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Wave propagation phenomena have been investigated compressive strain. The wrinkle takes a sinusoidal wave-
intensively because understanding of the phenomena is form with characteristic normalized wavelength ~lcr ¼
of great importance for a large variety of applications. lcr =hðiÞ can be estimated by ~lcr ¼πððð3−4νÞ=ð3ð1−νÞ2 ÞÞ
Areas of application include nondestructive material test- ððμðiÞ Þ=ðμðmÞ ÞÞÞ1=3 , where ν is Poisson’s ratio, μ is shear
ing, acoustic mirrors, waveguides, acoustic filters, vibration modulus, and hðiÞ denotes interfacial layer thickness
dampers, ultrasonic transducers, acoustic and optic cloak- [19]. We use the superscripts ðÞðmÞ and ðÞðiÞ to denote
ing, subwavelength imaging, and photovoltaic devices. the quantities associated with matrix and interfacial layers,
Phononic and photonic metamaterials with periodic respectively. The critical strain corresponding to the onset
microstructures have attracted considerable attention of instabilities is ϵcr ¼ π 2 ðlcr =hðiÞ Þ−2 .
[1–8]. The remarkable properties of the metamaterials Examples of the formation of wrinkled interfacial layers
originate in their microstructure, a proper choice of which are presented in Fig. 1 for composites with μðiÞ =μðmÞ ¼
may result in band gaps [1,9–17]. 100 and interfacial layer volume fractions of cðiÞ ¼
Soft metamaterials, due to their capability to sustain hðiÞ =h ¼ 0.02 (red) and 0.04 (black). The post-bifurcation
large elastic deformations, open promising opportunities behavior is simulated by finite element analysis. The nor-
of manipulating wave propagation by deformation. malized macroscopic stress (left axis) and normalized
Deformation can influence wave propagation in two ways: wrinkled interface amplitude (right axis) A~ ¼ A=hðiÞ are
first, as a material undergoes large deformation, its micro- given as a function of compressive strain [Fig. 1(c)] .
structure evolves; second, the presence of stress can influ- The normalized mean stress is defined via σ~ ¼ σ̄ 11 =μ̄,
ence wave propagation. Moreover, the material micro- where μ̄ ¼ cðmÞ μðmÞ þ cðiÞ μðiÞ . The dashed curve corre-
structure (geometry and constituent properties) can be tail- sponds to the stress-strain relation for the composite if
ored to give rise to elastic instabilities within the internal wrinkling were not to occur. When the compressive defor-
structure upon achieving critical strain or stress. This phe- mation is applied, a bifurcation is seen in the stress-strain
nomenon can be used to trigger sudden and reversible curve upon reaching the critical strain, which triggers the
structural pattern transformations [18,19], which can be instability. At this point, a sudden change in microstructure
accompanied by changes in acoustic and optical properties occurs and the wrinkled interfacial layers become visible
[20–22]. with the amplitude increasing rapidly with further defor-
In this Letter, we specifically focus on the influence of mation. Compressive deformation leads to initiation and
instability-induced transformations in interfacial layers on rapid growth of the amplitude of the wrinkled interface,
wave propagation in finitely deformed materials. To this creating a system of periodic scatterers, which reflect
end, we consider layered materials with discrete interfacial and interfere with propagation of elastic waves. This
layers of finite thickness with elastic modulus contrast phenomenon allows control of wave propagation and fil-
with the surrounding matrix layers. Upon deformation, tering of particular bands of frequencies by application of
the interfacial layer will wrinkle upon reaching a critical deformation.
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PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 24 JANUARY 2014
ε=0
ε= 0
ε = 0.01
(b)
ε = 0.04
(c)
ε = 0.017
ε = 0.048
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
FIG. 3. Dispersion diagrams showing normalized frequency response ω~ ¼ ωh ρðmÞ =μ̄ vs wave number for four composites:
cðiÞ ¼ 0.04, rμ ¼ μðiÞ =μðmÞ ¼ 100 and rρ ¼ ρðiÞ =ρðmÞ ¼ 5 [column (1)] and rρ ¼ 1 (column 2); cðiÞ ¼ 0.02, rμ ¼ 100 and rρ ¼ 5
[column (3)]; cðiÞ ¼ 0.04, rμ ¼ 1000 and rρ ¼ 5 [column (4)]. The top row is for undeformed states. The middle is for ϵ ¼ 0.04
[columns (1)-(3)] and for ϵ ¼ 0.01 [column (4)]. The bottom row is for ϵ ¼ 0.048 [columns (1)-(3)] and for ϵ ¼ 0.017 [column
(4)]. The waves propagate in an initial direction along the interface (φ ¼ π=2).
geometries, wave frequencies, and amplitudes, the reflec- rρ ¼ 5, there are two initial band gaps. The first band
tance is such that the waves will not propagate. This situa- gap, at higher frequencies, gradually widens with increas-
tion corresponds to band gaps of forbidden frequencies as ing strain. The second band gap, of lower frequencies, rap-
reported in Fig. 3. We observe no band gaps for the idly narrows with the deformation until it closes at
composite with low volume fractions of the interfacial ϵ ≃ 0.005. This is followed by immediate reopening of
layers [column (3)], even when the wrinkles are well devel- the band gap and further widening until ϵ ≃ 0.0075, after
oped. Remarkably, we find that composites with identical which the band-gap width remains constant. For the waves
densities [column (2)] produce band gaps when the wrin- traveling at φ ¼ 0 in the composite of rρ ¼ 1, one band gap
kling interfaces are induced. Finally, for the composites is observed. The band gap opens at ϵ ≃ 0.018 and then rap-
with a higher contrast in the stiffness of the phases, namely idly widens until ϵ ¼ 0.021, after which it continues to
rμ ¼ 1000 [column (4)], we observe that the band gap widen, although slowly. At ϵ ≃ 0.04, the band gap
appeared after wrinkle formation, but the band gap nar- starts to narrow due to the decrease of the upper boundary,
rowed with further deformation, whereas the band gap while the lower boundary remains constant. For oblique
broadened for the case with lower stiffness ratio. waves traveling at φ ¼ π=4, the opening and evolution
The development of band gaps with deformation is of band gaps are similar to that observed for the case
shown in Fig. 4 for composites with cðiÞ ¼ 0.04 and of φ ¼ π=2.
rμ ¼ 100 with density ratios rρ ¼ 1 (left column) and 5 We showed that band gaps can be created in composites
(right column). Figure 4 shows the evolution of the prohib- with identical densities of the phases when the interfaces
ited frequency ranges as a function of strain for different take on a wavy topology. The case when both phases have
directions of wave propagation φ ¼ π=2, 0, and π=4 (from similar densities is of great interest due to the potential for
top to bottom). For waves traveling along the layers, manufacturing light-weight polymer acoustic metamateri-
φ ¼ π=2, the band gap that appears upon wrinkling initia- als. To highlight the role of the density contrast rρ , we
tion shifts to a lower frequency band. The band gap widens present the band gaps as functions of density contrast rρ
due to the evolution in scattering as the wrinkle waveform in Fig. 5. The examples are given for composites with
amplitude and wavelength evolve. There is a change in the cðiÞ ¼ 0.04 and initial stiffness ratios rμ ¼ 100 (left col-
band-gap evolution at ϵ ≃ 0.045, when the band gap starts umn) and 1000 (right column). We consider deformation
shifting toward higher frequencies. For waves traveling in at ϵ ¼ 0.048 (left) and 0.017 (right), where the wrinkled
the direction perpendicular to the layers (φ ¼ 0) and interfaces are developed. The prohibited frequency
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rise to a variety of optical effects; for example, silvery iri- [10] A. H. Nayfeh, Wave Propagation in Layered Anisotropic
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This research was supported by the U.S. Army [13] J. O. Vasseur, P. A. Deymier, A. Khelif, P. Lambin, B.
Research Office through the MIT Institute for Djafari-Rouhani, A. Akjouj, L. Dobrzynski, N. Fettouhi,
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*
Corresponding author. [17] L. Hu, L. Liu, and K. Bhattacharya, J. Elast. 107, 65
rudykh@mit.edu (2012).
†
Present address: School of Engineering and Applied Sci- [18] T. Mullin, S. Deschanel, K. Bertoldi, and M. C. Boyce,
ence, Columbia University, New York, New York 10025, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 084301 (2007).
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