Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The number of people who visited HN The number of people visiting Hanoi/ the
number of visitors
OVERVIEW
The overall trend was upward/ downward Xu hướng tổng thể là tăng/ giảm
All figures experienced ... except for ... Tất cả các chỉ số đều chứng kiến ... ngoại trừ
...
Experienced the fastest growth Đã chứng kiến sự tăng trưởng mạnh nhất
There were significant changes in ... Đã có sự thay đổi lớn trong ...
LINE GRAPH
A. SENTENCE STRUCTURES
1) Time, S + V + adv
From 2000 to 2005, the number of workers decreased sharply.
2) There + be + a/an + adj + N + in + S + time
There was a sharp decrease in the number of workers over the 5-year period.
Stayed constant
Degree Speed
D. PREPOSITIONS
A decrease Of + amount of
change
E. CONNECTING SENTENCES
1) Before/After + V-ing, S + V + adv
After declining rapidly, the number of cars increased remarkably.
Both P and Q rate rose / fell + time, but the Unemployment rates in both countries rose
figures for P were significantly higher. over the period shown, but the figures for
the US were significantly higher.
The most + adj + N was seen in the X The most dramatic decrease was seen in
sector. the industrial sector.
The biggest change was seen in …, which The biggest change was seen in the
fell/rose + adv over the period. proportion of Internet users in the US,
which fell steadily over the period.
Of the x items, S + V + the most … Of the 6 items, consumers spent the most
money on laptops.
The X was the most + adj + type + time Football was the most common type of
hobbies from the late 1970’s onwards.
X accounted for / took up / occupied the Plants accounted for the largest proportion
largest proportion of Y. of electricity used.
There were more X than Y + Ving, figure A In 2003, there were more boys than girls
versus figure B. suffering obesity, over 700 thousand
versus about 650 thousand.
The X rate rose / increased by …, but there From 1990 to 200, the employment rate in
was a much smaller rise/increase in Y. Yemen rose by 40%, but there was a much
smaller rise in the figure for Italy.
The figures for A and B were lower, at The figures for oil and gas were much
about x% and y% respectively. lower, at about 12% and 8% respectively.
BAR CHART
COMPARISON STRUCTURE:
1) Superlative: A + be + the + adj-est/most adj/least adj + in (group)
Eg: The population of Germany was the greatest in 11 countries mentioned/given
2) Comparative
S1 + be + adj-er/more adj/less adj + than S2 with Number
Eg: The population of France with 65mil was higher than that of Italy with 60mil
There + be + more N/ fewer Ncp / less Nunc + Ving/Vp2 + than S2
Eg: There were more people in France living than (that) in Italy
More/Fewer/Less + N + Vpast + than S2
Eg: More people lived in France than in Italy
S1 + V1 while S2 + V2
Eg: The population of France was 65mil while that of Italy was 60mil
Notice: The population of France was higher than that of Italy with 65mil and 60mil
respectively (lần lượt)
3) Equalative
S1 + be + as adj as + S2
Eg: The population of Brazil was as high as that of Czech and Greece
There be as many Ncp/ as much Nunc + Ving/Vp2 as S2
Eg: There were as many people living in Brazil as in Czech and Greece
As many Ncp/ As much Nunc + Vpast + as + S2
S1 + be + the same as/similar to + S2
Eg: The population of Brazil was the same as that of Czech and Greece
PIE CHART
A. SENTENCE STRUCTURES
66% of people = a large proportion of = Nuclear power became the most important
precisely two thirds of … fuel source in France in 2000, producing
almost 75% of the country’s electricity.
Constituted 35% of …
COMPARISON
A. Comparison between sentences
In comparison Almost 50% of the English, Scots, and Northern Irish chose to stay in a
hotel for their holiday. In comparison, staying in self-catering
accommodation was much less popular with around 10% of people
choosing this.
However The general pattern was for hotel accommodation to be the most
popular with around half people choosing it. The majority of the
Welsh, however, chose to stay in self-catering accommodation.
On the other It is clear that a majority of the British chose to stay in hotel for their
hand holiday. On the other hand, there was an exception to this because over
50% of the Welsh opted for self-catering accommodation.
Whereas Whereas the majority of the French prefer to travel to work by train, only
a small minority of the British do.
Although Although 15% of the French read novels, only 5% of the British do.
But Almost 25% of French females study maths with a private tutor, but
nearly 60% study English with one.
Three / Four times Four times as many people chose to heat their house with
electricity as with gas.
PROCESS
A. Some Notes
1) 2 types of Process and things to remember
2) Sequencing Language
- The first stage is when …. + Clause - Next, / Then, / Afterwards, / Subsequently, /
After that, / Following that, At the next stage
- The first step involves + V-ing of the process, + Clause
- Firstly / Initially + Clause - At the fourth stage of the process,
- Finally / The process ends when
Example
- The third step is when the bricks are put in a cooling chamber.
- The process ends when the bricks are packaged and ready to be delivered to customers.
3) Synonyms: End = Culminate; At the same time = While = As = Simultaneously
B. Useful expressions for Introduction
- The diagram / process + illustrates / demonstrates / shows + the procedures / the various
stages / steps in producing + something.
- The diagram / process shows + how + something is / are manufactured / produced.
-> With example:
1/ A + shows / describes / illustrates + how + clause
E.g: The diagram below shows how salt is removed from sea water to make it
drinkable.
2/ A + shows / describes / illustrates + noun
Note: Illustrate thường được dùng cho diagram để miêu tả 1 quá trình gì đó
MAP
SENTENCE STRUCTURES TO DESCRIBE MAPS
1/ Chủ động: S (sự vật mới) + V (động từ miêu tả sự thay đổi) + O (sự vật cũ)
- A new stadium replaced a number of houses along the coast.
- Some factories took the place of many trees on the right bank of the river.
2. Bị động: O (sự vật cũ) + was/ were + PII (replaced/ removed/ demolished...+ by/ to
make way for/ to give way to + S (sự vật mới)
- The old shopping center was demolished to make way for several offices and a
university.
- The industrial complex was extended towards the South.
2/ Time + witnessed / experienced / showed + N (danh từ miêu tả sự thay đổi)
- The period from 2000 to 2009 witnessed the replacement of the western residential area
by a new shopping centre.
- The 2000s experienced the extension of the industrial complex towards the South.
3/ There + be + N (danh từ miêu tả sự thay đổi) + something
- There was an appearance of a cinema in place of the art centre in the west of the village.
- There was an extension of the industrial complex towards the South over the nine-year
period.
4) Direction + witness / experience / show + N (danh từ miêu tả sự thay đổi)
- The west of the lake side witnessed the appearance of a cinema in place of the art centre.
5) Sử dụng mệnh đề quan hệ
- The derelict warehouse which was situated in the north of the lakeside near the old town
was knocked down to give way to a car park.
6) Câu ghép chính phụ
- While the old town was demolished, there was an appearance of several offices and a
university in the 2000s.