GLASS AND GLASS FRAGMENTS
INTRODUCTION:
What is glass?
- Is the super cooled liquid that possess high
viscosity and rigidity also it is non-
crystalline inorganic substance.
COMPOSITION OF GLASS
Glass is usually composed of oxides like
SiO2 (silica), B2O3 (boric oxide),
phosphorus pent oxide (P2O5). For
commercial use silica is the most important
oxide. It is the base of commercial glasses.
It is made of silica sand and other metallic
oxides. Oxide is for fluxing, durability and
reduction of viscosity. Glass like window
and plate that are made in mass production is
fairly uniform in composition.
SILICA PHOSPHORUS
PENT OXIDE
BORIC OXIDES
ANALYSIS/TEST FOR GLASS
SPECTROGRAPHIC TEST – an
instrumental method of analysis that
determines the presence of trace element.
Shows the constituent elements of a glass. It
will not give sufficient information to
establish the origin of the samples examined.
A rapid examination and an adequate method
for glass analysis since it requires only a
small amount of sample.
X-RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS – not
as effective as the spectrographic analysis.
Determines the type of pattern of glass. The
type of pattern depends upon the composition
of glass.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
EXAMINATION – the most sensitive
method of determining differences of
composition in glass samples and it depends
upon the study of the physical properties of
glass. Properties like specific gravity or
density, refractive index.
ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT
EXAMINATION – determines the
differences in the appearance of their
fluorescence thus indication of physical and
chemical differences.
POLISH MARKS – optical glass and other
fine glassware are usually polished. In the
polishing of glass fine marks are often left on
the surface that can sometimes serve as a
basis of comparison.
GLASS AS EVIDENCE OF CRIME
In the field of Forensic Chemistry, emphasis
is placed on:
1. Automobile glass in case of hit and run.
2.Broken windows caused by pressure, blow
or bullet in case of robbery.
3.Broken bottles, drinking glass or spectacles
found at the scene of assault or other crimes
of violence.
ANALYSIS OF GLASS FROM VEHICLE
Hit and run accidents represent a good
percentage of crimes. If an automobile or any
vehicle for that matter is discovered in which  BROKEN WINDOWS CAUSED BY
fragments of the lens can be found, a FIST OR STONE OR HURLING
comparison maybe made with the fragments PROJECTILE
found at the scene of accident employing the
methods of analysis for glass.  The direction of the blow in case a fist
or stone smashed the window is quite
HOW GLASS BREAKS? difficult but the principles of radial
cracks and concentric cracks or
When the blow strikes the glass on one fractures will apply.
of its surface, the front for example. The
glass first bends a little owing to its elasticity.  THE PRINCIPLE OF 3RS RULE
When the limit of elasticity if reached the FOR RADIAL CRACK
glass breaks along racial lines starting from
the point where the destroying force is  3Rs Rule – “Stress lines on a radial
applied originating from the opposite surface crack will be at right angle to the rear
of the glass, because this is the portion or side of the glass.”
surface which is more subjected to stretching
by bending. The front surface is only pushed.
 The front side is referred to as the side
While the radial fractures are taking place the
that was struck.
newly created glass triangle between the
radial rays also bend away from the direction
of the destroying force. By this bending the
glass is stretched along the front surface and
when the limit of elasticity is reached the THE PRINCIPLE OF RFC RULE FOR
glass breaks in concentric cracks. These CONCENTRIC CRACK
originate on the front of the glass because of
RFC Rule – “Stress lines on a concentric
stretching.
crack will be at right angle to the front side”
that is the side from which the blow came,
rather than the rear side.
ANALYSIS OF BROKEN WINDOWS
PROCEDURE: Piece together as many as
Broken windows caused by bullet holes
you can gather of the glass fragments as
On one side of the hole numerous small
possible. Select a triangular piece bounded
flakes of glass will be found to have been
by two radial cracks and one concentric
blown away giving the hole the appearance
crack. The triangular piece must be adjacent
of a volcano crater. Such appearance
to the point of impact, it this is not a available
indicates that the bullet was fired from the
select a piece as close as possible to the point
opposite direction of the hole from which the
of impact.
flakes are missing.
Where there are two bullet holes in a window
pane
-If the shot was fired perpendicular to the
-The problem of which one was fired
window pane the flake marks are evenly
first becomes important to determine who the
distributed around the hole.
aggressor is. It will be found that the
fractures caused by the first bullet will be
-If the shot was fired at an angle from the
complete, especially the radial cracks,
right, the left side will suffer more flaking
whereas the fractures from the second will be
than the right. Excessive flaking on the right
interrupted and end-stopped at points where
side of a window pane would indicate a shot
they intersect those from the first.
fired at an angle from the left.
 a. Toxicology
FRACTURES ON SAFETY GLASS b. Toxicos
c. Forensic Toxicology
Laminated glass, which is now being d. Forensic Chemistry
used in automobiles, does not shatter when
struck sharply. Frequently the cracking of
safety glass is not complete; the radial
cracks do not extend to the side of impact 5. It centers on determination of toxic
and the spiral cracks do not extend to the substances in human tissues, organs and body
other side. fluids such as urine and blood.

Assessment in glass and glass fragments

a. Toxicos
b. Forensic Toxicology
1. It encompasses any and all objects that can c. Toxicology
establish that crime has been committed or d. Forensic Chemistry
can provide a link between a crime and its
victims or a crime and its perpetrator.
6. There are ______ stages of work for a
forensic chemist.
a. Toxicology
b. Forensic Chemistry
c. Physical Evidence a. 7
d. Forensic Toxicology b. 3
c. 5
d. 4
2. It is the branch of Chemistry which deals
with the application of chemical principles in
the solution of problems that arise in
connection with the administration of justice. 7. Those who possess a special skill, be it in
art, trade or science, or to the extent that they
possess information not within the common
a. Toxicology knowledge of a man.
b. Forensic Chemistry
c. Physical Evidence
d. Forensic Toxicology a. Chemist
b. Partial Persons
c. Expert Witness
3. Formed from the Greek word ______ and d. Ordinary Witness
logos.

8. Beyond this he is closely limited. Who

a. Toxicology testifies to the impressions of common
b. Forensic Chemistry experiments such as the speed of a vehicle,
c. Forensic Toxicology whether a voice was that of a man, woman or
d. Toxicos child?

a. Police Officer
4. These are the symptoms, mechanisms, b. Ordinary Witness
treatment and detection of poisoning. c. Expert Witness
d. Partial Persons
9. In the collection of evidence, “Partial
persons” to collect evidence are those who
are capable of applying knowledge or theory
to practice. They may be referred to as what
person?

a. Person by practice
b. Ideal person
c. Ordinary Witness
d. Expert Witness

10. They are known to compare with the

questions needed to aid in establishing a
suspect’s relationship to the crime under
investigation.

a. Ideal Person
b. Standard Specimen
c. Ordinary Witness
d. Expert Witness
 microorganisms and causing disease
when present at low concentration in
FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY
the body.
 Poisonous substance during the
 Deals with the medical and legal metabolism and growth of certain
aspects of the harmful effects of microorganism and some higher plant
chemicals on human beings. and animal species.

Forensic – comes from Latin word

“forensic” meaning forum.
TOXICOLOGY
 From the Greek word toxicos
“poisonous” and “logos”
 It is the study of the symptoms,
mechanisms and treatment and
detection of poisoning.
POISON
 A substance that when introduced into
or absorbed by a living organism
causes death or injury.
VENOM
 Poisonous fluid secreted by animals
and typically injected into prey by
biting or stinging or other sharp body
feature.
ANTIDOTE
 A medicine taken or given to counter
act a particular poison.
MATHIEU ORFILA
 Is considered to be the modern father
of toxicology, having given the subject
its first formal treatment in 1813 in his
“traite des poisons” also called
toxicology generali.

TWO TPYES OF POISONING:

1. From medical point of view:
a. Acute poisoning – prompt
action
b. Sub-acute poisoning – cases of
short duration and extreme
violence
c. Chronic Poisoning – gradual
DIOSCORIDES
deterioration of function of
tissues.  A Greek physician in the court of
2. From legal point of view Accidental roman emperor Nero, made the first
Poisoning attempt to classify plants according to
a. Accidental Poisoning their toxic and therapeutic effect.
b. Suicidal Poisoning
c. Homicidal Poisoning
d. Undetermined

TOXIN
 An antigenic poison or venom of plant
or animal origin especially one
produced by or derived from
JEAN STAS
 A Belgian analytical chemist who is
1850 gave the evidence that the
Belgian count Hypolite Visart de
Bocarme killed his brother in law by
poisoning with nicotine.
CELCUS
 A roman physician from the first
century, considered the father of
toxicology. He is credited with the
toxicology maxim “all things poison
and nothing is without poison. This id
often condensed to “the dose make the
poison” or in latin “solan dosis facit
venenum.
PARACELSUS
 Theophrastus Phillipus Aureleus
Bombastus von Hohenheim (1493-
1541)
 Believe that his studies were above and
beyond the work of celsus.
LD50
 Is the dose required to kill half the
members of a tested population after a
specified test duration.
DOSE
 A quantity of medicine or drug taken
or recommended to be taken at a
particular time.
OVERDOSE
 The ingestion or application of a drug
or other substance in quantities greater
than are recommended.
CARCINOGEN
 Any substance capable of causing
cancer in living tissue.
CORROSIVE SUBSTANCE
 is one that destroy or irreversibly
damage another surface with which it
comes into contact.
METALLURGY (AS APPLIED TO
CRIME DETECTION)
METALLURGY – is the art of extracting
and working on metals by the application of
chemical and physical knowledge.
METALLOGRAPHY – is a branch of
metallurgy that involves the study of the
microstructures of metals and alloys.
Metallurgy is applied to criminal
investigation such as in:
1. Robbery
2. Theft
3. Hit and run
4. Bomb and explosion
5. Nail Examination
6. Counterfeit coins
7. Restoration of tampered serial
numbers
COUNTERFEIT COINS (coins made to
imitate the real thing and used for gain)
Two kinds of Counterfeit Coins
1. CAST COINS – coins made in molds
or coins made by casting method. An
impression of genuine coin is taken by
use of plaster of Paris, clay, or bronze.
The plaster molds bearing the image of
a good coin are filled within a low
temperature alloy made with lead or
tin. Sand molds are used for high
temperature metals such as copper or
silver alloys. Cast coin has poor
imitation. It can be easily detected. The
surface is usually pitted and uneven.
The edges of lettering and designs are
rounded instead of sharp.
2. STRUCK COINS – made by striking
or stamping method or these are coins
made by means of dies. Consists of
making an impression of a coin on a
metal blank by pressure. Stamping is
done by way of steel dies. Often well
executed. Its detection is not easy since
weight, specific gravity, composition
may all be good. Careful comparison
of smaller details of the designs with
those of the genuine should be made.
Restoration of Tampered Serial Numbers
(Tampered serial numbers are restored by the
application of etching fluid.)
ETCHING FLUID – fluid used to restore
tampered serial numbers. Choice of etching
fluid depends on the structure of the metal
bearing the original number.
1. For cast iron and cast steel – 10%
sulfuric acid and potassium
dichromate
2. For wrought iron and forged iron-
Solution 1 : hydrochloric acid + water
+ cupric chloride + alcohol and
Solution 2:15% nitric acid
3. For aluminum-glycerin + hydrofluoric
acid + nitric acid
4. For lead – 3 parts glacial acetic acid
and one-part water
5. For stainless steel – dilute sulfuric acid
or 10% hydrochloric acid in alcohol
for copper, brass, silver, and other
copper alloys-ferric chloride +
hydrochloric acid + water
6. For Zinc – 10% sodium hydroxide
7. For Tin – 10% hydrochloric acid
8. For Silver – concentrated nitric acid
9. For Gold and Platinum – 3 parts
hydrochloric acid and one-part nitric
acid
Principle Involved in the Restoration and
Tampered Serial Number
When a number or any mark is
stamped on metal, the crystalline structure of
the metal in the neighborhood of the stamp is
disturbed. This disturbance penetrates to an
appreciable distance into the substance of the
metal, but not visible to the naked eye once
the actual indentations caused by the punch
have been removed. When etching fluid are
applied to this surface, the disturbed or
strained particles of the metal differ in the
rate of solubility than those of the
undisturbed particles and this difference in
solubility makes it possible in many cases, to
restore the number to such an extent that they
can be read and photographed.
Trace Metal Detection Techniques
(TMDT)
A difficult problem in law enforcement
is that of linking weapons ( particularly
undischarged firearms), tools, and like object
to specific individuals. The essential need for
such identification in cases involving
homicide, suicide, assault, burglary, robbery,
and civil disorders has resulted in the
development of a specific technique which
shows whether an individual has been in
contact with a particular metallic object. The
technique can be conducted by police officers
using simple equipment and the procedures
described in this publication. Research has
determined that metal object leave traces on
skin and clothing surfaces in characteristic
patterns with intensities proportional to the
interaction of weight, friction, or duration of
contact with metal objects. The Trace Metal
Detection Technique (TMDT) makes such
metal trace patterns visible when skin or
clothing is treated with a test solution and
then is illuminated by ultra violet light.
Examination by ultraviolet light of the metal
trace patterns which appear as fluorescent
colors on the hands or clothing of the suspect
allows a police officer to determine whether
a suspect has been in contact with certain
metal objects, the type of metal or metals in
the objects, and also to infer what type of
weapon or metal object was probably
involved. The patterns fluorescent colors can
be analyzed with reference to the
circumstances requiring the use of TMDT
and with other related information to provide
an initial source of evidence. Physical
evidence obtained by the use of TMDT,
however, should be use as an adjunct to
complete investigation.
Selection of Test Areas
The areas to be examined are selected
in relation to the circumstances, the suspect
item (handgun, rifle, tools, bludgeon, etc.),
and to the normal handling, use, possession,
or concealment of the suspect item. For
example, if the suspect item is a handgun, in
addition to the hands those areas of clothing
which may have been contact with the
weapon and the skin areas directly beneath
should be examined. In the latter case, metal
traces and patterns are sometimes found to
have penetrated clothing to the skin area
beneath.
Application of TMDT Test Solution
The area to be examined is completely
coated with the TMDT test solution. a spray
container is generally the most suitable for
this purpose. Whenever possible, the surface
should be in a vertical position while being
sprayed to prevent the formation of puddles.
Although the TMDT test solution is nontoxic
to skin surfaces, it should not be taken
internally. Care should be taken to avoid
spraying the solution into the subject’s eyes.
If spray does get into the eyes, the subject
should immediately flush his eyes with water
for at least ten minutes and obtain medical
acid.
Drying the Test Area
The test area is allowed to dry for a
period of two or three minutes. The drying
time of hands can be shortened by swinging
the arms. Sunlight, breeze, and hot air also
shorten the drying process. The areas on
clothing and other materials should be
allowed to dry thoroughly before
examination.
Examination of Test Area by Ultraviolet
Light
The TMDT solution produces a light-
yellow fluorescent on those parts of the test
are that have not been in contact with metal
object. This pale-yellow fluorescence
provides a background for metal trace
patterns seen on parts of the test area that
have been in contact with metal objects. The
metal trace patterns will give off fluorescent
colors that are unique to types of metal and
appear as silhouettes against the light-yellow
fluorescent background of the test area.
Examples of fluorescent colors produced by
various metals are: steel/iron (blackish
purple),. Brass/copper (purple), galvanized
iron (bright yellow), aluminum (mottled dull
yellow), and lead (buff, flesh tone, or
tannish). The officer first should identify the
types of metal that have been in contact with
the test area by the fluorescent color that
appear under the illumination of the
ultraviolet light. Essential to the officer’s
ability to make this identification is his
knowledge and experience of what
fluorescent colors are produced by metals
such as steel, brass, copper, lead, aluminum,
tin chromium, iron nickel, silver and certain
alloys that can be contained in metal objects.
After determining the presence of metal
traces in the test area and identifying the
metals, the officer can next determine the
pattern of the metal traces revealed by the
fluorescent colors. The location, size, and
shape of metal traces on the hand from
patterns that are characteristic of the size and
shape and the normal way in which weapons,
tools and other metal objects handled and
used. The recognition of these patterns in
conjunction with the determination of what
metals left traces on the skin are the basis for
identification of metal objects. In this way the
officer can ascertain if the pattern is pertinent
to a suspect item to its having been in the
possession of a suspect.
Detection and Identification of Metal
Objects on the Hands
The shape, size and weight of the
metals object, the duration of contact, and the
use of the metal object all combine to produce
the location and intensity of metal traces and
their patterns on the hands.
On holding a metal object, metal traces
depend on the object’s shape and the size
(more or less) of the hand that comes in
contact with the metal surface. The intensity
is also proportional to the actions and forces
involved in using a tool, striking blows with
weapons, and the recoil from the discharge of
firearms. In addition, the intensity is
increased when the suspect resists action to
disarm him.
Detection of Metal Objects on Clothing
As noted earlier, metals leave
characteristic traces on clothing surfaces.
Therefore, the suspect’s clothing should be
examined by TMDT. In particular, the areas
to be examined are: gloves, hats, pocket,
lining of coats, shirts, areas used for
concealment, and other areas of clothing
where the suspect item may have been
carried, concealed, or otherwise been in
contact. The spray is applied to the test areas
placed in a vertical p[position whenever
possible. Clothing and other materials vary in
their absorbency, therefore some of these test
areas may require a heavier application of
spray or two or more spraying to produce the
maximum fluorescence and appearance of
metal traces and patterns. The maximum
appearance is obtained when a repeated
spraying does not produce a brighter
fluorescence that the previous spraying and
drying of the test area. Metal traces
sometimes penetrate clothing to the skin
areas beneath. For example, metal traces may
be found on the hands even though gloves
have been worn while metal objects have
been handled. Skin areas directly beneath
clothing areas where metal traces have been
found should be examined by TMDT.
However, it should be noted the plastic,
leather and rubber materials are impervious
to penetration of metal
traces.
Procedures for Detection and
Identification of Handguns by TMDT
Because of their unique shape and use,
handguns leave characteristic pattern and
distinct signatures on the hands that are
specific to types, makes, models, and calibres
of these weapons. The police officers, with
knowledge and experience in identifying the
characteristic patterns and signatures on
handguns by TMDT, can determine if a
suspect has had a handgun in his possession
and the signature of the handgun by the
following procedures.
Spraying the Hands
The suspect’s hands are extended from
the sides of the body with the palms in a
vertical position and the fingers and thumb
separated and extended. The officer should
make certain that the entire surface of the
front and back of the hands are covered by the
spray.
Examination of Hands
The officer can next examine the
suspect’s dry hands under ultraviolet light.
He should make a written record of the
following observations and analysis of the
suspect’s hand:
1. First, note and record the fluorescent
colors of the metal traces that make up
the pattern for the purpose of
identifying the metallic content of the
gun.
2. Look for the appearance of metal
traces (fluorescent colors differing
from the light yellow fluorescent color
produced by TMDT test solution) on
those parts of the hand that come in
contact with the gun: the index finger
which rested on the trigger, the
remaining fingers and thumb which
enclosed the gun, the palm, and the
degree of protrusion of the gun into the
area between and beyond the junction
of the thumb and index finger.
(Extensive protrusion of metal traces
beyond this area are made by the
overhang at the top of the back edge of
the handles of automatics, which is
common to the design of this type of
handgun.)
3. Look for any irregularities or
distinguishing marks in the pattern
which may have been made by screws,
protrusions, ornamentation’s, and
other markings of the gun.
4. Look for interruptions in the pattern
which may be due to nonmetal parts of
the gun. Compare these observations
with the suspect handgun or, if it has
not been recovered, with a Catalog of
Handgun “Signatures.” This
comparison serves to identify the
signatures of the handgun or
possession thereof by the suspect.
5. Take a photograph of the pattern
produced on the suspect’s hand under
illumination by ultraviolet light.
6. If the suspect handgun has been
recovered before the apprehension of
the suspect or shortly after his arrest (it
has been found that detectable metal
traces may be found up to 38 – 48
hours after contact with metal objects),
the pattern of the handgun should be
produced on a subject who has not
recently handled a gun. The patterns on
the subject’s hands should be
examined side-by-side under
ultraviolet light to determine whether
or not the handgun has been in the
possession of the suspect. Photographs
should be taken as evidence.
7. If the suspect handgun has not been
recovered, the pattern on the suspect’s
hand should be compared with the
photographs of handgun patterns
entered in a Catalog of Handgun
“Signatures”. A photograph of the
pattern on the subject’s hand should
also be taken and compared with those
in the catalog to aid in the possible
identification of the type of gun the
suspect has had in his position.
Catalog of Handgun Signatures
It has been noted earlier that handguns
leave distinct pattern or “signatures” which
are specific to types, makes, models, and
calibres of these weapons. It is important that
police officers develop a thorough
knowledge and permanent record of these
signatures. For this purpose a catalog of
signatures should be prepared of as many
types, models, makes, and calibres of
specimen handgun that can possibly be
obtained. The signatures of these handguns
can be produced on the hands of subjects and
examined under ultraviolet light as described
above. A photograph of each signature is then
entered ultraviolet light and the type, make
and model of the specimen handgun.
Detection of Tools and Metal Objects
Some tools and other metal objects
leave patterns that are characteristics of their
shape, normal handling and use (for example:
pliers, wrenches, shears, scissors, etc.) while
other tools and metal objects may leave
patterns that are similar because they are
alike in shape and diameter (for example:
crowbars, pipes, metal bars, etc.). Accurate
analysis and determination of patterns on
suspect’s hands depend upon relating the
above factors to circumstances, information,
and evidence of the case upon the
technician’s experience and skill in using
TMDT. Again, as an aid in obtaining such
experience and skill, the technician should
prepare a catalog of patterns and metal traces
produced by tools and other metal objects.
Contact with Non-Significant Metal
Objects
The hands of individual may have metal
traces from contact with metal objects such
as handles, doorknobs, keys, etc. The
intensities of the traces will be proportional
to the force and duration of contact with these
metal objects. In some cases, the metal traces
will be faint because of momentary and light
contact with the objects, but in other cases the
traces from no significant metal traces and
distort the patterns of significant metal
objects.\
Disassembly or Assembly of Handgun
If the suspect has handled a handgun
for these purposes, metal traces will be left on
the hands which do not form the pattern
ordinarily produced by the weapon.
However, if the suspect held the weapon in
the usual way for a period of time, the
technician may be able to detect the specific
pattern left by the handgun. (It should be
noted that gun oils give off a mother-of-pearl
appearance under ultraviolet light.)
Similar Patterns of Metal Objects
Some metal objects may leave metal
traces and patterns that are similar but not
identical to the metal traces and patterns of
the significant object. The officer should be
mindful of such potential “false positives”
and learn to discriminate accordingly.
Exposure of Hand to Soap and Water
Exposure to water after contact with
metal objects does not affect an examination
of the hands. Repeated hand washing with
abrasive soap or rubbing with dirt after
contact with metals will reduce the amount of
traces deposited on the skin in a deliberate
attempt to remove metal traces. However, it
has been found that metal trace patterns may
be found on the hands up to 36-48 hours after
when the suspect has followed a normal
routine of daily hand washings.
Fluorescence Brightness of Metal Traces
and Patterns
The maximum fluorescence brightness
of metal m traces and patterns that can be
obtained in a TMDT examination depends
not only upon the amount of metal that has
been deposited on a skin or clothing surface
but also upon the following factors: (1)
adequate application and coverage of the
TMDT test solution, (2) a strong source of
ultraviolet illumination, (3) exclusion of all
other illumination from the test area, and (4)
the proximity of the ultraviolet light to the
test area.
Use of TMDT in the Field and or Group
Screening
The successful use of TMDT in the
field for checking on a suspect or screening a
group of individuals for previous possession
of weapons or other significant metal objects
depends on whether the circumstances and
conditions are suitable for such examination.
The acquiescence or subjugation of the
subject must be obtained to perform the
examination. Sources of environmental light
must be greatly reduced or eliminated in
order to produce adequate fluorescence by
ultraviolet light. And, finally, field personnel
must have sufficient experience and skill to
ascertain whether an individual has been
contact with a weapon or significant metal
object and whether an individual should be
held for further detailed examination by
TMDT. Studies should be carried out by
police officers to determine the conditions
and circumstances that prevent or are
conductive to valid use and result of TMDT
in the field.
Additional Use of TMDT
Another possible use of TMDT is the
determination that a metal object has rested
on another, non-metal object. For example, a
research experiment involving the successful
application of this use determined that (1) a
pair of scissors no longer present had rested
on the paper lining in a drawer and (2) coins
no longer present had rested on a paper
document in the bottom of a storage
container. In the latter case, the duration of
contact of the undisturbed coins was
sufficient to show which side of each coin
had rested on the document. Since friction is
not involved, results depend of the weight
and duration of the contact of the metal object
with the surface on which it rests. When
consideration is given ot the use of TMDT for
this type of detection, the officer should
conduct a test to determine if trace metal
deposit can be produced on the surface in
question.
Precautions
Shortwave ultraviolet light in injurious
to the eyes. Do not look directly into the light
or shine the light into individual eyes.
Protective goggles are commercially
available that prevent passage of shortwave
ultraviolet but transmit visible fluorescent
light which is not injurious to the eyes.
Fluorescence Photography
It is commonly believed that
ultraviolet photography is also fluorescence
photography. Actually two types of
photography are involved. The main purpose
of ultraviolet photography is to record
information about the objects that have the
property of either absorbing or reflecting
ultraviolet light or about objects in which two
or more of its elements will absorb or reflect
ultraviolet light to different degrees. These
effects can be recorded photographically to
show differences between objects or between
areas of the same object. Whether or not the
objects emit fluorescence does not enter into
the purposes of ultraviolet photography. If a
source of ultraviolet light is used to excite
fluorescence in an object, photographing the
fluorescent object is known as fluorescence
photography. This type of photography is
used for recording fluorescent metal trace
patterns produced by TMDT.
Photography Techniques
1. Illumination. Efficient sources of
ultraviolet light, placed as close to the
subject as practical, should be used to
excite the maximum fluorescence
brightness of the object. The incidence
of illumination of the object should be
at an angle of about 45 degrees. Two
sources (one on each side of the object)
will provide twice as much light and
prove more practical in photographing
three dimensional objects.
2. Barrier Filter. This filter is placed in
front of the camera lens to absorb the
ultraviolet light radiation transmitted
by the exciter filter and to transmit
only the fluorescent given off by the
object. An efficient barrier filter is the
Kodak Wratten Filter No. 2A if the
exciter filter transmits ultraviolet light
only.
3. Exposure Determination. Because of
the very low brightness of
fluorescence, the proper exposures for
photographing fluorescent metal trace
pattern will have to be determined by
tests. The beginner should take a
number of photographs of subjects at
various exposures. At fixed lens
aperture, exposure time should be
increased by a factor of two in
successive steps over a wide range of
increasing shutter speeds. A record of
all exposure conditions should be
made including: subject, ultraviolet
source and its distance from the
subject, filter, shutter speed, and lens
opening. With a record of such officer
can develop the know-how and skill in
estimating the exposures for
photographing subjects.
An extremely sensitive exposure meter can
be used for determining exposures. However,
its cell should be covered with a barrier filter
to absorb ultraviolet light reflected from the
subject which, if higher in brightness that the
fluorescence of the subject, will give
erroneous exposure settings on the camera. If
the use of an exposure meter is feasible, the
tests described above may not be needed to
determine exposures.
PETROGRAPHY AS APPLIED TO
CRIME DETECTION
PETROGRAPHY – branch of geology that
deals with the systematic classification and
identification of rocks, rock forming minerals
and soil. Also includes study of dust, dirt,
safe insulation, ceramics and other such
materials, both natural and artificial.
Types of Soil
1. Alluvial Soil – formed from soil
particles that were washed, blown, or
moved by gravity to the lowlands.
 Earth, sand, gravel, etc. deposited by
moving water.
2. Colluvial Soil – formed from
decomposition of igneous,
metamorphic and sedimentary rocks,
the decomposed particles moved by
gravity.
3. Sedentary Soil – inactive, not
migratory soil.
Collection and Submission of Evidence
Soil usually in form of mud is usually
recovered from shoes, slippers, clothes, tires,
tools and furniture. If found on the above the
soil should remain in place and the whole
submitted to the laboratory. Should be
wrapped in a clean paper or filter paper and
placed in a box. Known soil samples should
be taken at different places around the point
of reference.
Constituent of Soil
1. PRIMARY MINERALS – includes
under composed rock fragments
ranging from stone down thru pebbles,
sand and silt. Important minerals
include quartz (silica), calcite
(limestone, CaCO3), feldspar (silicate
of A1, Na, Ba, Ca, K) dolomite, mica.
2. CLAY MINERAL – a product of
decomposition of primary minerals
found in nearly all soils and is the
major constituents of most heavy soil.
It imparts to soil cohesiveness and
plasticity and becomes hard and
adherent on heating.
3. ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS – one
of the most variable of all soil
constituents and is of peculiar
importance in the identification of soil.
ANALYSIS OF SOIL – there are several
methods of petrography analysis that are
being use in the laboratories to establish the
identify of two or more samples of soil. There
is no procedure that is specially
recommended. It all depends on the
availability of the apparatus. The DENSITY
GRADIENT APPARATUS is a simple
apparatus utilizing simple procedure in
determining the identity or non-identity of
soil samples based on the density
distribution. The procedure is rapid, requiring
a few hours of completion. It is sensitive to
small changes in composition.
Other Methods of Soil Analysis
X-ray diffraction, spectrographic
analysis and thermal analysis are methods
extensively used in commercial and private
laboratories as general procedure.
Application of Soil Analysis to Scientific
Crime Detection
The value of soil as evidence depends
wholly upon the fact that soils differ in
various characteristics over the surface of the
earth. This difference makes it possible to
establish the identity or non-identity of two
soil samples.
DUST AND DIRT
DUST AND DIRT – has been described as
“matter in the wrong place”. The study of
such piece of evidence may often provide the
investigator with clues as to the occupation or
previous whereabouts of a person under
investigation.
DUST – matter which is dry and in finely
divided form
MUD – dust mixed with water
CRIME (heavy dirt) – when dust is mixed
with the sweat and grease of the human body
this is formed.
Composition of Dust
Whatever is the origin of dust and
wherever it is found it always contain
substances of plant and animal origin and
substances of mineral origin.
Classification of Dust
For purpose of criminal investigation, dust
may well be classified from their source.
1. Dust Deposited from the Air -
extremely fine dust particles present in
the air everywhere. More in thickly
populated and industrial region. Settle
very slowly and ultimately deposited
on any exposed surface. Its value in
crime detection is significant.
 2. Road and Footpath Dust - produced by
the wear and tear of the road surface be
vehicular and pedestrian traffic
together with particles of soil carried
by the wind or rain from adjoining
regions.
3. Industrial Dust - industries ;like
cement, button, powdered gypsum and
plaster of Paris factories, flour milling,
paint pigment, involves industrial
processes like grinding, milling or
beating for the purpose of producing
finely powdered ultimate products
which in the process impart a
pronounced local character to the dust
on the neighboring roads and
buildings.
4. Occupation Dust - some of the finely
powdered material maybe found on the
clotting and foot wears of employees
engaged in such industries. Aside from
this for example, coal miner will have
coal dust on his clothes, bricklayer will
yield brick duct, sand and lime on his
clothes.
From the forensic chemical point of view,
the identification of occupational dust is of
great importance. In criminal investigation,
the identification of the person through the
articles of clotting left in the scene of crime
or in a vehicle may place him in an
identifiable class and thus to distinguish from
the great majority of other persons. Such
observation does not serve to distinguish the
wearer of the cloth from all other persons.
Analysis of Dust and Dirt
1. If the sample is very small, micro-
chemical test or spectrographic
analysis maybe employed. If the
amount of specimen is sufficient the
following is employed.
2. Examine the sample under the
ultraviolet light
3. Treat a small quantity with a drop of
water on a spot plate.
4. Observe of aqueous drop with hand
lens
5. Note the proportion of the solid
matters that remains in suspension and
proportion that settles rapidly.
6. Reaction with litmus paper (aqueous
drop)
7. Treat a small quantity with a drop of
0.1 NHCl.
8. Note evolution of gas
9. Note formation of precipitate
10. Note changes in color
11. Note materials dissolved by acid
12. Treat a small quantity with ethanol
13. Note color of alcohol drop
14. Note difference between color of an
aqueous solution in procedure 2 and
that in alcohol solution.

Collection and Submission of Dust and

Dirt Specimen
Dust and dirt present in clotting or
objects that can be readily transported should
be left in site. The whole article is packed in
a clean box with proper protection and hipped
to the laboratory.
If the object is immovable or too big to
submit as a specimen like sofa, piano,
dresses, the specimen maybe removed by
mechanical
means if present in large quantity.
Dust on clotting maybe removed by
the used of vacuum cleaner with paper bags
used in the dust sack to collect the dirt.
ARSON
 crime commonly defined by statute as
the willful or malicious damage or
destruction of property by means of
fire or explosion. In English common
law, arson referred to the burning of
another person’s dwellings under
circumstances that endangered human
life.
 It can be arson to burn personal
property as well as real estate. Statutes
also have forbidden burnings caused
by incendiary devices. By contrast, a
fire caused by accident or ordinary
carelessness is not arson, because
criminal intent is lacking. Nonetheless,
reckless activity—or burning without
regard to consequences—can result in
an arson conviction.
 An arsonist may act from a variety of
different motives, including rage,
jealousy, profit (e.g., burnings
undertaken to commit insurance
fraud), and the desire to conceal or
destroy evidence.
ELEMENTS OF ARSON
In order to determine if a fire is caused by
arson, there are certain elements that need to
be met. These elements, as defined under
common law, can be seen in the table below.
 Malicious - Any action or actions
with ill intent, that generate the risk of
a fire.
 Burning -The damage to a
building caused by heat or fire. The
heat or fire must have at least charred
the wood to be considered arson.
 Of the Dwelling -A dwelling is any
place that serves as an occupied
residence. As long as the dwelling is
occupied, whether it is a house, barn,
apartment, etc., the fire can be
considered arson.
 Of Another -In order to be considered
arson, the fire must have taken place in
a building where another was living.
For example, a tenant could set fire to
his rented home, but a landlord could
not set fire to the tenant's home, even
though the property is owned by the
landlord.
INDICATION OF ARSON FIRE
 Burning Property
 Burn Pattern on concrete Floor
 Presence of fuels such as gasoline
 Multiples sites of ignition
 The majority of burning is in the floor
rather than the ceiling
 Incendiary origin – Devices designed
to cause a fire such as grenades,
missile and explosive bomb
CLASSIFICATION OF ARSON
 Mass: Three or more fires set at the
same time in the same location.
 Spree: Three or more fires set at
different locations, but with no
cooling off period between.
 Serial: Three or more fires set at
different locations, with a period of
time passing between them.
TYPES OF ARSON
 First-Degree Arson - considered a
violent crime and occurs when the fire
is set to an occupied home or
building.
 Second-Degree Arson - when the fire
is set to an unoccupied building.
 Third-Degree Arson - when the fire is
set to a vacant area of space like a
forest or field.
EXAMPLE OF ARSON MOTIVES
• PYROMANIA- Impulse disorder
characterized by the recurrent
compulsion to set fires. The term refers
only to the setting of fires for sexual or
 other gratification provided by the fire
itself. Not to arson for profit or
revenge.
• REVENGE - A motive settling fire for
revenge to an enemy’s property.
• VANDALISM - the vandal arsonist
targets occupied multiple dwellings as
well as commercial buildings, schools,
jails, churches, and abandoned
buildings. Night is the favorite time
and the first floor is preferred for
starting the fire.
• INSURANCE FRAUD- arson for
insurance is obviously committed on
insured property, and the fire is
designed to provide complete
devastation.
• WELFARE FRAUD fires are usually
set in the residence of the perpetrator
after all valuable property has been
removed, and the crime concealment
arsonist is usually concealing a
burglary, and existing paper at one spot
on the floor is generally used.
• THE PSYCHO ARSONIST usually
sets the fire in his own residence and
customarily starts one small fire
without the use of an accelerant.
• CRIME-CONCEALMENT When
arson is secondary to a crime that has
already taken place, and the fire is set
to destroy evidence.
 SOURCES OF DNA
DNA
 In 1953 James Watson & Francis Crick 1. Teeth
discovered the structure 2. Blood
Deoxyribonucleic Acid – DNA. 3. Hair
 It is found in the nucleus of all living 4. Bone
cells, with the exception of Red 5. Saliva
Blood Cells. 6. Semen
 Double Helix Structure 7. Viscera
 A person has 46 chromosomes, over 8. Fingernail Scrapping
100,000 genes, 3 billion bases of DNA. 9. Vaginal swabs
 Each leg of the ladder in the double
helix consists of alternating sugar and POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
phosphate units. (PCR) ANALYSIS
 There are four nucleotides bases:  The polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Adenine , Guanine, Thymine , revolutionized the forensic
Cytosine. individualization of biological
 Every person has two copies — called material by forming the basis of the so-
alleles — of each marker: one from the called “genetic fingerprint”, which
mother’s side and another from the allows for e.g. comparisons between
father’s. stains found at a crime scene and a
 Forensic scientists can use so-called suspect, or the identification of human
short tandem repeats (STRs) of DNA remains.
to identify individuals.  Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a
 It is the process where a specific common laboratory technique used to
pattern called a profile is obtained make many copies (millions or
from a person. billions!) of a particular region of
 The only difference between people is DNA.
the order of the base pairs.  Polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, is
a technique to make many copies of a
DR. ALEC J. JEFFREYS in 1984 found out specific DNA region in vitro (in a test
that there is a repeating sequences in the tube rather than an organism).
DNA known as VNTRs (variable number of  PCR has many research and practical
tandem repeats) which can be seen as the bar applications. It is routinely used in
code in the X-ray pictures. DNA cloning, medical diagnostics,
 In 1986, DNA fingerprinting was and forensic analysis of DNA.
used in the criminal case for the  The diagnostic parameters revealed a
first time. sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of
 To begin DNA Profiling, the court 91.20%, positive and negative
issues orders for the extraction of predictive values of 86.25% and
biological evidence for the possible 100%, respectively, and a test accuracy
determination of DNA match. of 94.33%.
 It is also used to identify individual  PCR can produce multiple copies of
victims in mass war graves by DNA segments from an initial very
finding matches with living family limited amount of DNA (as little as 50
members. molecules), enabling a DNA
fingerprint to be made from a single
hair, for example. Generally, PCR is
 used to amplify a known sequence of
DNA.
STAGES OF DNA PROFILING
Stage 1
 Cells are broken down to release DNA
 If only a small amount of DNA is
available it can be amplified using
polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Stage 2
 The DNA is cut into fragments using
restriction enzymes. Each restriction
enzyme cuts DNA at a specific base
sequence.
 The sections of DNA that are cut out
are called restriction fragments.
 This yields thousands of restriction
fragments of all different sizes because
the base sequences being cut may be
far apart (long fragment) or close
together (short fragment).
Stage 3
 Fragments are separated on the basis of
size using a process called gel
electrophoresis.
 DNA fragments are injected into wells
injected into wells and an electric
current is applied along the gel.
 DNA is negatively charged so it is
attracted to the positive end of the gel.
 The shorter DNA fragments move
faster than the longer fragments.
 DNA is separated on basis of size.
 A radioactive material is added which
combines with the DNA fragments to
produce a fluorescent image.
 A photographic copy of the DNA
bands is obtained.
Stage 4
 The pattern of fragment distribution is
then analysed.
USES OF DNA PROFILNG
• Crime scene investigations
• Paternity suites and family
relationships
• Archaeology
• Human/family ancestry
• Exonerate persons wrongly accused
of crimes
• Identify catastrophe victims
DNA PROFILING CAN SOLVE
CRIMES
• The pattern of the DNA profile is then
compared with those of the victim and
the suspect.
• If the profile matches the suspect it
provides strong evidence that the
suspect was present at the crime scene
it does not prove they committed the
crime).
• If the profile doesn’t match the suspect
then that suspect may be eliminated
from then the enquiry.
 EXAMPLE A: A violent murder
occurred
 The forensics team retrieved a blood
sample from the crime scene.
 They prepared DNA profiles of the
blood sample, the victim and a suspect.
 EXAMPLE B: Paternity Test Example
 By comparing the DNA profile of a
mother and her child it is possible to
identify DNA fragments in the child
which are absent from the mother and
must therefore have been inherited
from the biological father.

LEGAL PROSPECTIVE OF DNA
DNA USED IN CRIMINAL CASES and
civil cases are as follows:
a) For individualization
b) For genealogical identification
c) Paternity test , abdoning
concealed birth
d) Immigration eligibility
health care providers, insurance
carriers, and maybe some employers.
3. It can be used the wrong way to convict
innocents.
 Since samples can be easily gathered
from even mere hair strands and saliva,
it is possible for authorities to obtain
child, DNA profiles of totally innocent
people who happen to be in the
location prior to the crime.

LIST OF PROS OF DNA PROFILING

1. It is simple, less intrusive testing.
 As mentioned before, a DNA sample is
needed for mapping and matching.
Since a mere sample of saliva is
sufficient for the DNA fingerprinting
process, it is less intrusive to the
subject.
2. It can reduce innocent convictions.
 DNA fingerprinting, when used
properly and along with other forensic
tools and evidence, can greatly reduce
the number of innocent convictions.
3. It can help solve crimes and identity
issues.
 Even after decades have passed, DNA
samples with forensic value can still be
available and collected as evidence.
LIST OF CONS OF DNA PROFILING
1. It can be a violation of one’s privacy.
 Some people are wary about having
their DNA information obtained, as
this could violate their privacy. In
some cases, authorities may force
certain individuals, innocent and
otherwise, to undergo DNA profiling
as part of their data gathering.
2. It raises concerns over third-party access.
 A number of businesses and
organizations would want to have their
hands upon a DNA database, including
TOXICOLOGY
Toxicology is the scientific study of
adverse effects that occur in living organisms
due to chemicals. It involves observing and
reporting symptoms that arise following
exposure to toxic substances.
TOXICOLOGIST
Toxicologists will investigate the
mechanisms by which these substances exert
toxicity, as well as how to detect the presence
of these substances in various sample types.
Additionally, toxicology also involves
assessing how to effectively treat animals
and/or individuals who have been exposed to
certain toxicants.
FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY
- is the analysis of biological samples
for the presence of toxins, including drugs.
The toxicology report can provide key
information as to the type of substances
present in an individual and if the amount of
those substances is consistent with a
therapeutic dosage or is above a harmful
level. These results can be used to make
inferences when determining a substance's
potential effect on an individual's death,
illness, or mental or physical impairment.
- is defined as the science of applying
the principles of analytical chemistry and
toxicology for medico-legal purposes. The
results of these analyses can be used in court
or for administrative actions. This science is
continuously expanding and covers death
investigation, undeclared prescription of
drugs, medical errors, diagnosis and
management of patients with drug over
dosage, chemical/toxin exposure, and aspects
related to behavioral or human performance
(e.g. impaired driving due to drug
consumption, a steroid used by athletes) and
workplace drug testing.
IMPORTANCE OF TOXICOLOGY IN
THE INVESTIGATION OF CRIME
In general, forensic toxicology can be
divided into two areas:
1. Death Investigation Toxicology (or
Post-mortem Toxicology)
2. Behavioral or Human Performance
Toxicology.
1. Death Investigation Toxicology
(or Post-mortem Toxicology)
Post-mortem toxicology can be
defined as the investigation\quantification
of drugs (e.g. antiepileptic, neuroleptics),
poisons, alcohol or any other chemical
aimed to establish their impact on death.
The quantification of the chemical
concentration in blood or in any other
tissue is important in order to establish a
cause-effect relationship. For example,
analysis of human hair fiber gives
information on drugs used and their time
distribution (results are normalized on the
average hair growth.
2. Behavioral or human
performance toxicology
Behavioral or human performance
toxicology is the analysis of the presence,
use, or abuse of substances found in illicit
trafficking and with no legitimate medical
use. Such compounds are classified into
five classes: Narcotics, Depressants,
Stimulants, Hallucinogens, and Anabolic
steroids
TYPES OF POISONS
Alcohol Poisoning
Alcohol depresses nerves that control
involuntary actions, such as breathing and the
gag reflex, which prevents choking.
Excessive use of alcohol over a short period
of time can stop these functions.
A person's blood alcohol concentration
can continue to rise while he or she is passed
out. Even after a person stops drinking,
alcohol in the stomach and intestines
continues to enter the bloodstream and
circulate throughout the body. It is dangerous
to assume a person will be fine after “sleeping
it off.”
ALCOHOL POISONING
Many people try to sober up from alcohol
by:
• Drinking black coffee
• Sleeping it off
• Taking a cold bath or shower
• Walking it off
These do not work and may prevent
you from seeking help when you need it the
most. Know the danger signals of alcohol
poisoning, and don’t be afraid to ask for help.
CARBON MONOXIDE
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless,
odorless and tasteless gas that can cause
sudden illness and death. CO is produced any
time a fossil fuel is burned in a furnace,
vehicle, generator, grill or elsewhere. CO
from these sources can build up in enclosed
or semi-enclosed paces and can poison the
people and animals in them.
What are the most common sources of
carbon monoxide?
• Gasoline-powered engines, such as
cars and boats
• Gas stoves and ovens
• Charcoal grills
• Furnaces and water heaters
• Oil, gas or kerosene heaters
• Leaking chimneys or fireplaces
What should I do if I suspect carbon
monoxide poisoning?
• Get into fresh air immediately.
• Call the Poison Control Center.
• Go to the doctor right away if anyone
has any symptoms of CO inhalation, is
pregnant, or has heart issues.
• If you suspect a faulty appliance is
letting out large amounts of carbon
monoxide, call your local fire
department or gas company for
assistance in testing the air for CO.
• Do not re-enter the building until the
fire department or gas company says it
is safe.
INHALANTS
Inhalants are chemicals that cause a
person to feel high after inhaling or
breathing them in. They are found in these
common household products and many
others:
• Aerosol sprays
• Lighter fluid
• Correction fluid
• Mineral spirits
• Gasoline
• Nail preparation
• Glues and adhesives
• Paint / Paint Thinners
• Hair spray
• Refrigerants
• Kerosene
• Turpentine
People use inhalants by:
• Huffing - Breathing in fumes from a
cloth soaked in a chemical
• Sniffing - Breathing in fumes from an
open container or filling a closet or car
with vapors .
• Bagging - Placing the substance in a
plastic bag and holding it over the
mouth and nose.
• Spraying - Putting a substance
directly into the mouth.
FOOD POISONING
Food poisoning can be caused by: Food
poisoning can be caused by:
● Improperly prepared or stored foods
● Pesticides on fruits and vegetables
● Poisonous mushrooms
● Viruses, bacteria, and parasites
• Improperly prepared or stored foods
• Pesticides on fruits and vegetables
• Poisonous mushrooms
• Viruses, bacteria, and parasites

LEAD POISONING
Lead is a soft, highly toxic metal. It
occurs naturally in the earth but is spread
through the environment by human activities.
For many years, it was used in products found
in and around homes, including paint and
gasoline.
Lead can be found in:
• Air
• Lead-based paint
• Contaminated Soil
• Lead-glazed pottery
• Drinking Water
• Paint on some toys
• Household dust
• Pipes in old homes
• Inexpensive metal jewelry
COMMON VOLATILE
VOLATILE POISON- poisonous
compounds that can be isolated using steam
distillation and analyzed using gas
chromatography with thermal head attached
on it.
1. BENZENE- also called Benzol. A
solvent for rubber, gums, resins, fats.
 Benzene is a widely used
industrial chemical. Benzene is
found in crude oil and is a major
part of gasoline. It's used to
make plastics, resins, synthetic
fibers, rubber lubricants, dyes,
detergents, drugs and pesticides.
2. CARBON DISULFIDE- a solvent
for sulfur. Burns with bluish flame
giving carbon dioxide and sulfur
dioxide.
 Carbon disulfide is used in
many industries. It's used to
make rubber, viscose rayon,
cellophane, and carbon
tetrachloride.
3. ACETONE – used as a solvent for
cellulose acetate and nitrocellulose.
Colorless liquid of characteristic
fruity odor.
 Acetone is commonly used as a
solvent to manufacture plastics
and other industrial products.
Acetone may also be used to a
limited extent in household
products, including cosmetics
and personal care products,
where its most frequent
application would be in the
formulation of nail polish
removers.
4. ETHYL ALCOHOL OR
ETHANOL – alcohol found in wine.
Also called grained alcohol
 Ethyl alcohol is used to make
alcoholic beverages, for
example wine, beer and liquor.
Ethyl alcohol can also be used as
a solvent.
5. METHYL ALCOHOL OR
METHANOL – causes blindness. A
solvent for varnish. An anti-freeze in
automobiles. Also called wood
alcohol.
 Methanol is a nondrinking type
of alcohol (also known as wood
alcohol and methyl alcohol)
which is mostly used to create
fuel, solvents and antifreeze. A
colorless liquid, it is volatile,
flammable, and unlike ethanol,
poisonous for human
consumption.
6. ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL –
present in rubbing alcohol.
 Isopropyl alcohol is mixed with
water for use as a rubbing-
alcohol antiseptic. It is also used
in aftershave lotions, hand
lotions, and other cosmetics. In
industry it is used as an
inexpensive solvent for
cosmetics, drugs, shellacs, and
gums, as well as for denaturing
ethanol (ethyl alcohol).
7. NITROBENZENE – a pale yellow,
oily liquid with the sweet odor.
Resembles oil of bitter almond.
 Most of the nitrobenzene
produced in the United States is
used to manufacture a chemical
called aniline. Nitrobenzene is
also used to produce lubricating
oils such as those used in motors
and machinery. A small amount
of nitrobenzene is used in the
manufacture of dyes, drugs,
pesticides, and synthetic rubber.
8. CYANIDES – from kernels of
various fruits in the form of
amygdalin.
 In manufacturing, cyanide is
used to make paper, textiles, and
plastics. It is present in the
chemicals used to develop
photographs. Cyanide salts are
used in metallurgy for
electroplating, metal cleaning,
 and removing gold from its ore.
Cyanide gas is used to
exterminate pests and vermin in
ships and buildings.
9. ETHER – highly volatile and
inflammable liquid, transparent,
colorless, mobile liquid. Used as
general anesthesia, safer than
chloroform.
 the most widely used volatile
agent in the developing world,
ether still has a place in some
counties. Unfortunately, even
this use is threatened by
decreased availability of ether
and lack of medical provider
education in ether anesthesia.
10. CHLOROFORM – colorless liquid
with a sweet taste and suffocating
odor, An anesthesia.
11. CARBON TETRACHLORIDE- a
dry cleaning agent. Found in
“pyrene” fire extinguisher.
 Carbon tetrachloride was
commonly used in the past as a
cleaning fluid (as a degreasing
agent in dry cleaning institutions
and other industries, and as a
spot remover for clothes,
furniture, and carpeting in
households).
12. HYDROGEN CYANIDE- found in
kamoteng kahoy , also called
hydrocyanic acid or prussic acid.
 It is used commercially for
fumigation, electroplating,
mining, chemical synthesis, and
the production of synthetic
fibers, plastics, dyes, and
pesticides.
13. ACETIC ACID – acid found in
vinegar. In pure form is called glacial
acetic acid
 acetic acid is used in the
preparation of metal acetates,
used in some printing processes;
vinyl acetate, employed in the
production of plastics; cellulose
acetate, used in making
photographic films and textiles;
and volatile organic esters (such
as ethyl and butyl acetates)
14. SALICYLIC ACID – found in “ap-
ap” solution.
 Salicylic acid is a keratolytic
(peeling agent) that causes
shedding of the outer layer of
skin. Salicylic acid topical (for
the skin) is used in the treatment
of acne, dandruff, seborrhea, or
psoriasis, and to remove corns,
calluses, and warts.
15. FORMALIN – an embalming fluid
 When dissolved in water it is
called formalin, which is
commonly used as an industrial
disinfectant, and as a
preservative in funeral homes
and medical labs. It can also be
used as a preservative in some
foods and in products, such as
antiseptics, medicines, and
cosmetics
16. CARBOLIC ACID or PHENOL –
obtain from coal tar
 derived from benzene and used
in resins, plastics, and
pharmaceuticals and in dilute
form as a disinfectant and
antiseptic.
17. LYSOL – a disinfectant. A brown
liquid from cresol and soap emulsion
 Lysol disinfectant spray to kill
99.9% of viruses and bacteria.
For great protection from germs,
be sure to disinfect frequently
touched areas such as light
switches, door handles, kitchen
counters, fridge and microwave
handles, remotes and more.
18. FORMIC ACID – acid founds in
ants and spiders
 Formic acid is the simplest
carboxylic acid, containing a
single carbon. Occurs naturally
in various sources including the
venom of bee and ant stings, and
is a useful organic synthetic
 reagent. Principally used as a
preservative and antibacterial
agent in livestock feed.
19. ATROPINE – obtained from the
plant “SOLANACEAE”
 atropine is used before eye
examinations to dilate (open)
the pupil, the black part of the
eye through which you see. It is
also used to relieve pain caused
by swelling and inflammation of
the eye.
20. CONIINE – most active poisonous
alkaloid of common or spotted
hemlock
 It has been used in chorea,
mania, paralysis agitans,
tetanus, and strychnine
poisoning for its depressant
action on the motor nerves, but
in this respect it is inferior to
curare. In spasmodic affections
such as laryngismus, whooping
cough, and asthma, it is also
employed.
21. CANTHARIDE – an aphrodisiac.
Prepared from the dried body of the
beetle.
 Cantharidin is a painless liquid
blistering agent that is used to
treat a variety of skin growths. It
is applied directly to the wart,
molluscum lesion, or affected
area on the skin. The medication
is typically washed off an hour
or so after treatment and the skin
is left to blister.
22. CARBON MONOXIDE –
produced by the incomplete
combustion of carbon. Found in
exhaust of automobile.
 Carbon monoxide is used in a
variety of industries for a wide
range of applications including:
Metal Fabrication: Used in fuel
gas mixtures with hydrogen and
other gases for industrial and
domestic heating. Chemicals: In
the manufacture of a variety of
chemicals such as acids, esters
and alcohols.
23. TOLUENE – colorless, mobile,
inflammable liquid which burns with
smokey flame. Found in “rugby”.
 used in oil refining and the
manufacturing of paints,
lacquers, explosives (TNT) and
glues. In homes, toluene may be
found in paint thinners,
paintbrush cleaners, nail polish,
glues, inks and stain removers.
24. HYDROGEN SULFIDE – a
poisonous substance with odor like
that of a rotten egg.
 Hydrogen sulfide is used
primarily to produce sulfuric
acid and sulfur. It is also used to
create a variety of inorganic
sulfides used to create
pesticides, leather, dyes, and
pharmaceuticals. Hydrogen
sulfide is used to produce heavy
water for nuclear power plants
(like CANDU reactors
specifically).
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9165 OR R.A. 9165
R.A. 9165 – an act instituting THE
COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS
DRUGS ACT OF 2002, repealing Republic
Act no. 6425 otherwise known as The
Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972, as amended.
ARTICLE 1
Some definition of terms under Article 1,
Sec. 3 of R.A. 9165
1. DANGEROUS DRUGS – include
those listed in the Schedule Annexed
to the 1961 Single Convention on
Narcotic Drugs, as amended by the
1972 Protocol, and in the Schedules
Annexed to the 1971 Single
Convention on Psychotropic
substances as enumerated in the
 attached annex, which is an integral
part of this act.
2. CLANDESTINE LABORATORY-
any facility used for the illegal
manufacture of any dangerous drug
and/or controlled precursors and
essential chemicals.
3. CANNABIS or commonly known as
“MARIJUANA” or “INDIAN
HEMP” – or by its any other name
Embraces any kind, class, genus or
specie pf the plant cannabis Sativa L.
including, but not limited to, Cannabis
Americana, hashish, bhang guaza,
churrus and ganjab , and embraces any
kind, class and character of Marijuana,
whether dried or fresh and flowering ,
flowering or fruiting tops, or any part
or portion of the plant and seeds
thereof, and all its geographic
varieties, whether as a reefer, resin,
extract, tincture or in any form what so
ever.
4. METHYLENEDIOXYMETHAMP
HETAMINE (MDMA)- or
commonly known as ECSTASY or by
its any other name. Refers to the drug
having such chemical composition,
including any of its isomers or
derivatives in any form.
5. METHAMPHETAMINE
HYDROCHLORIDE or commonly
known as “SHABU”, “ICE”,
“METH” or by its any other name.
Refers to the drug having such
composition, including any of its
isomers or derivatives in any form.
6. OPIUM – refers to the coagulated
juice of the opium poppy (PAPAVER
SOMNIFERUM L,) and embraces
every kind, class and character of
opium, whether crude or prepared; the
ashes or refuse of the same; narcotic
preparations thereof or therefrom;
morphine or any alkaloid of opium
enters as ingredient; opium poppy;
opium poppy straw; leaves or
wrappings of opium leaves; whether
prepared for use or not.
7. OPIUM POPPY- refers to any part of
the plant of the species Papaver
Somniferum L, Papaver Setigerum
DC, Papaver Orientale, Papaver
Bracteatum and Papaver rhoeas, which
includes the seeds, straws, branches,
leaves or any part thereof, or
substances derived therefrom, even for
floral, decorative and culinary
purposes.
8. PDEA – refers to the Philippine Drug
Enforcement Agency under Sec.82,
Article IX of this act.
PDA serves as the
implementing arm of the
Dangerous drugs Board, and is
responsible for the efficient and
effective law enforcement of all
of the provisions on any
dangerous drug and/or
controlled precursors and
essential chemical.
ARTICLE II
UNLAWFUL ACTS AND
PENALTIES
SEC. 4 – Importation of Dangerous Drugs
and/or any controlled Precursors and
essential chemicals- life imprisonment to
death and a fine ranging from P500, 000. 00
to P10M.
SEC. 5- Sale, Trading, Administration,
Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and
Transportation of Dangerous Drugs
and/or Controlled Precursors and
Essentials Chemical - life imprisonment to
death and a fine ranging from P500 000. 00
to 10 million.
SEC. 6 - Maintenance of den, Dive or
Resort - life imprisonment to death and a fine
ranging from P500, 000.00 to 10 million.
SEC. 7 - Employees and visitors of a Den,
Dive or Resort - imprisonments ranging
from 12 years and one day to 20 years and a
fine ranging from P100,000.00 to P500,
000.00
SEC. 8 - Manufacture if Dangerous Drugs
and/or Controlled Precursors and
Essentials Chemicals - life imprisonment to
death and a fine ranging from P500,000.00 to
10 million.
SEC. 9 - Illegal Chemical Diversion of
Controlled Precursors Essential
Chemicals- Imprisonment from 12 years and
one day to 20 years and a fine ranging from
P100,000.00 to P500,000.00
SEC. 10 - Manufacture or Delivery of
equipment, instrument, Apparatus and
other Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs
and/or Controlled Precursors and
essentials Chemicals- imprisonment of 12
years and one day to 20 years and a fine
ranging from P100,000.00 to P500,000.00
SEC. 11 - POSSESSION OF
DANGEROUS DRUGS - penalty of life
imprisonment to death and a fine ranging
from P500,000.00 to P10 million shall be
imposed upon any person, who, unless
authorized by law, shall possess any
dangerous drug in the following quantity;
1. 10 grams or more opium
2. 10 grams or more morphine
3. 10 grams or more heroin
4. 10 gram or more of cocaine or cocaine
hydrochloride
5. 50 gram or more of methamphetamine
hydrochloride or shabu
6. 10 grams or more marijuana resin or
marihuana resin oil
7. 500 grams or more of marijuana and
8. 10 grams or more of other Dangerous
drugs, such as, but not limited to, MDMA or
Ecstasy, trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA),
lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
Otherwise, if the quantity involved is
less than the foregoing quantities, the
penalties shall be graduated as follows;
1. 10 grams or more but less
than 50 grams - life imprisonment and
fine P400,000.00 to P500,000.00
2. 5 grams or more but less
than 10 grams of opium, morphine,
heroin, cocaine or cocaine
hydrochloride, marijuana resin or
marijuana resin oil - imprisonment of
20 years and one day to life
imprisonment and a fine ranging from
P400,000.00 to P500,000.00
3. Less than 5 gram of opium,
morphine, heroin, cocaine, cocaine
hydrochloride, marijuana resin or
marijuana resin oil - 12 years and one
day to 20 years and fine ranging from
P300,000.00 to P400,000.00
SEC. 15 - USE OF DANGEROUS DRUGS
- a person apprehended or arrested, who is
found to be POSITIVE for use of and
dangerous drugs after a confirmatory test,
shall be imposed a penalty of a minimum of
6 months rehabilitation in a government
center for the FIRST OFFENSE. If
apprehended for the 2nd time, he or she will
suffer the penalty of imprisonments ranging
from 6 years and one day to 12 years and a
fine ranging from P200,000.00 to
P500,000.00
SEC. 12 - Possession of Equipment,
instrument, apparatus and other
paraphernalia for dangerous drugs.
SEC. 13 - Possession of Dangerous Drugs
during parties, social gathering and
meetings.
SEC. 14 - Possession of equipment,
instrument, apparatus, and other
paraphernalia for dangerous drugs during
parties, social gatherings and meetings.
SEC. 16 - Cultivation or Culture of Plants
Classified as Dangerous Drugs and are
sources thereof.
SEC. 17 - Maintenance and keeping of
Original Records of Transactions on
Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled
Precursors and Essentials Chemicals
SEC. 18 - Unnecessary prescription of SOME DRUGS INCLUDED IN
Dangerous Drugs SCHEDULE III
1. Preparation of codeine
SEC. 19 - Unlawful Prescription of
2. Dihydrocodeine
Dangerous Drugs
3. ethylmorphine, propiyam
SEC. 21 - Custody and disposition of 4. Dextropropoxyphene
Confiscated, Seized and/or Surrendered 5. Cocaine
Dangerous Drugs, plants Sources of 6. opium,
Dangerous Drugs l, Controlled Precursors 7. difenoxine,
and Essentials Chemicals, 8. diphenoxylate
Instrument/paraphernalia and/or
Laboratory equipment. SOME DRUGS INCLUDED IN
SEC. 22 - Grant of Compensation, Reward SCHEDULE IV
1. Acetorphine
and award
2. Cannabis and cannabis resin
SEC. 23 - Plea Bargaining Provision 3. Desomorphine
SEC. 31 - Additional Penalties if offender 4. Heroin
is alien

ANNEXES 1971 UNITED NATIONS

SINGLE CONVENTION ON
1961 UNITED NATIONS SINGLE PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS
CONVENTION ON NARCOTIC
DRUGS SOME DRUGS INCLUDED IN
AS AMENDED BY THE 1972 SCHEDULE I
PROTOCOL 1. DMA -
dimethoxymethylphenethylami
ne
SOME DRUGS INCLUDED IN 2. MDMA – methylene
SCHEDULE I dioxymethamphetamine
3. Mescaline -
1. Cannabis and Cannabis resin and
trimethoxyphenethylamine
extracts and tinctures of cannabis
4. MMDA -
2. Coca leaf
methylenedioxyphenethylamine
3. Cocaine
5. Psilocybine
4. Ecgonine
6. THC - tetrahydrocannabinol
5. Heroin
7. TMS - trimethoxyamphetamine
6. Methadone
SOME DRUGS INCLUDED IN
7. Morphine
SCHEDULE II
8. Opium
1. Amphetamine
9. Thebaine
2. Methaqualone
3. Secobarbital
SOME DRUGS INCLUDED IN
4. Methamphetamine
SCHEDULE II
5. Methylphenidate
1. Codeine
6. ziperol
2. Dextropropoxyphene
SOME DRUGS INCLUDED IN
3. Ethylmorphine
SCHEDULE III
4. Nicodine
1. amobarbital
5. dihydrocodeine
2. butalbital
3. cyclobarbital
4. pentobarbital
SOME DRUGS INCLUDED IN
SCHEDULE IV
1. alprazolam
2. barbital
3. bromazepam
4. chlordiazepoxide
5. diazepam
6. ethchlorvynol
7. flurazepam
8. lorazepam
9. meprobamate