §ÙƒÜ‰˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ≤Ã̈ÏÙ àí˛¸ åMeanä !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–

Σfx ′
M = A.M + xi
N  ~áyˆÏlñ A.M = 67
24  Σfx ′ = 24 
= 67 + ×5  
50  N = 50 
= 67 + 2.4  
.  i=5 
= 69.4

2
Σfd
ò#â≈˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §ÙƒÜ‰˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §)e •°Èüüü SD =
N
§)e xl%ÎyÎ˚# Ùyl Ó!§ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õy•zÈüüüÈ

 ~áyˆÏlñ Σfd 2 = 6212

 
 N = 50 

~áyˆÏlñ
f = ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyñ xl = ÙôƒÙylñ x′ = ܲ!“ï˛ àí˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ÙôƒÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ò)Ó˚c– fx′ = ˛õ!Ó˚§ÇáƒyÓ˚
§ˆÏAà x′ ~Ó˚ à%îÊ˛°ñ d = àí˛¸ (Mean) ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ÙôƒÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ò)Ó˚cñ fd = ˛õ!Ó˚§ÇáƒyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà d ~Ó˚
à%îÊ˛°ñ fd2 = ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ fd üÈÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# hflψÏΩ˛Ó˚ d ~Ó˚ à%îÊ˛°ñ Σfx = §ÙhflÏ fx′~Ó˚
ˆÎyàÊ˛°ñ Σfd2 = §ÙhflÏ fd2 ~Ó˚ ˆÎyàÊ˛°–
!lî≈Î˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ1
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙôƒÙyl !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ xl hflψÏΩ˛ Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛
Ùôƒ!Ó®%ˆÏܲ àí˛¸ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛“ly åAssuned Meanä ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ≤Ãò_ Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏl 67ˆÜ˛ ܲ!“ï˛ àí˛¸ !•§yˆÏÓ
!lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 328
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ2
ܲ!“ï˛ àí˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ùôƒ!Ó®%Ó˚ ò)Ó˚cˆÏܲ !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ x′ hflψÏΩ˛ Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~çlƒ ܲ!“ï˛ àí˛¸
ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ùôƒ!Ó®%ˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyl !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§•z !ÓˆÏÎ˚yàÊ˛°ˆÏܲ ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ x′ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ–
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ3
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ x′ §ˆÏAà ˆ§•z ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§ÇáƒyˆÏܲ à%î ܲˆÏÓ˚ fx′ hflψÏΩ˛ Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ4
§ÙhflÏ ôlydܲ fx′ à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~ܲˆÏe ˆÎyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ §ÙhflÏ ôlydܲ fx′ à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~ܲˆÏe ˆÎyà
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ôlydܲ fx′ ˆÌˆÏܲ }îydܲ fx′ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ Σfx′ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ≤Ãò_ Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ fx′ = 24
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ5
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ùôƒ!Ó®%ˆÏܲ àí˛¸ (Mean) ˆÌˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ d !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ6
d hflψÏΩ˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yà Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §ˆÏAà !l!ò≈T˛ ˆ◊!î!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§ÇáƒyˆÏܲ à%î ܲˆÏÓ˚ fd hflψÏΩ˛ Ó§yˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ–
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ7
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ fd ÈüÈÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# hflψÏΩ˛Ó˚ dˆÜ˛ à%î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y fd2 hflψÏΩ˛ Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚
§ÙhflÏ fd2 ˆÜ˛ ~ܲˆÏe ˆÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ Σfd2 !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ≤Ãò_ Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Σfd2 = 6212
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ8
§)e xl%ÎyÎ˚# ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ùyl Ó!§ˆÏÎ˚ §ÙƒÜ˛ !Óã˛%ƒ!ï˛ Óy !§à‰Ùy åσä !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
í˛zòy•Ó˚î åò%•zä
ˆ◊!î ÓƒÓôyl ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy ÙôƒÙyl ã%˛ƒ!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy
x − A.M
Óy ˆflÒyÓ˚ (Score) f x1 x′ = × ã%˛ƒ!ï˛ fx′ d(x1−M) !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ (fd) !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛Ó˚ Óà≈ (fd2)
i

21 – 30 1 25.5 −4 −4 −37.7 −37.7 1421.29

31 – 40 2 35.5 −3 −6 −27.7 −55.4 1534.58
41 – 50 3 45.5 −2 −6 −17.7 −53.1 939.87
51 – 60 4 55.5 −1 −4 −7.7 −30.8 237.16
61 – 70 7 65.5 0 0 2.3 16.1 37.03
71 – 80 5 75.5 +1 +5 12.3 61.5 756.45
81 – 90 3 85.5 +2 +6 22.3 66.9 1491.87
91 – 100 1 95.5 +3 +3 32.3 32.3 1043.29
N = 26 Σ fx′′ = −6 Σ fd′′ = 7461.54
!¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl 329
ò#â≈ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §ÙƒÜ˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ≤Ã̈ÏÙ àí˛¸ (Mean) !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
Σfx ′
àí˛¸ (Mean ) = A.M + ×i
N  ~áyˆÏlñ A.M = 65.5
 −6   Σfx ′ = −6 
= 65.5 +   × 10 
 26   N = 26 
= 65.5 + ( −0.23) × 10  
 i = 10 
= 65.5 − 2.3
= 63.2

2
§ÙƒÜ˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ (SD) = Σfd  ~áyˆÏlñ Σfd 2 = 7461.54
N  
 N = 26 
7461.54
=
26
= 286.9823
= 16.94

í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ (Conclusion) :
xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ í˛z˛õ§Ç•yˆÏÓ˚ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !Ó£ÏÙï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï à%Ó˚%c Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ◊!îÓ˚
!¢«˛yÌ≈#àî Î!ò ˆÙôy G ˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ï˛yÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ù˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ •Î˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ˛õyë˛òyl ܲÓ˚y
ΈÏÌT˛ §•ç •Î˚ ˆï˛Ù!l ˛õë˛lÈüÈ˛õyë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛•z !ӈϢ£Ï Ê˛°≤ç) •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏ벖 xlƒ!òˆÏܲ x§Ù
ˆÙôy ~ÓÇ ˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ï˛yÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈# ÌyܲˆÏ° ï˛y ˆï˛Ùl §•ç •Î˚ ly– !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛
xy°yòy˲yˆÏÓ lçÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y §Ω˛Ó •Î˚ ly– ~ˆÏï˛ !˛õ!SȈÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸y !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y !òˆÏl !òˆÏl xyÓ˚G !˛õ!SȈÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸
xyÓyÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ ˆÙôy §¡õߨ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛G Óƒy•ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !Ó£ÏÙï˛y !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
!Ó£ÏÙï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §%£ÏÙ ò° àë˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ˛õë˛lÈüÈ˛õyë˛lˆÏܲ x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ Ê˛°≤ç)
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°y §Ω˛Ó–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 330

§yÓ˚§ÇˆÏ«˛˛õ åSummaryä

≤ÃÌÙ ~ܲܲ
Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl ı xÌ≈ñ !¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yñ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy !Ó˲yçl
xÌ≈ (Meaning) ı
•zLjÏÓ˚ç# ‘Statistics’ ¢∑!ê˛ °ƒy!ê˛l ¢∑ ‘Status’ •zï˛y°#Î˚ ¢∑ ‘Statista’ Óy çyÙy≈l ¢∑ Statistik
ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõ!_ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ‘Status’ ~ÓÇ ‘Statistik’ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÌ≈ ÚÓ˚yT˛…Û– xyÓ˚ ‘Statista’ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÌ≈
ÚÓ˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ°#Û–
xT˛yò¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙyV˛yÙy!V˛ çyÙ≈yl flÒ°yÓ˚ ˆày!ê˛!Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚í˛ xˆÏã˛lGˆÏÎ˚° (Gotifried Achenwell)
‘Statistics’ ¢∑!ê˛ ≤ÃÌÙ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ‘Statistics’ ~•z •zLjÏÓ˚ç# ≤Ã!ï˛¢∑!ê˛ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl G ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyl
í˛z˲Î˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ï˛Ó%G Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyl §ÙyÌ≈ܲ ¢∑ lÎ˚– ˛õ!Ó˚§ÇáƒyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùylàï˛
ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî G ï˛yͲõÎ≈ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y •° Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyç– Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §AàyÎ˚ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ÈüüÈ
ˆÎ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆÜ˛yl !ӈϢ£Ï §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ Ó›ˆÏܲ Óy !˲ߨ !˲ߨ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yl !ӈϢ£Ï Ó›ˆÏܲ
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î myÓ˚y Ó˚y!¢ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ §Çܲ°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛y•z •° Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl–
˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy !Ó˲yçl (Frequency Distribution) ı
Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ Ü˛yç •ˆÏFSÈ §Çà,•#ï˛ âê˛ly Óy ï˛ÌƒˆÏܲ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y– ~•z ï˛Ìƒ !Ó!˲ߨ
í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ §Çà,•#ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îñ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚# Óy ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚# ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛
!ÓÓÓ˚l#ñ §ÇÓyò˛õe Óy Ùƒyày!çˆÏl ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ !ÓÓÓ˚l#ñ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏlyÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛° Óy àˆÏÓ£ÏlyÎ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛
Ê˛°yÊ˛° •zï˛ƒy!ò– ï˛ˆÏÓ §Çà,•#ï˛ ~•z ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ~ˆÏ°yˆÏوϰy Óy x!ÓlƒhflÏ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §%!ÓlƒhflÏ G §%§ÇÓÂô xyܲyÓ˚ ly !òˆÏ° ï˛y §yôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ •Î˚ ly– ˆ§•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
§Çà,•#ï˛ ï˛ÌƒˆÏܲ ˆ◊î# !Ó˲=˛ G SÈܲ!ÓlƒhflÏ (Classification and Taleulation) ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y
•Î˚ G ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏe (Graph) ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ §Çà,•#ï˛ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ï˛y !ӈϟ’£Ïî G ï˛yͲõÎ≈
!lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
!mï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ
ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏe ï˛Ìƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢l ı x!Ó!FSÈߨ hflÏΩ˛!ã˛eñ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó•%Ë%˛ç
x!Ó!FSÈߨ hflÏΩ˛!ã˛e (Histogram) :
1891 §yˆÏ° ‘Historical diagram’ ~•z ¢∑ ò%!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!eï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ܲy°≈ !˛õÎ˚yÓ˚§l (Karl Pearson)
≤ÃÌÙ ‘Histogram’ ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÓï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ܲï˛à%!° ˆflÒyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆ◊!îÓÂô˲yˆÏÓ §y!çˆÏÎ˚ x!Ó!FSÈߨ hflψÏΩ˛Ó˚
xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆ°á!ã˛e ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ x!Ó!FSÈߨ hflÏΩ˛!ã˛e Óy Histogram ӈϰ–
!¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl 331
˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó•%Ë%˛ç (Frequency Polygon)
˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó•%Ë%˛ç •° ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˜Ó˚!áܲ ˆ°á!ã˛e– SÈܲ ܲyàˆÏçñ ≤ÃyÆ ˆ◊î# ˛õ!Ó˚§ÇáƒyÓ˚
ÙôƒÙylà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ü ˛ˆÏÙ ˆSÈyê˛ ˆSÈyê˛ §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áy myÓ˚y Î%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ xyÓÂô ˆ«˛e ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ
ï˛yˆÏܲ•z ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó•%Ë%˛ç (Frequency Polygon) ӈϰ–

ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ
ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õı àí˛¸ñ ÙôƒÙÙylñ Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛˛

ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ˛≤ÃÓîï˛y /
~•z ܲyçˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G §%¤%˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §¡õyòˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏl xyÓ˚ ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚– ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Óܲ“ !•§yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆflÒyÓ˚ÙylˆÏܲ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ xÌ≈yÍ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùye §yÇáƒÙyl myÓ˚y
ܲï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y ˆflÒyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z˲yˆÏÓñ ˆÎ ~ܲܲ §yÇáƒÙyl myÓ˚yñ ܲï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y ˆflÒyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ xÌ≈yÍ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ •° ~Ùl ~ܲ
≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô fiÌyl#Î˚ §yÇáƒÙyl Îy ~ܲà%FSÈ ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ xÌ≈yÍ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
!Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyˆÏÓñ ~•z §yÇáƒÙylñ ˆflÒyÓ˚Ùylà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙôƒÓï≈˛# fiÌyˆÏl xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z ~ˆÏܲ Ó°y
•Î˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ !ï˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §yÇáƒÙyl myÓ˚y ~•z ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õˆÏܲ
≤Ãܲy¢ •Î˚– ~à%ˆÏ°y •°ÈüüÈ å1ä ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ àí˛¸ Óy Meanñ å2ä ÙôƒÙÙyl Óy (Midian)ñ å3ä Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛ Óy
(Mode)–
1– ˛õy!ê˛ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ àí˛¸ Óy Mean :
§yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ àí˛¸ •ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ çyï˛#Î˚ Ó˚y!¢Ó˚ §Çáƒyï˛y!°Ü˛y Óy Ó˚y!¢Ó˚ §Ü˛° ÙylˆÏܲ
≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôcܲyÓ˚# ~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲܲ Ùyl– ~ܲ çyï˛#Î˚ §ÙhflÏ Ó˚y!¢Ó˚ ˆÎyàÊ˛°ˆÏܲ ˆ§•z Ó˚y!¢Ó˚ §Çáƒy !òˆÏÎ˚ ˲yà
ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆÎ ˲yàÊ˛°!ê˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ•z ˛õy!ê˛ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ àí˛¸ Óy Mean ӈϰ–
2– ÙôƒÙÙyl (Median) :
ÙôƒÙÙyl •° ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛– ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó®%ñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ï˛Ìƒ lÎ˚– Îál Ó˚y!¢à%ˆÏ°y ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ Ü ˛Ùyl%§yˆÏÓ˚ !ÓlƒhflÏ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛ál ÙôƒÙÙyl •° ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õܲ ˆfl҈ϰÓ˚ ~Ùl
~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó®% Îy ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õܲ ˆflÒ°ˆÏܲ §Ùyl ò%Û˲yˆÏà ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆfl҈ϰÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ G l#ˆÏã˛ §Ùyl §ÇáƒÜ˛
Ó˚y!¢ ÌyˆÏܲ– ÎyÓ˚ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ xLjϢÓ˚ Ó˚y!¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ÙôƒÙÙyl ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆSÈyê˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ xlƒ xLjϢÓ˚
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ Ó˚y!¢Ó˚ Ùyl ÙôƒÙÙyl ˆÌˆÏܲ Óí˛¸ •Î˚– ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ Mdn !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 332
3– Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛ (Mode) :
Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛ ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ àí˛¸ (Average)– Îál á%Ó o%ï˛ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚
ï˛ál Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Îál ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y x!ÓlƒhflÏ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛ál ˆÎ ˆflÒyÓ˚!ê˛ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚
ˆÓ!¢ÓyÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛ Óy Mode ӈϰ– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÎ˚ Î!ò ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ Ó˚y!¢ Ùye ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~•z Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly–

ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ~ܲܲ
!Ó£ÏÙï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ı §ÙƒÜ˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛

!Ó£ÏÙï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ı
!Ó£ÏÙï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚y Îyܲ– Î!ò Ó°y •Î˚ ò%!ê˛
xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ x!ôÓy§#ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùy!§Ü˛ ˆÓ˚yçàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ àí˛¸ ~ܲ•z xÌ≈yÍ 500 ê˛yܲy– !ܲv ˆòáy ˆà° ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
x!ôÓy§#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yçàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤çyÓ˚ •° §Ó≈!l¡¨ 50 ê˛yܲy ˆÌˆÏܲ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ 1000 ê˛yܲy– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ xlƒ xM˛°!ê˛Ó˚
x!ôÓy§#ˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤çyÓ˚ •° §Ó≈!l¡¨ 300 ê˛yܲy ˆÌˆÏܲ 800 ê˛yܲy– ò%!ê˛ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ x!ôÓy§#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yçàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
àí˛¸ ~ܲ•z •ˆÏ°G ≤çyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ !˲ߨ– ˆ§•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ò%!ê˛ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ x!ôÓy§#ˆÏòÓ˚ xy!Ì≈ܲ xÓfiÌy
~ܲ•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ò%!ê˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ àí˛¸ ~ܲ •ˆÏ°G ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ àë˛làï˛
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ΈÏÌT˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y Óy ï˛yͲõÎ≈ Óƒyáƒy
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° àˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ §ˆÏAà Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ!ê˛ çyly ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ï˛y •° ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛
!Ó!˲ߨ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ !Óhfl,Ï!ï˛ Ü˛ï˛áy!l Óy ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲï˛ê˛y ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ Óy ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ xyˆÏSÈ– Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚
˲y£ÏyÎ˚ ~ˆÏܲ !Óhfl,Ï!ï˛ Óy !Ó£ÏÙï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ӈϰ (Measures of Variability)– Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏl ã˛yÓ˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚
!Ó£ÏÙï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚Èüüü
1É ≤çyÓ˚ (Range)
2É ã˛ï%˛Ì≈yÇ¢ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ (Quartile Deviation)
3É àí˛¸ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ (Average Deviation)
4É §ÙƒÜ˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ (Standard Deviation)
§ÙƒÜ˛ ã%˛ƒ!ï˛ (Standard Deviation) :
!Ó£ÏÙï˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §ÙƒÜ˛ ã%˛ƒ!ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ !l˲≈Ó˚ˆÏÎyàƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ– ~!ê˛ @˝Ã#ܲ !ã˛•´ σ
å!§àÙyä !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– §ÙƒÜ˛ ã%˛ƒ!ï˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚y!¢Ùy°yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Ó˚y!¢ xyÓ˚ àˆÏí˛¸Ó˚
xhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óà≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§•z àˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ Óà≈Ù)° !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆÎ Ùyl ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ•z §ÙƒÜ˛ ã%˛ƒ!ï˛ ÓˆÏ°–
!¢«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl 333

xl%¢#°l#
§!ë˛Ü˛ í˛z_Ó˚ ÓySÈy•z ܲˆÏÓ˚y / 1 ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿
1ä 9, 11, 10, 15, 11, 17, 71, 19, 11, 15, 17 ˆflÒyÓ˚à%!°Ó˚ Ë)˛!£Ï¤˛Ü˛ •°ÈüüüÈ
åܲä 9 åáä 17 åàä 11 åâä 12
2ä ˆÜ˛ ≤ÃÌÙ ‘Histogram’ ¢∑!ê˛ ≤ÃÓï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚l⁄
åÜ˛ä ˛Ü˛y°≈ !˛õÎ˚yÓ˚§l åáä çl @˝Ãyrê˛ åàä ˆ°ˆÏlyí≈˛ xÎ˚°yÓ˚ åâä ˆÓ˚yly”˛É~É!Ê˛¢yÓ˚
3ä (28-32) ˆ◊!î!ê˛Ó˚ !l¡¨§#Ùy •°ÈüüüÈ
åÜ˛ä ˛28.5 åáä ˛27.5 åàä 31.5 åâä 45.5
1 ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿ / ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓyˆÏܲƒ
1ä ˛§ÙƒÜ˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ Ü˛yˆÏܲ ӈϰ⁄
2ä Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yl Ó°ˆÏï˛ !ܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚⁄
3ä ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy !ܲ⁄
2 ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿ / §Ó≈y!ôܲ 40!ê˛ ¢∑
1ä ˛àˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ §%!Óôy !°á–
2ä ÙôƒÙÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ x§%!Óôy !°á–
3ä ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c !°á–
6 ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿ / §Ó≈y!ôܲ 150!ê˛ ¢∑
1ä !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy !Ó˲yçlà%!°Ó˚ àí˛¸ åMean), ÙôƒÙÙyl (Median) !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚–
ˆflÒyÓ˚ 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54
˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy 10 7 3 2 1 7 6 4 5 5
2ä !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy !Ó˲yçlà%!°Ó˚ §ÙƒÜ˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ (Standard Deviation) !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚–
ˆflÒyÓ˚ 20-29 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79
˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy 2 3 7 1 5 6 2 4 1 8 4 7
3ä !l¡¨!°!áï˛ Ó^˝ê˛l!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy Ó•%Ë%˛ç (Frequency Polygon) G !•ˆÏfiê˛y@˝ÃyÙ (Histogram) xAܲl ܲÓ˚–
ˆflÒyÓ˚ 70-79 60-69 50-59 40-49 30-39 20-29 10-19 0-9
˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy 1 1 5 12 15 11 4 1
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 334
.

xT˛Ù xôƒyÎ˚ ı !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛!Óòƒy

≤ÃÌÙ ~ܲܲ ı ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!Óòƒyı xÌ≈ñ ôyÓ˚îyñ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓòƒyÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy–

!mï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ ı !¢«˛î ≤Ãò#˛õlÈüüüÈ ≤Èϫ˛˛õîÙ)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ x≤Èϫ˛˛õîÙ)°Ü˛ !¢«˛î ≤Ãò#˛õl–
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ ı !¢«˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ı ~í%˛§ƒyê˛ñ §ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ ˆê˛!°!˲¢lñ •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlê˛ –
ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ~ܲܲ ı ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ı xÌ≈ñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲òñ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Óyôy§Ù)•–
 !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛!Óòƒy 335

xT˛Ù xôƒyÎ˚
!¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛!Óòƒy
(Educational Technology)

í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ (Objectives)ı
l !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓòƒyÓ˚ xÌ≈ñ ôyÓ˚îyñ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓòƒyÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xÓàï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
l !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ≤Èϫ˛˛õîÙ)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ x≤Èϫ˛˛õîÙ)°Ü˛ !¢«˛î˛ ≤Ãò#˛õl §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylˆÏÓ–
l !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y !¢«˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ñ ~í%˛§ƒyê˛ñ §ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ ˆê˛!°!˲¢lñ •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlê˛ ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xÓàï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
l !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyàüÈ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲òñ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Óyôy§Ù)• §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
çylˆÏÓ–

≤Ãy܉˛È üÈܲÌl (Pre-face)ı

xy!òÙ Î%ˆÏà Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓlÎyey !SÈ° xï˛ƒhs˝ §•çñ §Ó˚° Ê˛ˆÏ° ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ
í˛z˛õyòyl ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆÎï˛ ï˛y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓlÎyeyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ ~ÓÇ ç#ÓlÎy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°
xyÎ˚_ ܲÓ˚yG !SÈ° xï˛ƒhs˝ §•çÙyˆÏlÓ˚– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ≤Ãyã˛#lܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ !¢«˛yÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏly˛õˆÏÎyà#
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ê˛y ܲyç•z §¡õߨ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ Îy !SÈ° ÓyhflÏÓ ç#Ól!˲!_ܲ– ÙôƒÎ%ˆÏà §yôyÓ˚î !¢«˛yÎ˚ í˛zòyÓ˚ôÙ≈# !ӣψÏÎ˚
≤Ã!¢«˛î ˆòGÎ˚y •ï˛– ~à%ˆÏ°y ˛õë˛l˛õyë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÇflÒyÓ˚Ù%=˛ ≤Ãà!ï˛¢#° G í˛zòyÓ˚
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛§_yÓ˚ §,!T˛ •ï˛– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° •zLjÏÓ˚çˆÏòÓ˚ xyàÙˆÏl !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ôyÓ˚îy ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚%
ܲˆÏÓ˚– •zLjÏÓ˚çÓ˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl !ܲS%ȧÇáƒÜ˛ ˲yÓ˚ï˛Óy§#ˆÏܲ í˛zFã˛!¢!«˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ í˛zFã˛!¢«˛y!ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚
í˛zͧy!•ï˛ !SÈ° ~ÓÇ !¢«˛y!ÓhflyÏ ˆÏÓ˚ !ܲS%È Ü˛!Ù!ê˛ G ܲ!Ù¢l àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ–˚ fl∫yô#ˆÏly_Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£≈Ï !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛zß!¨ ï˛Ü˛ˆÏ“
!Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÓ˚ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyˆÏܲ ÓyhflψÏÓ Ó˚)˛õòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó•%°yLjϢ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ
!ÓK˛yl G ≤ÃÎ%!=˛–
xyô%!lܲ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚§Ù)• Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ
!¢«˛yG ~Ó˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛– !¢«˛îÎsfñ ˆÓ˚!í˛Gñ ˆê˛!°!˲¢lñ ˆê˛˛õˆÏÓ˚ܲí≈˛yÓ˚ñ ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlê˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò Óï˛≈ÙyˆÏl
!¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÃyÎ˚•z ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ– ~•z§Ó Îsfàˆ% °
Ï yˆÏܲ !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛îñ §M˛y°l ~ÓÇ ≤çyÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚
ܲyˆÏç Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ– !Óàï˛ ò%•z ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓòƒyÓ˚ o%ï˛ !Óܲy¢ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ
Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !¢«˛y ÙˆÏly!Óòƒyñ !¢«˛yò¢≈lñ !¢«˛yàï˛ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ Ùï˛•z !¢«˛y!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Óc%̊ ˛õ)î≈ ¢yáy
!•§yˆÏÓ xyd≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ à%Ó%̊c˛õ)î≈ xÓòyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ– !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!Óòƒy !¢«˛y!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 336
¢yáyñ ˆÎáyˆÏl !¢«˛y≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ Îy!sfܲ#ܲÓ˚î !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ~•z Îy!sfܲ#ܲÓ˚î !¢«˛yÓ˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏî
§•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ï˛y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ myÓ˚y §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ •ï˛ó ˛õˆÏÓ˚ SÈy˛õyáylyÓ˚ í˛zqˆÏÓÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ï˛y ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflψÏܲ
§ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ !¢«˛îˆÏܲ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~ál ~í%˛§ƒyê˛ñ §ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ ˆê˛!°!˲¢l
•zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎÓ˚ ›ñ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ à°yÓ˚ fl∫Óñ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° Óï˛≈ÙyˆÏl §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏFSÈ– !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
≤Ãò#˛õl ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲçl !¢«˛Ü˛ Ó•% !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ K˛yl §M˛y°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ñ •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlê˛
•zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe §ÇˆÏÎyà fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçG !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!Óòƒy !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
K˛yl Óy ï˛Ìƒ §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒÙ•z •° ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà– !¢«˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylˆÏï˛y ÓˆÏê˛•zó xlƒylƒ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà •°
~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ xAà– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl §ÇˆÏÎyà fiÌy˛õˆÏl Ó•% xyô%!lܲ ÙyôƒÙ xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !¢ál Îsfy!òÓ˚ ~•z
§ÙhflÏ xyô%!lܲ ÙyôƒÙ §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùl !ë˛Ü˛Ùï˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó Óy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl xl%ÎyÎ˚#
˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ò)Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe x˲)ï˛˛õ)Ó≈ í˛zß!¨ ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ– í˛z˛õ@˝Ãˆ•Ï Ó˚ (Sattelite)
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xï˛ƒhs˝ x“ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ §Ù@˝Ã !ӈϟªÓ˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly fiÌyˆÏl §ÇˆÏÎyà fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏFSÈ– ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚
lï%˛l lï%˛l òÓ˚çy !òˆÏÎ˚ lÓ lÓ K˛yl !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ âê˛ˆÏSÈ xÌ≈yÍ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!Óòƒy !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒñ
!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› í˛z˛õܲÓ˚îñ ˛õÂô!ï˛ñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ñ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ñ !¢«˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ !Ü ˛Î˚y §Ó!ܲS%ȈÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚
!¢«˛yÓ˚ §Ó≈yˆÏAà ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆçyÎ˚yÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ–
 !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛!Óòƒy 337

≤ÃÌÙ ~ܲܲ
≤ÃÎ!% =˛!Óòƒy ı xÌ≈ñ ôyÓ˚îyñ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛!ÓòƒyÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy
(Technology: Meaning, Concept, Role of Technology in
Education)

Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Introduction)ı
1947 §yˆÏ° ˆò¢ fl∫yô#l •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !¢«˛y!ÓhflÏyÓ˚ G í˛zߨ!ï˛Ü˛ˆÏ“ !Ó!˲ߨ çyï˛#Î˚
ܲ!Ù!ê˛ G ܲ!Ù¢l àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ ~•z §ÙhflÏ Ü˛!Ù!ê˛ G ܲ!Ù¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ù)° °«˛ƒ !SÈ° !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ
˲!Ó£ÏƒÍ˛ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲçl fl∫!lË≈˛Ó˚ G òy!Î˚cÓyl xyò¢≈ lyà!Ó˚ܲ !•§yˆÏÓ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°y– ï˛yÓ˚y ≤ÈïÏ ˛ƒˆÏܲ•z í˛z˛õ°!kô
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎñ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫yˆÏÌ≈ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ lyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏܲ•z !¢!«˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ lyà!Ó˚ܲ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ü˛ˆÏ“ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !ÓK˛yl G
≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !¢«˛yÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ü˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà–
≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~Ùl §Ó §Ù§ƒy §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ Îy ≤ÃÌyàï˛ !¢«˛îÈüÈ!¢ál ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ myÓ˚y §Ùyôyl
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ly– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!Óòƒy Óƒ!=˛ñ §Ùyç G ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl !ӈϢ£Ï à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
≤ÃÎ%!=˛ ܲyˆÏܲ ӈϰ⁄üüüÈ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!Óòƒy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ !ܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ˆ§•z
!ӣψÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°ñ ˆÎ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ G !lÎ˚Ùl#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓlˆÏܲ §%%®Ó˚ñ fl∫yFSÈ®ƒ˛õ)î≈ G xyÓ˚yÙòyÎ˚ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛– xyÓyÓ˚ xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ Ó°y
ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ fl∫“ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ê˛° °y˲ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛– Ú≤ÃÎ%!=˛Û ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ •zLjÏÓ˚!ç ≤Ã!ï˛¢∑
•° ‘Technology’– ‘Technology’ ¢∑!ê˛ ò%!ê˛ !@˝Ãܲ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ~ܲ!ê˛ •° ‘Technic’ ÈüÈÎyÓ˚
xÌ≈ •° !¢“ Óy ò«˛ï˛y– xyÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚ ¢∑!ê˛ •° ‘Logia’ ÈüÈÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ •° !ÓK˛yl Óy xôƒÎ˚l– xÌ≈yÍ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛
Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ÚˆÜ˛yˆÏly !¢“ Óy ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ !ÓK˛ylÛ– !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛_¥àï˛ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ ààï˛ Ó,•_Ó˚ ˆ«˛e
•° ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!Óòƒy– ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓòƒyÓ˚ !Ó˛õ%° ˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ Ü,˛!£Ïñ !¢“ñ Ù•yܲy¢ àˆÏÓ£Ïîyñ ~Î˚yÓ˚°y•z™ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛–
≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓòƒyÓ˚ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ x@˝Ãà!ï Ó•%°yLjϢ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°–
≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ §ÇK˛y ı
1ä ~É !•Ó˚y (A. Hierra-1973) Èü Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ •° ~ܲà%FSÈ Îsf ~ÓÇ ò«˛ï˛y Îy çlˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚
ã˛y!•òy ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏî ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– (Herra A (1973) -Technology is the set of instruments
and skills which are used to satisfy of the community.)
2ä xy•zÉ §yã˛ ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ •° í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ K˛yl– (Sachs. I (1973) - Technology is
knowledge organised for production.)
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 338
3ä !ê˛É ˆ˛õ•zç (1978) ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ •° ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ K˛yl ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y–
(Page. T (1978) -Technology is the application of scientific knowledge to
practical purpose.)
xÌ≈ (Meaning)ı
Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl §%¤%˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÓÑyã˛yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒñ ç#ÓlˆÏܲ í˛zߨÎ˚lÙ%á# ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒñ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy
ÙçÓ%ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ñ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ °«˛ƒy!˲Ù%á# ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyç !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ !Ó!˲ߨ ôyÓ˚yÎ˚ ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛– ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
~ܲ!ê˛ •° ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!Óòƒyç≈l– ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy §%ò,ì˛¸ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù ܲy!Ó˚àÓ˚ •° ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!Óòƒy– xyÓyÓ˚
≤ÃÎ%!=˛!Óòƒy•z !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ K˛ylñ ò«˛ï˛yñ x!˲K˛ï˛y xç≈ˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ܲÙ≈«˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!Óòƒy•z
ÎÌyÎÌ ≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ í˛zߨï˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙylÓ§¡õò í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl Óƒ!=˛ñ §Ùyç G çyï˛#Î˚
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ~ï˛ !Óhfl,Ï!ï˛ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ !¢«˛y ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ ˛õ,Ìܲ˲yˆÏÓ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚
!•§yˆÏÓ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!¢«˛y ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓK˛yl •° 5!ê˛ ‘M’ ~Ó˚ §Ùß∫Î˚– ~à%ˆÏ°y •° Man åÙyl%£Ïäñ Machine åˆÙ!¢läñ
Materials åÓ›§yÙ@˝Ã#äñ Media åÙyôƒÙä ~ÓÇ Methods å˛õÂô!ï˛ä– ~•z ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ ~ܲˆÏe !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆj Ï ¢ƒ˛õ)Óˆ˚ îÏ
§•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏç °y!àˆÏÎ˚ !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛y≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– !¢«˛y
í˛zˆj
Ï ¢ƒÙ%á# ï˛y•z ≤ÃÎ!% =˛!ÓòƒyG í˛zˆj
Ï ¢ƒÙ%á#– !¢«˛y ≤ÃÎ!% =˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ !l!ò≈T˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù ≤ÃîÎ˚lñ !¢«˛îÈüÈ!¢ál
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yñ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õly G ≤ây§lñ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ~ÓÇ !¢«˛Ü˛ÈüÈ!¢«˛î •zï˛ƒy!ò §ÓˆÏ«˛ˆÏe•z !ÓK˛yl!˲!_ܲ l#!ï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!¢«˛y ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓK˛ylˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ ò%!ê˛ ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ §Ùß∫Î˚ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ÈüüüÈ
å1ä !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓK˛yl (Technology of Education)
å2ä !¢«˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓK˛yl (Technology in Education)
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓK˛yl (Technology of Education)ı
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓK˛yl Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ G !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÙ)°Ü˛ !òܲ Óy ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ G !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚
ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ l#!ï˛ G ˆÜ˛Ô¢°à%ˆÏ°y !¢«˛y≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ !òܲ– ~!ê˛ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ï˛ˆÏ_¥ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛ylñ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛
!ÓK˛ylñ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓK˛yl •zï˛ƒy!ò !ӣψÏÎ˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §yÙÌ≈ˆÏܲ Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚
ܲÙ≈ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ §yôl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~áyˆÏl !¢ál ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛sf (System) !•§yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓK˛yl •° ~ܲ §Ω˛yÓƒ í˛z˛õyòyl ÎyÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ xyí˛zê˛˛õ%ê˛ °y˲ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ •yí≈˛GÎ˚yÓ˚ G
§Ê‰˛ê˛GÎ˚yÓ˚ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~áyˆÏl §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ à%Óc%˚ ˛õ)î≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •° ~áyˆÏl !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ Óy í˛zqyÓl# xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚àˆ% °
Ï yˆÏܲ
!lÎ˚Ùyl%à Ü ˛Ù!Ólƒy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õrÌyÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly G ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ÎyˆÏܲ !§ˆÏT˛Ù ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà#G
Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
 !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛!Óòƒy 339
!¢«˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓK˛yl (Technology in Education)ı
!¢«˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ •° !¢«˛y!ÓK˛yˆÏl ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚– ~áyˆÏl !Ó!˲ߨ Îsf˛õy!ï˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛l#Î˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ
í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ xÌ≈yÍ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛àï˛ í˛zqyÓlˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏç °y!àˆÏÎ˚ !¢ál ~ÓÇ !¢«˛îˆÏܲ §•çï˛Ó˚ñ
o%ï˛ï˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ xyÓ˚G ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°y•z ~Ó˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ– !¢«˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ Ó•%!òl xyˆÏà ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ¢%Ó˚%
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !¢«˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î ˆÎÙl Ó•zñ áyï˛yñ ܲyàçñ ܲ°Ù ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
≤ÃÎ!% =˛Ó˚ xÓòyl– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ !Óܲy¢ §yôˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒñ ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlƒñ !ã˛hs˝l¢!=˛
G !Óã˛yÓ˚¢!=˛Ó˚ í˛zÍܲ£Ï≈§yôˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ xÓ¢ƒΩ˛yÓ# •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ– ˆÓï˛yÓ˚ ˆê˛!°!˲¢lñ !Ó!˲ߨ
≤ÈçÏ Q ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Îsf˛õy!ï˛ñ ◊Óîò¢≈l!˲!_ܲ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î ˆÎÙl G˲yÓ˚ˆ•Ï í˛ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏçQyÓ˚ñ ˆê˛˛õˆÏÓÜ˚ ˛í≈˛yÓ˚ñ !˲!í˛G ܲƒyˆÏ§ê˛ñ
!ê˛É !˲ñ xl%ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ñ ã˛yê≈˛ñ ÙˆÏí˛° •zï˛ƒy!ò ~•z ˆ◊!îÓ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛–
!¢«˛y ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §ÇK˛y ı
!¢«˛y ≤ÃÎ!% =˛!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §ÇK˛y !Ó!˲ߨ !¢«˛y!Óò G ÙˆÏly!Óò !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ !òˆÏΈ˚ SÏ Èl– !lˆÏ¡¨ ܲˆÏÎܲ!ê˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲÓ˚y •° ÈüüüÈ
1ä ~§É ~§É Ü%˛°Ü˛y!l≈ (1968) -!¢«˛y≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ !ÓK˛yl G ≤ÃÎ!% =˛Ó˚ l#!ï˛ ~ÓÇ §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚àˆ% ° Ï yˆÏܲ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚yˆÏܲ•z !¢«˛y≤ÃÎ%!=˛ ӈϰ– (S. S. Kulkarni, 1968- Educational technology
may be defined as the application of the laws as well as recent discovers of
science and technology to the process of education.)
2ä ˆçÉ Óœ%ÙyÓ˚ (1973) ÈüÈ!¢«˛y ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ •° !¢«˛y §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ !ÓK˛yl!˲!_ܲ K˛ylñ Îy ÓyhflÏÓ !¢ál
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– (J. Blomer, 1973- Educational technology is an
application of scientific knowledge about learning to practical learning
situation.)
3ä •zÉ ~•zã˛É •ƒyˆÏí˛l ÈüÈ !¢«˛y ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓK˛yl ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ G ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ !¢«˛y!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ~Ùl ~ܲ ¢yáy ÎyˆÏï˛
Ù)°ï˛ !¢ál §•yÎ˚ܲ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ l܉˛¢y í˛zqyÓl ܲÓ˚y G ˆ§•z Óyï≈˛yà%ˆÏ°y ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢ál
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– (E. H. Hadden - Educational
technology is that branch of educational theory and practice where it is
concerned primarily with the design and use of message which control the
learning process.)
!¢«˛y ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy (Concept of Educational technology -ET)ı
ET1 - ≤ÃÌÙ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ !¢«˛y ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓK˛yl ÈüÈ1
≤ÃÌÙ ôyÓ˚îy xl%ÎyÎ˚# !¢«˛y ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ •° ˆË˛Ôï˛!ÓK˛yl ~ÓÇ •z!O!lÎ˚y!Ó˚Ç ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ˆÎáyˆÏl
Îy!sfܲ ~ÓÇ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆!lܲ Îsf˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˛õyë˛òyl Óy !lˆÏò≈¢òyˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ •yí≈˛GÎ˚ƒyÓ˚
Ó°y •Î˚– !Ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ (James O. Finn) G xlƒylƒÓ˚y ◊Óîò¢≈l!˲!_ܲ !¢«˛y í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î xyˆÏ®y°l ≤çˆÏAà ≤ÃÌÙ
~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˆÎ §Ü˛° Ó› §yÙ@˝Ã# !lˆÏò≈¢òyl Óy !¢«˛ˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 340
ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y •° !fiÌÓ˚ G à!ï˛¢#° !ã˛eñ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏçQÓ˚ñ ˲y£Ïy ˛õÓ˚#«˛yàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ ˆê˛˛õ ˆÓ˚ܲí≈˛yÓ˚ñ ˆê˛!°!˲¢lñ
!¢«˛î Îsf G ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ !˲!_ܲ !¢«˛î–
ET2 - !mï˛#Î˚ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ !¢«˛y ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓK˛yl ÈüÈ2
~•z ôyÓ˚îyÎ˚ xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ !ÓK˛yl !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !lˆÏò≈¢òyˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~áyˆÏl !flÒlyÓ˚ñ àƒyˆÏl G xlƒylƒ ÙˆÏly!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛î §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ ï˛_¥yÓ!°Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !¢«˛Ü˛ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ˛õyë˛ƒ!Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚
§•ˆÏÎyà# ï˛Ìƒy!ò ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚ˆÏ° !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y í˛zI#!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zI#ÓˆÏl lï%˛l •z!∞ï˛ xyã˛Ó˚î §,!T˛
•Î˚– ¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ ~áyˆÏl !Ê˛í‰˛ÓƒyˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy !¢áˆÏl !ӈϢ£Ï à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §Ê˛ê˛GÎ˚ƒyÓ˚
ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà Ó°y •Î˚–
ET3 ÈüÈï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ !¢«˛y ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓK˛yl ÈüÈ3
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ •° ≤ÃÌÙ G !mï˛#Î˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà#Ó˚ §Ù!ß∫ï˛Ó˚)˛õ– !¢«˛y≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ ~•z xyô%!lܲ ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà#Ó˚
≤ÃÓ=˛y •ˆÏ°l ˆí˛!˲§ ~ÓÇ •yê≈˛ˆÏ° (Davis and Hartley)– ~•z ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà# xl%ÎyÎ˚# !¢«˛y •° ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛sf Óy
!§ˆÏfiê˛Ù– ~•z xl%ÎyÎ˚# !¢«˛y ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ xÌ≈ •° !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ !§ˆÏfiê˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ܲÓ˚yñ ÎÌyÎÌ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y G ï˛yÓ˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y–
ET4 -ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ !¢«˛y ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓK˛yl ÈüÈ4
!¢«˛y ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ !¢«˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛– !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÜ˛y§≈ñ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚
l#!ï˛ !lô≈yÓ˚îñ §¡õò ˆÜ˛w •zï˛ƒy!ò ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ~•z ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛– Erich Ashley (1967) ~•z ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚
Óƒyáƒy !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~•z ôyÓ˚îyˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌy G ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y G à,• ˆÌˆÏܲ !¢«˛Ü˛ G !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
lƒhflÏ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ù%!oï˛ ˛õ%hflÏܲñ ˛õ%hflψÏܲÓ˚ §•ç°Ë˛ƒï˛yñ ~ÓÇ xlƒyly !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòylˆÏܲ !¢«˛y ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚
xyGï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyly §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ET5 ÈüÈ!¢«˛y≤ÃÎ%!=˛ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ˛õM˛Ù ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ !¢«˛y ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓK˛yl ÈüÈ 5
~•z ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛– !¢«˛y ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓƒyÎ˚ §yˆÏ˛õ«˛ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ°˛ Ü˛ï˛ áÓ˚ã˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§•z ê˛yܲy ˆÜ˛yÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ xy§ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ÓƒÎ˚ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ܲï˛ê˛y
°y˲ •ˆÏÓÈüüÈ ~•z §ÙhflÏ !òܲ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ≤ÃÌyÓ!•Ë)≈˛ï˛ !¢«˛y ˆÎÙl Ù%=˛ !¢«˛yñ ò)Ó˚Óï≈˛# !¢«˛yÓ˚
à%Ó˚%c Ó,!Âô ˛õyˆÏÓ– !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ à%îàï˛ Ùyl ÓçyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá x!ôܲ §ÇáƒÜ˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ í˛zߨï˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚
§%ˆÏÎyà ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏSÈ ˆòGÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ–
!¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓòƒyÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Role of Technology in Education)ı
!¢«˛y ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ !ÓK˛yl •° !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ l#!ï˛Ó˚ §%¤%˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà– ~Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ §•çñ
§¡õ)î≈ñ fiÌyÎ˚# G xyܲ£Ï≈î#Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°y ÎyÎ˚– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ˲yˆÏÓ !¢«˛y≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ í˛zÍܲ£Ï≈ §yôˆÏl !¢«˛y
≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ à%Ó%̊c˛õ)î≈ xÓòyl !ӈϟªÓ˚ §Ó≈òy•z fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛– !lˆÏ¡¨ !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲÓ˚y •°–
 !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛!Óòƒy 341
1ä ~!¢Î˚y Ù•yˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ çl§Çáƒy á%Ó o%ï˛ •yˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ˛õyˆÏFSÈ– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚
çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ §y«˛Ó˚ï˛y Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢– ~•z ܲyÓ˚î •° ~ï˛ !Ó¢y° §ÇáƒÜ˛
çlàîˆÏܲ ≤ÃÌyàï˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ xyGï˛yÎ˚ xyly §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– ~•z í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ç#ÓlÓƒy˛õ# !¢«˛yÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
Ü,˛£Ïܲñ ◊!Ùܲñ à,•Óô) G !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ˛õ¢yÎ˚ !lÎ%=˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ §%ˆÎÏ yà xl%ÎyÎ˚# §yÓ˚y ç#ÓlÓƒy˛õ# ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~•z °ˆÏ«˛ƒ !¢«˛y ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓK˛yl x@˝Ãî# Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ˆÏï˛
àîÙyôƒÙ !•§yˆÏÓ ˆê˛!°!˲¢lñ §ÇÓyò˛õeñ ˆÓ˚!í˛Gñ ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ xyô%!lܲ ï˛Ìƒ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ ˆÎÙl
•zÈüȈٕz°ñ •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlê˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˲)!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
2ä Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ !ÓˆÏfl≥˛yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° á%Ó o%ï˛•yˆÏÓ˚ lï%˛l K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏÓ¢ âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ– ܲ°yñ !ÓK˛yl G
§ÙhflÏ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ lï%˛l ï˛Ìƒ G ï˛_¥ xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ Îy ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏlyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ x˛õ§y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !lçfl∫ fiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚
!lˆÏFSÈ– ï˛y•z !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ §Ó§ÙÎ˚ §Ó≈yô%!lܲ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §ÇˆÏÎyà Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •Î˚– xyÓyÓ˚ Óƒy˛õܲ •yˆÏÓ˚ K˛yl
Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚G ΈÏÌT˛ ܲ!ë˛l ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ܲyÓ˚î !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Î!ò §Ó≈yô%!lܲ K˛yl ly
ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ˆÏÓ !ï˛!l !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ lÓï˛Ù Óy §Ó≈yô%!lܲ K˛yl !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓl ly– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl §¡øï˛ !¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ xˆÏlܲ Îsf xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚
§!Ü ˛Î˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛y SÈyí˛¸y !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y !lˆÏçÓ˚y•z !¢«˛y @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !Ó!˲ߨ ◊Óîò¢≈l!˲!_ܲ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î ˆÎÙl
fl‘y•zí˛ñ !§É !í˛ñ ˆê˛˛õˆÏÓ˚ܲí≈˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y fl∫ÈüÈ!¢áˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ •Î˚–
3ä !¢«˛y ≤ÃÎ!% =˛!ÓK˛yl !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe lï%˛l lï%˛l ˆÜ˛Ô¢° í˛zqyÓl ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛î ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G xyܲ£Ïî≈ #Î˚
G §yÌ≈ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛% ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ– xl%!¢«˛î (Micro Teaching) •° !¢álÈüÈ!¢«˛î ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ xyô%!lܲ !ӈϟ’£lÏ ydܲ
˛õÂô!ï˛– ~•z !¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zߨï˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– Intelligent Tutoring
System Óy ITS •° ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓK˛yl !˲!_ܲ !¢«˛î ˆÜ˛Ô¢°– ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !Óܲ“
!•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– Óƒ!=˛!˲!_ܲ !¢«˛ˆÏî xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ˆÎÙl ˆ≤Ãy@˝ÃyÙ!˲!_ܲ !¢álñ !¢ál Îsfñ
ˆlê˛GÎ˚yˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ K˛ylyç≈l •zï˛ƒy!ò !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
4ä !¢«˛y ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓK˛yl !¢«˛yˆÏܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl §¡øï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓòƒyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ
ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy!˲!_ܲ !Ó˲yà !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà !òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ G ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ §yôˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛y
ܲÓ˚y– !¢«˛y ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓK˛yl !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ xyd§!Ü ˛Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛yˆÏ° ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !¢«˛î x!˲Ù%á#
ˆ≤ãÏîy §M˛yˆÏÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
5ä !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ó•%ôy ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ (Multimedia), ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ (Information
Technology), •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlê˛ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ãyhs˝ ˆÌˆÏܲ K˛yl xy•Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ xyòyl ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !Ó¢y° K˛yl˲yu˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚
myÓ˚y !¢«˛yÓ˚ à%îàï˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ Ó,!Âô •ˆÏFSÈ– ~ܲܲÌyÎ˚ !ÓK˛yl G ≤ÃÎ!% =˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §Ù@˝Ã ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Óƒy˛õ# ~ܲ!ê˛ §%§Çà!ë˛ï˛
§ÇˆÏÎyà ÓƒÓfiÌy §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
6ä Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l !¢«˛y ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Óc%̊ ˛õ)î≈ hflÓÏ –˚ ~•z Ù)°ƒyÎ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !¢«˛y≤ÃÎ!% =˛ !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ §y•y΃
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 342
7ä Óƒ!=˛ G §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy xl%ÎyÎ˚# !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ G í˛zˆj Ï ¢ƒ !lô≈yÓ˚ˆîÏ !¢«˛y ≤ÃÎ!% =˛ !ӈϢ£Ï Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l
ܲˆÏÓ˚– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ §Ó≈e ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ– ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ CAl, CMI, CML, CBI, CAE •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢ál !¢«˛î ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ ï˛Ó˚y!ß∫ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏSÈ xyÓyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÎ˚ !¢«˛y ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ §y•y΃
ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ˆÎÙl ê˛ƒyÓ%°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏí˛° (Tabular Model), °yí˛zê˛l ÙˆÏí˛° (Lawtan Model) •zï˛ƒy!ò !¢«˛y ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚
xÓòyl–
8ä ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓòƒyÎ˚ !¢!«˛ï˛ Óƒ!=˛ !ӈϢ£ÏôÙ≈# K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°l âê˛yˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •Î˚– ï˛y•z ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓòƒyÓ˚
xlƒï˛Ù Ë)˛!Ùܲy •° !ӈϢ£ÏK˛ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!Óò‰ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ ܲ°ƒyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ §Ùyçܲ°ƒyî ܲÓ˚y–
9ä Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !¢«˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ây§!lܲ ܲÙ≈§!) ã˛ ˆÎÙl !l!ò≈T˛ !¢«˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ à%Óc%˚ ˛õ)î≈
ï˛Ìƒ !ÓhflyÏ Ó˚ñ ˲!_≈Ó˚ xyˆÏÓòl ˛õeñ ˲!ï≈˛Ó˚ ˆÎyàƒï˛y xç≈lܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò !l!ò≈T˛ GˆÏÎÓ˚ §y•zˆêÏ ˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
10ä !¢«˛y ≤ÃÎ!% =˛!ÓK˛yl xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛ñ §yÙy!çܲñ ˆË˛ÔˆÏày!°Ü˛ xÓfiÌyl !l!Ó≈ˆ¢Ï ˆÏ£Ï !lÓ˚ˆ˛Ï õ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !¢«˛yÓ˚
§%ˆÏÎyà §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !lÜ˛ê˛ §Ù˲yˆÏÓ Órê˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù–
11ä Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !¢«˛yÙlhflÏc!Óòàî !¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲy!ôܲ ÙˆÏí˛° í˛zqyÓl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎÙlñ ~lˆÏܲyÎ˚yÓ˚#
ÙˆÏí˛°ñ ܲlˆÏ§≤Wz xƒyˆÏê˛lˆÏÙrê˛ ÙˆÏí˛° •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏí˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˛õyë˛òyl xyÓ˚G !ÓK˛yl §¡øï˛
~ÓÇ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ӈϰ ≤ÃÙy!îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
12ä !¢«˛y ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ àî!¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤çyˆÏÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– !¢«˛y ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃
x!˲K˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÎ˚ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ñ ò)Ó˚ò¢≈l •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y Óí˛¸ xLjϢÓ˚ !lÜ˛ê˛ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ (Conclusion)ı
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y=˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˆÜ˛Ó° à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
lÎ˚ñ Ü ˛Ù¢ ï˛y x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏSÈ– Óƒ!=˛ç#ÓˆÏl ï˛Ìy §Ùyçç#ÓˆÏl ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓòƒyÓ˚ Ë))˛!Ùܲy x§#Ù– ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!Óòƒy
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §%Æ ≤Ã!ï˛Ë˛yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ §yôl ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ çy!ï˛ àë˛ˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– !¢«˛y ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ xlƒï˛Ù ò%!ê˛
ˆÜ˛Ô¢° •yí≈˛GÎ˚ƒyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §Ê˛ê˛GÎ˚ƒyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏç °y!àˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õyÎ˚ˆÏî !¢«˛y ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚
Ë)˛!Ùܲy xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Óc%˚ ˛õ)î–≈ !Óàï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÎÜ˚ ˛ ò¢ˆÏܲ í˛zßï¨ ˛ ˆò¢à%ˆ°
Ï yˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÃÎ!% =˛ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ Óƒy˛õܲ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
ˆÎ ≤ÃÓîï˛y °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ Ë˛!ӣσˆÏï˛ ˆ§ê˛y xyÓ˚G ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ô≈ï˛ G ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy!ç≈ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ Óƒ!=˛ G §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy
˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §•yÏÎ˚ܲ •ˆÏÓ–
 !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛!Óòƒy 343

!mï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ
!¢«˛î ≤Ãò#˛õlÈüü È≤È«Ï ˛˛õîÙ)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ x≤È«Ï ˛˛õîÙ)°Ü˛ !¢«˛î
≤Ãò#˛õl
(Teaching Aids–Projected and Non-projected Teaching Aids)

˲)!Ùܲy (Introduction)ı
≤Ãyã˛#l !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌy !SÈ° §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ%Ñ!Ì !lË≈˛Ó˚ G ï˛_¥ §Ó≈fl∫– ~•z !¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆÎ !¢«˛î ˆÜ˛Ô¢°
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ï˛ ˆ§à%ˆ°
Ï yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ ƒˆÏÎyàƒ •° Ó=+˛ï˛yñ Óƒyáƒyñ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~•z !¢«˛î ˆÜ˛Ô¢°à%ˆ°
Ï yˆÏï˛
Ù)°ï˛ ˆÙÔ!áܲ ˲y£Ïy Óy ˲y£Ïy §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ï˛– !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ܲyç !SÈ° ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óy Ó=+˛ï˛yÓ˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢«˛î ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl
ܲyç !SÈ° !l!‹;Î˚˲yˆÏÓ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ó=˛Óƒ ◊Óî ܲÓ˚y xÌ≈yÍ ~áyˆÏl !¢«˛Ü˛ •ˆÏ°l ˆ≤ÃÓ˚ܲñ !¢«˛yÌ≈# •° @˝Ãy•Ü˛–
ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ àï˛yl%à!ï˛Ü˛ !¢«˛ˆÏîñ ˲y£Ïy ¢%ô%Ùye §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ !•§yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ï˛ ï˛y•z ~•z ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ° !¢«˛Ü˛ñ
!¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye •z!wÎ˚ˆÏܲ §!Ü ˛Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ •ï˛– xÌ≈yÍ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ˆÜ˛Ó° ◊ÓˆÏî!wÎ˚ˆÏܲ•z ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
K˛yl xç≈l ܲÓ˚ï˛– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó›çàÍ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ K˛yl x˛õ)î≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÎï˛– Ó›çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ó!ܲSÈ% §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
K˛yl ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ◊ÓˆÏî!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ myÓ˚y ˛õyGÎ˚y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– ~SÈyí˛¸y ˆÙÔ!áܲ !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !¢«˛yÌ≈# !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚
˲y£Ïy Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ly ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° Óy ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ly ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° §ÇˆÏÎyà !Ó!FSÈߨ •ï˛– ~•z
x§%!Óôy ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xyô%!lܲܲyˆÏ° !¢«˛y!Óòàî !¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ≤ÃÓï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ï˛yÑÓ˚y
ӈϰˆÏSÈl !¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ÈÈüÈ!¢«˛yÌ≈# §ÇˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ˛≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ xÓƒy•ï˛ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚
xyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÓ!¢ §!Ü ˛Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ~ܲ•z §ˆÏAà xˆÏlܲà%ˆÏ°y •z!wÎ˚ˆÏܲ §!Ü ˛Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– xÌ≈yÍ ï˛Ìƒ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •z!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~•z Ùï˛yòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyô%!lܲܲyˆÏ° !¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ lï%˛l l#!ï˛Ó˚ xÓï˛yÓ˚îy ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z !¢«˛yl#!ï˛Ó˚ Ù)° ܲÌy
•°ÈüüüÈ !¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ Îï˛à%ˆÏ°y §Ω˛Ó •z!wÎ˚ˆÏÜ ~ܲˆÏe §!Ü ˛Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
!¢«˛î ≤Ãò#˛õl (Teaching Aids)ı
xyô%!lܲܲyˆÏ° !¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ~•z l#!ï˛ˆÏܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ §ÇˆÏܲˆÏï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˆ◊!î !¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚
§ÙÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°y •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ~•z ˆÜ˛Ô¢°à%ˆ°
Ï yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ !¢«˛î ≤Ãò#˛õl (Tesching
Aids) Óy !¢«˛î §•yÎ˚ܲ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î (Teaching Appliancc)– xÌ≈yÍ §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ Ó›
Óy ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ §ÇˆÏÎyàfiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ“ly¢!=˛ˆÏܲ í˛zj#Æ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°y ÎyÎ˚ñ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚ !¢«˛î ≤Ãò#˛õî– ~SÈyí˛¸y ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ ˛õyë˛òyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›Ó˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚
§ˆÏAà !ܲS%È §yôyÓ˚î í˛z˛õܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ ˆÎÙlñ ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflÏܲ (Text Book), ˆÓyí≈˛ (Board), ã˛Ü‰˛
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 344
(Chalk), V˛yí˛¸l (Duster) •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~•z í˛z˛õܲÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ §#!Ùï˛ «˛Ùï˛y x!ï˛Ü ˛Ù ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
§•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ à%làï˛Ùyl í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~áyˆÏl !¢«˛î ≤Ãò#˛õl G !¢«˛î í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î ¢∑
ò%!ê˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ù xˆÏÌ≈ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲv !¢«˛î ≤Ãò#˛õî ¢∑!ê˛ !¢«˛î í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ Óƒy˛õܲ G
ï˛yͲõÎ≈˛õ)î≈– ~•z Ó,•_Ó˚ xˆÏÌ≈ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î ≤Ãò#˛õˆÏlÓ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛–
!¢«˛î ≤Ãò#˛õˆÏlÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c (Importance of Teaching Aids)ı
xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ l#!ï˛ xl%¢#°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ~•z !¢«˛î ≤Ãò#˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ˲#£Ïî˲yˆÏÓ
Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl àî§ÇˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ Ó˚Ü˛Ù í˛z˛õܲÓ˚îˆÏܲ•z ≤Ãò#˛õl !•§yˆÏÓ !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏFSÈ– ~•z ≤Ãò#˛õlà%ˆÏ°y !¢«˛î#Î˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›ˆÏܲ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ •z!wÎ˚@˝Ãy•ƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÙˆÏhs˝fl∫Ó˚# ï˛yÑÓ˚
!¢«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ •z!wÎ˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c !òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– ï˛yÑÓ˚ !¢«˛yl#!ï˛Ó˚ Ù)° Ó=˛Óƒ !SÈ°ñ
!¢«˛î#Î˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›ˆÏܲ •z!wÎ˚@˝Ãy•ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– !¢«˛î ≤Ãò#˛õlà%ˆÏ°y ~•z í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
~•z§Ó ≤Ãò#˛õˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !¢«˛y!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ xyfiÌyÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ܲyÓ˚îñ ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ !¢«˛î G !¢ál
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– ~•z§Ó ≤Ãò#˛õl ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ xˆÏlܲ Óƒy˛õܲ
G Ó•%Ù%á#– !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ≤Ã˲yÓ !¢«˛î ≤Ãò#˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yˆÏܲ x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ–
!¢«˛î ≤Ãò#˛õl !l¡¨!°!áï˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ !¢«˛y ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ÈüüüÈ
≤ÃÌÙï˛ ı ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ˆÙÔ!áܲ !¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ x§%!ÓôyˆÏÓyô ܲˆÏÓ˚l !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚
!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà xylyÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ñ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°G !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ˆ§!òˆÏܲ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà lyG !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv !¢«˛î ≤Ãò#˛õˆÏlÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !¢«˛yòyl
ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Ó› !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà §•ˆÏç•z xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ xy@˝Ã•
§M˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàˆÏܲ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !l!ÓT˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ ~•z ≤Ãò#˛õlà%ˆÏ°y §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!mï˛#Î˚ï˛ ı !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !ÓÙ)ï˛≈ K˛yl !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ xy•Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ x§%!Óôy •Î˚– ܲyÓ˚î ÙˆÏly!ÓòàˆÏîÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛ !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ K˛yl xy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚îÙˆÏlÓ˚ hflψÏÓ˚ í˛zߨ#ï˛ •GÎ˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ï˛y •ˆÏï˛ xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚
°yˆÏà– !¢«˛î ≤Ãò#˛õlà%ˆÏ°y !ÓÙ)ï˛≈ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›ˆÏܲ Ù)ï≈˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛y
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ï˛ ı ˛õyë˛ƒ !Ó!˲ߨ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Ùß∫Î˚ §yôˆÏl !¢«˛î ≤Ãò#˛õlà%ˆÏ°y §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚
§Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy à!ë˛ï˛˛ •Î˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ¢%ô%Ùye ˛õyë˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~•z
ôyÓ˚îy çß√yˆÏï˛ ˛˛õyˆÏÓ˚lyñ ˆÜ˛yl !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Î!ò ï˛yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÎˆÏܲyl !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛
≤Ãò#˛õl !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ !Óhfl,!Ïï˛ âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛yÓ˚y §•ˆÏç §Ùß∫Î˚ §yôl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ï˛ ı !¢«˛î ≤Ãò#˛õl ¢%ô%Ùye ~ܲ•z !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ~ܲܲ ˛õyˆÏë˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Ùß∫Î˚§yôl ܲˆÏÓ˚
ï˛y•z lÎ˚ñ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒ !Ó!˲ߨ !ӣψÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÎÌyˆÏÎyàƒ §¡∫rô fiÌy˛õˆÏlG §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ !¢«˛î ≤Ãò#˛õˆÏlÓ˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ !Ó!˲ߨ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xl%Órô fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ !Ó!˲ߨ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xl%Órô fiÌy!˛õï˛ •ˆÏ°ñ
!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáy §%!Óôy •Î˚–
 !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛!Óòƒy 345
˛õM˛Ùï ı !¢«˛î ≤Ãò#˛õl !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ K˛ylˆÏܲ ÓyhflÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏà í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Îálñ
ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ˛õyë˛ƒ!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›Ó˚ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ !òܲˆÏܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛î ≤Ãò#˛õl ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ï˛ál
!¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚yñ xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ K˛ylˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓñ ˆ§ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy ˛õyÎ˚– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°ñ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ°
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ˙ K˛ylˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §•ˆÏç ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó •Î˚–
£Ï¤˛ï˛ ı !¢«˛î ≤Ãò#˛õˆÏlÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ≤Ãܲy¢Ë˛!AàÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ âê˛yˆÏly ÎyÎ˚– !ÓˆÏÏ¢£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
˲y£ÏyÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ •Î˚– ˆÎ Ó›ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚y •z!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓÓ˚î ï˛yÓ˚y ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !òˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xÌ≈yÍ ≤Ãò#˛õlà%ˆÏ°y !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
§ÆÙï˛ ı !¢«˛î ≤Ãò#˛õlà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ !¢«˛yàï˛ x@˝Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚– ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ¢%ô% ˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ §Ù§ƒy ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ï˛– !ܲv Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛
x@˝Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !òܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ã˛eñ ã˛yê≈˛ñ ˆ°á!ã˛e •zï˛ƒy!ò ≤ß¿˛õˆÏe ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~à%ˆÏ°y §yÌ≈ܲ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚ˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
í˛z˛õˆÏÓy˚ =˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ñ xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !¢«˛î ≤Ãò#˛õl ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Óc%˚ ˛õ)î≈ !¢«˛îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°–
!¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ãò#˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ !¢«˛î ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛yÎ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÙÔ!áܲ !¢«˛îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°
§Ù)ˆ•Ï Ó˚ xl%£AÏ à !•§yˆÏÓ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ãò#˛õlà%ˆ° Ï y Óï≈˛ÙylܲyˆÏ° ï˛y•z !¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ xAà ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛
ܲy!Ó˚àÓ˚#!ÓòƒyÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›–
!¢«˛î ≤Ãò#˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yà ı
Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ~•z !¢«˛î ≤Ãò#˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õܲ •yˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– !¢«˛Ü˛àî ˆ◊!îÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎÓ˚ › í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚
çlƒ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤Ãò#˛õˆÏlÓ˚ §y•yÎƒÏ !lˆÏFSÈl– !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ˆÎ §Ó ≤Ãò#˛õl Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚ñ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà xÓ¢ƒ•z ò¢≈l G ◊ÓˆÏî!wÎ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚– ܲyÓ˚îñ Ùyl%£Ï x!˲K˛ï˛y xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z ò%!ê˛
•z!wÎ˚ˆÏܲ•z §Ó ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv xyô%!lܲܲyˆÏ° !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ܲy!Ó˚àÓ˚#!ÓòƒyÎ˚ !¢«˛î ≤Ãò#˛õlˆÏܲ
≤Ãôylï˛ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ Ë˛yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ÈüüüÈ
ܲä ò¢≈l!˲!_ܲ ≤Ãò#˛õló áä ◊Óî!˲!_ܲ ≤Ãò#˛õló àä ò¢≈l ◊%!ï˛ !˲!_ܲ ≤Ãò#˛õló âä §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y!˲!_ܲ
≤Ãò#˛õl ~ÓÇ .ä xydÈüÈ!¢«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ãò#˛õl–
ܲä ò¢≈l!˲!_ܲ ˛≤Ãò#˛õl (Visual Aids)ı
ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ ≤Ãò#˛õl !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ò¢≈ˆÏl!wÎ˚ˆÏܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
Ó°y •Î˚ ò¢≈l!˲!_ܲ ≤Ãò#˛õl– ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ≤Ãò#˛õlà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò¢≈l!˲!_ܲ ≤Ãò#˛õˆÏlÓ˚ §Çáƒy ˆÓ!¢–
xyÓ˚ ~•z §Ó ≤Ãò#˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ˆÜ˛Ô¢° •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ~•z ≤Ãò#˛õlˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ Ë˛yà
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
≤ÃÌÙï˛ ı ò¢≈lôÙ≈# ≤Ãò#˛õl !•§yˆÏÓ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Ó›ˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆÎÙlüüüÈ ç#Ól !ÓK˛yl
˛õyˆÏë˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛z!qò Óy lÙ%ly ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ÓyhflÏÓôÙ≈# ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl–
!mï˛#Î˚ï˛ ı xyÓyÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ ò¢≈l!˲!_ܲ ≤Ãò#˛õl !•§yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲ, ï˛ Ó› ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z Ó›Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 346
≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôfiÌyl#Î˚ ò¢≈l!˲!_ܲ ≤Ãò#˛õl– ˆÎÙlÈÈüüüÈÈ ã˛yê≈˛ñ ÙˆÏí˛°
•zï˛ƒy!ò– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˆÎ§Ó ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓyhflÏÓ !ç!l§ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly ˆ§ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ~•z çyï˛#Î˚
≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôfiÌyl#Î˚ ≤Ãò#˛õˆÏlÓ˚ §y•y΃ ˆlGÎ˚y •Î˚–
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ï ˛ı ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ˆÎ•z ÓyhflÏÓ Óy xÓyhflÏÓ ≤Ãò#˛õl ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~Ùl xˆÏlܲ Ó›
xyˆÏSÈ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ï˛ «%˛o ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ áy!° ˆã˛yˆÏá ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ly Óy ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ §Ó≈§ÙˆÏ«˛ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚
xˆÏÎyàƒ– ˆ§•z§Ó Ó›ˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ ò¢≈lˆÏÎyàƒ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Èϫ˛˛õî ΈÏsfÓ˚ (Projector) Óy xlƒ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Îy!sfܲ ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ §y•yÏ΃ ˆlGÎ˚y •Î˚– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ≤Èϫ˛˛õî ΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•y΃ !lˆÏÎ˚ Îál ÓyhflÏÓ Óy
≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôfiÌyl#Î˚ ò¢≈l!˲!_ܲ ≤Ãò#˛õl ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚ ≤Èϫ˛˛õîÙ)°Ü˛
≤Ãò#˛õl– ÓyhflÏÓ Ó›Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xî%Ó#«˛î ΈÏsf ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ fl‘y•zí˛ˆÏܲ (Slide) ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ xyÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Èϫ˛˛õî ΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Ó›!ê˛ˆÏܲ Óí˛¸ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
ã˛ï˛%Ì≈ï˛ ı ˆÎ §Ó ≤Ãò#˛õl §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ ˆÙÔ!áܲ ˆ◊!î !¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˆÜ˛yˆÏlyÓ˚Ü˛Ù Îy!sfܲ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°
SÈyí˛¸y•z ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚ Èx≤Èϫ˛˛õîÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ãò#˛õl– ˆÎÙlüÈ ã˛yê≈˛ñ ÙˆÏí˛°ñ SÈ!Óñ •zï˛ƒy!ò–
x≤Èϫ˛˛õî ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ≤Ãò#˛õl ò% ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •Î˚È üüüÈÈ !mÈüÈÙy!eܲ G !eÈüÈÙy!eܲ– ˆÎÙlÈüÈ ã˛yê≈˛ñ Ùƒy˛õñ SÈ!Ó •zï˛ƒy!ò •°
!mÙy!eܲ ˛≤Ãò#˛õl– xyÓ˚ ÙˆÏí˛° •° !eÙy!eܲ ≤Ãò#˛õl–
áä ◊Óî!˲!_ܲ ≤Ãò#˛õl (Audio based aids) ı
ˆÎ ≤Ãò#˛õlà%ˆ° Ï y !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ◊ÓˆÏî!wÎ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ §!Ü ˛Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎà%ˆ°Ï yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ◊Óî!˲!_ܲ
≤Ãò#˛õîñ ˆÎÙlÈüüˆÓï˛yÓ˚ñ @˝ÃyˆÏÙyˆÏÊ˛ylñ ˆê˛˛õˆÏÓ˚ܲí≈˛yÓ˚ •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~•z §ÙhflÏ ≤Ãò#˛õl myÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yl xï˛#ï˛ âê˛lyˆÏܲ
ÓyhflÏÓ§¡øï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
àä ò¢≈l ◊%!ï˛ !˲!_ܲ ≤Ãò#˛õl (Audio visual aids) ı
ˆ◊!î !¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ~Ùl ܲï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y ≤Ãò#˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~ܲ•z
§ˆÏAà ò¢≈ˆlÏ !wÎ˚ G ◊ÓˆÏl!wÎ˚ í˛z˲Î˚ˆÜÏ ˛ §!Ü ˛Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°y ÎyÎ˚– ~•z çyï˛#Î˚ ≤Ãò#˛õlˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ò¢≈lÈüÈ◊!% ï˛!˲!_ܲ
≤Ãò#˛õl– ˆÎÙl ÈüÈ !§ˆÏlÙyñ ˆê˛!°!˲¢l •zï˛ƒy!ò–
âä §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y!˲!_ܲ ≤Ãò#˛õl (Activity based aids)ı
!¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §Óà%ˆ° Ï y •z!wÎ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl xl%ÎyÎ˚# ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §%ˆÎÏ yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl xyˆÏÓÜ˚ ˛
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãò#˛õl ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~à%ˆÏ°y !ë˛Ü˛ àï˛yl%à!ï˛Ü˛ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ly– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•zà%ˆÏ°y ΈÏÌT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙlÈÈüü ˛õÓ˚#«˛yàyˆÏÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ Ü˛°ˆÏÙ
ܲyçñ x!˲lÎ˚ñ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ºÙî •zï˛ƒy!ò ~•z çyï˛#Î˚ ≤Ãò#˛õˆÏlÓ˚ xhsà≈ï˛–
.ä xyd!¢álÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ãò#˛õl (Selflearning based aids)ı
xyô%!lܲܲyˆÏ° !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe xyˆÏÓܲ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ≤Ãò#˛õl ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ ˆ§à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ xyd!¢ál!˲!_ܲ
≤Ãò#˛õl– ~•z §Ó ≤Ãò#˛õl ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ §yÙÌ≈ƒ xl%ÎyÎ˚# !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛y
SÈyí˛¸y !¢«˛y°y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙlÈüÈ !¢«˛î Îsfñ ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ •zï˛ƒy!ò ~•z ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ≤Ãò#˛õl–
 !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛!Óòƒy 347
!¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ãò#˛õl§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ~•z ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yà ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈñ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
≤Ãò#˛õl ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ– ≤Ãò#˛õl Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ï˛ çl!≤ÃÎ˚ ˆÎñ ~à%ˆÏ°y !Ó!˲ߨ §ÇfiÌyÓ˚ myÓ˚y
Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl í˛zͲõy!òï˛ •Î˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ≤çAàÜ ˛ˆÏÙ fløÓ˚îÓ˚yáyÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ñ ~•z ≤Ãò#˛õlà%ˆÏ°y ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ
!¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÎÙl ò«˛ï˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ ˆï˛Ù!l í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ≤Ãò#˛õl !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚G !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ΈÏÌT˛ !ӈϟ’£Ïî
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y Ìyܲy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
•z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ•z í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ ≤Ãò#˛õl ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò¢≈l!˲!_ܲ
≤Ãò#˛õˆÏlÓ˚ §Çáƒy §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢– !lˆÏ¡¨ ò¢≈l!˲!_ܲ ≤Ãò#˛õˆÏlÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤Èϫ˛˛õîÙ)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ
x≤Èϫ˛˛õîÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ãò#˛õlà%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •°È üüüÈ
≤Èϫ˛˛õlÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ãò#˛õl (Projected Teaching Aids)ı
˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ã˛e ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Ó› Óy ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ !¢«˛î ≤Ãò#˛õl
!•§yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˛õyë˛ƒ!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G •,òÎ˚@˝Ãy•# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛îˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G
ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛Ü˛ ~•z §Ó Ó›Ó˚ SÈ!Ó Óy Ê˛ˆÏê˛y@˝ÃyÊ˛ ≤Èϫ˛˛õî ΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆòGÎ˚y° ˛Óy õò≈yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
ˆÊ˛ˆÏ° ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– ~ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ≤Ãò#˛õl xyÓ˚G xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ !láÑ%ï˛ G ç#Óhs˝ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏ벖 ~áyˆÏl ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛
≤Èϫ˛˛õîÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ãò#˛õl §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •° ÈüüüÈ
å1ä fl‘y•zí˛ (Slide) ı ˆÜ˛yl fl∫FSÈ Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%ÈÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ó¡∫ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ fl‘y•zí˛– !¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚
ܲyˆÏç ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !ӈϢ£Ï ˛õyˆÏë˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲƒyˆÏÙÓ˚yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ SÈ!Ó ï%˛ˆÏ° fl‘y•zí˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚– ~•z fl‘y•zí˛à%ˆÏ°y ˛õyˆÏë˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ Ü ˛Ù xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ˜Ïï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ !¢«˛Ü˛ Îál ˆÎ
xÇ¢ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ï˛ál ˆ§•z fl‘y•zí˛!ê˛ ≤Èϫ˛˛õî ΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ˛õòy≈ G ˆòGÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°l–
å2ä Ùƒy!çܲ °t˛l (Magic Lantern) ı Ó•%° ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ ≤Èϫ˛˛õî Îsfà%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ùƒy!çܲ °t˛l
xlƒï˛Ù– Îál !Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãã˛°l •Î˚!l ï˛ál ܲyÓ˚Óy•zí˛ xÌÓy ˆÜ˛ˆÏÓ˚y!§l àƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ Óy!ï˛ ~•z ΈÏsf ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y
•ï˛– ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ Ùƒy!çܲ °t˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˛õò≈yÎ˚ SÈ!Ó ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §%®Ó˚ !¢«˛î ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
!ܲv ~•z ΈÏsfÓ˚ x§%!Óôy •°ñ˛õ%hflψÏܲÓ˚ SÈy˛õy !ã˛ey!òˆÏܲ ˛õò≈yÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ~Ó˚ çlƒ ˛õ,Ìܲ˲yˆÏÓ
Óà≈yÜ,˛!ï˛ Ü˛yˆÏãÑ˛Ó˚ fl‘y•zí˛ (Slide) ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •ˆÏ° fl‘y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ SÈ!Óà%ˆÏ°y xˆÏlܲ ÓˆÏí˛¸y
ˆòáyÎ˚ñ ˆÜ˛yl ˛õyë˛ƒ!ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ §¡õ)î≈ xÇ¢ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ fl‘y•zí˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y ÌyܲˆÏ° !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚
§yÙˆÏl ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáyˆÏly ÎyÎ˚ G §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAà Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏly ÎyÎ˚– Ó•% !¢«˛yÌ≈# ~ܲˆÏe
~•zà%ˆÏ°y ˆòáÓyÓ˚ G Ó%V˛ÓyÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˛õyÎ˚–
å3ä !Ê˛Õ√!fiê˛∆˛õ§ (Filmstrips)ı Ùƒy!çܲ °t˛lÈüÈ~Ó˚ xyô%!lܲï˛Ù §ÇflÒÓ˚î •° !Ê˛Õ√!fiê˛∆˛õ§– ~Ó˚ çlƒ
ܲyˆÏã˛Ó˚ fl‘y•zí˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ly– Ê˛ˆÏê˛y !Ê˛°Ù‰ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ SÈ!Ó ˆòáyˆÏly •Î˚– fl‘y•zí˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ê˛ˆÏê˛y
ˆï˛y°y §•ç ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ Ê˛ˆÏê˛y ˆï˛y°y ÎyÎ˚– Îsf!ê˛Ó˚ •yï˛° â%!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ•z §ˆÏAà Ó•%
Ê˛ˆÏê˛y ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáyˆÏly ÎyÎ˚– ~•z SÈ!Óà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §%!Óôy •°ñ Îï˛«˛î •zFSÈy á%!¢Ùï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl
~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ò,¢ƒÙyl Ó˚yáy ÎyÎ˚– ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y âê˛ly ˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚yÎ˚ !ã˛eà%ˆÏ°y xˆÏlܲ«˛î ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 348
§•Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚ G !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ ˆòˆÏá ~ÓÇ §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAà !¢«˛Ü˛ ≤Ãò_ Óƒyáƒy ¢%ˆÏl xl%ôyÓl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚)˛õ •z!wÎ˚@˝Ãy•ƒ •,òÎ˚@˝Ãy•# !¢«˛î#Î˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› Ó•%ܲy° !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y fløÓ˚î Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ •Î˚–
å4ä ~!˛õí˛yÎ˚yˆÏflÒy˛õ (Epidiascope) ı ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xfl∫FSÈ §yÙ@˝Ã#ˆÏܲ ˛õò≈yÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ó!¡∫ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆòáyˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ~!˛õí˛yÎ˚yˆÏflÒy˛õ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÌyˆÏܲ ò%!ê˛ ˆçyí˛¸yˆÏ°y xyˆÏ°y ~ÓÇ Ü˛lˆÏ˲: ˆ°™
(Convex Lens)– !¢«˛Ü˛ ˛õyë˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Ó›ñ SÈ!Óñ xl%!ã˛e˛ñ àyˆÏSÈÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yñ í˛y°ñ ˆSÈyê˛áyˆÏê˛y
ç#Óñ ˆ˛õyܲyÈüÈÙyÜ˛í˛¸ñ ≤ÃhflÏÓ˚á[˛ñ ≤Ãbï˛y!_¥Ü˛ oÓƒ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ~•z ΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ˛õò≈yÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– ˆ§•z §ˆÏAà !¢«˛Ü˛ Ù%ˆÏá Ù%ˆÏá ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° !¢ˆÏ«˛y˛õܲÓ˚î!ê˛ ◊%!ï˛ G
ò,!T˛@˝Ãy•ƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏ벖
å5ä G˲yÓ˚ˆ•Ï í˛ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏçQyÓ˚ (Overhead-Projector) ı xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ ÓyhflÓÏ §¡øï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚
çlƒ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏçQyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î– ˆ≤ÃyˆÏçQyÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •ˆÏÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– G˲yÓ˚ˆÏ•í˛ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏçQyÓ˚ (Overhead Projector) ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏçQyÓ˚ñ ˆÎ!ê˛ˆÏܲ
Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˆ◊!î !¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
G˲yÓ˚ˆÏ•í˛ ≤ÈÏçQyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l Ó˚çyÓ˚ ~˛õˆÏ°í˛l≈ (Roger Appledorn) 1960 §yˆÏ°–
˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° !Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ã!¢«˛î §ÇfiÌyÎ˚ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏçQyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ Îsf!ê˛Ó˚ §Çàë˛!lܲ
Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õÓ˚G ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ~•z ≤ÈÏçQyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛
Ü˛Ù xyˆÏ°y!Ü˛ï˛ âˆÏÓ˚ ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚î xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– oT˛Óƒ !Ó£Î˚Ó›ˆÏܲ fl∫FSÈ ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ó¡∫ˆÏܲ ≤Èϫ˛˛õî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ~•z ≤ÈÏçQyˆÏÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y ≤Ã!ï˛!Ó¡∫!ê˛Ó˚ !òܲ
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xyÎ˚ly ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏï˛ Îsf!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓyˆÏ:Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ÎyÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ì˛yܲly!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏã˛Ó˚– ~SÈyí˛¸y Ù)° Óy:!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ì˛yܲlyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò[˛ °yàyˆÏly ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z òˆÏu˛Ó˚ ÙyÌyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
xÓˆÏç!Q˲ ˆ°™ (Objective Lens) ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ 450 ˆÜ˛yˆÏî ÌyˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyÎ˚ly– ÓyˆÏ:Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ
≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ ÌyˆÏܲ xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛zͧ ~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyÎ˚ly– ~•z xyÎ˚ly!ê˛G ÓyˆÏ:Ó˚ Ë)˛!ÙÓ˚ §ˆÏAà 450
ˆÜ˛yˆÏî °yàyˆÏly ÌyˆÏܲ– xyˆÏ°yܲÓ˚!Ÿ¬ xyÎ˚lyÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ xÓˆÏç!Q˲ ˆ°ˆÏ™ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ~ÓÇ xÓˆÏç!Q˲ ˆ°™
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ òˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ÙyÌyÎ˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛ xyÎ˚lyÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ Ó˚!Ÿ¬ ˛õò≈yÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸–
ÓyˆÏ:Ó˚ ܲyˆÏã˛Ó˚ ì˛yܲlyÎ˚ fl∫FSÈ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤Ã!ï˛fiÌy!˛õï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó› Ó˚yáˆÏ° fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛FSÈ!Ó
˛õò≈yÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ~ál !¢«˛Ü˛ Î!ò òu˛!ê˛ â%!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ Ó˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ !òܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° SÈ!Ó!ê˛
!¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏl !àˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ xÌ≈yÍñ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ˆÎ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ˆÓyí˛≈ ÌyˆÏܲñ ˆ§•z çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ˛õò≈y Ó˚yáˆÏ° !¢«˛Ü˛
SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á òyÑ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ≤Ãò#˛õl!ê˛ˆÏܲ ï˛yÑÓ˚ ˛ˆ˛õSȈÏl ˆÊ˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ Îsf!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yç
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆçyÓ˚yˆÏ°y xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ñ ˆ§ˆÏ•ï%˛ ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ ë˛yu˛y Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çlƒ ÓyˆÏ:Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyáyG
Ó˚yáy •Î˚– ~áyˆÏlñ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›ˆÏܲ fl∫FSÈ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §yôyÓ˚î ˆ§ˆÏ°yˆÏÊ˛l ܲyàç ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ– xyÓyÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î !ܲS%È í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î Î%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z ΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ fl‘y•zí˛ ~ÓÇ !Ê˛Õ√ !fiê˛∆˛õG ˆòáyˆÏly ÎyÎ˚–
ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ÓƒÓ•yÎ≈ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z G˲yÓ˚ˆÏ•í˛ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏçQyÓ˚ á%Ó•z çl!≤ÃÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ~•z
 !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛!Óòƒy 349
ΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆ◊î#Ó˚ Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%á# òÑ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆ◊!î §Ó§ÙÎ˚
!¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfˆÏî ÌyˆÏܲ– ~Ùl!ܲ˛ !¢«˛Ü˛ ~•z Ó˚!Aàl ܲ°Ù ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAà ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›
!°ˆÏá ï˛y ˆ≤ÃyˆÏçQyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›Ó˚ §yÓ˚§ÇˆÏ«˛˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚
§ÙÎ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ù)° §ÇˆÏܲï˛à%ˆ° Ï y í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓl˚ –~•z ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏçQyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xyˆÏÓÜ˚ ˛!ê˛
§%!Óôy •° ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚î xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– !¢«˛Ü˛Ó˚y í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õlˆÏÎyàƒ !Ó£ÏÎÓ˚ › ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
á%Ó §•ˆÏç ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰñ ï˛yшÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏçQyÓ˚ á%Ó•z çl!≤ÃÎ˚–
å6ä Ùy•zˆÏÜ ˛y ˆ≤ÃyˆÏçQyÓ˚ (Micro Projector)ı ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Îy!sfܲ ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ° á%Ó §%- Ó›ˆÏܲ Óí˛¸
xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ≤Èϫ˛˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ xî%Ó#«˛î ΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆÎ §Ó Ó›ˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Èϫ˛˛õˆÏîÓ˚
çlƒ ~•z Îsf ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z ΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §%- Ó›ˆÏܲ ˛õò≈yÎ˚ ≤Èϫ˛˛õˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ ï˛yÓ˚
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •l– ~•z ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ° xî%Ó#«˛î Îsf ~ÓÇ ≤Èϫ˛˛õî ΈÏsfÓ˚ ܲyç ~ܲ•z
§ˆÏAà •Î˚–
å7ä !lÓ≈yܲ ã˛°!Fã˛e (Motion Picture)ı ~!˛õí˛ˆÏÎy˚ ˆÏflÒy˛õñ Ùƒy!çܲ °t˛l G !Ê˛°Ù!fiê˛∆˛õ§‰ myÓ˚y ˛õ%hflÜÏ ˛y!òÓ˚
!ã˛e G fl‘y•zí˛ ˛õò≈yÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ˆòáyˆÏly ÎyÎ˚– ~Ó˚)˛õ §yÙ@˝Ã# Óy !ã˛ey!ò §yôyÓ˚îï˛ áu˛
ÈüÈ !Óá[˛ G §¡õÜ≈˛•#l •Î˚– í˛z˛õÓ˚hs% ~à%ˆÏ°y !fiÌÓ˚ !ã˛e (Still Projector)– ï˛y•z ~à%ˆÏ°y !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ÙˆÏl á%Ó
ˆÓ!¢ í˛zͧyˆÏ•Ó˚ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ly– !fiÌÓ˚!ã˛ey!òÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ Î!ò ã˛°Ùyl ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ myÓ˚y !¢«˛l#Î˚
!Ó£ÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ôÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° !¢«˛y xyÓ˚G ç#Óhs˝ñ xyˆÏÓòl¢#° G fiÌyÎ˚# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!lÓ≈yܲ ã˛°!Fã˛e Óy (Motion Picture) •° ~•zÓ˚)˛õ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ Îsf– §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ çlƒ ≤ÃyÙy!îܲ˛
!ã˛ey!ò ˆòáyˆÏly •Î˚– ÓƒÓ§yÈüÈ Óy!îçƒñ ܲ°Ü˛yÓ˚áylyñ !¢ˆÏ“yͲõyòlñ Ü,˛!£Ïñ §M˛Î˚ñ Órê˛lñ ÓƒyAܲñ ÓƒÓ§yñ ˆË˛yê˛
@˝Ã•îñ §Ç§ò ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyñ ˆò!¢ G !ÓˆÏò!¢ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôfiÌyl#Î˚ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õñ fl∫yfĩ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ≤Ã˲, !ï˛ !ӣψÎÏ Ó˚ ˚
≤ÃyÙy!îܲ !ã˛ey!ò ≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛ •Î˚– ~•zà%ˆÏ°y §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ SÈyí˛¸yG xyl%¤˛y!lܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ xl%Ü)˛° !¢«˛î#Î˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚G
ÓˆÏê˛– !¢«˛î#Î˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˛õ,Ìܲ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ !Ê˛°Ù‰ Ê˛ˆÏê˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ !lÓ≈yܲ ã˛°!Fã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy
ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° !Ó£ÏÎ˚ê˛y ˆÎ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ !lÜ˛ê˛ •,òÎ˚@˝Ãy•# •ˆÏÓ ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚ §ˆÏ®ˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó®% Ùye xÓܲy¢ ˆl•z–
x≤Èϫ˛˛õîÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ãò#˛õl (Non Projected Teaching Aids)ı
x≤È«Ï ˛˛õîÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ãò#˛õl ˆÜ˛ylÓ˚Ü˛Ù ˆÜ˛Ô¢° SÈyí˛¸y•z ˆ◊!î !¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛y•z ~•zàˆ% ° Ï yÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y §Ó≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe•z !ÓòƒÙyl– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ≤Ãò#˛õˆÏlÓ˚ !lçfl∫ ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ xyˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
!Ó!ôG !˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚– ~áyˆÏl ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ x≤Èϫ˛˛õîÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ãò#˛õl §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •°ÈüüüÈ
å1ä Óœƒyܲ‰ˆÏÓyí˛≈ ı
ÓœƒyܲˆÏÓyí≈˛ ˆ◊!î !¢«˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î– á%Ó fl∫“ áÓ˚ˆÏã˛ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢«˛îÈÈ ≤Ãò#˛õl
˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ӈϰ ~Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ Ó•%° ˛≤Ãã˛!°ï˛– §yÙylƒï˛Ù §%ˆÏÎyàÈ §%!Óôy ˆÎáyˆÏl xyˆÏSÈñ ˆ§áyˆÏl ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛
~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÓyí≈˛ xÓ¢ƒ•z ÌyܲˆÏÓñ ~ê%˛Ü%˛ xy¢y ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Ü˛yˆÏ°y Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢=˛ Ó›Ó˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ~•z
!ç!l§!ê˛ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ~Ùl çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎñ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !°áˆÏ° Óy SÈ!Ó xÑyܲˆÏ° ˆ◊!îÓ˚ §Ü˛°
!¢«˛yÌ≈# ï˛y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !ӈϢ£ÏK˛Ó˚y ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ Ó˚Ç Ü˛y° •ˆÏ° ï˛y ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 350
áyÓ˚y˛õ– ~SÈyí˛¸y ܲyˆÏ°y Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÎ ã˛Ü˛ã˛ˆÏܲ ˲yÓ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y ˆòáyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe x§%!Óôy §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z
Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !Ó!˲ߨ ˆòˆÏ¢ ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ Ó˚Ç àyì˛¸ §Ó%ç ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏï˛ •°%ò ã˛Ü˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ°áy •Î˚– ~•z çlƒ
ÚÓœƒyܲˆÏÓyí≈˛Û ܲÌy!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl Úã˛Ü˛ˆÏÓyí≈˛Û ܲÌy!ê˛ !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÓ!¢ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛–
!ÓÙ)ï≈˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ Ù)ï≈˛ñ §%flõT˛ G ò,!T˛@˝Ãy•ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓœƒyܲˆÏÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ lƒyÎ˚ §%°Ë˛ G ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î xyÓ˚
!mï˛#Î˚!ê ˆl•z– •z!ï˛•y§ñ ˲)ˆÏày° xÌ≈l#!ï˛ G ˆ˛õÔÓ˚!ÓK˛ylñ §Ùyç!Óòƒy •zï˛ƒy!ò ˛õyë˛ƒ!Ó£ÏÎ˚ !¢«˛î ≤çˆÏAà
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ S!Óñ xl%!ã˛eñ ÙˆÏí˛°ñ Ùƒy˛õñ ã˛yê≈˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò– ˛õyë˛òylܲyˆÏ° ò«˛ !¢«˛Ü˛ ~•zà%ˆÏ°y ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛ xAܲl ܲˆÏÓ˚
!¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ §%flõT˛ G §•çˆÏÓyôƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏ벖 ï˛y•z xyô%!lܲ
Î%ˆÏàG ÓœƒyܲˆÏÓyí≈˛ˆÏܲ !¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ƒ xAà !•§yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
ÓœƒyܲˆÏÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛y ı
1ä ÓœƒyܲˆÏÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ áÓ˚ã˛ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xˆÏlܲÓ˚Ü˛Ù– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîñ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~Ó˚
§ÇfiÌyl ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó–
2ä ÓœƒyܲˆÏÓyí≈˛ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– !¢«˛Ü˛ Îál ÓœƒyܲˆÏÓyˆÏí˛≈ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ›Ó˚
§yÓ˚yÇ¢ñ ≤Èϟ¿y_Ó˚ •zï˛ƒy!ò ˆ°ˆÏál G Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚l ï˛ál §Ü˛° !¢«˛yÌ≈# ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ °«˛ƒ !l!ò≈T˛
ˆÓ˚ˆÏá !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà xyܲ!£Ï≈ï˛ G
!lÎ˚!sfï˛ •Î˚–
3ä ÓœƒyܲˆÏÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl §%!Óôy •° Èüüü ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛ xlƒ
í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ~•z ≤Ãò#˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y
!¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ xˆÏlܲ §•ç–
4ä ã˛Ü‰˛ˆÏÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙñ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ xl%¢#°lÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyç §•ˆÏç ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
5ä ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛Ü˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §!Ü ˛Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– !¢«˛Ü˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛
ܲyç ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y xylˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ~ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xy@˝Ã•
ÓyˆÏí˛¸–
6ä ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢G §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚FSÈߨï˛yÓ˚
x˲ƒy§ñ !lË%˛≈ °Ë˛yˆÏÓ ï˛Ìƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ¢ˆÏlÓ˚ x˲ƒy§ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ Ùï˛ x˲ƒy§à%ˆ°Ï y ˆÓyí≈˛ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
àë˛l ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó–
ÓœƒyܲˆÏÓyí≈˛ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚#!ï˛ ı
1ä ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛ ˆ°áy ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ •GÎ˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ °y•zlà%ˆÏ°y ˆ§yçy •GÎ˚y ÓyM˛l#Î˚–
2ä §Ó§ÙÎ˚ ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ G˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÇ¢ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ G˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xLjϢ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl
ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ §Ó !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˆòáyÓ˚ §%!Óôy •Î˚–
3ä ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ ˆ°áy Óí˛¸ Óí˛¸ •Ó˚ˆÏÊ˛ ˆòGÎ˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– ˆ°áy á%Ó ˆSÈyê˛ •ˆÏ° ˆÎ§Ó !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ˆ˛õSȈÏlÓ˚
ˆÓˆÏM˛ ӈϧñ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚ly–
 !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛!Óòƒy 351
4ä ˆÓyí˛≈!ê˛ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ~Ùl çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°l ܲÙ
•Î˚–
5ä ˆÓyˆÏí˛≈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Ó£ÏÎÓ˚ › í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ §yÙO§ƒï˛y G !ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ lçÓ˚ Ó˚yáy í˛z!ã˛ï˛–
•zï˛hflÏï˛ !Ó!«˛Æ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢ ï˛Ìƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢l ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ lÎ˚–
6ä ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ ˆÓyí≈˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ ~ܲ˛õyˆÏ¢ òyÑí˛¸yˆÏÓl– ~ܲlyàyˆÏí˛¸ xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚
ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛ !°áˆÏÓl ly– ï˛yˆÏï˛ ˆ◊!î !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚–
7ä ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛ ˆ°áyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ã˛Ü˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §ˆÏAà 300 ˆÜ˛yˆÏî ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ï˛yˆÏï˛ ˆ°áyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢∑ •ˆÏÓ ly– ˆ°áyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ¢∑ •ˆÏ° !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà !Ó!â¯ï˛ •Î˚–
8ä çƒy!Ù!ï˛ñ Ë)˛ˆÏày°ñ !ÓK˛yl •zï˛ƒy!ò !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ SÈ!Ó xyÑܲyÓ˚ çlƒ Ó˚!.l ã˛Ü˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y
ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
9ä ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ ˆÓyí≈˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ˆ§!ê˛ §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ˆÜ˛yl !ӈϢ£Ï
!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ°ñ ï˛yG Ù%ˆÏSÈ ˆÊ˛°y í˛z!ã˛ï˛–
10ä §ÓˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ ÓœƒyܲˆÏÓyˆÏí≈˛ ˆ°áy •ˆÏÓ §%®Ó˚ñ §%flõT˛ñ Óí˛¸ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ÓÇ !lË%≈˛°– ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏlÓ˚
x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ˆÜ˛yl ܲÌy ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛ ˆ°áy í˛z!ã˛ï˛ lÎ˚–
å2ä Êœ˛yˆÏl° ˆÓyí≈˛ ı
ÓœƒyܲˆÏÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Êœ˛yˆÏl° ˆÓyí≈˛G ˆ◊!î !¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î– ~•z !¢«˛î ÈüÈ
≤Ãò#˛õl !¢«˛Ü˛ !lˆÏç•z ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– ~!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏë˛Ó˚ Óy ÙƒyˆÏ§yˆÏlˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ ¢=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
Êœ˛yˆÏl° çyï˛#Î˚ ܲy˛õí˛¸ °yàyˆÏ°•z Êœ˛yˆÏl° ˆÓyí≈˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ Êœ˛yˆÏlˆÏ°Ó˚ ÓòˆÏ° ˆÙyê˛y ájˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ܲy˛õí˛¸ °yàyˆÏ°G ܲyç •Î˚– Êœ˛yˆÏl° ˆÓyí≈˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛î#Î˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ˆ°áy Óy SÈ!Óñ ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚ ê%˛Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏl !¢Ó˚#£Ï ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y xyê˛ˆÏܲ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– ~•z á[˛ á[˛˛ xÇ¢à%ˆÏ°y
Êœ˛yˆÏl° ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ ã˛y˛õ !òˆÏ° á%Ó §•ç ˲yˆÏÓ xyê˛ˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚ó xyÓyÓ˚ ê˛yl !òˆÏ°•z á%ˆÏ° xyˆÏ§– Êœ˛yˆÏl° ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛
ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ Êœ˛yˆÏl° @˝ÃyÊ˛– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛ ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ ˆ°áy ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl
•Î˚ ly– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›Ó˚ ã˛°Ùyl xÓfiÌy ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó •Î˚– ˛õyˆÏë˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ó£ÏÎÓ›Ó˚ ˛˛õ%l!Ó≈lƒy§ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •ˆÏ° á[˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ fiÌyl ¢%ô%Ùye ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y §Ω˛Ó •Î˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãò#˛õl ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°
!¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˛õyë˛ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ ç#Óhs˝ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏ벖
å3ä Ó%ˆÏ°!ê˛l ˆÓyí≈˛ ı
ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ Ó%ˆÏ°!ê˛l ˆÓyí≈˛ˆÏܲG !¢«˛î ÈüÈ ≤Ãò#˛õl !•§yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ã˛Ü‰˛ˆÏÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢
!l!ò≈T˛ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ Ó%ˆÏ°!ê˛l ˆÓyí≈˛!ê˛ Ó˚yáy í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
Ó%ˆÏ°!ê˛l ˆÓyí≈˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– Ó%ˆÏ°!ê˛l ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ¢%ô%Ùye áÓÓ˚ Óy ï˛Ìƒ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲÓ˚y lÎ˚ñ ~Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !¢«˛Ü˛
ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õyë˛òyˆÏlÓ˚ §Ê˛°ï˛y xylˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– Ó%ˆÏ°!ê˛l ˆÓyí≈˛ !¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç lyly˲yˆÏÓ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 352
≤ÃÌÙï˛ ı Ó%ˆ° Ï !ê˛l ˆÓyˆÏí˛≈ Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ §,çlydܲ ܲyç §Ó≈§ÙˆÏ«˛ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚
!mï˛#Î˚ï˛ñ !¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛yê≈˛ñ ˆ°á!ã˛eñ Ùyl!ã˛eñ SÈ!Óñ §ÇÓyò˛õˆÏeÓ˚ xÇ¢ •zï˛ƒy!ò
§Ó≈§ÙˆÏ«˛ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛Ü˛ Ó%ˆÏ°!ê˛l ˆÓyí≈˛ˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l–
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ï˛ñ Ó%ˆÏ°!ê˛l ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛Ü˛ñ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ §yôyÓ˚î !lˆÏò≈¢ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ló
!¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲyç !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l–
ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ï˛ñ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Ó!•Ë)˛≈ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ K˛yl xy•Ó˚ˆÏî §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒñ !¢«˛Ü˛
Ó%ˆÏ°!ê˛l ˆÓyí≈˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l–
Ó%ˆ°
Ï !ê˛l ˆÓyí≈˛ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Ó˚#!ï˛ ı Ó%ˆ°
Ï !ê˛l ˆÓyí≈˛ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ !òܲ‰àˆ% °
Ï yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ
lçÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏÓl ÈüüüÈ
1ä Ó%ˆÏ°!ê˛l ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛ x≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ !ç!l§Ï ˆÎl ly ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚–
2ä Ó%ˆÏ°!ê˛l ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ í˛z˛õfiÌy!˛õï˛ Ó›à%ˆÏ°y ˆÎl ˆòáyÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# Óí˛¸ •Î˚–
3ä Ó%ˆÏ°!ê˛l ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› Îï˛ ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ §Ω˛Ó ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛–
4ä Ó%ˆÏ°!ê˛l ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛ xï˛ƒ!ôܲ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› ~ܲ§ˆÏAà í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ lÎ˚– !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› ~Ùl ˲yˆÏÓ
§yçyˆÏly í˛z!ã˛ï˛ñ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ó%ˆÏ°!ê˛l ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ ˆ§Ô®Î≈ ÓyˆÏí˛¸ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §•ˆÏç•z xyܲ£≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
5ä ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ù)° !¢ˆÏÓ˚ylyÙ Ìyܲy í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~•z !¢ˆÏÓ˚ylyÙ xl%ÎyÎ˚# !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›Ó˚
ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §yçyˆÏly í˛z!ã˛ï˛–
6ä Ó%ˆÏ°!ê˛l ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ çlƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !òˆÏ° ˲y° •Î˚–
å4ä ã˛yê≈˛ ı
!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ó£ÏÎÓ˚ ›Ó˚ xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ !ӈϟ’£ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ã˛yê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛y xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛– ã˛yê≈˛ˆÏܲ
@˝Ãy!Ê˛Ü˛ G !ã˛e§)ã˛Ü˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ Î%@¬ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ Ó°y ã˛ˆÏ°– ã˛yê≈˛ ~Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl ܲyç •° !Ó£ÏÎ˚ÓhflÏ% §yò,¢ƒ üȘӧyò,¢ƒñ
˛≤Ãà!ï˛ñ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yàñ §Çàë˛l ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ Óƒ=˛ G §%flõT˛ ܲÓ˚y– !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ãò¢≈l#Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚
~•zÓ˚)˛õ !Ó˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ã˛yê≈˛ ˆòáyˆÏly ÎyÎ˚– ã˛yê≈˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› G ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏ˲ˆÏò !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ܲä ï˛y!°Ü˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ã˛yê≈≈˛ ı ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛yˆÏê≈˛ ò%•z Óy ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› ÙˆÏôƒÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
~•z ã˛yˆÏê≈˛ ܲï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y hflÏΩ˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ hflˆÏΩ˛ ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï%˛°l#Î˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›Ó˚ çlƒ fiÌyl !l!ò≈T˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
˛õˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ §y!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– !ÓK˛ylñ à!îï˛ñ •z!ï˛•y§ñ
Ë)˛ˆÏày°ñ ˲y£Ïyñ §y!•ï˛ƒ •zï˛ƒy!ò §Ü˛° !ӣψÏÎ˚ ~•z ã˛yê≈˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
áä ¢yáyÙ)°Ü˛ ã˛yê≈˛ ı ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛yˆÏê≈˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛y
ˆòáyˆÏly •Î˚– ~•z ã˛yˆÏê≈˛ §¡õ)î≈ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ àyˆÏSÈÓ˚ §ÇˆÏà ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
!òˆÏܲÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ ¢yáyü≤âyáyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆòáyˆÏly •Î˚– ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ Ü ˛Ù!Óܲy¢ñ ç#Ó!ÓòƒyÎ˚ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ Ü ˛Ù!Óܲy¢ •zï˛ƒy!ò
!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛yê≈˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
 !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛!Óòƒy 353
àä ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ ã˛yê≈˛ ı !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›Ó˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ §Ùß∫Î˚ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛ê˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛yê≈˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚– §yôyÓ˚î ï˛#Ó˚ !ã˛ˆÏ•´Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÎÙl
ˆ˛õÔÓ˚l#!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛ Ú§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚Û ï˛y Óƒ=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛yê≈˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
âä !ã˛eÎ%=˛ ã˛yê≈˛ ı !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ Ó˚#!ï˛–
~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛yˆÏê≈˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› ˆÓyV˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÇˆÏܲ!ï˛Ü˛ Óy ܲálG ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Ó›Ó˚ SÈ!Ó ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ SÈ!ÓÓ˚
§ÇáƒyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyl ˆÓyV˛yˆÏly •Î˚–
.ä Ó,_#Î˚ ã˛yê≈˛ ı ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛yˆÏê≈˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó,_ˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢ ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ xLjϢ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛ !òܲ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏly •Î˚–
å5ä ˆÓ˚áy!ã˛e ı
ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y ˆÓ˚áy ~ÓÇ !lò¢≈l myÓ˚y ˆÓ˚áy !ã˛e xAܲl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆÓ˚áy!ã˛e •° §Ó˚°ñ §•ç G xÙ)ï≈˛
!ӣψÏÎÓ˚˚ x“!ÓhflÏÓ˚ Ù)ï≈˛ ≤Ãܲy¢ñ !Ó!˲ߨ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §¡õÜ≈˛ñ §Ç!«˛Æ§yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ%l/
Ù)°ƒyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !l!Ù_ ˆÓ˚áy!ã˛e ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– !¢«˛Ü˛ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z xyê≈˛ ˆ˛õ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ xl%!ã˛e xAܲl
ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ló xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛G !ï˛!l ï˛y xAܲl ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòáyˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÓ˚áy!ã˛e
≤Ãò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ flõT˛ ôyÓ˚îy §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ˆÓ˚áy!ã˛e ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚
!¢«˛Ü˛ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ lçÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏÓl–
Ü˛ä ˆÓ˚áy!ã˛e !lË%≈˛° G ˛õ!Ó˚FSÈߨ •GÎ˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚–
áä ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ˆ°áy Óy ˆÜ˛yl !ã˛•´ Ó§yˆÏly ˆÙyˆÏê˛•z í˛z!ã˛ï˛ lÎ˚–
àä ˆÓ˚áy!ã˛e •ˆÏÓ fl∫Î˚ǧ¡õ)î≈ñ §%flõT˛ñ xyܲ£Ï≈î#Î˚ G ÓƒyáƒyÙ)°Ü˛–
âä ˆÓ˚áy!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ ~Ùl Óí˛¸ •GÎ˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ñ ˆÎl ˆ◊!îÓ˚ §Ü˛° !¢«˛yÌ≈# ï˛y ˲y°Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
å6ä ˆ°á!ã˛e ı
ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ !•§yÓñ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xÓfiÌy G ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyl !Ó£ÏÎ˚y!ò ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˆ°á!ã˛e
Óy @˝ÃyÊ˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˲yÓàï˛ Óy !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ Ù)ï≈˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°y ÎyÎ˚– ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y §•ˆÏç !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› fløÓ˚î Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆ°á!ã˛e !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •Î˚ ˆÎÙl ˆÓ˚áy ˆ°á!ã˛eñ
hflÏΩ˛ ˆ°á!ã˛eñ Ó,_yܲyÓ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛eñ !ã˛e§)ã˛Ü˛ ˆ°á!ã˛e •zï˛ƒy!ò–
@˝ÃyˆÏÊ˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ Ù)°ï˛ !•§yÓ¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ç!í˛¸ï˛– ï˛y•z xAܲ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyl !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛
˛õyë˛ƒ!Ó£ÏÎ˚ !¢«˛î ≤çˆÏAà ˆ°á!ã˛e ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛y xlfl∫#ܲyÎ≈– xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe çl§Çáƒyñ çyï˛#Î˚
xyÎ˚ñ oÓƒÙ)°ƒñ í˛zͲõyòló •z!ï˛•y§ ˛õyˆÏë˛ âê˛lyÓ˚ ܲy°yl%Ü ˛!Ùܲ Óî≈lyó Ë)˛ˆÏày°¢yˆÏflf Ó,!T˛˛õyï˛ñ ï˛y˛õÙyeyñ
ç°ÓyÎ%̊ñ í˛zFã˛ï˛yñ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy G ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlƒ lyly í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛e ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– !Ó£ÏÎ˚ÓhflÏ%
§Ç!«˛Æ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ÙˆÏl ï˛y à˲#Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓ˚áy˛õyï˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ •Î˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°ñ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› §•ˆÏç Ë%˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚ ly–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 354
ˆ°á!ã˛e ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ !l¡¨Ó˚)˛õ §ï˛Ü≈˛ï˛y xÓ°¡∫l ܲÓ˚y Î%!=˛Î%=˛ ÈüüüÈ
i) ˆ°á!ã˛e •ˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚FSÈߨ G §%®Ó˚–
ii) ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ •ˆÏÓ !lË%≈˛° G !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˆÓyôàÙƒ–
iii) ˆ°á!ã˛e ܲyàç xÌÓy ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆÓyí≈˛ •ˆÏÓ §%®Ó˚ G §%%flõT˛ñ ˆÎl ò)Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛
ˆòáˆÏï˛ G Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
iv) x!AÜ˛ï˛ ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ §%!ÓôyˆÏÌ≈ @˝ÃyˆÏÊ˛Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ x“
ܲÌyÎ˚ !°ˆÏá ˆòGÎ˚yG ÓyM˛l#Î˚–
v) !¢«˛yÌ≈# ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆ°á!ã˛e xAܲl ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y !¢áˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§!òˆÏܲ °«˛ƒ Ó˚yáy
ÓyM˛l#Î˚–
å7ä SÈ!Ó ı
x≤Èϫ˛˛õîÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ãò#˛õlà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ SÈ!ÓG ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î !•§yˆÏÓ áƒyï˛– ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛
Ó›§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ x˲yˆÏÓ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ˆ§•z §Ü˛° Ó›Ó˚ SÈ!Ó ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– •z!ï˛•y§ñ ˲)ˆÏày° xÌ≈l#!ï˛ñ
ˆ˛õÔÓ˚!ÓK˛yl ˛õë˛l ˛õyë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~•z í˛z˛õܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛y ΈÏÌT˛˛ xyˆÏSÈ– !¢«˛Ü˛ ˛õyë˛òyˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y
ÎÌyÎÌ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ !¢«˛îÈüÈ!Ü ˛Î˚y ≤Ãyîflõ¢≈# •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ– ï˛ˆÏÓ fløÓ˚î Ó˚yáy òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛y !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚–
SÈ!Ó ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚#!ï˛ ı
Ü˛ä ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛˛ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ SÈ!Ó !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl– SÈ!Ó!ê˛ !¢«˛î#Î˚ !Ó£ÏÎÓ˚ ›Ó˚ í˛zˆj
Ï ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚
§ˆÏAà §yÙO§ƒ˛õ)î≈ •GÎ˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– SÈ!Ó ˆòáˆÏï˛ §%®Ó˚ •ˆÏ°•z ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y ã˛°ˆÏÓ ly– ˆÎ
SÈ!Ó !¢«˛yÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓñ ˆ§ Ó˚Ü˛Ù SÈ!Ó !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
áä SÈ!ÓˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õfiÌy!˛õï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› ÎyˆÏï˛ !lË%≈˛° •Î˚ñ ˆ§ !òˆÏܲ °«˛ƒ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ SÈ!Ó!ê˛ ÎyˆÏï˛
!¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§ !òܲ!ê˛Ó˚ ܲÌy !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ SÈ!Ó !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
àä SÈ!Ó!ê˛Ó˚ xyܲyÓ˚ ~Ùl •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ÎyˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈# ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly çyÎ˚ày ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲ
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚– SÈ!Ó!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ ~Ùl çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˆòáyÓ˚ x§%!Óôy
ly •Î˚– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y SÈ!Ó!ê˛ Î!ò !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòáyÓ˚ x§%!Óôy •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~ˆÏl ˆòáyÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ–
âä SÈ!Ó!ê˛ !ë˛Ü˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚•z ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ– xyÓyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl Ê%˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ°
ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÊ˛°ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– §yÓ˚y«˛î SÈ!Ó!ê˛ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ ê˛y.yˆÏly ÌyܲˆÏ° !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùl§ÇˆÏÎyˆÏà ÓyôyÓ˚ §,!T˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
.ä SÈÈ!Ó Î!ò !Ó£ÏÎÓ˚ › í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ xyÓ!¢ƒÜ˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ SÈ!Ó xÑyܲˆÏï˛ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛
•ˆÏÓñ ~Ó˚ çlƒ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ !l!ò≈T˛ §ÙÎ˚ ÓƒyÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~Ù!l˲yˆÏÓ §yôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ l#!ï˛ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ SÈ!Ó ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
 !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛!Óòƒy 355
í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚(Conclusion)ı
!¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !¢«˛î §•yÎ˚ܲ ≤Ãò#˛õlà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !¢«˛y!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
§Ç¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xÓܲy¢ ˆl•z– ï˛y•z xyô%!lܲ !¢«˛îï˛ˆÏ_¥ ~à%ˆÏ°y ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ á%Ó ˆÓ!¢ à%Ó˚%c ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly !¢«˛î §•yÎ˚ܲ ≤Ãò#˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛y ï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚
≤Ãôyl ܲyç •° ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ≤Ãò#˛õlà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ÎÌyˆÏÎyàƒ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAà !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚G
~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚ §!Ü ˛Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°y– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ܲÌy fløÓ˚î Ó˚yáy òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÎ !¢«˛î §•yÎ˚ܲ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚•z
ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ¢ï≈˛ lÎ˚– !¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ xlƒylƒ ¢ï≈˛à%ˆÏ°y ˛õ)Ó˚î •ˆÏ° ï˛ˆÏÓ•z ~à%ˆÏ°y ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲÓ˚# •ˆÏÎ˚
í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 356

ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ
!¢«˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛ ı ~í%˛§ƒyê˛ñ §ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ ˆê˛!°!˲¢lñ •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆlÏ ê˛
(Use of Technology in Education: Edusat, Satellite
Television, Internet)

Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Introduction)ı
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛Ó˚ ôÙ≈– ï˛y•z ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ !lÎ˚ˆÙÏ •z Î%ˆàÏ Î%ˆàÏ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#G ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚
Ê˛ˆÏ°•z ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ Ùylӧ˲ƒï˛y àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ– ÓÓ≈Ó˚ Î%à ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃÌÙ Ùylӧ˲ƒï˛yÓ˚ §)ã˛ly ò#â≈ ˛õyÑã˛ SÈÎ˚ •yçyÓ˚
ÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈– xyà%l çµy°yÓyÓ˚ !¢«˛y°yˆÏ˲Ó˚ §ˆÏAà•z Ù)°ï˛ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãò#˛õ çµ°ˆÏSÈñ Ü ˛ˆÏÙ Ùyl%£Ï ˆò• xyÓ,ï˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ âÓ˚ ÓyÑôˆÏï˛ñ xflf ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ Ü,˛!£ÏܲyÎ≈ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !¢ˆÏáˆÏSÈó xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAà Ùylӧ˲ƒï˛yG ˛õ%T˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ í˛zqyÓl# ¢!=˛ G xl%§!rôͧy ˛õyÌÓ˚ G ôyï%˛ •ˆÏï˛ xflf Óy!lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ Ó#ç •ˆÏï˛ ¢§ƒ
í˛zͲõyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ !°ál ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÓ˚ ~•z §Ó!ܲS%ÈÓ˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏl ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ !ÓK˛yl G
≤ÃÎ%!=˛– !ÓK˛yl G ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ Ùylӧ˲ƒï˛yÓ˚ Ó•% !Ó!ã˛e í˛z˛õyòyl G í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î Î%!àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ Ù%oîÎsfñ ˆê˛∆lñ çy•yçñ
!ÓÙylñ ˆÓï˛yÓ˚ñ ã˛°!Fã˛eñ ˆê˛!°!˲¢lñ ˆê˛!°@˝ÃyÊ˛ñ ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ñ •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlê˛ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ ˆò¢ G í˛zߨÎÏ̊l¢#° ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ x˲yÓl#Î˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ Ù)ˆÏ° xyˆÏSÈ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚–
ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ó≈yAà#l í˛zߨ!ï˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ xy!Ì≈ܲ §Ù,!Âô G í˛zß¨ï˛ ç#ÓlÎyeyˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– ~Ó˚ çlƒ Ü,˛!£Ï G
!¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ Óƒy˛õܲ í˛zͲõyòl Ó,!Âô G !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤çyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xy˛õyÙÓ˚ çl§yôyÓ˚îˆÏܲ !¢!«˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ Ùyl%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ ܲÙ≈¢!=˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ §ò‰ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ §%!ã˛!hs˝ï˛ xyô%!lܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly Ó˚ã˛ly ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl–
~•z §%!ã˛!hs˝ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyˆÏܲ ÓyhflψÏÓ Ó˚)˛õòyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù í˛z˛õyÎ˚ •° !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe xyô%!lܲ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÏÓ˚–
Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ lyà!Ó˚ܲ ~•z ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏç °y!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ü˛ˆÏ“ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÃÎ!% =˛Ó˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ í˛zFã˛!¢áˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õÔÑSȈïÏ ˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆSÏ È– !¢«˛Ü˛àî !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÃÎ!% =˛
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛î˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G §%®Ó˚ G §Ù,Âô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ñ •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlê˛ñ ~í%˛ˆÏ§ê˛ñ §ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ ˆê˛!°!˲¢l •zï˛ƒy!ò !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ Î%àyhs˝Ü˛yÓ˚# ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
~ˆÏl !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛
¢%ô% §Ùyç lÎ˚ñ ˆòˆÏ¢ÈüÈ!ÓˆÏòˆÏ¢ §Ü˛° Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ~ܲ SÈyˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛°yÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yÓ˚ à%îàï˛ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚
í˛zßΨ l˚ Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ–˚ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ §Ü˛° hflˆÏ ÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ~•z ≤ÃÎ!% =˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ âˆÏÓ˚ ӈϧ•z í˛zßï¨ ˛ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ !¢«˛y°yˆÏ˲Ó˚
§%ˆÏÎyà ˛õyˆÏFSÈ– ï˛y•z Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ xÓòyl x˛õ!Ó˚§#Ù– !lˆÏ¡¨ ~í%˛ˆÏ§ê˛ñ
§ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ ˆê˛!°!˲¢lñ •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlê˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛°y ܲÓ˚y •°ÈüüüÈ
 !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛!Óòƒy 357
~í%˛ˆÏ§ê˛ (Edusat) ı
~í%˛ˆÏܲ¢l §ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ Óy EDUSAT •° ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ !¢«˛y í˛z˛õ@˝Ã•– ~!ê˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ Ù•yܲy¢ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy
§ÇfiÌyÓ˚ (Indian Space Research Organisation) xô#lfiÌ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãܲ“– ~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ܲS%È
!ӈϢ£Ï !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ fiÌyˆÏl !Ó!˲ߨ ˆfiê˛¢lˆÏܲ ˆlê˛GÎ˚yˆÏܲ≈Ó˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– xyÓ˚ ~•z ˆfiê˛¢là%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà
!Ó!˲ߨ !¢«˛y≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÎyà ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z !¢«˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylà%ˆÏ°y !¢«˛î ≤Ãyhs˝Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ ˆÜ˛Ó°
!¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !l!Ù≈ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
!¢«˛y §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ í˛z˛õ@˝Ã•!ê˛ ÓˆÏAày˛õ§yàˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSÈyê˛ m#˛õ ◊#•!Ó˚ˆÏܲyê˛yÎ˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛ §ï˛#¢ ôyGÎ˚yl
Ù•yܲy¢ ˆÜ˛w ˆÌˆÏܲ 2004 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 20 ˆ§ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ Ù•yܲyˆÏ¢ í˛z͈ϫ˛˛õî ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~!ê˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚
˜ï˛!Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏÜ˛ê˛ GSLV- ~Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Ù•yܲyˆÏ¢ í˛zÍ!«˛Æ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~•z ˛í˛z˛õ@˝Ã•!ê˛Ó˚ Gçl !SÈ° 1950 ˆÜ˛É!çÉ
~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ë)˛˛õ,T˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ 180 !ܲˆÏ°y!Ùê˛yÓ˚ ò)Ó˚ˆÏc !çGê˛∆y™Ê˛yÓ˚ xÓ˚!Óê˛ ÈüÈ ~ fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~í%˛ˆÏ§ê˛!ê˛Ó˚
≤Ãܲ!“ï˛ xyÎ˚%‹Òy° •° 7 ˆÌˆÏܲ 10 ÓSÈÓ˚– ~!ê˛ Ù)°ï˛ ◊Óî ò¢≈l ÙyôƒÙñ !í˛!çê˛y° •zrê˛yˆÏÓ˚!Q˲ Üœ˛y§ ~ÓÇ
Ùy!Œê˛!Ù!í˛Î˚y G Ùy!Œê˛ˆÏ§!rê˛∆ܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~!ê˛ !Óòƒy°Î˚ñ Ù•y!Óòƒy°Î˚ ~•Ç !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚hflˆÏ ÓÏ Ó˚ ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÃÌyÓ!ç≈ï˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ G !Óܲy¢Ù)°Ü˛ §ÇˆÏÎyà §yôˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚–
|ô≈Á§ÇˆÏÎyà (Uplink) ˆfiê˛¢ˆÏl ܲƒyˆÏÙÓ˚yÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl !¢«˛Ü˛ Îál ˛õyë˛òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ï˛ál ◊Óî G ò¢≈l
!§àly°à%ˆÏ°y í˛z˛õ@˝ÃˆÏ• Ó˚!Ÿ¬ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyë˛yˆÏly •Î˚– í˛z˛õ@˝Ã• ~!ê˛ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ @˝Ãy•Ü˛ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
!¢«˛yÌ≈# ï˛y @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl ≤ß¿ ÌyܲˆÏ° ï˛y í˛z˛õ@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆ˛õÔшÏSÈ ÎyÎ˚ñ
~•z˲yˆÏÓ !¢«˛Ü˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ܲyÎ≈ï˛ !§ˆÏfiê˛Ù!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ x§ò‰ (Virtual)
ˆ◊!îܲ«˛ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x§ò‰ ˆ◊!îܲ«˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl Ú!¢«˛Ü˛ §ÙÌ≈ܲ §yÙ@˝Ã#Û ÎÌyñ
ã˛yê≈˛ñ ÙˆÏí˛°ñ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÎ˚rê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õyòlñ G˲yÓ˚ˆÏ•í˛ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏçܲê˛yÓ˚ (OHP)ñ fl‘y•zí˛ñ ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ xƒy!lˆÏÙ¢lñ
@˝Ãy!Ê˛:ñ V˛°Ü˛ (Flash)ñ !˲!í˛G !Üœ˛!˛õÇ •zï˛ƒy!ò– ï˛ˆÏÓ x§ò‰ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ~•z§Ó í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î§Ù)•
ÎÌyÎÌ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ò«˛ï˛y ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
~í%˛ˆÏܲ¢l §ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ ˆ§ÓyÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyˆÏç í˛zͧà≈#Ü,˛ï˛– ~ˆÏï˛ 74 !ê˛ ã˛ƒyˆÏl° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ˆÏï˛ 1.2 !Ùê˛yÓ˚
Reflector Î%=˛ ~ˆÏrê˛ly ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ~!ê˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ 18 !ê˛ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ 400 !ê˛ xyM˛!°Ü˛ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚
ï˛Ìƒy!ò ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï §%!Óôy •° ˆÎñ Ü˛Ù Ù)ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó˚!§Ë˛yÓ˚ ~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆê˛!°!˲¢ˆÏl !¢«˛y §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ ï˛Ìƒ!ê˛ ò,T˛ •Î˚–
!¢«˛yÎ˚ ~í%˛§ƒyˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˲)!Ùܲy ı
~í%˛§ƒyê˛ §Ü˛° ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÎÏ y烖 !¢«˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Óy Óy•zˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ §Ü˛° !¢«˛yÌ≈#ñ
Ù!•°yñ !¢¢%ñ Î%Óy §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z ~Ó˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛– !¢«˛Ü˛Ó˚yG ~í%˛§ƒyê˛ˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏç °y!àˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏ“
§y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !lˆÏ¡¨ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ~í%˛§ƒyˆÏê˛Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy §¡õˆÏܲ≈ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •°ÈüüüÈ
1ä ò)Óy˚ àï˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~í˛%§ƒyê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï à%Óc%̊ ˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~SÈyí˛¸yG !Ó!˲ߨ çyï˛#Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl
ÎÌy IGNOU, NIOS, NIEPA, NCERT ~à%ˆÏ°y Ó•% ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ §ˆÏAà x§ò ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛
!¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛î !òˆÏFSÈ–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 358
2ä ~í%˛§ƒyˆÏê˛Ó˚ ÙyôˆÏÙ Ó•%!¢«˛yÌ≈# í˛zFã˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ !ӈϢ£ÏK˛ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ í˛zߨï˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ !¢«˛î ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚
§%ˆÏÎyà °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˛õyÓ˚flõy!Ó˚ܲ xyòyl ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ !¢álˆÏܲ §Ù,Âôï˛Ó˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
3ä ~í%˛§ƒyˆÏê˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ò)Ó˚Óï≈˛# ~°yܲyÓ˚ @˝ÃyÙ#î ˆSȈϰˆÏÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y í˛zFã˛!¢«˛yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˛õyˆÏFSÈ–
4ä ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ !¢«˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zFã˛!¢«˛y ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ hflψÏÓ˚•z ~í%˛§ƒyê˛ˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏFSÈ–
5ä !¢«˛Ü˛ Îál ܲƒyˆÏÙÓ˚yÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ˛õyë˛òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚l í˛z˛õ@˝Ã• ï˛y ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yÌ≈# ï˛y
@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÓ˚ܲí≈˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !í˛!çê˛y° Ê˛ˆÏÙ≈ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáy •Î˚– ~•z !í˛!çê˛y°
ˆÓ˚ܲ!í≈˛Ç ~Ó˚ §%!ÓôyÓ˚ òÓ%̊l ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlÙï˛ ~•z !¢«˛îˆÏܲ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚y ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ à%îàï˛ Ùyl
í˛zß¨ï˛ •Î˚–
6ä ˆê˛!°!˲¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õò≈yÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ˆ¢áyÓ˚ §%ˆÎÏ yà ˛õyˆÏFSÈ– Ê˛ˆÏ° !¢ál
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xyl®˛õ)î≈ •ˆÏFSÈ–
7ä @˝ÃyÙyM˛° ~ÓÇ ¢•Ó˚y~èˆÏ°Ó˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ~ܲ•z §ˆÏAà ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ åx!Ë˛ß¨ä ˛õyë˛òyl ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏFSÈ–
8ä §ÙÎ˚Ùï˛ ˛õyë˛ƒ§)!ã˛Ó˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆ¢£Ï ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏFSÈ–
§ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ ˆê˛!°!˲¢l (Satellite Telivision)ı
ò)Ó˚ò¢≈l •° !ÓK˛yl G ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ~ܲ xï˛ƒyŸã˛Î≈ òyl– ~!ê˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ ¢!=˛¢y°#ñ ï˛ÌƒÓ•%° ~ÓÇ çl!≤ÃÎ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ àlÙyôƒÙ– ò)Óò˚ ¢≈l •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙyôƒÙ ˆÎáyˆÏl ÓyhflˆÏ ÓÏ Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ xl%¤˛yˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ¢l
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ §Ü˛° hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ùyl%Ï£Ï ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y í˛z˛õÜ,˛ï˛ •Î˚– ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ãà!ï˛¢#° ˆòˆÏ¢
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒÙ !•§ˆÏÓ ~Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õܲ•yˆÏÓ˚ •ˆÏFSÈ– ~•z ÙyôƒÙ xï˛ƒhs˝ çl!≤ÃÎ˚ï˛y °y˲ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î •° ˆÎñ
~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò¢≈l G ◊%!ï˛!lË≈˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒÙ– ~!ê˛ ~ܲ•z§ˆÏAà Ùyl%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ ò%!ê˛ •z!wÎ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
~•z ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c ï˛y•z xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢–
ò)Ó˚ò¢≈l §¡±ã˛yÓ˚ xl%¤˛yˆÏl ˆï˛y°y ¢∑ G ò,¢ƒà%ˆÏ°y ≤Ã̈ÏÙ ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ ˆã˛Ô¡∫ܲ#Î˚ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAà Óy
•zˆÏ°Ü˛ˆÏê˛∆yÙƒyàˆÏl!ê˛Ü˛ GˆÏÎ˚˲ˆÏ§ (Electromagnic Wave) Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– ~•z ˆã˛Ô¡∫ܲ#Î˚ ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛
ï˛Ó˚Aàà%ˆÏ°y Îy ¢∑ G ò,¢ƒˆÏܲ Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y !ê˛!˲ ~ˆÏrê˛lyˆÏï˛ xyâyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !ê˛!˲ ˆ§ê˛ ï˛ál ~•z
§ÇˆÏܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ G Ù)° ò,¢ƒ G ¢ˆÏ∑ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°•z xl%¤˛yl ˛õò≈yÎ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˆê˛!°!˲¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xl%¤˛yl §¡±ã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ü,˛!eÙ í˛z˛õ@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ xÓòyl x˛õ!Ó˚§#Ù– !Ó!˲ߨ
ˆòˆÏ¢ xl%!¤˛ï˛ lyly• xl%¤˛yl Óy °«˛ °«˛ Ùy•z° ò)ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly âê˛ly Óy xl%¤˛yl §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ Ü,˛!eÙ
í˛z˛õ@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ– ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏܲ í˛y•zˆÏÓ˚Q Ó í˛Ü˛yfiê˛˛ §ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ Óy DBS ӈϰ– ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ í˛z˛õ@˝Ã•à%ˆÏ°y
ˆÌˆÏܲ xy§y §ÇˆÏܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y !ê˛ !˲ ˆ§ê˛ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ çlƒ ~ܲ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ú§ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ !í˛§Û
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– ~•z §ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ !í˛§ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyí˛zê˛ˆÏí˛yÓ˚ xô≈Ó,_yܲyÓ˚ !Ó˚ˆÏÊœ˛QÓ˚ ~ˆÏrê˛ly ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ°yÈüÈlˆÏÎ˚ç
ÓœÜ˛ ܲl˲yê˛y≈Ó˚ (LNB) myÓ˚y ~•z §ÇˆÏܲï˛à%ˆ° Ï y Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ–˚ §ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ @˝Ãy•Ü˛Îsf ~•z §ÇˆÏܲï˛à%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ xˆÏÌy≈ ÂôyÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆê˛!°!˲¢l ˆ§ˆÏê˛ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– §ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ @˝Ãy•Ü˛Îsf Óy ˆ§ê˛ÈüÈê˛˛õÈüÈÓ: (Satellite
 !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛!Óòƒy 359
Receiver or Set-Top-Box) §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ Óyï≈˛yˆÏܲ ܲy!A«˛ï˛ Ê˛ˆÏÙ≈ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– §ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ ˆê˛!°!˲¢l
~ܲ!ê˛ !Óhflï,Ï ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ£Ï ÓÏ y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z §Ü˛° Ë)˛ÈüÈ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ~°yܲyÎ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ê˛ƒy!Ó˚!fiê˛∆Î˚ y˚ °
ˆê˛!°!˲¢l (Terrestrial Television) !ܲÇÓy ˆÜ˛Ó° ˆê˛!°!˲¢l (Cable TV) xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛–
ï˛Ìƒ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î G ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ܲyˆÏç §ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ ˆlê˛GÎ˚yÜ≈˛ !§ˆÏfiê˛Ù !ӈϢ£Ï ˲)!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ,!ÌÓ#˛
õ,ˆÏ¤˛Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ù ˆfiê˛¢l ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛Ìƒ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ í˛z˛õ@˝ÃˆÏ• ˛õyë˛yˆÏlyˆÏܲ xy˛õ!°Aܲ ӈϰ– xy˛õ!°Aܲ §ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ !í˛§à%ˆÏ°y
xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 9 ˆÌˆÏܲ 12 !Ùê˛yÓ˚ (30 ˆÌˆÏܲ 40 !Ê˛ê˛) ÓƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó,•òyܲyÓ˚ •Î˚– ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §%!l!ò≈T˛ §ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zˆêÏ ˛Ó˚
!òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲ ܲÓ˚y ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ xy˛õ!°Aܲ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §%!l!ò≈T˛ !Ê ˛ˆÏܲyˆÏÎ˚!™ ˆÓ˚ˆÏO– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ
í˛z˛õ@˝Ã• ˆÌˆÏܲ G•z ï˛Ìƒ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛Ó˚ ˲)!Ù ˆfiê˛¢ˆÏl ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy§yÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ í˛yí˛zl!°Aܲ
ӈϰ– !Ó!˲ߨ ܲ«˛˛õˆÏ«˛ !ï˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ˆÏܲ â%Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~à%ˆÏ°y •° ÈüüüÈ å1ä GEO
(Geostationary Earth Orbit); å2ä LEO (Low Earth Orbit); å3ä MEO (Middle Earth
Orbit)– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ GEO ÈüÈˆï˛ fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y §ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ !¢«˛y§ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ ï˛Ìƒ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î G
§Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
!¢«˛yÎ˚ §ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ ˆê˛!°!˲¢ˆÏlÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ı
Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe §ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ ˆê˛!°!˲¢lˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏç °y!àˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲÙ≈§!) ã˛ ÓyhflÓÏ yÎ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– çl!¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ÓÇ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ùyl í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆê˛!°!˲¢lˆÏܲ ÎÌyÎÌ Ë˛yˆÏÓ
ܲyˆÏç °yàyˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ §ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ˆÏܲ ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ~•z §ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ ˆê˛!°!˲¢l !Ó!˲ߨ !òˆÏܲ
!¢«˛y˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– !lˆÏ¡¨ !¢«˛yÎ˚ §ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ ˆê˛!°!˲¢ˆÏlÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •°ÈüüüÈ
å1ä §ÙyˆÏç §Ü˛° hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ çl§yôyÓ˚îˆÏܲ !¢!«˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yñ í˛zß¨ï˛ G í˛zߨÎ˚l¢#° ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ÓƒÓôyl ܲ!ÙˆÏÎ˚ xylyÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ §ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ ˆê˛!°!˲¢l !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
å2ä ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !Ó¢y° ˆòˆÏ¢ ˆÎáyˆÏl xˆÏlܲ ò%à≈Ù ~°yܲy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ xy!ôܲƒ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚
ˆ§áyˆÏl §ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ ˆê˛!°!˲¢l !lÎ˚!sfï˛ G x!lÎ˚!sfï˛ !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
å3ä §ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ ˆê˛!°!˲¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§!) ã˛à%ˆ°
Ï y !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ˆòáyÓ˚ §%ˆÎÏ yà ˛õyÎ˚ñ ï˛y•z ~à%ˆ° Ï y ò#â≈!òl
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
å4ä §ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ ˆê˛!°!˲¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛y§ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ !Ó!˲ߨ !ӣψÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ !˲!í˛G §¡±ã˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y
˙ !l!ò≈T˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà §¡∫ˆÏrô ôyÓ˚îy °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y •yˆÏï˛ Ü˛°ˆÏÙ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ
~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §¡õyòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛î °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
å5ä !¢«˛î#Î˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÎ çyÎ˚ày!ê˛ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ˆÓ!¢ xyܲ£Ï≈î
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ñ ˆ§ çyÎ˚ày!ê˛ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §!ë˛Ü˛ ôyÓ˚îy °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
å6ä !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢ál ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ à%îàï˛ ÙyˆÏlyߨÎ˚ˆÏl §ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ ˆê˛!°!˲¢l !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÎÙl ~ܲy!ôܲ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ ~ܲy!ôܲ xÇ¢ˆÏܲ xy°yòy
ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÌÓy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlÙï˛ !Ù!¢ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòáyˆÏly •Î˚–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 360
•zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlê˛ (Internet) ı
§yÓ˚y !ӈϟªÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ü,˛!eÙ í˛z˛õ@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÎ ˆÎyà§)e fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ §%Ê˛° !•§yˆÏÓ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛
˛Ü˛!¡õí˛zê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õò≈yÎ˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ !ӈϟªÓ˚ Óy Ù•y!ӈϟªÓ˚ lylyl áÓÓ˚yáÓÓ˚ó xyÓ˚ ˆ§•z !ÓfløÎ˚ܲÓ˚ x§Ω˛ÓˆÏܲ
§Ω˛Ó ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ !ÓK˛yl G ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ í˛zqyÓly •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlê˛– •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlê˛ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zߨï˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ÎyÓ˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ fl∫“ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ fl∫“ áÓ˚ˆÏã˛ !ӈϟªÓ˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly xLjϢ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ xyòyl ≤Ãòyl §•ç •Î˚–
í˛zòy•Ó˚î fl∫Ó˚)˛õ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ Ü˛!¡õí˛zê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õò≈yÎ˚ •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlê˛ §ÇˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Óƒ!=˛ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyˆÏ@¿Î˚!à!Ó˚Ó˚ °y˲yˆÏflyÀ ï˛ xÌÓy °«˛ Ùy•z° ò)ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ç!ê˛° x˛õyˆÏÓ¢˚ l
xÌÓy á%шÏç ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ lylyl ï˛Ìƒñ SÈ!Ó Îy ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆòáy ˛Óy á%шÏç ˛õyGÎ˚y §Ω˛Ó !SÈ° ly–
Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ Î!ò ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSÈyR Îsf ÚˆÙyˆÏí˛ÙÛ (Modem) ÌyˆÏܲñ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆê˛!°ˆÏÊ˛yl
ܲyˆÏlܲ¢yˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlê˛ Ü˛yˆÏlܲ¢yl ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y•ˆÏ° Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ§•z !ÓŸªˆÏܲ ˛õyGÎ˚y
ÎyÎ˚–
•zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlê˛ •° !ӈϟªÓ˚ §ÓˆÏ̈Ïܲ Óí˛¸ ˆlê˛GÎ˚yÜ≈˛– •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlê˛ Ü˛Ìy!ê˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ •° Inter Connected
Network. ~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §yôyÓ˚î çlàî ~ܲ ˆlê˛GÎ˚yÜ≈˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ ˆlê˛GÎ˚yˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
!lˆÏçÓ˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛Ìƒ xyòyl ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ í˛zFã˛«˛Ùï˛y §¡õߨ
§ÇˆÏÎyà ÓƒÓfiÌy– •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlˆÏê˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï˛Ìƒ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ á%Ó o%ï˛ ôyÓ˚îy ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚
çlƒ ˆÎ !ã˛•´ Óy ï˛y!°Ü˛y ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ú§y•zê˛Û ӈϰ– !Ó!˲ߨ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ GˆÏÎ˚Ó§y•zˆÏê˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ lyÙ Óy l¡∫Ó˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ï˛ˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ §y•zê˛ ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ w.w.w !òˆÏÎ˚– w.w.w ܲÌyÓ˚ xÌ≈ •° World Wide Web Óy !ÓŸªÓƒy˛õ#
!ÓhflyÏ Ó˚– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ çl§Çáƒy xˆÏôˆ≈ ÜÏ ˛Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢ çlàî (51%) •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆlÏ ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆSÏ È– ~ܲܲÌyÎ˚
•zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlê˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~ܲ lï%˛l !òàˆÏhs˝Ó˚ myÓ˚ í˛zˆÏß√y!ã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
1960 ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ Ùy!Ü≈˛l Î%=˛Ó˚yˆÏT˛… Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚«˛y òÆÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆl Ï ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ARPANET
~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ– ARPANETÈüÈ~Ó˚ §¡õ)î≈ lyÙ •° Advanced Research Project Agency Network–
1969 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ!òˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óyï≈˛y ˆlê˛GÎ˚yˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~ܲ ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà
Î%=˛ •Î˚– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° fiê˛ylˆÏÊ˛yí≈˛ !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ÓK˛yl# Ó˚Óyê≈˛ •z!°Î˚ê˛ Ü˛yl (Robert Elliot Kahn) ~ÓÇ
!˲lê˛l ˆ@˝Ã §yÊ≈˛ (Vinton Grey Cerf) ~•z ≤ÃÎ!% =˛Ó˚ xyÓ˚G í˛zß!¨ ï˛ §yôl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ê˛∆y™!Ù¢yl ܲlˆÏê˛∆y° ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yܲ°
(Transmission Control Protocol) ~ÓÇ •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlê˛ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yܲ° (Internet Protocol) ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÎyÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xyÓ˚G §•ç˲yˆÏÓ G o%ï˛ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ˛ ï˛Ìƒ ˛õyë˛yˆÏly §Ω˛Ó •Î˚– ARPANET ~•z ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ˆÏܲ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚
1983 §yˆÏ°– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ¢%Ó%˚ •Î˚ •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆl Ï ˆÏê˛Ó˚ xyô%!lܲ §ÇflÒÓî˚ xl°y•zl ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ§Ï Óy (Online Services)–
Îál •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlˆÏê˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï˛Ìƒ ˛õyë˛yˆÏly •Î˚ñ ï˛ál ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP) !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õƒyˆÏܲˆÏê˛ ˆË˛ˆÏ. ˆlÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z ˛õƒyˆÏܲê˛à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ fiÌyl#Î˚ ˆlê˛GÎ˚yˆÏܲ≈ ˛õyë˛yÎ˚ xl°y•zl ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ§Ï ÓyÓ˚
çlƒ– ~áyl ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ§à%ˆ° Ï y !Ó!˲ߨ hflˆÏ ÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ˆlê˛GÎ˚yˆÏܲ≈ Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ àhs˝ˆÓÏ ƒ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚– í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ àhs˝ÓƒfiÌyˆÏl ˛ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏlyÓ˚
˛õÓ˚ ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ ˆçyÑí˛¸y °y!àˆÏÎ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ (Original Form) xyly •Î˚ñ ÎyˆÏï˛ @˝Ãy•Ü˛Ó˚y ï˛y
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚ G ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xyÓ˚ ˛õƒyˆÏܲê˛à%ˆÏ°y §!ë˛Ü˛ àhs˝Óƒfïϰ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏSȈÏSÈ !ܲly ï˛y ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y òy!Î˚c
!lˆÏÎ˚ §ï˛Ü≈˛ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Îyã˛y•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ Internet Protocol.
 !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛!Óòƒy 361
1990 ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙyV˛yÙy!V˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlê˛ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ !¢«˛y !¢“ñ Óy!îçƒ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ˆÏï˛ Ù)°ï˛
˜Ó≤’!Óܲ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ– ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÙ•z°ñ ï˛yÍ«˛!îܲ Óyï≈˛y ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îñ ˲ˆÏÎ˚§ G˲yÓ˚ •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlê˛ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yܲ°
(VOIP), •zrê˛yˆÏÓ!˚ Q˲ !˲!í˛G ܲ°ñ GÎ˚y”≈˛ GÎ˚y•zí˛ GˆÏÎÓ˚ üÈ~Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ˆÊ˛yÓ˚yÙñ Óœàñ §yÙy!çܲ ˆlê˛GÎ˚y!ܲÇ
~ÓÇ xl°y•zl ¢!˛õÇ §y•zê˛à%ˆÏ°y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!¢«˛yÎ˚ •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˲)!Ùܲy ı
Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlˆÏê˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚y_Ó˚ Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÎyÓ˚y !Óòƒy°Î˚ñ Ù•y!Óòƒy°Î˚ ~ÓÇ
!ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢yly ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÑÓ˚y •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlˆÏê˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §y!•ï˛ƒñ ç#Ó!Óòƒyñ ˛õòyÌ≈!Óòƒyñ !ã˛!ܲͧy!Óòƒyñ
ˆçƒy!ï˛!Ó≈òƒyñ x!˲ôyl ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ï˛ÌƒyÓ!° x!ï˛ §•ˆÏç §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– àˆÏÓ£Ïܲñ !¢«˛Ü˛
~ÓÇ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆlÏ ê˛ˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆSÏ È– !lˆÏ¡¨ !¢«˛yÎ˚ •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆlÏ ˆÏê˛Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲÓ˚y •°ÈüüüÈ
1ä !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ ly !àˆÏÎ˚G •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlˆÏê˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ§≈Ó˚ ˛õyë˛ ˆ¢£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÜ˛yˆÏ§≈Ó˚ ˛õë˛l
G ˛õÓ˚#«˛y •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlˆÏê˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ •ˆÏFSÈ–
2ä •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlˆÏê˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y §%!Óôy •° °y•zˆÏÓ !Ó˚Ó˚ §%ˆÏÎyà °y˲– ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ °y•zˆÏÓ !Ó˚Ó˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ Ó•z ~Ó˚ ܲyí≈˛ñ ܲƒyê˛y°à ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlˆÏê˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
3ä Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ çlƒ •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlê˛ˆÏܲ Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ–
4ä !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !Óòƒy°Î˚ñ Ù•y!Óòƒy°Î˚ G !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚àˆ% ° Ï yˆÏï˛ Ë˛!ï≈˛Ó˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆlÏ ê˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ–˚
˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ ~Ùl xˆÏlܲ !¢«˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ xl°y•zˆÏl ˲!ï≈˛Ó˚ §%ˆÏÎyàG Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
5ä •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlˆÏê˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~ܲçl !¢«˛Ü˛ ~ܲ§ˆÏAà !Ó!˲ߨ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲˆÏe !¢«˛y G ï˛Ìƒ
≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
6ä •zÈüȈٕz° ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ fl∫“ áÓ˚ˆÏã˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlˆÏê˛Ó˚
Ù)° !˲!_ •° •zÈüȈٕz°– •zÈüȈٕz° ܲÌyÓ˚ xÌ≈ •° •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆!lܲ ˆÙ•z°– xï˛ƒhs˝ Ü˛Ù §ÙˆÏÎ˚ §ÇÓyò xyòyl
≤Ãòyl xï˛ƒhs˝ ˆày˛õl#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó •zÈüȈٕz° ~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ– ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !Óhfl,Ïï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !Ó!˲ߨ
xM˛ˆÏ° !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !¢«˛yÓ˚ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ âê˛yˆÏly §Ω˛Ó–
7ä Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl í˛zFã˛!¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ò)Ó˚yàï˛ !¢«˛y ~ܲê˛y !ӈϢ£Ï Ë)˛!Ùܲy xÓ°¡∫l ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÓ˚ ò)Ó˚yàï˛
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆlÏ ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ Ù•y!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ G !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ly !àˆÏÎG ˚ !¢«˛y°yˆÏ˲Ó˚
§%ˆÎÏ yà ˛õyˆÏFSÈ– ~•z !¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ !¢«˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylà%ˆ° Ï y •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆlÏ ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒ !Ó£ÏÎÓ˚ › ˆ≤ÃÓî˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– xyÓyÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ§ÙÎ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ӈϢ£ÏK˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó=˛Óƒ ˆê˛!° G
!˲!í˛G ܲlÊ˛yˆÏÓ˚ˆÏ™Ó˚ myÓ˚y !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ¢ylyˆÏly •Î˚–
8ä Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ hflÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zFã˛Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ hflÏÓ˚ ˛õÎhs≈˝ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙ ≤Ãܲ“ ≤ÃîÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyçˆÏܲ
Óyôƒï˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlˆÏê˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y á%Ó §•ˆÏç ≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ï˛Ìƒñ SÈ!Ó
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 362
§Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– §ÓˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z xyŸã˛Î≈ xÓòyl Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ ~ܲ fiÌyl
x!ôܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ˆÏ®• ˆl•z–

í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ (Conclusion)ı
!¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !ÓK˛yl G ≤ÃÎ!% =˛Ó˚ x˲yÓl#Î˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ~ܲ lï%˛l myÓ˚y í˛zˆßÏ √y!ã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ È–
!¢«˛y≤ÃÎ%!=˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ï˛_¥ G l#!ï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !¢ál ˛õÂô!ï˛ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ lï˛%l !¢ál ˛õÂô!ï˛
xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !Ó!˲ߨ !¢«˛î §•yÎ˚ܲ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ §•ç §¡õ)î≈ñ fiÌyÎ˚# G xyܲ£Ï≈î#Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ– !¢«˛yòyl G !¢«˛y@˝Ã•îˆÏܲ x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# G Ê˛°≤ç) ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆê˛!°!˲¢lñ ~í%˛% ˆÏ§ê˛ñ §ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛
ˆê˛!°!˲¢l í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ñ •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlê˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ÓÇ hflψÏÓ˚ !Óܲy¢
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ §•ç G o%ï˛ï˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ à%îàï˛ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ §yôl ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ xyàyÙ# !òlà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛
!¢«˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚y_Ó˚ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ï˛Ó˚ •ˆÏÓ ~!ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ˆÏ®• ˆl•z–
 !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛!Óòƒy 363

ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ~ܲܲ
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyàı xÌ≈ñ ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆËÏ ˛òñ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
Óyôy§Ù)•
(Communication: Meaning, Nature, Types, Barriers in
Communication)˛

Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Introduction)ı
ç#Óçv Óy ≤Ãyî#Ü)˛° ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓl˚ y– !ܲv !ӈϢ£Ï !ӈϢ£Ï ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà
Ó˚«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ùl!ܲ Ó=˛Óƒ xyòyl ≤ÃòylG ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ùyl%£ÏG ~ܲ§ÙÎ˚ ˛õ¢% Óy çvˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛
ly– ˆÜ˛ylG ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛álG çylï˛ ly– xy!òÙ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚y ܲálG !ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ܲálG Óy !ӈϢ£Ï
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ¢∑ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚ï˛ñ Ó=˛ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ xyòyl ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ï˛– ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ Ùyl%£Ï
≤Ã̈ÏÙ Ü˛Ìy Ó°ˆÏï˛ G !°áˆÏï˛ !¢ˆÏá– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲ xˆÏlƒÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ܲÌyñ ˲yÓlyñ !ã˛hs˝y G ï˛Ìƒ xyòyl
≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˲y£Ïy G ˆ°áyˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ ÎyÓ˚y ÌyÜ˛ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y ~˲yˆÏÓ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ °yà°– !ܲv ÎyÓ˚y ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà Ó˚yáy •ˆÏÓ⁄ Ùyl%£Ï ï˛ál ˛õyÎ˚Ó˚yˆÏܲ í˛yܲ!˛õ_ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç °yàyˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~Ùl!ܲ ˆÙyâ° Î%ˆÏàG Óy≈ï˛y Óy•Ü˛ !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õyÎ˚Ó˚yˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ï˛ ˆ£Ïyí˛¸¢Ï ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÌÙ í˛yܲ ÓƒÓfiÌy
ã˛y°% •Î˚– !ܲv í˛yܲ ÓƒÓfiÌy ã˛y°% •ˆÏ°G §ÓçyÎ˚àyÎ˚ í˛yˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !ã˛!벲õe xyòyl ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚!l– ï˛y•z
ò#â≈ §ÙÎ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ í˛yܲ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ !ã˛!ë˛ ˛õyë˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ í˛zí˛¸hs˝ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ï˛– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ 1837
§yˆÏ° !ÓK˛yl G ≤ÃÎ!% =˛Ó˚ x§yÙylƒ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° §,!T˛ •° ~ܲ lï%˛l ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ÓƒÓfiÌyÈüȘÓò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ ˆê˛!°@˝ÃyÊ˛–
~!ê˛ !Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ò)Ó˚Óï≈˛# fiÌyˆÏl Óy≈ï˛y ˛õyë˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ ~ܲ !ÓfløÎ˚ܲÓ˚ Îsf– ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ o%ï˛
í˛zߨ!ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ °yà°– 1876 §yˆÏ° xyˆÏ°Ü˛çyu˛yÓ˚ @˝Ãy•yÙˆÏÓ° xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l ˆê˛!°ˆÏÊ˛yl– ~•z ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ fl∫Ó˚ G ¢∑ ò)Ó˚Óï≈˛# fiÌyˆÏl ˆ˛õÔшÏSÈ ˆòGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– 1895 §yˆÏ° •zï˛y!°Î˚yl !ÓK˛yl# ÙyˆÏܲy≈l# (Marconi)
xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l ÚGÎ˚yÓ˚ˆÏ°§ ˆê˛!°@˝ÃyÊ˛Û Óy ˆÓï˛yÓ˚ !°ál– ~•z Îsf Óy ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §y•y΃
SÈyí˛¸y•z ò)Ó˚Óï≈˛# fiÌyˆÏl Óyï≈˛yˆÏܲ ˛õyë˛yˆÏly ÎyÎ˚– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ~° ˆÓ˚!í˛G ˆê˛ˆÏ°:ñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ~°
ˆê˛!°!˲¢l– xyÓyÓ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Óyï≈˛yñ ò,¢ƒ Óy SÈ!Ó §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ˆ˛õÑyˆÏSÈ ˆòÓyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y
ˆÓï˛yÓ˚ ï˛Ó˚Aà Óy Ùy•zˆÏÜ ˛yGˆÏÎ˚ˆÏ˲Ó˚ §y•y΃ !lˆÏÎ˚ ã˛y°% •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ §ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ Ü˛yˆÏlܲ¢l Óy í˛z˛õ@˝Ã• §ÇˆÏÎyà–
xyô%!lܲ !ÓK˛yl G ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~•z Îsf ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ~ܲ ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ ò,¢ƒñ Óyï≈˛yñ ï˛Ìƒ
˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ xlƒ ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ G o%ï˛ ˆ˛õÔшÏSÈ !òˆÏFSÈ– !ÓK˛yl G ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
Ùy•zˆÏÜ ˛y•zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆!lܲ G ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ç!ê˛° G §ÙÎ˚§yˆÏ˛õ«˛ xAܲñ §Ù§ƒyñ !•§yÓ ~ÓÇ ï˛Ìƒ
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 364
§•ˆÏç•z !lË%≈˛°Ë˛yˆÏÓ §Ùyôyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏFSÈ Ü˛!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚–
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà Óy §ÇˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ÙyôƒÙà%ˆÏ°y xyç xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ §%ˆÏÎyà §%!Óôy !òˆÏFSÈ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!òl•z
!ÓK˛yl# G ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ Îsf Óy ÙyôƒÙ xyÓ˚G !láÑ%ï˛ñ xyÓ˚G «˛Ùï˛y§¡õߨ G
xyÓ˚G ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚# ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ– ~•z ~ܲˆÏܲ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ xÌ≈ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò G ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚
˛õˆÏÌ !ܲ !ܲ Óyôy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ–
xÌ≈ (Meaning)ı
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà Óy Communication ܲÌy!ê˛ °ƒy!ê˛l ¢∑ ‘Communicare’ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ •°
‘To share’ xÌ≈yÍ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%È xˆÏlƒÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !ܲS%È !ã˛hs˝yñ ôyÓ˚îy Óy
xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ Îy ˆ§ xˆÏlƒÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– ~Ó˚ çlƒ ˆ§ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y xAà˲!Aàñ ˲y£Ïy
Óy xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛z˛õyÎ˚ xÓ°¡∫l ܲˆÏÓ–˚ §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚yñ ôyÓ˚îy Óy xl%˲) !ï˛Ó˚ ~•z §M˛yÓ˚l Óy §M˛y°lˆÏܲ
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà Óy Communication ӈϰ–
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ í˛z˛õyòyl !ӈϢ£Ï Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xyhs˝/!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y §¡õߨ •Î˚– ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y •° ˆ≤ÃÓ˚ܲ Óy í˛zͧ (Sender or Souce), Óyï˛≈y Óy §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ (Message or
Signal), ÙyôƒÙ (Medium or Channel) ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy˛õܲ Óy @˝Ãy•Ü˛ (Recipient or Destination)– ˆ≤ÃÓ˚ܲ
≤Ã̈ÏÙ ï˛yÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y˲yÓlyñ ï˛Ìƒ Óy xl%˲) !ï˛ §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ¢∑ñ Óyܲƒñ !ã˛e Óy ≤Ãï˛#ܲ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y @˝Ãy•ˆÏܲÓ˚
!lÜ˛ê˛ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~ÓyÓ˚ @˝Ãy•Ü˛ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xÌ≈ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ó=˛Óƒ xl%ôyÓl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y
ܲˆÏÓl˚ – !ï˛!lG ¢∑ Óyܲƒ Óy ≤Ãï˛#ˆÏܲÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆ≤ÃÓÜ˚ ˛ˆÏܲ çy!lˆÏÎ˚ ˆòl ˆÎ !ï˛!l ï˛yÑÓ˚ Ó=˛Óƒ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ Èl–
~!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õŸã˛yÍ í˛z˛õ°!kô Óy Feedback Ó°y •Î˚ñ xˆÏlܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z Óyï≈˛y Óƒ!=˛ ÙyÓ˚Ê˛Í ly •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚!í˛G
ˆê˛!°!˲¢lñ !Ê˛Õ√ñ •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlê˛ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !lˆÏ¡¨ ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛eÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆòáyˆÏly
•°ÈüüüÈ

ˆ≤ÃÓ˚ܲ Óyï≈˛y @˝Ãy•Ü˛

åï˛Ìƒ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îä å˲yÓñ!ã˛hs˝yñ ï˛Ìƒñ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ä ÙyôƒÙ Óy ˛õrÌy
åï˛Ìƒ @˝Ã•îä

˛õŸã˛
yÍ í˛  ˛Î˚y
z˛õ°!
∑ Ã≤ !ï˛!Ü

!ã˛e ı ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y (Communication Process)

 !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛!Óòƒy 365
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆ≤ÃÓ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˲)!Ùܲy ˆÎÙl à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˆï˛Ù!l @˝Ãy•Ü˛ Óy ≤Ãy˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ Ë)˛!ÙܲyG !ӈϢ£Ï
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– ˆ≤ÃÓ˚ܲ ˆÙÔ!áܲ Óy xˆÏÙÔ!áܲ˲yˆÏÓ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ Óy Óyï≈˛y ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ @˝Ãy•ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛
§yí˛¸y Óy ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚y– xyÓ˚ ˆÎ !l!ò≈T˛ í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚ ~•z Óyï≈˛y §M˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ÙyôƒÙ Óy
ã˛ƒyˆÏl°– ~•z ÙyôƒÙ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚Ü˛Ù •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ ¢∑ñ §ÇˆÏܲï˛ñ ˲!Aàñ SÈ!Óñ ã˛y«%˛£Ï ò¢≈lñ Ù%!oï˛ Ó›ñ
§¡±ã˛yÓ˚ñ !Ê˛Õ√ •zï˛ƒy!ò– @˝Ãy•Ü˛ Îál ˆ≤ÃÓ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ Óyï≈˛y @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚l ï˛ál !ï˛!l ï˛yÑÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y !•§yˆÏÓ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚
!lÜ˛ê˛ §yí˛¸y !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛Óyï≈˛y ˛õyë˛yl– ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ Óyï≈˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒyÓï≈˛l– ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà •°
˙ܲƒÙï˛ •GÎ˚yñ !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚yñ ˲yÓñ xl%˲) !ï˛ñ ˆ§!rê˛ˆÏÙrê˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò §M˛y°l ܲÓ˚y Óy !Ó!lÙÎ˚ ܲÓ˚yñ ï˛Ìƒ xyòyl ≤Ãòyl
ܲÓ˚y–
§ÇK˛y (Definition)ı
1ä !lí˛zÙƒyl ~ÓÇ §yÙyÓ˚ (Newman And Summer) ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà •° ~ܲ Óy ~ܲy!ôܲ
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ôyÓ˚îyñ ï˛Ìƒñ Ùï˛yÙï˛ Óy xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ !Ó!lÙÎ˚– (Newman and Summer - Communication
as an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions by two or more persons.)
2ä xôƒy˛õܲ °%•z§ xƒyˆÏ°l (Louis Allen) ÈüÈ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ xlƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛z˛õ°!kô çy!àˆÏÎ˚
ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ §ˆÏã˛T˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ Îy !ܲS%È Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l ï˛y•z •° ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà– ~!ê˛ xÌ≈ ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ§ï%˛– ~!ê˛
ܲÌy Ó°yñ ˆ¢yly ~ÓÇ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !lÎ˚Ùï˛y!sfܲ G x!Ó!FSÈߨ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ç!í˛¸ï˛– (Louis Allen -
Communication is the sum total of all the things one person does when he wents to
create understanding in the mind of another. It is a bridge of meaning. It involves a
systematic and continuous process of telling, listening and understanding.)
3ä Ü%˛rê˛ç ~ÓÇ GˆÏÎ˚•z!Ó˚ã˛ÈüÈ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà •° ˆ≤ÃÓ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏlÈyG ï˛Ìƒ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ
fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z ï˛Ìƒ!ê˛ ≤Ãy˛õܲ myÓ˚y í˛z˛õ°kô •GÎ˚y– (Koontz and Weihrich- Communication
is the transfer of information from a sender to a receiver, with the information being
understood by receiver.)
4ä ˆê˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ Ê ˛ƒyAܲ!°lÈüÈ Óƒ!=˛§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÓyôàÙƒï˛yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ G í˛z˛õ°!kô xç≈ˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢“ •°
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà– ~!ê˛ ò%•z Óy ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛Ìƒ ~ÓÇ xl%˲) !ï˛ xyòylÈüÈ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyÓ˚
çlƒ ~!ê˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚– (Terry And franklin- Communication is the art of developing
and attaining understanding between people. It is the Process of exchanging information
and fellings between two or more people and it is essential to effective management.)
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ (Nature)ı
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ÎyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ï˛Ìƒñ §ÇÓyòñ xyˆÏò¢ñ !lˆÏò≈¢ñ !§Âôyhs˝ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ~ܲçl
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ §M˛y!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~ܲ Óƒ!=˛ xlƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà fiÌy˛õl
ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ܲ!Ìï˛ Ü˛Ìy Óy l#Ó˚Óï˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙñ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ˲y£Ïy Óy xAà˲!AàÓ˚ myÓ˚yñ Ù%ˆáÏ Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ãܲy¢Ë˛!AàÓ˚
myÓ˚yó !°!áï˛ ¢∑§Ù)•ó @˝Ãy!Ê˛:ó àyló !ã˛eܲ°y ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ §,çl¢#° ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ– ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ~ܲ!ê˛
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 366
!mÙ%á# ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y– ~!ê˛ ò%•z Óy ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ Óƒ!=˛ xÌ≈yÍ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚ܲ G @˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y–
ˆ≤ÃÓ˚ܲ G @˝Ãy•ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÙçyç G xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ à!ï˛¢#°
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Îy !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ çlƒ Ü˛Ù˛õˆÏ«˛ ò%çl Óƒ!=˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛
•Î˚– ~!ê˛ |ôÁ≈ï˛l ܲÙ≈#ñ xôhflÏl ܲÙ≈#ñ Órô%ñ xyd#Î˚ §ÓyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà•z •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ï˛yÓ˚y
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy G Ùï˛yÙï˛ !Ó!lÙÎ˚˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ü˛yÎ≈ §¡õyòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° §Ùß∫Î˚ §,!T˛
•Î˚–
!¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏeG ~!ê˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– ≤Ãôyl!¢«˛Ü˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ §•!¢«˛Ü˛ñ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ñ !¢«˛yܲÙ≈#ñ §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z ~•z
§•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓl˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà– xyÓyÓ˚ !¢«˛yÙsfܲ Óy !¢«˛yòƈÏÓÓ˚ ˚
!Ó!˲ߨ !lˆÏò≈¢ ≤Ãôyl !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÙˆÏl ã˛°ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚ܲ G @˝Ã•#ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ
ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ •Î˚– ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà °«˛ƒ!˲!_ܲ– @˝Ãy•Ü˛ G ˆ≤ÃÓ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Î!ò
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ˲y° ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y•ˆÏ° í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ!ê˛ §•ˆÏç xç≈l ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ x˲yÓñ
§!ë˛Ü˛ xÌ≈ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ly ˛õyÓ˚yñ xyˆÏÓà xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ Óyôy ÌyܲˆÏ° ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y xܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚y
í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ xç≈ˆÏl ÓƒÌ≈ •Î˚– ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyàˆÏܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ˆ≤ÃÓ˚ܲ ˆÎ Óyï≈˛y ˛õyë˛yˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏSÈlñ ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏï˛ !ï˛!l
≤Ãï˛#ܲ Óy !ã˛•´ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl– @˝Ãy•Ü˛ ~•z §ÇˆÏܲï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ xÌ≈ xl%ôyÓl ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
§yí˛¸y !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y Óƒ=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ G §%¤%˛ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ xy@˝Ã• G xyhs˝!Ó˚ܲï˛y Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yˆÏç §v!T˛ xyˆÏ§–
≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò (Types)ı
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà Ù)°ï˛ ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ •Î˚– 1ä Óyã˛!lܲ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà (Verbal Communication)ó 2ä xÓyã˛!lܲ
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà (Non-verbal Communication)– !ܲv Óƒy˛õܲ xˆÏÌ≈ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ xyÓ˚G
ܲï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y ôÓ˚l °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~áyˆÏl à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ §¡∫ˆÏrô xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •°ÈüüüÈ
1ä Óyã˛!lܲ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà (Verbal Communication)ı
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ çlƒ Îál ܲÌy Ó°y •Î˚ ï˛ál ¢∑ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– xyÓyÓ˚ Îál
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !°!áï˛ ï˛Ìƒ ˛õyë˛y•z ï˛álG ¢∑ˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z í˛z˲Î˚ !Ó£ÏÎ!˚ ê˛ Óyã˛!lܲ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ xhs˝àï≈ ˛–
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xÌ≈yÍ Ü˛Ìy Ó°y ~ÓÇ ˆ°áyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~Ùl§Ó ¢∑ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚
ÎyˆÏï˛ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ !¢!«˛ï˛ G x!¢!«˛ï˛ §Ü˛° çlàˆÏîÓ˚•z ˆÓyôàÙƒ •Î˚– x!ôܲyÇ¢ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylñ Ù•y!Óòƒy°Î˚ñ
!ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ÙyôƒÙ !•§yˆÏÓ Óyã˛!lܲ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ á%Ó à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ñ ܲyÓ˚î §yÙy!çܲ !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyàˆÏܲ•z ≤ÃÌÙ ~ÓÇ
≤Ãôyl í˛z˛õyÎ˚ ӈϰ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Óyã˛!lܲ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •Î˚ÈüüüÈ Ü˛ä ˆÙÔ!áܲ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà (Oral
Cummunication), áä !°!áï˛ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà (Written Communication)–
Ü˛ä ˆÙÔ!áܲ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà (Oral Cummunication)ı ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ §Ü˛° ÙyôƒÙà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÙÔ!áܲ
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ !ÓhflyÏ Ó˚ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ È– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà á%Ó•z ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚– ~!ê˛ §y«˛yˆÏï˛ñ ˆê˛!°ˆÏÊ˛yˆÏl
Óy §Ë˛y§!Ù!ï˛ ÙyÓ˚Ê˛Í •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z çyï˛#Î˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà á%Ó o%ï˛à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §¡õߨ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏï ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛
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ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §%!Óôy ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛y•z ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y Órô%c G §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ ÓyˆÏí˛¸–
áä !°!áï˛ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà (Written Communication)ı !ã˛!벲õeñ ˛õ%!hflÏܲyñ ˆê˛!°@˝ÃyÊ˛ñ Ê˛ƒy: G
•zÈüȈٕz° •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Îál ~ܲ fiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ fiÌyˆÏl ï˛Ìƒ ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏܲ !°!áï˛ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà
ӈϰ– ˆÎ§Ó ˆ«˛ˆÏe à%Ó%̊c˛õ)î≈ G ˆày˛õl ï˛Ìƒy!òÓ˚ xyòyl ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ÎyÓ˚ ò#â≈ܲy°#l ï˛yͲõÎ≈ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆ§
ˆ«˛ˆÏe !°!áï˛ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚–
2ä xÓyã˛!lܲ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà (Non-verbal Communication)ı
xÓyã˛!lܲ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~áyˆÏl @˝Ãy•Ü˛ ~•z Óyï≈˛y
§ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ §¡∫ˆÏrô çyˆÏl ~ÓÇ §!ë˛Ü˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y Óƒ=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙl ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ !¢«˛Ü˛ SÈyeSÈye#ˆÏòÓ˚
¢yhs˝ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ •yï˛ ï%˛ˆÏ° •z¢yÓ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚l– xˆÏlܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ xÓyã˛!lܲ §ÇˆÏÎyà Óyã˛!lܲ §ÇˆÏÎyàˆÏܲ
§•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z §ÇˆÏÎyˆÏà !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒñ Ù%ˆÏáÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ñ §!ë˛Ü˛ fiÌyˆÏl òyÑí˛¸yˆÏlyñ ܲt˛fl∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
≤Èϫ˛˛õîñ ˲!AàÙy •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ °«˛ƒ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •Î˚–
3ä xhs˝/ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà (Intrapersonal Communication)ı
xhs˝/ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà •° ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyàܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ ˲y£Ïy Óy !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚– Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛
ï˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ §ˆÏAà xÌ≈yÍ !lç §_yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ xyhs˝/ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ӈϰ– ˆÎÙlÈüü
!ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yñ §Ù§ƒy §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚yñ í˛yˆÏÎ˚!Ó˚ å!òl!°!˛õä ˆ°áy •zï˛ƒy!ò–
4ä xyhs˝/ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà (Interpersonal Communication)ı
xyhs˝/ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà •° ò%•z Óy ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ xyòyl ≤Ãòyl– x!ôܲyÇ¢ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
~•z ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ~Ùl Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õߨ •Î˚ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸y ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆê˛!°ˆÏÊ˛yˆÏl
ܲÌyÓyï≈˛yñ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ñ ã˛yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆòyܲyˆÏl Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲÌyÓyï≈˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò ~•z ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î–
5ä ò°àï˛ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà (Group Communication)ı
ò°àï˛ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÇfiÌyÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚yàܲï≈˛y G ܲÙ≈ã˛yÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ÓÇ ò° xÌÓy ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ܲÙ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyàˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– ~•z ò°à%ˆÏ°y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛yG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ÓˆÏí˛¸yG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ò°àï˛ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚
ÙyôƒÙà%ˆÏ°y •° §yÙy!çܲ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ÙyôƒÙñ !í˛!çê˛y° !Ù!í˛Î˚yñ !≤Ãrê˛ !Ù!í˛Î˚yñ Ó=+˛ï˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò–
6ä àî ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà (Mass Communication)ı
àî ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà •° àîÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ myÓ˚y çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y Óí˛¸ xLjϢ ï˛Ìƒ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• G xyòyl ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y– ~•z ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ §ˆÏAà xˆÏlܲ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Óyï≈˛y ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy˛õܲ •Î˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó,•Í
çl§ÇáƒyüüüÈ ˆÎÙlñ ç°§yñ ˆÎáyˆÏl •yçyÓ˚ ˆ°yܲ ~ܲ§ˆÏAà àyl ¢%lˆÏSÈ–
7ä !l¡¨Ù%á# ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà (Downward Communication)ı
Îál ≤ây§Ü˛ Óy í˛zFã˛hflÓÏ ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà !l¡¨hflˆÏ ÓÏ ˚ ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ •Î˚ xÌ≈yÍ xyˆÏò¢ G !lˆÏò¢≈ Îál |zôÁ≈ï˛l
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 368
ܲï,≈˛˛õ«˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xôhflÏl ܲÙ≈#Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ l#ˆÏã˛ lyˆÏÙñ ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏܲ !l¡¨Ù%á# ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ӈϰ–
8ä |ô≈ÁÙ%á# ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà (Upward Communication)ı
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà Îál xôhflÏl ܲÙ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ |ôÁ≈ï˛l ܲï,˛˛õˆÏ«˛Ó˚ !lÜ˛ê˛ l#ã˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ •Î˚
ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏܲ Ú|ôÁ≈ï˛l ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyàÛ ÓˆÏ°– ~Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ xôhflÏl ܲÙ≈ã˛yÓ˚#Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ñ §%˛õy!Ó˚¢ñ x˲yÓñ
x!˲ˆÏÎyàñ !ӈϢ£Ï !ÓÓÓ˚î •zï˛ƒy!ò |ôÁ≈ï˛l ܲÙ≈ܲï≈˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆàyã˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏl– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà á%Ó•z ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚–
9ä xyl%Ë)˛!Ùܲ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà (Horizontal Communication)ı
Îál !˲ߨ !˲ߨ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙfiÌyl#Î˚ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏܲ xyl%˲) !Ùܲ
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ӈϰ– !Ó!˲ߨ ܲ°Ü˛yÓ˚áylyÓ˚ ÙƒyˆÏlçyÓ˚ñ !Ó!˲ߨ fl%҈ϰÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl !¢«˛Ü˛ñ ≤Ãôyl !¢!«˛Ü˛y ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
~•z !lÎ˚ˆÏÙ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ Óyôy§Ù)• (Barriers in Communication) ı
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲òà%ˆÏ°y xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ܲÌy flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÙy!îï˛
•Î˚ ˆÎñ Î!ò ˆ≤ÃÓ˚ܲ G @˝Ãy•ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Ó !ܲS%È fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ •Î˚– !ܲv xˆÏlܲ
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆ≤ÃÓ˚ܲ G @˝Ãy•ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ܲS%È ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛y Óy Óyôy ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚– !lˆÏ¡¨ ~•z Óyôyà%ˆÏ°y
§¡∫ˆÏrô xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •°ÈüüüÈ
1ä ¢∑yÌ≈ܲ Óyôy (Semantic Barriers)ı ¢∑yÌ≈ܲ Óyôy Ó°ˆÏï˛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~ÓÇ
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏà ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ xlƒylƒ ≤Ãï˛#ܲà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî í˛zay!˛õï˛ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚ܲ G @˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ë%˛°ˆÏÓyV˛yÓ%!V˛ˆÏܲ
ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– ~•z Óyôy §yôyÓ˚îï˛ í˛zay!˛õï˛ •Î˚ Îál ï˛Ìƒà%ˆÏ°y §•ç ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲly ~ÓÇ ˆÎ•z ¢∑ Óy !ã˛•´à%ˆÏ°y
ÌyˆÏܲ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ~ܲy!ôܲ xÌ≈ ÌyˆÏܲ– xyÓyÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ Óyï≈˛yÎ˚ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ Ë˛y£Ïy!ê˛ ~ï˛•z ç!ê˛° ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÎ ~!ê˛
≤Ãy˛õܲ myÓ˚y Ë%˛° Óƒyáƒy •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Óyï≈˛y Óƒ!=˛ ï˛yÓ˚ K˛yl G Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ !l!Ó˚ˆÏá !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲálG
ܲálG ˆ≤ÃÓÜ˚ ˛ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ≤Ãy˛õܲ xÓ¢ƒ•z ~!ê˛ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ çylˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ!˚ ê˛ˆÏï˛ ÙˆÏly!lˆÏÓ¢
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z Óyï≈˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Î!ò ≤Ãy˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ xl%Ùylà%ˆÏ°y xflõT˛ ~ÓÇ xçyly ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà!ê˛
!ÓÓ˚)˛õ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ Óyï≈˛y §•çñ §Ó˚° G flõT˛ •GÎ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
2ä ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ Óyôy (Physical Barriers)ı ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚ܲ G @˝Ãy•ˆÏܲÓ˚
¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ xÓfiÌy G ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ÓyôyÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~áyˆÏl ˆ≤ÃÓ˚ܲ xÌÓy @˝Ãy•Ü˛ ò%çˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲçl
Î!ò ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ G Ùyl!§Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ x§%fiÌ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y•ˆÏ° Óyï≈˛y!ê˛ !ÓÜ,˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ˆÙÔ!áܲ
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆày°Ùy° ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ !°!áï˛ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ Î!ò ˛õÎ≈yÆ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî xyˆÏ°y
ly ÌyˆÏܲ xÌÓy ˆÎ ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Îy!sfܲ ˆày°ˆÏÎyà ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚
ˆ§ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeG Óyï≈˛y!ê˛ !ÓÜ,˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
4ä xflõT˛ ≤Ãܲy¢Ë˛!Aà (Ambiguious Expression)ı ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ Óyï≈˛y!ê˛ˆÏï˛
Î!ò xfl∫FSÈ @˝Ãy!Ê˛: ~ÓÇ xflõT˛ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ Óy §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆ§ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeG Óyôy §,!T˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ Óyï≈˛y §•çñ §Ó˚°ñ flõT˛ G mƒÌ≈•#l •GÎ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
 !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛!Óòƒy 369
5ä §yÇàë˛!lܲ Óyôy (Organization al Barriers)ı ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ §yÇàë˛!lܲ Óyôy §yôyÓ˚îï˛
≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ç!ê˛°ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî §,!T˛ •Î˚– xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylà%ˆÏ°y ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
Óyï≈˛yñ ÙyôƒÙ ~ÓÇ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ùl#!ï˛ ã˛y°% ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÓ˚ ~•z ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚
!lÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ܲÙ≈#Ó˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏlyG Óyï≈˛y ˛õyë˛yˆÏly ˆÌˆÏܲ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ !ÓÓ˚ï˛ Ó˚yˆÏá– ~SÈyí˛¸yG ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆ«˛ˆÏe
|ôÁï˛≈l ܲÙ≈# !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî §Ó Óyï≈˛y ˆáy°yá%!° ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ly ~ÓÇ xôhflÏl ܲÙ≈#G ï˛yÓ˚ ܲï,˛≈˛õˆÏ«˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà
ˆáy°yá%!° xy°y˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚lyñ ï˛y•z Óyï≈˛yÓ˚ !ÓÜ,˛!ï˛ âˆÏê˛–
6ä xÙˆÏlyˆÏÎy!àï˛yç!lï˛ Óyôy (Barriers related to attention)ı xˆÏlܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe @˝Ãy•Ü˛ ΈÏÌT˛
à%Ó˚%c §•Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ Óyï≈˛y @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ly– ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î !•§yˆÏÓ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚ܲ ÎyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ Óyï≈˛y ˛õyë˛yÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ò,!T˛ xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ •Î˚ly xÌÓy ˆ≤ÃÓ˚ܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §¡∫ˆÏrô ˆï˛Ùl í˛zͧy• ˆÓyô ܲˆÏÓ˚ly Óy ò,!T˛ xyܲ£Ï≈î
ܲÓ˚yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ܲyˆÏç ày!Ê˛°!ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ–
7ä ò)Ó˚ˆÏcÓ˚ Óyôy (Distance Barriers)ı ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ò)Ó˚c xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ Óyôy •ˆÏÎ˚
òyÑí˛¸yÎ˚– ˆ≤ÃÓ˚ܲ G @˝Ãy•ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò)Ó˚ˆÏcÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà !Ó!SÈߨ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎÙl !ã˛!벲õe Î!ò §!ë˛Ü˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚
ly ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚ xÌÓy Îy!sfܲ ˆày°ˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî Óyï≈˛y §!ë˛Ü˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ly ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏ° í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚
§Ù§ƒy ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚–
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y=˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ~•z ܲÌy Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛yà%ˆÏ°y §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ
˛õ!Ó˚•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Î!ò §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚y
ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° !ܲS%Èê˛y •ˆÏ°G ~•z Óyôyà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ x˛õ§yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÓ– ˆÎÙl ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ
ˆÓyôàÙƒ G mƒÌ≈•#l ¢∑ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– §ÙÎ˚ G ã˛ƒyˆÏl° ΈÏÌy˛õÎ%=˛ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ Óyï≈˛y
@˝Ãy•ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà xyܲ£Ï≈ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# •ˆÏÓ– ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› xÓ¢ƒ•z !ÓŸªy§ˆÏÎyàƒ •ˆÏÓ– §ÓˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï
!Ó!˲ߨ ã˛ƒyˆÏlˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ x!ÓÓ˚ï˛ ˆ≤ãÏîy §M˛yÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ (Conclusion)ı
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ,Ìܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ !•§yˆÏÓ ôÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏï˛ ~ܲçl xlƒçˆÏlÓ˚ ÙlˆÏܲñ
!ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚yˆÏܲ Óy ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ï˛_¥ xl%ÎyÎ˚# Óyï≈˛yˆÏܲ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ xÌ≈Î%=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ
ÎyˆÏï˛ ≤Ãy˛õܲ ï˛y flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ !¢«˛îÈüÈ!¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG §ÇˆÏÎyà fiÌy˛õl xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Óc%˚ ˛õ)î≈
ܲyÓ˚î ~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛Ü˛ G !¢«˛yÌ≈# ˆÎÔÌ˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xyçܲy° ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ Îsf˛õy!ï˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
x“ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !Ó¢y° §ÇáƒÜ˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ !lÜ˛ê˛ Óyï≈˛y ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó– Ê˛ˆÏ° !¢«˛y xyÓ˚ Ù%!T˛ˆÏÙÎ˚ !ܲS%È !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ §#ÙyÓÂô ˆl•z– í˛zߨï˛ï˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚ Óyï≈˛y ~ál Óƒy˛õܲï˛Ó˚ G x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚#˲yˆÏÓ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î
ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó–
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 370

§yÓ˚§ÇˆÏ«˛˛õ (Summary)
≤ÃÌÙ ~ܲܲ
≤ÃÎ!% =˛!Óòƒyı xÌ≈ñ ôyÓ˚îyñ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛!ÓòƒyÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy

≤ÃÎ%!=˛ ܲyˆÏܲ ӈϰ⁄

!¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!Óòƒy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ !ܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ˆ§•z !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°ñ ˆÎ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ G !lÎ˚Ùl#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓlˆÏܲ §%%®Ó˚ñ
fl∫yFSÈ®ƒ˛õ)î≈ G xyÓ˚yÙòyÎ˚ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛– xyÓyÓ˚ xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ fl∫“ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ê˛° °y˲ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛– Ú≤ÃÎ%!=˛Û ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ •zLjÏÓ˚!ç ≤Ã!ï˛¢∑ •° ‘Technology’–
‘Technology’ ¢∑!ê˛ ò%!ê˛ !@˝Ãܲ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ~ܲ!ê˛ •° ‘Technic’ ÈüÈÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ •° !¢“ Óy
ò«˛ï˛y– xyÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚ ¢∑!ê˛ •° ‘Logia’ ÈüÈÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ •° !ÓK˛yl Óy xôƒÎ˚l– xÌ≈yÍ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚
ÚˆÜ˛yˆÏly !¢“ Óy ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ !ÓK˛ylÛ– !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛_¥àï˛ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ ààï˛ Ó,•_Ó˚ ˆ«˛e •° ≤ÃÎ!% =˛!Óòƒy–
≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓòƒyÓ˚ !Ó˛õ%° ˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ Ü,˛!£Ïñ !¢“ñ Ù•yܲy¢ àˆÏÓ£Ïîyñ ~Î˚yÓ˚°y•z™ ≤Ã˲, !ï˛– ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓòƒyÓ˚ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ x@˝Ãà!ï Ó•%°yLjϢ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°–
xÌ≈ (Meaning)ı
Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl §%¤%˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Óyã˛yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒñ ç#ÓlˆÏܲ í˛zߨÎ˚lÙ%á# ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒñ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy
ÙçÓ%ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ñ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ °«˛ƒy!˲Ù%á# ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyç !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ !Ó!˲ߨ ôyÓ˚yÎ˚ ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛– ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
~ܲ!ê˛ •° ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!Óòƒyç≈l– ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy §%ò,ì˛¸ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù ܲy!Ó˚àÓ˚ •° ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!Óòƒy– xyÓyÓ˚
≤ÃÎ%!=˛!Óòƒy•z !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ K˛ylñ ò«˛ï˛yñ x!˲K˛ï˛y xç≈ˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ܲÙ≈«˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!Óòƒy•z
ÎÌyÎÌ ≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ í˛zߨï˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙylÓ§¡õò í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl Óƒ!=˛ñ §Ùyç G çyï˛#Î˚
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ~ï˛ !Óhfl,Ï!ï˛ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ !¢«˛y ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ ˛õ,Ìܲ˲yˆÏÓ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚
!•§yˆÏÓ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!¢«˛y ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓK˛yl •° 5!ê˛ ‘M’ ~Ó˚ §Ùß∫Î˚– ~à%ˆÏ°y •° Man åÙyl%£Ïäñ Machine åˆÙ!¢läñ
Materials åÓ›§yÙ@˝Ã#äñ Media åÙyôƒÙä ~ÓÇ Methods å˛õÂô!ï˛ä– ~•z ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ ~ܲˆÏe !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆj Ï ¢ƒ˛õ)Óˆ˚ îÏ
§•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏç °y!àˆÏÎ˚ !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛y≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– !¢«˛y
í˛zˆj
Ï ¢ƒÙ%á# ï˛y•z ≤ÃÎ!% =˛!ÓòƒyG í˛zˆj
Ï ¢ƒÙ%á#– !¢«˛y ≤ÃÎ!% =˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ !l!ò≈T˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù ≤ÃîÎ˚lñ !¢«˛îÈüÈ!¢ál
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yñ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õly G ≤ây§lñ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ~ÓÇ !¢«˛Ü˛ÈüÈ!¢«˛î •zï˛ƒy!ò §ÓˆÏ«˛ˆÏe•z !ÓK˛yl!˲!_ܲ l#!ï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
 !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛!Óòƒy 371
!mï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ
!¢«˛î ≤Ãò#˛õl ÈüüüÈ ≤È«
Ï ˛˛õîÙ)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ x≤È«
Ï ˛˛õîÙ)°Ü˛ !¢«˛î ≤Ãò#˛õl

!¢«˛î ≤Ãò#˛õl (Teaching Aids)ı

xyô%!lܲܲyˆÏ° !¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ~•z l#!ï˛ˆÏܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ §ÇˆÏܲˆÏï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˆ◊!î !¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚
§ÙÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°y •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ~•z ˆÜ˛Ô¢°à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ !¢«˛î ≤Ãò#˛õl (Tesching
Aids) Óy !¢«˛î §•yÎ˚ܲ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î (Teaching Appliancc)– xÌ≈yÍ §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ Ó›
Óy ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ §ÇˆÏÎyàfiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ“ly¢!=˛ˆÏܲ í˛zj#Æ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°y ÎyÎ˚ñ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚ !¢«˛î ≤Ãò#˛õl– ~SÈyí˛¸y ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ ˛õyë˛òyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›Ó˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚
§ˆÏAà !ܲS%È §yôyÓ˚î í˛z˛õܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ ˆÎÙlñ ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflÏܲ (Text Book), ˆÓyí≈˛ (Board), ã˛Ü‰˛
(Chalk), V˛yí˛¸l (Duster) •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~•z í˛z˛õܲÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ §#!Ùï˛ «˛Ùï˛y x!ï˛Ü ˛Ù ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
§•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ à%îàï˛Ùyl í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~áyˆÏl !¢«˛î ≤Ãò#˛õl G !¢«˛î í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î ¢∑
ò%!ê˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ù xˆÏÌ≈ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲv !¢«˛î ≤Ãò#˛õl ¢∑!ê˛ !¢«˛î í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ Óƒy˛õܲ G
ï˛yͲõÎ≈˛õ)î≈– ~•z Ó,•_Ó˚ xˆÏÌ≈ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î ≤Ãò#˛õˆÏlÓ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛–
≤Èϫ˛˛õlÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ãò#˛õl (Projected Teaching Aids)ı
˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ã˛e ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Ó› Óy ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ !¢«˛î ≤Ãò#˛õl
!•§yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˛õyë˛ƒ!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G •,òÎ˚@˝Ãy•# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛îˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G
ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛Ü˛ ~•z §Ó Ó›Ó˚ SÈ!Ó Óy Ê˛ˆÏê˛y@˝ÃyÊ˛ ≤Èϫ˛˛õî ΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆòGÎ˚y° ˛õò≈yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
ˆÊ˛ˆÏ° ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– ~ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ≤Ãò#˛õl xyÓ˚G xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ !láÑ%ï˛ G ç#Óhs˝ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏ벖
x≤Èϫ˛˛õîÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ãò#˛õî (Non Projected Teaching Aids)ı
x≤È«Ï ˛˛õîÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ãò#˛õî ˆÜ˛ylÓ˚Ü˛Ù ˆÜ˛Ô¢° SÈyí˛¸y•z ˆ◊!î !¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛y•z ~•zàˆ% °
Ï yÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y §Ó≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe•z !ÓòƒÙyl– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ≤Ãò#˛õˆÏlÓ˚ !lçfl∫ ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ xyˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
!Ó!ôG !˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚–

ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ
!¢«˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛ı ~í%˛§ƒyê˛ñ §ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ ˆê˛!°!˲¢lñ •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆlÏ ê˛
~í%˛ˆÏ§ê˛ (Edusat)ı
~í%˛ˆÏܲ¢l §ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ Óy EDUSAT •° ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ !¢«˛y í˛z˛õ@˝Ã•– ~!ê˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ Ù•yܲy¢ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy
§ÇfiÌyÓ˚ (Indian Space Research Organisation) xô#lfiÌ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãܲ“– ~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ܲS%È
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 372
!ӈϢ£Ï !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ fiÌyˆÏl !Ó!˲ߨ ˆfiê˛¢lˆÏܲ ˆlê˛GÎ˚yˆÏܲ≈Ó˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– xyÓ˚ ~•z ˆfiê˛¢là%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà
!Ó!˲ߨ !¢«˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÎyà ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z !¢«˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylà%ˆÏ°y !¢«˛î ≤Ãyhs˝Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ ˆÜ˛Ó°
!¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !l!Ù≈ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
!¢«˛y§ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ í˛z˛õ@˝Ã•!ê˛ ≤ÃÌÙ ÓˆÏAày˛õ§yàˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSÈyê˛ m#˛õ ◊#•!Ó˚ˆÏܲyê˛yÎ˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛ §ï˛#¢ ôyGÎ˚yl
Ù•yܲy¢ ˆÜ˛w ˆÌˆÏܲ 2004 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 20 ˆ§ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ Ù•yܲyˆÏ¢ í˛z͈ϫ˛˛õî ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~!ê˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˜Ïï˛!Ó˚
Ó˚ˆÏÜ˛ê˛ GSLV- ~Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Ù•yܲyˆÏ¢ í˛zÍ!«˛Æ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~•z ˛í˛z˛õ@˝Ã•!ê˛Ó˚ Gçl !SÈ° 1950 ˆÜ˛É!çÉ ~ÓÇ
~!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ë)˛˛õ,T˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ 180 !ܲˆÏ°y!Ùê˛yÓ˚ ò)Ó˚ˆÏc !çGê˛∆y™Ê˛yÓ˚ xÓ˚!Óê˛ ÈüÈ ~ fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~í%˛ˆÏ§ê˛!ê˛Ó˚
≤Ãܲ!“ï˛ xyÎ˚%‹Òy° •° 7 ˆÌˆÏܲ 10 ÓSÈÓ˚– ~!ê˛ Ù)°ï˛ ◊Óî ò¢≈l ÙyôƒÙñ !í˛!çê˛y° •zrê˛yˆÏÓ˚!Q˲ Üœ˛y§ ~ÓÇ
Ùy!Œê˛!Ù!í˛Î˚y G Ùy!Œê˛ˆÏ§!rê˛∆ܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ !Óòƒy°Î˚ñ Ù•y!Óòƒy°Î˚ ~•Ç !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚
hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÃÌyÓ!ç≈ï˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ G !Óܲy¢Ù)°Ü˛ §ÇˆÏÎyà §yôˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚–
§ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ ˆê˛!°!˲¢l (Satellite Telivision)ı
ò)Ó˚ò¢≈l •° !ÓK˛yl G ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ~ܲ xï˛ƒyŸã˛Î≈ òyl– ~!ê˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ ¢!=˛¢y°#ñ ï˛ÌƒÓ•%° ~ÓÇ çl!≤ÃÎ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ àîÙyôƒÙ– ò)Óò˚ ¢≈l •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙyôƒÙ ˆÎáyˆÏl ÓyhflˆÏ ÓÏ Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ xl%¤˛yˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ¢l
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ §Ü˛° hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ùyl%Ï£Ï ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y í˛z˛õÜ,˛ï˛ •Î˚– ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ãà!ï˛¢#° ˆòˆÏ¢
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒÙ !•§ˆÏÓ ~Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õܲ•yˆÏÓ˚ •ˆÏFSÈ– ~•z ÙyôƒÙ xï˛ƒhs˝ çl!≤ÃÎ˚ï˛y °y˲ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î •° ˆÎ
~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò¢≈l G ◊%!ï˛!lË≈˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒÙ– ~!ê˛ ~ܲ•z§ˆÏAà Ùyl%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ ò%!ê˛ •z!wÎ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
~•z ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c ï˛y•z xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢–
ò)Ó˚ò¢≈l §¡±ã˛yÓ˚ xl%¤˛yˆÏl ˆï˛y°y ¢∑ G ò,¢ƒà%ˆÏ°y ≤Ã̈ÏÙ ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ ˆã˛Ô¡∫ܲ#Î˚ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAà Óy
•zˆÏ°Ü˛ˆÏê˛∆yÙƒyàˆÏl!ê˛Ü˛ GˆÏÎ˚˲ˆÏ§ (Electromagnic Wave) Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– ~•z ˆã˛Ô¡∫ܲ#Î˚ ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛
ï˛Ó˚Aàà%ˆÏ°y Îy ¢∑ G ò,¢ƒˆÏܲ Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y !ê˛!˲ ~ˆÏrê˛lyˆÏï˛ xyâyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !ê˛!˲ ˆ§ê˛ ï˛ál ~•z
§ÇˆÏܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ G Ù)° ò,¢ƒ G ¢ˆÏ∑ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°•z xl%¤˛yl ˛õò≈yÎ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˆê˛!°!˲¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xl%¤˛yl §¡±ã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ü,˛!eÙ í˛z˛õ@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ xÓòyl x˛õ!Ó˚§#Ù– !Ó!˲ߨ
ˆòˆÏ¢ xl%!¤˛ï˛ lyly• xl%¤˛yl Óy °«˛ °«˛ Ùy•z° ò)ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly âê˛ly Óy xl%¤˛yl §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ Ü,˛!eÙ
í˛z˛õ@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ– ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏܲ í˛y•zˆÏÓ˚Q Ó í˛Ü˛yT˛ §ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ Óy DBS ӈϰ– ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ í˛z˛õ@˝Ã•à%ˆÏ°y
ˆÌˆÏܲ xy§y §ÇˆÏܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y !ê˛ !˲ ˆ§ê˛ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ çlƒ ~ܲ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ú§ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ !í˛§Û
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– ~•z §ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ !í˛§ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyí˛zê˛ˆÏí˛yÓ˚ xô≈Ó,_yܲyÓ˚ !Ó˚ˆÏÊœ˛QÓ˚ ~ˆÏrê˛ly ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ°yÈüÈlˆÏÎ˚ç
ÓœÜ˛ ܲl˲yê˛y≈Ó˚ (LNB) myÓ˚y ~•z §ÇˆÏܲï˛à%ˆ° Ï y Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ–˚ §ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ @˝Ãy•Ü˛Îsf ~•z §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ à%ˆ°
Ï yÓ˚ xˆÏÌy≈ ÂôyÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆê˛!°!˲¢l ˆ§ˆÏê˛ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°y– §ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ @˝Ãy•Ü˛Îsf Óy ˆ§ê˛ÈüÈê˛˛õÈüÈÓ: (Satellite
Receiver or Set-Top-Box) §ÇˆÏܲï˛Óyï≈˛yˆÏܲ ܲy!A«˛ï˛ Ê˛ˆÏÙ≈ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– §ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ ˆê˛!°!˲¢l
~ܲ!ê˛ !Óhflï,Ï ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ£Ï ÓÏ y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z §Ü˛° Ë)˛≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ~°yܲyÎ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ê˛ƒy!Ó˚T˛!Ó˚Îy˚ °
ˆê˛!°!˲¢l (Terrestrial Television) !ܲÇÓy ˆÜ˛Ó° ˆê˛!°!˲¢l (Cable TV) xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛–
 !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛!Óòƒy 373
•zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlê˛ (Internet) ı
§yÓ˚y !ӈϟªÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ü,˛!eÙ í˛z˛õ@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÎ ˆÎyà§)e fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ §%Ê˛° !•§yˆÏÓ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛
˛Ü˛!¡õí˛zê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õò≈yÎ˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ !ӈϟªÓ˚ Óy Ù•y!ӈϟªÓ˚ lylyl áÓÓ˚yáÓÓ˚ó xyÓ˚ ˆ§•z !ÓfløÎ˚ܲÓ˚ x§Ω˛ÓˆÏܲ
§Ω˛Ó ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ !ÓK˛yl G ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ í˛zqyÓly •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlê˛– •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlê˛ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zߨï˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ÎyÓ˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ fl∫“ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ fl∫“ áÓ˚ˆÏã˛ !ӈϟªÓ˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly xLjϢ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ xyòyl ≤Ãòyl §•ç •Î˚–
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ Ü˛!¡õí˛zê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õò≈yÎ˚ •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlê˛ §ÇˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Óƒ!=˛ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyˆÏ@¿Î˚!à!Ó˚Ó˚ °y˲yˆÏflyÀ ï˛ xÌÓy °«˛ Ùy•z° ò)ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ç!ê˛° x˛õyˆÏÓ¢˚ l
xÌÓy á%шÏç ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ lylyl ï˛Ìƒñ SÈ!Ó Îy ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆòáy ˛Óy á%шÏç ˛õyGÎ˚y §Ω˛Ó !SÈ° ly–
Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ Î!ò ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSÈyR Îsf ÚˆÙyˆÏí˛ÙÛ (Modem) ÌyˆÏܲñ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆê˛!°ˆÏÊ˛yl
ܲyˆÏlܲ¢yˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlê˛ Ü˛yˆÏlܲ¢yl ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y•ˆÏ° Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ§•z !ÓŸªˆÏܲ ˛õyGÎ˚y
ÎyÎ˚–
•zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlê˛ •° !ӈϟªÓ˚ §ÓˆÏ̈Ïܲ Óí˛¸ ˆlê˛GÎ˚yÜ≈˛– •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlê˛ Ü˛Ìy!ê˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ •° Inter Connected
Network. ~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §yôyÓ˚î çlàî ~ܲ ˆlê˛GÎ˚yÜ≈˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ ˆlê˛GÎ˚yˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
!lˆÏçÓ˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛Ìƒ xyòyl ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ í˛zFã˛«˛Ùï˛y §¡õߨ
§ÇˆÏÎyà ÓƒÓfiÌy– •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlˆÏê˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï˛Ìƒ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ á%Ó o%ï˛ ôyÓ˚îy ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚
çlƒ ˆÎ !ã˛•´ Óy ï˛y!°Ü˛y ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ú§y•zê˛Û ӈϰ– !Ó!˲ߨ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ GˆÏÎ˚Ó§y•zˆÏê˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ lyÙ Óy l¡∫Ó˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ï˛ˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ §y•zê˛ ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ w.w.w !òˆÏÎ˚– w.w.w ܲÌyÓ˚ xÌ≈ •° World Wide Web Óy !ÓŸªÓƒy˛õ#
!ÓhflyÏ Ó˚– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ çl§Çáƒy xˆÏôˆ≈ ÜÏ ˛Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢ çlàî (51%) •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆlÏ ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆSÏ È– ~ܲܲÌyÎ˚
•zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlê˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~ܲ lï%˛l !òàˆÏhs˝Ó˚ myÓ˚ í˛zˆÏß√y!ã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–

ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ~ܲܲ
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ı xÌ≈ñ ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛ñ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆËÏ ˛òñ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Óyôy§Ù)•
xÌ≈ (Meaning)ı
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà Óy Communication ܲÌy!ê˛ °ƒy!ê˛l ¢∑ ‘Communicare’ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ •°
‘To Share’ xÌ≈yÍ ˆÜ˛yl !ܲS%È xˆÏlƒÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !ܲS%È !ã˛hs˝yñ ôyÓ˚îy Óy
xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ Îy ˆ§ xˆÏlƒÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– ~Ó˚ çlƒ ˆ§ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y xAà˲!Aàñ ˲y£Ïy
Óy xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛z˛õyÎ˚ xÓ°¡∫l ܲˆÏÓ–˚ §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚yñ ôyÓ˚îy Óy xl%˲) !ï˛Ó˚ ~•z §M˛yÓ˚l Óy §M˛y°lˆÏܲ
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà Óy Communication ӈϰ–
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ í˛z˛õyòyl !ӈϢ£Ï Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ˆÎà%ˆ°
Ï yÓ˚ xyhs˝!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y
§¡õߨ •Î˚– ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y •° ˆ≤ÃÓ˚ܲ Óy í˛zͧ (Sender or Souce), Óyï˛≈y Óy §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ (Message or Signal),
ÙyôƒÙ (Medium or Channel) ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy˛õܲ Óy @˝Ãy•Ü˛ (Recipient or Destination)– ˆ≤ÃÓ˚ܲ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ
!¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl 374
ï˛yÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y˲yÓlyñ ï˛Ìƒ Óy xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ¢∑ñ Óyܲƒñ !ã˛e Óy ≤Ãï˛#ܲ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y @˝Ãy•ˆÏܲÓ˚ !lܲê˛
ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~ÓyÓ˚ @˝Ãy•Ü˛ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xÌ≈ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ó=˛Óƒ xl%ôyÓl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
!ï˛!lG ¢∑ Óyܲƒ Óy ≤Ãï˛#ˆÏܲÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚ܲˆÏܲ çy!lˆÏÎ˚ ˆòl ˆÎ !ï˛!l ï˛yÑÓ˚ Ó=˛Óƒ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ
˛õŸã˛yò‰ í˛z˛õ°!kô Óy Feedback Ó°y •Î˚ñ xˆÏlܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z Óyï≈˛y Óƒ!=˛ ÙyÓ˚Ê˛Í ly •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚!í˛G ˆê˛!°!˲¢lñ
!Ê˛Õ√ñ •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlê˛ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ (Nature)ı
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ÎyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ï˛Ìƒñ §ÇÓyòñ xyˆÏò¢ñ !lˆÏò≈¢ñ !§Âôyhs˝ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ~ܲçl
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ §M˛y!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~ܲ Óƒ!=˛ xlƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà fiÌy˛õl
ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ܲ!Ìï˛ Ü˛Ìy Óy l#Ó˚Óï˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙñ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ˲y£Ïy Óy xAà˲!AàÓ˚ myÓ˚yñ Ù%ˆáÏ Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ãܲy¢Ë˛Aà#Ó˚
myÓ˚yó !°!áï˛ ¢∑§Ù)•ó @˝Ãy!Ê˛:ó àyló !ã˛eܲ°y ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ §,çl¢#° ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ– ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ~ܲ!ê˛
!mÙ%á# ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y– ~!ê˛ ò%•z Óy ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ Óƒ!=˛ xÌ≈yÍ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚ܲ G @˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y–
ˆ≤ÃÓ˚ܲ G @˝Ãy•ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÙçyç G xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ à!ï˛¢#°
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Îy !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ çlƒ Ü˛Ù˛õˆÏ«˛ ò%çl Óƒ!=˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛
•Î˚– ~!ê˛ |ôÁ≈ï˛l ܲÙ≈#ñ xôhflÏl ܲÙ≈# Órô%ñ xyd#Î˚ §ÓyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà•z •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ï˛yÓ˚y
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy G Ùï˛yÙï˛ !Ó!lÙÎ˚˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ü˛yÎ≈ §¡õyòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° §Ùß∫Î˚ §,!T˛
•Î˚–
!¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛!Óòƒy 375

xl%¢#°l#
1 ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿ / ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓyˆÏܲƒ
1ä ˛Communication- ܲÌy!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yl ¢∑ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ⁄
2ä ~ܲ!ê˛ ◊Óî!˲!_ܲ ≤Ãò#˛õˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î òyG–
3ä w.w.w ÈüÈܲÌy!ê˛Ó˚ §¡õ)î≈ lyÙ !ܲ⁄
2 ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿ / §Ó≈y!ôܲ 40!ê˛ ¢∑
1ä Technology- ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ Ó%ƒÍ˛õ!_àï˛ xÌ≈ !°á–
2ä ÓœƒyܲˆÏÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛y í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚–
3ä !¢«˛î ≤Ãò#˛õl Ü˛ï˛ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ G !ܲ !ܲ⁄
3 ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿ / §Ó≈y!ôܲ 60!ê˛ ¢∑
1ä !¢«˛y ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓ˚îy í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚–
2ä ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ !ï˛l!ê˛ xhs˝Ó˚yÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚–
3ä SÈ!Ó ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚#!ï˛ !°á–
4 ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿ / §Ó≈y!ôܲ 100!ê˛ ¢∑
1ä !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ã˛yê≈˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚–
2ä !¢«˛yÎ˚ ~í%˛§ƒyˆÏê˛Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚–
3ä ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ÙyôƒÙà%!° xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚–
 Suggested for Further Readings

≤ÃÌÙ ~ܲܲ (1st Unit)

Nayak, B. K. (2016). Text Book of Foundation of Education. Kitab Mahal: Odisha.
Wingo, G. M. (2014). Philosophies of Education. Sterling Publishers: New Delhi.
Rusk, R. R. (2011). Philosophical Bases of Education. Oxford University of London
Press Ltd : London.
Mrunalini, T. (2018). Philosophical Foundation of Education. Neelkamal Publications
Pvt. Ltd. : New Delhi.
ˆ§là%Æñ ≤ÃÉ å1985ä– l#!ï˛!ÓK˛yl G ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈l– Óƒylyç≈# ˛õyÓ!°§y§≈ı ܲ°Ü˛yï˛y–
!mï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ (2nd Unit)
Mukherjee, K. K. (2009). Some Great Educators of the World. Das Gupta Co Pvt.
Ltd. : Calcutta.
Purkait, B. K. (2012). Great Educatios. New central Book Agency: London.
Chaube, S. P., & Chaube, S. (2018). Ideals of the Great Western Educators.
Neelkamal Publications Pvt. Ltd. : New Delhi.
ˆây£Ïñ xÉ å2009ä– !¢«˛y!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ò¢≈l G Ù)°ï˛_¥– ~í%˛ˆÏܲ¢ly° ~rê˛yÓ˚≤Ãy•zç ı ܲ°Ü˛yï˛y–
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ (3rd Unit)
Chauhan, S. S. (1998). Advanced Educational Psychology. Vikash Publishing House:
New Delhi.
Mangal, S. K. (1997). Advanced Educational Psychology. Prentice Hall of India:
New Delhi.
Ó˚yÎ˚ñ §É å1992ä– !¢«˛y ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy– ˆ§yÙy Ó%ܲ ~ˆÏç!™ı ܲ°Ü˛yï˛y
ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ~ܲܲ (4th Unit)
Chauhan, C. P. S. (2004). Modern Indian Education. Kaniskka Publishes: New
Delhi.
Misra, B. K. C., & Mohanty, R. (2003). Trends and Issues in Education. R. Lall
Book Depot: Meerut.
˲Ryã˛yÎ≈ñ §É å2015ä– ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy– Ó%ܲ !§!u˛ˆÏÜ˛ê˛ ≤Ãy•zˆÏË˛ê˛ !°!ÙˆÏê˛í˛ ı ܲ!°Ü˛yï˛y–
˛õM˛Ù ~ܲܲ (5th Unit)
Sharma, R. A., & Sharma, R. K. (2001). Problems of Education. H. P. Bhargaba
Book House: Agra
Misra, S. (2015). Essentials of Guidance anal Counselling. Laxmi Publishers: New
Delhi
!ÓŸªy§ñ §É å2006ä– !lˆÏò≈¢ly G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl– çÎ˚hs˝# ≤Ãܲy¢ly •yí˛z§ ı ܲ°Ü˛yï˛y–
 £Ï¤˛ ~ܲܲ (6th Unit)
Umadevi, M. R. (2017). Speacial Education. Neelkamal Publications Pvt. Ltd. :
New Delhi.
Rana, N. (2018). Children With Special Needs. Neelkamal Publications Pvt. Ltd. :
New Delhi.
≤ÃyÙy!îܲ ñ xÉ å2006ä– xhs˝Ë%≈˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢«˛y– !ÓÓyò# °y•zˆÏÓ !Ó˚ ı ì˛yܲy–
§ÆÙ ~ܲܲ (7th Unit)
Garrett, H. E. (1995). Statistics in Psychology and Education. Eastern Book House:
Guwahati.
Rajamanickam, M. (2001). Statistical Method in Psychology and Educational
Research. H. P. Bhargava Book House : Agra.
Ó˚yÎ˚ñ §É å2000ä– Ê˛!°ï˛ !¢«˛y!ÓK˛yl– ˆ§yÙy Ó%ܲ ~ˆÏç!™ ı ܲ!°Ü˛yï˛y–
xT˛Ù ~ܲܲ (8th Unit)
Aggarwal, J. C. (2015). Essentials of Educational Technology. Vikash Publishing
Pvt. Ltd. : New Delhi.
Vanjana, M.; & Varanari L. (2019). Educational Technology. Neelkamal Publications
Pvt. Ltd. : New Delhi.
ˆ§lñ ÙÉ Ü%˛É å2010ä– ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ !¢«˛y ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ !ÓK˛yl– ˆ¢y˲yı ˆÜ˛y°Ü˛yï˛y–
 Education : Class XII : Half-Yearly Examination : 80 Marks
Distribution of Marks

Type of Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Total

Question Education & Great Western Psychological Some Issues Weight
Philosophy Educators Aspects in Education of Education -age

MCQ : 1 Mark 1×1=1 1×1=1 1×1=1 1×1=1 4

(Multiple Choice Q)

OTQ : 1 Mark 1×3=3 1×3=3 1×3=3 1×3=3 12

(Objective type Q)

2 Mark 2×2=4 2×2=4 2×2=4 2×2=4 16

3 Mark 3×1=3 3×1=3 3×1=3 3×1=3 12

4 Mark 4×1=4 4×2=8 4×1=4 4×2=8 24

6 Mark 6×1=6 –– 6×1=6 –– 12

Total 21 19 21 19 80

Word Limitation

M.C.Q – Choose the Correct Option

1 Mark – One Sentence
2 Mark – Within 40 words
3 Mark – Within 60 words
4 Mark – Within 100 words
6 Mark – Within 150 words
 Education : Class XII : Pre-Board Examination : 80 Marks
Distribution of Marks

Chapter Title MCQ OTQ 2 Marks 3 Marks 4 Marks 6 Marks Total

1 Marks 1 Marks Marks

Ch. 1 Education and 1×1=1 1×1=1 2×1=2 –– –– 6×1=6 10

Philosophy

Ch. 2 Great Western –– 1×2=2 2×1=2 3×1=3 4×1=4 –– 11

Educators

Ch. 3 Psychological 1×1=1 1×1=1 2×1=2 –– 4×1=4 –– 08

Aspects in
Education

Ch. 4 Some Issues –– 1×2=2 2×1=2 3×1=3 4×1=4 –– 11

of Education

Ch. 5 Guidance and 1×1=1 1×1=1 2×1=2 –– 4×1=4 –– 08

Counselling

Ch.6 Inclusive 1×2=2 2×1=2 3×1=3 4×1=4 –– 11

Education ––

Ch. 7 Statistics in 1×1=1 1×1=1 2×1=2 –– –– 6×1=6 10

Education

Ch. 8 Educational –– 1×2=2 2×1=2 3×1=3 4×1=4 –– 11

Technology

Total 80

Word Limitation

M.C.Q – Choose the Correct Option

1 Mark – One Sentence
2 Mark – Within 40 words
3 Mark – Within 60 words
4 Mark – Within 100 words
6 Mark – Within 150 words
Note