Department of Mathematics

Manipur University, Imphal

Revised Syllabus for M.A./M. Sc. (Mathematics) to be effective from the session 2019-2020

Previous
Semester – I
Code Paper Title Mark
MM – 4011 Abstract Algebra 100
MM – 4012 Real Analysis – I 100
MM – 4013 Topology – I 100
MM – 4014 Complex Analysis 100
MM – 4015 Ordinary Differential Equation 100

Semester- II
MM – 4021 Module Theory 100
MM – 4022 Real Analysis – II 100
MM – 4023 Topology – II 100
MM – 4024 Functional Analysis 100
MM – 4025 Partial Differential Equation 100
Final
Semester – III
MM – 5011 Recreational Mathematics (choice based) 100
MM – 5012 Fluid Dynamics / Discrete Mathematics / 100
Operations Research
MM – 5013 Number Theory 100
MM – 51XX Special Paper I 100
MM – 51XX Special Paper II 100
Semester- IV
MM – 5021` Basic Tools of Mathematics (choice based) 100
MM – 5022 Mechanics 100

MM-5023 Computer Programming in C : Theory and 70+30

Practical
MM – 52XX Special Paper I 100
MM – 52XX Special Paper II 100

List of Elective Papers for Semester III/IV (depending on the availability of teachers)
MM 5103/5203 : General Relativity and Cosmology – I / II
MM 5104/5204 : Linear Operator Theory- I/II
MM 5105/5205 : Algebraic Number Theory – I / II
MM 5111/5211 : Information Theory- I/II
MM 5112/5212 : Dynamical Systems- I/II
MM 5113/ 5213 : Fixed Point Theory- I/II
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FIRST SEMESTER

MM – 4011 : ABSTRACT ALGEBRA

Preliminary: Coset and normal subgroups, homomorphism,simple groups, small groups,
symmetric groups, alternating groups, direct products, sylow theorems, polynomial rings,
fields, subfields, UFD, PID, ED, linear transformation, eigen vector/ values
Unit – I : Normal and Subnormal series, Composition Series, Zassenhaus Lemma, Schreier’s
refinement theorem, Jordan-Holder theorem, Commutator subgroup, Solvable Groups,
Nilpotent groups.(refer chapter 5 of Bhattacharya et al, article 2.11 of Vivek Sahai and Vikas
Bist)
Unit – II : Extension fields. Algebraic and transcendental extensions, Separable and
inseparable extensions, Normal extensions, Perfect fields, Finite fields, Primitive elements,
Algebraically closed fields, Automorphisms of extensions, Galois extensions, Galois group of
a polynomial, Fundamental theorem of Galois theory. (refer chapter 15, 16, 17 of
Bhattacharya et al, chapter 5 of Vivek Sahai and Vikas Bist)
Unit – III : Similarity of linear transformations. Invariant subspaces. Reduction to triangular
forms. Nilpotent transformations. Index of nilpotency. Invariant of a nilpotent transformation.
The primary decomposition theorem. Jordan blocks and Jordan forms.(refer chapter 6 & 7 of
Hoffman & Kunze)

MM – 4012 : REAL ANALYSIS – I

Preliminaries: Archimedean property, order completeness , Heine Borel Theorem, Cantor
intersection theorem, Bolzano Weierstrass Theorem, Abel’s and Dirichlet’s tests for uniform
convergence, Abel’s theorem
Unit-I: Rearrangements of terms of a series, Riemann’s theorem. Sequence and series of
functions, pointwise and uniform convergence, Cauchy criterion for uniform convergence,
Weiestrass M-test, , uniform convergence and continuity , uniform convergence and
differentiation, Weierstrass approximation theorem, Power series, uniqueness theorem of
power series.
Unit-II: Definition and existence of Riemann-Stieltjes integral, Properties of the Integral,
Integration and differentiation, uniform convergence and Riemann-Stieltjes integratjion, the
fundamental theorem of Calculus, Integration of vector-valued functions, Rectifiable curves.
Unit-III: Functions of several variables, linear transformations, Derivatives in an open subset
of Rn , Chain rules, Partial derivatives, interchange of the order of differentiatin, Derivatives
of higher orders, Taylor’s theorem, Inverse function theorem, Implicit function theorem,
Jacobians, Partitins of unity.

MM 4013 : TOPOLOGY – I
Preliminaries : Equivalent sets, Countable and Uncountable Sets, Equivalence Relations,
Axiom of choice, Zorn’s lemma. Well-ordering theorem , Cantor Set, Inequalities: Triangle
Inequality, Holder’s Inequality, Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality, Minikowski’s Inequality,
Holder’s Inequality
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Unit – I : Metric and topological spaces: Definitions, Examples and Theorems –Open sets,
Accumulation points, Derived Set, Closed sets, Closure. Dense subsets. Neighborhoods.
Interior, exterior and boundary. Points, Convergent sequences, Coarser and finer topologies.
Metrics on Products, Incomplete and Complete Metric Spaces
Bases and sub-bases. Topology generated by classess of sets, Subspaces and relative
topology.
Alternate methods of defining a topology in terms of Kuratowski Closure Operator and
Neighbourhood Systems.
Unit – II : Continuous functions and homeomorphism (Metric space / topological space
continued).
First and Second Countable spaces. Lindelof’s theorems. Separable spaces. Second
Countability and Separability.
Separation axioms T0, T1, T3 ½, T4; their Characterizations and basic properties. Urysohn’s
lemma. Tietze extension theorem.
Unit – III : Compactness. Continuous functions and compact sets. Basic properties of
compactness. Compactness and finite intersection properly. Sequentially and countably
compact sets. Local compactness and one point compactification. Stone-vech
compactification. Compactness in metric spaces. Equivalence of comptactness, countable
compactness and sequential compactness in metric spaces.

MM – 4014 : COMPLEX ANALYSIS

Unit – I Complex integration. Cauchy-Goursat Theorem. Cauchy’s integral formula.
Higher order derivatives. Morera’s theorem. Cauchy’s inequality and Liouville’s theorem.
The fundamental theorem of algebra. Taylor’s theorem. Maximum modulus principle.
Schwarz lemma. Laurent’s series.

Unit – II Isolated singularities. Meromorphic functions. The argument principle.

Rouch’s theorem inverse function theorem. Residues. Cauchy’s residue theorem. Evaluation
of integrals. Branches of many valued functions with special reference to arg z, log z and z n.

Unit – III Bilinear transformations, their properties and classifications. Definitions and
examples of Conformal mapping. Harmonic functions on a disk. Harnack’s inequality.
Canonical products. Jensen’s formula, Poisson-Jesen formula. Hadamard’s three circles
theorem.

References:
1. J.B. Conway: Functions of One Complex Variable, Springer-Verlag, International
Student Edn., Narosa Pub. House, 2002
2. Liang-Shin Hahn and Bernard Epstein: Classical Complex Analysis, Jones and
Bertlett Pub. International, London, 1996.
3. Walter Ruddin: Real & Complex Analysis, 3 rd Edn. McGraw-Hill Book Co. 1987.
4. S. Punnasamy: Foundation to Complex Analysis, Narosa Pub. House, 1997.
5. H.A. Priestly: Introduction to Complex Analysis, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1990.
6. H.S. Kasana: Complex Variables; Theory and Applications, Printice-Hall of India,
New Delhi, 2005.
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MM - 4015 : ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Unit – I : Initial value problem and Nagumo’s and Osgood’s criteria, Gronwall’s inequality.
Maximal and Minimal solutions. Upper and lower solution with example. Concepts of local
existence, existence in the large and uniqueness of solutions with examples.
Unit – II : Linear second order equations – Preliminaries. Basic facts. Self adjoint
equation. Theorems of Sturm. Sturm-Liouville Boundary Value Problems. Number of zeros.
Nonoscillatory equations and principal solutions. Nonoscillation theorems.
Second order Boundary value problems – Linear problems. Nonlinear problems. Green’s
function.
Unit – III : Poincare-Bendixson Theory – Autonomous systems. Lypunov function. Index of
a stationary point. Poincare-Bendixson theorem. Stability of periodic solutions, rotation
points. Foci, nodes and saddles points.
References
1. M.D. Raisinghania, Advanced Differential Equation; S. Chand, New Delhi
2. S.L. Ross, Differential Equation, Wiley Student Edition, India
3. C.H. Edwards & D. E. Penney, Differential Equations and Boundary value Problem,
Pearson, New Delhi

SECOND SEMESTER
MM – 4021 : MODULE THEORY
Preliminary: Vector space, Linear independence, spanning set, dimension,
Unit – I : Definition of modules with examples, module homomorphism and quotient
modules, correspondence theorems, direct sum of modules, cyclic modules, simple modules.
Semi-simple modules. Completely reducible modules, Schur’s Lemma. Free modules, rings
with invariance of rank property, direct sum and exact sequences.( refer chapter 14 of
Bhattacharya et al chapter 4 of Vivek Sahai and Vikas Bist)
Unit – II : Noetherian and artinian modules and rings-Hilbert basis theorem, Wedderburn-
Artin theorem. Smith normal form of a matrix over a principal ideal domain and rank.(refer
chapt 19, 20 of Bhattacharya et al)
Unit – III : Fundamental structure theorem for finitely generated modules over a principal
ideal domain and its applications to finitely generated abelian groups. Rational canonical
form. Generalized Jordan form over any field. (refer chapter 21 of Bhattacharya et al)

References
1. I.N. Herstein, Topics in Algebra, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi, 1975.
2. P.B. Bhattacharya, S.K. Jain and S.R. Nagpaul, Basic Abstract Algebra (2 nd
Edition), Cambridge University Press, Indian Edition, 1997.
3. Vivek Sahai and Vikas Bist, Algebra, Narosa Publishing, 1999
4. M. Artin, Algebra, Prentice-Hall of India, 1991.
5. P.M. Cohn, Algebra, Vols. I, II & III, John Wiley & Sons, 1982, 1989, 1991.
6. N. Jacobson, Basic Algebra, Vols. I & II, W.H. Freeman, 1980 (also published by
Hindustan Publishing Company).
7. S. Lang, Algebra, 3rd edition, Addison-Wesley, 1993.
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8. I.S. Luther and I.B.S. Passi, Algebra, Vol.I-Groups, Vol.II-Rings, Narosa

Publishing House (Vol.I-1996, Vol.II-1999).
9. D.S. Malik, J.N. Mordeson, and M.K. Sen, Fundamentals of Abstract, McGraw-
Hall, International Edition, 1997.
10. K.B. Datta, Matrix and Linear Algebra, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi, 2000.
11. S.K. Jain, A. Gunawardena and P.B. Bhattacharya, Basic Linear Algebra with
MATLAB, Key College Publishing (Springer-Verlag), 2001.
12. S. Kumaresan, Linear Algebra, A Geometric Approach, Prentice-Hall of India,
2000.
13. I. Stewart, Galois Theory, 2nd edition, Chapman and Hall, 1989.
14. J.P. Escofier, Galois theory, GTM Vol.204, Springer, 2001.
15. T.Y. Lam, Lectures on Modules and Rings, GTM Vol. 189, Springer-Verlag,
1999.
16. D.S. Passman, A Course in Ring Theory, Wadsworth and Brooks/Cole Advanced
Books and Softwares, Pacific Groves, California, 1991.

MM – 4022 : REAL ANALYSIS - II

Preliminaries: Real Analysis-I
Unit-I: Lebesgue outer measure, Measurable sets, Regularity, Non measurable sets,
Measurable functions, measurability of constant functions, measurability of continuous
functions and measurability of sum, difference and product of measurable functions.

Unit-II: Integration of Non negative function, Fatou Lemma, the general integral, integration
of series, Riemann and Lebesgue integrals, Abstract Measure and outer measure, extension of
a measure, uniqueness of extension, completion of measure, integration with respect to a
measure

Unit-III: Signed measures, Hahn decomposition theorem, mutually singular measures,

Radon-Nikodym theorem, Lebesgue Decomposition theorem, Riesz representation theorem.

References
1. Walter Rudin, Principles of Mathematical Analysis (3rd edition) McGraw-Hill,
Kogakusha, 1976, International Student edition.
2. T.M. Apostol, Mathematical Analysis, Narosa Publishing House, new Delhi,
1985.
3. H.L. Royden, Real Analysis, Macmillan Pub. Co. Inc. 4 th Edition, New York,
1993.
4. A.J. White, Real Analysis; an introduction, Addison- Wesley publishing Co., Inc.,
1968.
5. I.P. Natanson, Theory of functions of a variable, Vol. 1, Frederick Ungar
Publishing Co., 1961.
6. G. De Barra, Measure Theory and integration, Wiley Eastern ltd., 1981.
7. P.R. Halmos, Measure Theory, Van Nostrand, Princeton, 1950.
 6

8. P.K. Jain and V.P. Gupta, Lebesgue Measure and Integration, New Age
International (P) Ltd., New Delhi, 2000.
9. T.G. Hawkins, Lebesgue’s Theory of Integration: Its Origins and Development,
Chelsea, New York, 1979.
10. J.H. Williamson, Lebesgue Integration, Holt Rinehart and Winston, Inc., New
York, 1962.

MM – 4023 : TOPOLOGY – II
Unit – I : Connected spaces. Connectedness on the real line. Components. Locally connected
spaces. Tychonoff product topology in terms of standard sub-base and its characterizations.
Projection maps. Separation axioms and product spaces. Connected and product spaces.
Compactness and product spaces (Tychonoff’s theorem). Countably and product spaces.
Unit – II : Embedding and metrization. Embedding lemma and Tychonoff embedding. The
Urysohn Metrization Theorem.
Nets and filters. Topology and convergence of nets. Hausdorffness and nets. Compactness
and nets. Filters and their convergence. Canonical way of converting nets to filters and vice-
versa. Ultra-filters and Compactness.
Unit – III : Paracompactness, Nagata-Smirnov Metrization Theorem. (See Ch.7[11])
Homotopy: Properties of Homotopic Mappings, Relative Homotopy, Homotopy type and
Retractions: Contractible Spaces
Paths: Path Connected spaces, Equivalent Paths.
Fundamental group : Formation of a Group, Isomorphism of Fundamental Groups,
Homomorphism of Fundamental Groups, Induced Homomorphism
The fundamental theorem of algebra.(Ch.2-6 [10] )
References
1. James R. Munkres, Topology, Pearson Education Asia, 2002.
2. J. Dugundji, Topology, Allyn and Bacon, 1966 (Reprinted in India by Prentice Hall
of India Pvt. Ltd.).
3. George F. Simmons, Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis, McGraw-Hall
Book Company, 1963.
4. K.D. Joshi, Introduction to General Topology, Wiley Eastern Ltd., 1983.
5. J.A. Kelley, General Topology, Van Nostrand, Reinhold Co., New York, 1995.
6. L. A. Steen and J.A. Seebach (Jr.), Counter examples in Topology, Holt, Rinehart
and Winston, New York, 1970..
7. Crump W. Baker, Introduction to Topology, Wm C. Brown Publisher, 1991..
8. M.J. Mansfield, Introduction to Topology, D. Van Nostrand Co. Inc. Princeton,
N.J., 1963.
9. B. Mendelson, Introduction to Topology, Allyn & Bacon Inc., 1962.
10. B.K. Lahiri, A First Course in Algebraic Topology, Narosa, 2000.
11. C.Wayne Patty, Foundations of Topology, Jones & Bartlet Student edition, 2010
12. P.K.Jain, Khalil Ahmad, Metric Spaces, Narosa, , 1963
13. Michael O Searcold, Metric Spaces, Springer, 2008
14. Fred H. Croom, Principles of Topology, Cengage Learning, 2009
15. Seymour Lipschutz, General Toplogy, Schaum’s Outline Series, 1981
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MM – 4024 : FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS

Unit – I: Normed linear spaces. Banach spaces and examples. Quotient space of
normed linear spaces and its completeness, equivalent norms. Riesz Lemma, basis properties
of finite dimensional normed linear spaces and compactness. Weak convergence and bounded
linear transformations, normed linear spaces of bounded linear transformations, dual spaces
with examples.

Unit – II: Uniform boundedness theorem and some of its consequences. Open mapping
and closed graph theorems. Hahn-Banach theorem for real linear spaces, complex linear
spaces and normed linear spaces. Reflexive spaces.

Unit – III: Inner product spaces. Hilbert spaces. Orthonormal Sets. Bessel’s inequality.
Complete orthonormal sets and Parseval’s identity. Structure of Hilbert spaces. Projection
theorem. Riesz representation theorem.

References:
1. H.L. Royden: Real Analysis, Macmillan Pub. Co. Inc. New York, 4 th Edition, 1993.
2. C. Goffman and G. Pedrick: First Course in Functional Analysis, Prentice Hall of
India, New Delhi, 1987.
3. P.K. Jain, O.P. Ahuja and Khalil Ahmad: Functional Analysis, New Age
International (P) Ltd. & Wiley Eastern Ltd. New Delhi, 1997.
4. R.B. Holmos: Geometric Functional Analysis and its Applications, Springer-
Verlag, 1975.
5. K.K. Jha: Functional Analysis, Students’ Friends, 1982.
6. L.V. Kantorovich and G.P. Akilov: Functional Analysis, Pergamon Press, 1982.
7. D. Kreyszig: Introductory Functional Analysis with Applications, John Wiley &
Sons, New York, 1978.

MM-4025: PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

Unit – I : Examples of PDE. Classification.
Transport Equation – Initial value Problem. Non-homogeneous Equation.
Laplace’s Equation – Fundamental Solution, Mean and Formulas, Properties of Harmonic
Functions, Green’s Function, Energy Methods.
Heat Equation – Fundamental Solution, Mean Value Formulation, Properties of Solutions,
Energy Methods.
Wave Equation – Solution by Spherical Means, Non-homogeneous Equations, Energy
Methods.
Unit – II : Nonlinear First Order PDE – Complete Integrals, Envelopes, Characteristics,
Hamilton-Jacobi Equations (Calculus of Variations, Hamilton’s ODE, Legendre Transform,
Hopt-Lax Formula, Weak Solutions, Uniqueness), Conservation Laws (Lax-Oleinik formula,
Weak Solutions).
Unit – III : Representation of Solutions – Separation of Variables, Similarity Solutions
(Plane and Travelling Waves, Similarity under Scaling), Fourier and Laplace Transform,
Hopf-Cole Transform, Hodograph and Legendre Transforms, Potential Functions, Power
 8

Series (Non-characteristics Surfaces, Real Analytic Functions, Cauchy-Kovalevskaya

Theorem).

1. L.C. Evans, Partial Differential Equations, Graduate Studies in Mathematics,

Volume 19, AMS, 1998.
2. Books with the above title by I.N. Sneddon, F. John. P. Prasad and R. Ravindran,
Amarnath etc.
3. I.M. Gelfand and S.V. Fomin, Calculus of Variations, Prentice Hall.

THIRD SEMESTER

MM – 5011 : RECREATIONAL MATHEMATICS

(choice based; for students of other Departments)

Unit-I
Basic Set Theory: Notations, Venn Diagram, Union, Intersection, Complement,
Comparable, sets of Numbers, Line Diagram of the Number System, Intervals,
Algebra of Sets. (Ch.2, 3, 7[1])
Fundamentals: Order Relation, Absolute Value, Summation Notation, Indexed
Summation, Product Notation, Mathematical Induction, Well Ordering Principle.
Recursion, Handshake Problem, Tower of Brahma, Binomial Theorem, Pascal’s
Identity, Pascal’s Triangle, Magic Squares, Geometrical Patterns [2].
Polygonal, Triangular , Square, Pentagonal, Hexagonal, Pyramidal. Triangular
Pyramidal, Square Pyramidal, Pentagonal Pyramidal, Hexagonal Pyramidal[2].
Unit-II
Congruences: Basic properties of congruences, congruence classes, linear
congruence, solutions, Chinese Remainder Theorem, Some special theorems,
Fermat’s little theorem, Euler’s theorem, Wilson’s theorem, Application of
congruence; Divisibility test, check digits ([2], [3], [4]).

Palindromic number , Taxicab number(Hardy-Ramanujan Nunber)[6].

Pythagorean Triples, Pythagorean triples and the unit circle (Ch. 2 & 3[3]).
Fibonacci Numbers, Fibonacci sequence, Fibonacci Problem, Dynamical Growth of
rabbit population and Fibonacci sequence, Some Fascinating Numbers of Lucas,
Examples of Mathematics in Nature, Geometric shapes, Symmetry, Fibonacci Spiral,
Golden Ratio, Fractals (Ch.2[2], Ch.1[4])

Unit-III
Detection of error in an ISBN, ISSN, product code(UPC), credit card check digit,
application of congruences in sports, setting time table for tournaments.([4], [5])

Historical Notes on S. Ramanujan, G. Hardy, Paul Erdos, Aryabhatra,

Brahmagupta, Bhaskara [6].
 9

References:
1. Seymour Lipschutz, Set Theory and Related Topics, Schaum’s Outline Series,
TMH/McGraw Hill
2. Thomas Koshy: Elementary Number Theory with Applications, 2e, Elsevier,
ISBN 978-81-312-1859-4, wikipedia]
3. Joseph H. Silverman: A Friendly Introduction to Number Theory, 4e,
PearsonIN, ISBN:978-93-325-3523-7.
4. Neville Robbins, Beginning Number Theory, 2e, Jones & Barlett Learning,
ISBN 978-93-84323-17-2.
5. M.K.Sen; B.C.Chakraborty, Discrete Mathematics, NCBA Publishers.
6. Wikepedia

MM5012: Any one of the following (subject to availability of course i.c.)

(a) FLUID DYNAMICS

Unit-I: Governing equations of fluid motion: Lagrangian and Eulerian methods of

description, stream line, path line, vorticity and circulation, equation of continuity in
fluid motion (in Lagrangian and Eulerian methods). Equivalence of the two form of
continuity, boundary correction, Eulers equations of motion, Cauchy integrals,
equation of energy.

Unit-II: Motion in two dimensions: Two dimensional motions, stream function,

complex potential, source, sink and doublet; image, image in two dimension; image of
a source with regard to a plane, a circle and a sphere; image of a doublet, Milne-
Thomson circle theorem.

Unit-III: Motion in three dimension: uniform motion of a sphere in a liquid,

axisymmetric motion; vortex motion Helmholtz properties of vortices velocity in a
vortex field, Motion of a circular vortex, Infinite rows of vortices, Karman vortex
street; Navier Stokes equations, Reynold numbers.

References:
1. F. Chorlton, Text of fluid dynamics , Van Nostrand Reinhold Co
2. D.E Rutherford, Fluid Dynamics , Oliver Boyd
3. Shantiswarup, Hydrodynamics , Krishna Prakashan
4. L.M. Milne Thomson, Theoretical Hydrodynamics, Dover Books in Physics
5. H. Lamb, Hydrodynamics, Cambridge Mathematical Library, 6e
6. W.H.Besant and A.S. Ramsey, A treatise of Hydromechanics
7. Bansilal, Theoretical Hydrodynamics
 10

(b) DISCRETE MATHEMATICS

Preliminary: Relations on a set, binary operations, matrix of a relation, operations on

relation, inverse of a relation, complement of a relation, transitive closure, Warshall’s
algorithm
Unit I: Partially ordered sets, Hasse Diagram, Isomorphism, Extremal elements, lattices,
types of lattices, distributive lattice, modular lattice, complemented lattice, complete lattice,
lattices as algebraic structures, sub lattices, isomorphic lattices, join irreducible elements,
Boolean Algebra, Two element Boolean algebra, Boolean expression, dual of a Boolean
expression, finite Boolean algebra (Bn), functions on Boolean algebra, logical diagram for
Boolean polynomials using AND, NOT, OR gates, simplification of circuits, atoms and
minterms, Disjunctive and conjunctive normal forms, Karnaugh map method [ref: Kolman
chap 4 and 7, M.K Sen chap 5]
Unit – II : Definition of a graph, incidence and degree, isolated vertex, pendant vertex, Null
graph, complete graph, regular graph, bipartite graph, isomorphism, subgraph, induced
subgraph, complement of a graph, Ramsey number, connected and disconnected graph,
Intersection graphs, line graphs, operations on graphs, paths, walks, trails, cycles/circuits,
connectedness and connectivity, Menger’s theorem, blocks, cutpoints, bridges [ref : N. Deo
chap 1,2; F. Harary chap 2,3,5,8]
Unit – III : Trees, characterization of trees, centers and centroids, pendant certices in a tree,
spanning tress, fundamental cycles,fundamental cutsets, spanning tree algorithm, Eulerian
graphs, Hamiltonian graphs, Travelling Salesman problem, Planar graphs, Euler’s formula for
planar graphs, Kuratowski’s theorem, Matrix representation of a graph [F. Harary chap
4,7,11,13; Deo chap 2,3,4,5,7]
References
1. C.L. Liu, Elements of Discrete Mathematics, Mc-Graw-Hill Book Co.
2. N. Deo, Graph Theory with Applications to Engineering and Computer Sciences,
Prentice Hall of India.
3. F Harary, Graph Theory, Addison Wisley Publishing Company Repinted Narosa
Publishing House
4. J.P. Tremblay & R. Manohar, Discrete Mathematical Structures with Applications
to Computer Science, McGraw-Hill Book Co. 1997.
5. J.L. Gersing, Mathematical Structures for Computer Science, (3 rd edition),
Computer Science Press, New York.
6. Seymour Lepschutz, Finite Mathematics (International edition 1983), McGraw-
Hill Book Company, New York.
7. S. Wiitala, Discrete Mathematics – A Unified Approach, McGraw-Hill Book Co.
8. J.E. Hopcroft and J.D. Ullman, Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages &
Computation, Narosa Publishing House.
9. Kolman, Busby, Ross, Discrete Mathematical Structures, Prentice Hall of India
(reprint)
10. M.K Sen , B C Chakraborty, Introduction to Discrete Mathematics, NCBA
Publishers
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(c) OPERATIONS RESEARCH

Unit – I: Operations Research and its Scope. Linear Programming – Simplex
Method. Theory of the Simplex Method. Duality and Sensitivity analysis. Dual
Simplex Method. Parametric Linear Programming. Upper Bound Technique. Interior
Point Algorithm. Linear Goal Programming.

Unit – II: Transportation and Assignment Problems. Network Analysis –

Shortest Path Problem. Minimum Spanning Tree Problem. Maximum Flow Problem.
Minimum Cost Flow Problem. Network Simplex Method. Project Planning and
Control with PERT-CPM.

Unit – III: Game theory – Two-person, Zero – sum Games, Games with Mixed
Strategies. Graphical Solution. Solution by Linear Programming. Kuhn-Tucker
Conditions for Constrained Optimization. Quadratic Programming. Separable
Programming.

MM - 5013 : NUMBER THEORY

Unit I : Congruences: Properties, Residue system, Applications of congruences-(Fermat

Little Theorem, Euler’s Theorem, Wilson’s Theorem, Converse and their Applications), Solutions of
Congruences, Linear Diophantine Equations, Algebraic Congruences, Simultaneous Congruences,
Chinese Remainder Theorem.
Unit II: Primitive Roots and indices: Order of a Positive Integer, Primality Tests, Primitive
Roots for Primes, Composites with Primitive Roots, Algebra of Indices
The Group of Units : Units in Z n
, Group U n , Primitive Roots, Group U p e , where p is

an odd prime, Group U 2e , Existence of primitive roots, Application of primitive roots, ( Ch. 5, 6, [8])

Unit III: Partitions: Introduction, Graphical Representation, Euler’s Partition Theorem,

Searching for Partition Identities
Farey Sequences and Continued Fractions: Farey Sequence, Continued Fractions, Finite
Continued Fractions, Infinite Continued Fractions, Application to Equations, Pell’s Equation ,
Fibonacci Numbers, Fibonacci Sequence, Certain Identities involving Fibonacci Numbers,

Refertences:
1.David M.Burton : Elementary Number Theory, Universal Book Stall, New Delhi
2.George E. Andrews : Number Theory, Hindustan Publishing Corporation, New Delhi
3.K.C.Chowdhury : A First Course in Theory of Numbers, Asian Books Pvt. Ltd.,
4. Ramanujachary Kumanduri; Cristina Romero : Number Theory with Computer Applications,
Prentice Hall, New Jersey
5.G.H.Hardy; E.M.Wright : An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers, OUP.
 12

6.Thomas Koshy : Elementary Number Theory with Applications, Harcourt Science and Technolgy
Company.
7. S.G.Telang (eds. M.G.Nadkarni & J.S.Dani) : Number Theory, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishging
Company Limited
8. Gareth A. Jones & J. Mary Jones, Elementary Number Theory, Springer

Elective/Special Papers (ANY TWO)

MM 5103 : GENERAL RELATIVITY AND COSMOLOGY – I
Unit – I : General Relativity – Transformation of coordinates. Tensors. Algebra of Tensors.
Symmetric and skew symmetric Tensors. Contraction of tensors and quotient law.
`Reimannian metric. Parallel transport. Christoffel Symbols. Covariant derivatives. Intrinsic
derivatives and geodesics, Riemann Christoffel curvature tensor and its symmetry properties.
Bianchi identities and Einstein tensor.
Unit – II : Review of the special theory of relativity and the Newtonian Theory of
gravitation. Principle of equivalence and general covariance, geodesic principle. Newtonian
approximation of relativistic equations of motion. Einstein’s field equations and its
Newtonian approximation.
Unit – III : Schwarzschild external solution and its isotropic form. Planetary orbits and
anologues of Kepler’s Laws in general relativity. Advance of perihelion of a planet. Bending
of light rays in a gravitational field. Vitational redshift of spectral lines. Radar echo delay.
Energy-momentum tensor of a perfect fluid. Schwarzchild internal solution. Boundary
conditions. Energy momentum tensor of an electromagnetic field. Einstein-Maxwell
equations. Reissner-Nordstrom solution.

MM – 5104: LINEAR OPERATOR THEORY-1

Unit – I: Spectral theory in formed linear spaces, resolvent set and spectrum,
spectral properties of bounded linear operators. Properties of resolvent and
spectrum. Spectral mapping theorem for polynomials.

Unit – II: Spectral radius of a bounded linear operator on a complex Banach space.
Elementary theory of Banach algebras. General properties of compact linear
operators. Spectral properties of compact linear operators on normed spaces.

Unit – III: Behaviors of Compact linear operators with respect to solvability of

operators equations. Fredholm type theorems. Fredholm alternative for integral
equations.

MM – 5105: ALGEBRAIC NUMBER THEORY-I

Unit – I: Algebraic numbers and integers, Number fields and rings of
integers: conjugate fields of an algebraic number field, field
polynomial, discriminant of an ideal, Integral basis, Norm of an ideal,
discriminant of an algebraic number field, Monogenic number field,
 13

minimal integers, Calculation of the ring of integers in cubic cases.

(chapter 4,5,6,7 of Saban Alaca & K. Williams)

Unit – II: Localization of rings and modules, Local rings, Integral closure,
Prime ideals, Galois extension, Dedekind domains, Fractional and
integral ideals in Dedekind domains, factorization, Chinese Remainder
Theorem.(chapter I article 1-6 of S Lang, chapter 8 of Saban Alaca & K
Williams))

Unit – III : Discrete Valuation rings, Absolute values and discrete

valuations, Absolute values on the rationals, Approximation theorem
and completion, Polynomials in complete fields, Hensel’s
lemma.(chapter II of S Lang)

MM – 5111 : INFORMATION THEORY-I

Unit – I : Measure of Information – Axioms for a measure of uncertainity. The Shannon
entropy and its properties. Joint and conditional entropies. Transformation and its properties.
Noiseless coding – Ingredients of noiseless coding problem. Uniquely decipherable codes.
Necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of instantaneous codes. Construction of
optimal codes.
Unit – II : Discrete Memoryless Channel – Classification of channels. Information processed
by a channel. Calculation of channel capacity. Decoding schemes. The ideal observer. The
fundamental theorem of Information theory and its strong and weak converse.
Unit – III : Continuous channels – The time-discrete Gaussian channel. Uncertainity of an
absolutely continuous random variables. The converse to the coding theorem for time-
discrete Gaussian channel. The time-continuous Gaussian channel. Band-limited channels.

MM – 5112 : DYNAMICAL SYATEMS -I

Unit-I. Examples of Dynamical Systems, Orbit of a map, fixed point, equilibrium point,
periodic point, circular map, rational and irrational rotations, configuration space and phase
space, Hyperbolicity,.
Unit-II. Quadratic map, Shift Space, Cantor Set , Sturctural stability , Sarkovskii’s theorem,
the Schwarzian derivative, local minimum and local maximum theorems, theorem of
attracting periodic orbit.

Unit-III. Conjugacy, Origin of bifurcation, turning point (critical point), pitch fork, Hopf
bifurcations. Period doubling phenomena, saddle-node bifurcation , Feigenbaum’s Universal
constant.

MM 5113 : Fixed Point Theory- I

 14

FOURTH SEMESTER

MM – 5021 : BASIC TOOLS OF MATHEMATICS

(choice based, for students of other Departments)

UNIT-I
Set Theory: Union and Intersection of Sets.
Mathematical Logic: Propositional Calculus (Propositional Logic)
Statements/Propositions, Types of Statements, Truth tables

Geometry
Three Dimensional space, Rectangular Cartesian Coordinates, Polar Coordinates,
Cylindrical Coordinates, Spherical coordinates. Change of origin, Section of a line
joining two given points.

Vectors
Addition of two or more vectors, Negative of a vector, , Subtraction of two vectors,
Multiplication of a vector by a scalar, Vector equations, Collinear vectors, Position
vector of a point, Section Ratio of a point, Linear combination of a set of vectors,
Coordinates of two and three dimensional vectors.
Product of two or three vectors.
UNIT-II
Algebra
Geometric Mean, Arithmetic Mean, Harmonic Mean and related Inequalities,
Arithmetic and Geometric Progression. Polynomial, Equation, Linear Equation,
Quadratic Equation, Roots and Coefficients, Fundamental Theorem of Algebra.
Binomial Theorem, Permutation, and Combination, Mathematical Induction
Determinants; Matrices, Solution of equations by matrix method.

Differential Calculus
Mappings, Inverse Mapping and Composite Mappings.
Limit, Continuity, Differentiation, Maxima and Minima, Tangent and normal ,
Partial Differentiation.
Series, Sequences and their Convergence

UNIT-III

Integral Calculus
Definition, Properties, Methods of Integration, Definite integrals, Infinite Integrals

Probability
Definition, Random variable (discrete and continuous), Probability Distribution
(mass function, density function, distribution function), Expectations, Some
Standard Probability Distributions (Distributions : Binomial, Poisson, Negative
Binomial, Geometric, Hypergeometric, Normal, Exponent, Uniform, Gamma, Beta, t-
distribution, F-distribution, chi-square distribution, etc.
 15

Recommended books
1. B.S.Vatssa: Discrete Mathematics ch.1, 2e, Wishwa Prakashan (A Division of
Wiley Eastern Ltd.)
2. Chansdrika Prasad: Algebra and Theory of Equations, Pothisala Pvt. Ltd.
3. Das and Mukherjee : Differential Calculus, UN Dhur & Sons Pvt. Ltd.
4. Das and Mukherjee : Integral Calculus, UN Dhur & Sons Pvt. Ltd.
5. H.T.H.Piaggio : An Elementary Treatise on Differential Equations and their
Applications, (Classic Reprint), 2018
6. Ghosh & Maity : Vector Analysis, New Central Book Agency, Kolkata
7. S.C. Gupta and V.K. Kapoor: Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics, Sultan
Chand & Sons.
8. Chjakraborty & Ghosh: Analytical Geometry and Vector Analysis, UN.Dhur
& Sons, Kolkata
9. Chjakraborty & Ghosh: Advanced Analytical Geometry , UN.Dhur & Sons,
Kolkata

MM - 5022: Mechanics
Unit – I : Generalized co-ordinates. Holonomic and Non-holonomic system. Scleronomic
and Rheonomic systems. Generalized potential. Lagrange’s equations of first kind.
Lagrange’s equations of second kind. Uniqueness of solution. Energy equation for
conservative fields.
Hamilton’s variables. Hamilton canonical equations. Cyclic co-ordinates. Poisson’s Identity.
Jacobi-Poisson Theorem. Motivating problems of calculus of variations, Shortest distance.
Minimum surface of revolution. Geodesic. Fundamental lemma of calculus of variations.
Euler’s equation for one dependent function and its generalization to ‘n’ dependent functions.
Unit – II : Hamilton’s Principle. Principle of least action. Hamilton-Jacobi equation. Jacobi
theorem. Method of separation of variables. *Lagrange Brackets, Poisson Brackets,
Condition of canonical character of a transformation in terms of Lagrange brackets and
Poisson brackets. Invariance of Lagrange brackets and Poisson brackets under canonical
transformations.
Unit – III : Gravitation - Attraction and potential and potential of rod, disc, spherical shells
and sphere. Surface integral of normal attraction (application & Gauss’ theorem). Laplace
and Poisson equations. Work done by self-attracting systems. Distributions for a given
potential. Equipotential surfaces. Surface and solid harmonics. Surface density in terms of
surface harmonics.
References
1. A.S. Ramsey, Dynamics Part II, The English Language Book Society and Cambridge
University Press, 1972.
2. F. Gantmacher, Lectures in Analytic Mechanics, MIR Publishers, Mowcow, 1975.
3. H. Goldstein, Classical Mechanics (2nd edition), Narosa Publishing House, New
Delhi.
4. S.L. Loney, An Elementary Treatise on Statics, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, 1979.
 16

5. A.S. Ramsey, Newtonian Gravitation, The English Language Book Society and the
Cambridge University Press.
6. Narayan Chandra Rana & Pramod Sharad Chandra Joag, Classical Mechanics, Tata
McGraw Hill, 1991.
7. Louis N. Hand and Janet D. Finch, Analytical Mechanics, Cambridge University
Press, 1998.

MM-5023 : COMPUTER PROGRAMMING IN C : Theory and Practical

Computer Programming in C (Theory) : 70 Marks
UNIT-I
Character sets for C, Constants and Variables in C, Arithmetic Expressions in C,
Assignment & Multiple Assignments and Mode of Statements in C, Built-in
functions and Libraries in C, Input and Output Statements in C, Comment
Statements, Data Types, TYPE Declarations, Statement Labels, Elementary Programs
in C.
UNIT-II
Logical IF Statements in C, Switch, Break, Continue GOTO Statements in C, WHILE,
FOR, DO WHILE Loops in C.
UNIT-III
Subscripted Variables and Arrays in C, Array Variables, Syntax Rules, Use of
Multiple Subscripts in Arrays, Reading and Writing Multi-Dimensional Arrays, For
Loops, For Arrays in C, Format Specifications in C.

Computer Programming in C (Practical) : 30 Marks

Programs for Practical
1. To write a program for finding average of a student’s mark in an examination.
2. To convert the given temperature in Celsius to Fahrenheit using the
temperature conversion formula.
3. To convert a given number of days into months and days by using integer
arithmetic.
4. To calculate a salesman’s salary by assuming appropriate data.
5. To evaluate the roots of a given quadratic equation.
6. To evaluate the power series
x 2 x3 xn
e 1 x    ...  , 0  x  1
x

2! 3! n!
using if ............else statement to test the accuracy.

7. To select and print the largest of the three numbers using nestet if.........else
statements.
8. To read electric consumer number and power consumed charge and to print
the amount to be paid by the consumer.
9. To determine the area of a triangle using the formula
A(area)  s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c) where 2s  a  b  c .
 17

10. To read the Basic pay and print the Bonus, ex-gratia and the total salary of an
employee by assuming fictitious data.
11. To arrange given set of numbers in increasing/decreasing order and calculate
Mean.
12. To evaluate the sum of powers series : e x , sin x,cos x, log (1  x) .
13. To calculate the GCD/LCM of two integers.
14. To evaluate factorial of the binomial coefficients mod 2.
15. To test the primality of an integer a  1 by Sieve method (Sieve of
Eratosthenes.
16. To generate twin primes.
17. To find solution of congruence using complete residue system.

Reference Books
1. Balagurusamy, E: Programming in ANSI C, 7e, Mc.Graw Hill India
2. Xavier, C : C Language and Numerical Methods, New Age International Ltd.
Pub.,2007.
3. Kamthane, A.N.: Programming with ANSI and Turbo C, Pearson Education
Pub., 3e, 2015.
4. Kernighan, B.W. and Ritche, D.M. : The C Programming Language, PHI, 2e,
1989.
5. V. Rajaraman : Computer Programming in C, PHI
6. Chattapadhyay, A.K. and Chattapadhyay, T. : Computer Applications of
Mathematics and Statistics, Asian Books Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 2005.

Elective/Special Papers (ANY TWO)

MM – 5203 : GENERAL RELATIVITY AND COSMOLOGY – II
Unit – I : Cosmology – Mach’s principle, Einstein modified field equations with
cosmological term. Static Cosmological models of Einstein and De-Sitter, their derivation,
properties and comparison with the actual universe.
Unit – II : Hubble’s law. Cosmological principles. Weyl’s postulate. Derivation of
Robertson-Walker metric. Hubble and deceleration parameters. Redshift. Redshipft versus
distance relation. Angular size versus redshift relation and source counts in Robertson-
Walker space-time.
Unit – III : Friedmann models. Fundamental equations of dynamical cosmology. Critical
density. Closed and open Universe. Age of the universe. Matter dominated era of the
Universe. Einstein-de-Sitter model. Particle and even horizons. Eddington-Lamaitre models
with I-term. Perfect cosmological principle. Steady state cosmology.
References
1. C.E. Weatherburn, An Introduction to Riemannian Geometry and the tensor
Calculus, Cambridge University Press, 1950.
 18

2. H. Stepheni, General Relativity : An Introduction to the theory of the gravitational

field, Cambridge University Press, 1982.
3. A.S. Eddington, The Mathematical Theory of Relativity, Cambridge University
Press, 1965.
4. J.V. Narlikar, General Relativity and Cosmology; The Macmillan Company of
India Ltd., 1978.
5. R. Adlev, M. Bazin, M. Schiffer, Introduction to general relativity, McGraw Hill
Inc., 1975.
6. B.F. Shutz, A first course in general relativity, Cambridge University Press, 1990.
7. S. Weinberg, Gravitation and Cosmology : Principles and applications of the
general theory of relativity, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1972.
8. J.V. Narlikar, Introduction to Cosmology, Cambridge University Press, 1993.
9. R.K. Sachs and H. Wu., General Relativity for Mathematician, Springer Verlag,
1977.
10. L.D. Landau and E.M. Lifshitz, The classical theory of Fields, Pergamon Press,
1980.
11. J.L. Synge, Relativity : The general theory, North Holland Pub. Company, 1976.

MM – 5204: LINEAR OPERATOR THEORY-1I

Unit – I: Spectral properties of bounded self-adjoint linear operators on a complex

Hilbert space. Positive operators. Monotone sequence theorem for bounded self-
adjoint operators on a complex Hilbert space. Square roots of a positive operator.
Projection operators. Spectral family of a bounded self-adjoint linear operator and its
properties. Spectral representation of bounded self-adjoint linear operators. Spectral
theorem.
Unit – II: Spectral measures. Spectral Integrals. Regular Spectral Measures. Real and
Complex Spectral Measures. Complex Spectral Integrals. Description of the Spectral
Subspaces. Characterization of the Spectral Subspaces. The Spectral theorem for
bounded Normal Operators.

Unit – III: Unbounded linear operators in Hilbert space. Hellinger-Toeplitz theorem.

Hilbert adjoint operators. Symmetric and self-adjoint linear operators. Closed linear
operators and closures. Spectrum of an unbounded self-adjoint linear operator.
Spectral theorem for unitary and self-adjoint linear operators. Multiplication
operator and Differentiation Operators.

References:
1. E. Kreyszig, Introductory Functional Analysis with applications, John-
Wiley & sons, New York, 1978.
2. P.R. Halmo, Introduction to Hilbert Space and the theory of Spectral
Multiplicity, 2nd Edition, Chelsea Publishing Co., NY, 1957.
3. N. Dunford and J.T. Schwatz, Linear Operators – 3 parts,
Interscience/Wiley, NY, 1958-71.
4. G. Bachman and L. Narici, Functional Analysis, Academic Press, NY, 1966.
 19

5. Akhiezer, N.I. and I.M. Glazman, Theory of Linear Operators in Hilbert

Spaces, Frederick Ungar Pub. Co. NY, Vol-I (1961), Vol-II (1963).
6. P.R. Halmos, A Hilbert Spaces Problem Book, D. Van Nostrand Co. Inc.
1967.

MM – 5205: ALGEBRAIC NUMBER THEORY-II

Unit – I: Ramification, Norm of a prime ideal and ramification,
Complementary modules, the different and discriminant, Roots of
unity, Cyclotomic polynomials, cyclotomic extensions.(chapter III & IV
of S Lang)

Unit – II: Class group, Class number, Minkowski’s Translate theorem,

Minkowski’s Convex body theorem, minkowski’s linear form theorem,
Finiteness of ideal class group and class number.(chapter 12 of Saban
Alaca & K Williams)

Unit – III: Valuation of an element of a number field, Properties of

valuations, Proofs of Dirichelet’s Unit Theorem, Pell’s equation, Units
in real quadratic fields. (chapter 11 & 13 of Saban Alaca & K Williams)

References:
1. S. Lang: Algebraic Number theory, GTM Vol. 110, springer Verlag, 1994.
2. J. Esmonde, M. Ram Murty: Problems in Algebraic Number Theory, GTM Vol.
190, springer verlag, 1999.
3. Sukumar Das Adhikari: An introduction to Commutative Algebra and Number
Theory, Narosa 1999.
4. Saban Alaca, Kenneth S. Williams: Introductory Algebraic Number Theory, CUP
2004.
5. Ian Stewart, David Tall: Algebraic Number Theory, Chapman and Hall, 1989.
6. David S Dummit, Richard M Foote, Abstract Algebra, John Wiley and Sons
7. R. A. Mollin: Algebraic Number Theory, Chapman and Hall, 1999.

MM – 5211 : INFORMATION THEORY-II

Unit – I : Some imuitive properties of a measure of entropy – Symmetry, normalization,
expansibility, boundedness, recursivity maximality, stability, additivity, subaddivity,
nonnegativity, continuity etc. and interconnections among them. Axiomatic characterization
of the Shannon entropy due to Shannon and Fadeev.
Unit – II : Information functions, the fundamental equation of information, information
functions continuous at the origin, nonnegative bounded information functions, measurable
information functions and entropy, Axiomatic characterizations of the Shannon entropy due
to Tveberg and Leo. The general solution of the fundamental equation of information.
Derivations and their role in the study of information functions.
Unit – III : The branching property. Some Characterizations of the Shannon entropy based
upon the branching property. Entropies with the sum property. The Shannon inequality.
 20

Subadditive, additive entropies. The Renji entropies. Entropies and mean values. Average
entropies and their equality, optimal coding and the Renji entropies. Characterization of some
measures of average code length.
References
1. R. Ash, Information Theory, Interscience Publishers, New York, 1965.
2. F.M. Reza, An Introduction to Information Theory, MacGraw-Hill Book
Company Inc., 1961.
3. J. Aczel and Z. Daroczy, On measures of information and their characterizations,
Academic Press, New York.

MM – 5212: DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS-II

Unit-I. Higher dimensional dynamical systems, two dimensional and three dimensional linear
dynamical systems, Invariants sets, Lyapunove functions , stability .

Unit-II. Continuous Dynamical Systems, Phase curves and fixed points classification of
linear systems, eigen values and stability, analysing non linear systems, linearization ,
linearization theorem,

Unit- III. Logistic Model, case studies of lead absorbtion in the body and prey-predator
model. Introduction to topological dynamics, subsystem, conjugacy, transitivity, minimality ,
sensitive dependence on initial conditions , dense orbit, Chaos,
.
Text Books
1. Robert L. Devaney, An Intoduction to Chaotic Dynamical Systems, Addison-Wesley
Publishing Co. Inc., 1989.
2. J Berry, Introduction to Non-Linear Systems, Arnold ( A member of the Holder
Headline Group)1996,

References
1. D.K. Arrowosmith, Introduction to Dynamical Systems, Cambridge University Press,
1990
2. V.I. Arnold, Dynamical Systems V-bifurcation theory and catastrophy theory,
Springer –Verlag, 1992
3. V.I. Arnold, Dynamical Systems III-Mathematical aspects of classical and celestial
mechanics 2nd edition, Springer –Verlag, 1992
4. Douglass Lind and Brian Marcus, An Introduction to symbolic dynamics and coding,
Cambridge University Press (1996)
5. Michael Brin and Garrett Stuck, Introduction to dynamical systems, Cambridge
University Press , 2002
6. P.G. Drazin, Nonlinear Systems, Cambridge University Press, 1993

7. B. Hasselblatt and A. Katok, Handbook of Dynamical Systems

Volume 1, Part A, North Holland, 2002.

MM 5213: FIXED POINT THEORY-II

21