Fuets Somewhere, there is something incredible waiting to be hy mown.” ~Carl Sagan CHAPTER OUTLINE “ ee Cn 18 Ligus Fuels Catorific Valve etroleum, Com 7 42 Gross and Net Cracking eons ie Proceesing. Retro 13. Characteristics of a good fuel (Polymerization, Bergius process, Fcher Tepesh 14 Solid Fuels Process, Refining of Gasoline, Knocking, Coal, Classification, Analysis (Proximate and Retane ating, Cetane rating, fe Utimate) Carbonization (low temperature, els Non-petroteum high ire, Metallurgical Coke, Manu- (Benzol, power alcohol) faxture (Beehive oven, Otto Hoffman's 1.6 . Combustion Oven) See Any source of heat energy is called a fuel. The term fuel is applied to a combustible substance which on burning in presence of oxygen produces « large amount of heat that can be used economically for domestic and industrial purposes. Nature has given us unlimited stores of the substances which can be used as fuels-e.g. wood, charcoal, coal, kerosene etc. Combustion of these fuels is used as a source of heat and power. During combustion of these fuels, a chemical reaction involving breakage of bonds of reactants and formation of new bonds in the products takes place which is accompanied by a large amount ofheat. Hence these fuels are termed as chemical fuels. Ttis now well established that combustion Is not necessary for a fuel to produce heat. Nuclear energy is also used as a source of heat. In case of nuclear fuels, ener; is liberated by fission or ter ‘sion of nucle. This energy is fan in the casé of chemical fuels. fossil fuclsue ine broad sense, include the stored fuels that are available in the earth's crust ie. fuels which are deri i il fuels” is used because th i re derived from fossil fuels. The term ‘fossil fu : these fucleenwed from the fossilized remains of plants and animals. Taeenerk energy available a plants during the presse” tobe a part of stored solar energy. The solar energy is trapped by’ 8 of photosynthesis according to the following reaction:hatnecing omiaty Sontight , #20 + CO, — Carbohydrates Apart of carbohydrate is used as food by plantsand ean Constituents of vegetable matter. The vegetation thus beon’tted into cellulose 2 ” ther potenti] energy. When the plant dies, the orsane matter oxidizes ¢® Urce of high noth coal. Thyfpal having residual potentigt energy is used as a fue), “* ‘form peat finale 1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF FUELS Fuels can be classified on the basis of their @ Occurance and (ii) Physical state. ® On the basis of their occurance they are of two types Primary fuels: Fuels which occur in nature a. such are called primary fuels. These can be used either without processing or after little Processing which does not change the chemical composition of the fuel. Examples: Wood, peat, coal, petroleum and natural gas. Secondary fuels: The fuels which are derived from the primary fuels by further: ‘chemical Processing are called secondary fuels. Examples: coke, charcoal, kerosene, coal gas, producer gas etc. @) On the basis of their physical state these may be classified as: Solid Fuels Liquid Fuels Gaseous Fuels ‘The classification can be summarized as: Chemical Fuels Primary Fueis ‘Secondary Fuels Solid Liquid Gaseous solid Gaseous 2g. wood 2.9. Crude 2g. Natural 0.9, Coke, Petrol, 2.9. Coal gas, eat, lignite ol gas Charcoal water gas 42° BaLoninic vauue””;° ins One of the most important characteristic of ‘a fuel is its calorific value. Calorific value jugdes the efficiency of fuel. . slorife value is defined as the total quantity of heat liberated when a unit mass of a fuelis buFht completely. Toop auols pits of Calorific Value: Units of calorifj © Value for soli vst 'duid and gaseous fuels are Siven Units of Catoring Val ues cas Caloriesigm es an ce . ij Brus? ‘The quantity of heat nae mens inthe following unite: A + tis defined as the amount oe a Calorie aah 1°C (from 15-16° Oy Alea Tequired to raise the temperature of 1 1 Calorie = 4.185 Joules = 4.185%107 g gram ilo Calorie: This reepresents the unit of heat in Mis goto iin don . It is defined as the @ amount of heat required to raise the temperature of, 5°-16° C) om 1 1 kcal = 1000 cal . pritish thermal unit: (B. Th. U or B.T.U,) Itis defined as th Gi) rie the temperature of 1 pound (Ib) of water through 1°F (rom 60" Pa required 1B. Th. u = 252 Cal = 0.252 k cal 1,054.6 Joules = 1,054.6x107 ergs. 1k cal = 3.968 B. Th. U heat unit (C.H.U) Itis defined as the amount of heat required to raise the try pound of water through 1°. (from 15° to 16°C). mane .968 BTU 2 C.H.U. one kilogram of water through 1° C Gv) Centigrade temperature GROSS AND NET CALORIFIC VALUE Gross Calorific Value: It is the tpt amount oe ee on enperie completely burnt in oxygen and the products of combustion are cooled down to the room temperature (15° Cor 60°F). Usually, all the fuels have sufficie combustion is converted into steam. As temperature, the steam gets condensed into water determination of gross calorific value, this latent heat nt amount of hydrogen. The hydrogen present during the products of combustion are cooled down to room and latent heat is evolved. Thus in the also gets included in the measured heat. Therefore gross calorific value is also called the higher calorific value. ; . a ee by Bom eter gives the Gross or Higher Calorific value (HCV). Net Calorific Value: It is defined as the net heat produced when a unit auande 8S ‘amspletalcheat anal the products of combustion are allowed to escape. hy ohsirae practice when the fuel is burnt, the water vapour, formed due to the of [degen in the fuel, are not conde escal ne with hot combusti es. Hence, + amount than gross calorific value is available. Therefore, this is called net calorific value, {tis also known as lower Calorifie Value, (LCV)Franny * cent heat of water vapours formed. hei Y by weight of hydrogen gives nine parts bY weight of water j ; he. Since 1 par" 1 Hy +50, >+H,0 LCV = HCV — Weight of hydrogen x 9 x latent heat of steam = HCV - Weight of hydrogen x 9 x 587 (c. Latent heat of, ‘steam = 687, aly) DETERMINATION OF CALORIFIC VALUE oe 1. Determination of Calorifie Value of Solid and Non vélatit. value of solids and non volatile liquid fuels is determined by bomb sale ea Fela: Thy Principle: A known amount of the fuel is burnt in excesof ox ‘ygen anc transferred toa known amount of water. The calorific value of the fuel the heat then: determined ee by he, the ppingnleofalorimatery ie [eat gained=Heat lost « Constructi Asim, i ii in Fi : ple sketch of bomb calorimeter is shown in Fig. 1.1, 15 Sanitary, @ Steel bomb: Steel bomb consists of a strong eylindrical contai steel which is capable of withstanding pressure of atleace 30 ate ra UP Oey generally provided with a gas-tight screw cap or id. The idm turntssee oy holes for electrodes and one oxygen inlet valve. A small ring is fitted toone With ty which act as a support for slica crucible. othe de, @_ The bomb is placed in a copper calorimeter containing a known amount of ___ calorimeter is provided with an electrical stirrer and a Beckmann them Gil) The copper calorimeter is surrounded by the air jacket ai aa a my Joss of heat due to radiation. (iv) A crucible made up of nickel, or fused silica which contains the fuel. The cructhi, placed inside the ring attached to one of the electrodes. Working: A known amount of the given fuel (about .6 to 1g) is taken in the silica ends supported over the ring. A piece of fine magnesium wire is tightly stretched across the elects, touching the fuel sample, The lid of the bombis ightly screwed and bomb filled with oxygens atmospheric pressure. The bomb is placed inside the copper calorimeter which containsalnm amount of water. After thorough stirring, initial temperature of water is noted with thebeyi Beckmann thermometer, which can read accurately, temperature difference upto 1/100thdi degree. The electrodes are then connected to 6-volt battery and the circuit is completed. Thel# in the crucible burns with the evolution of heat. The heat produced by burning of a fuel is tras! to water, which is stirred throughout the experiment by the electric stirrer. Maximum temps™® shown by thermometer is recorded. Time taken to cool the water in the calorimeter from mse temperature to room temperature is also noted. The calorific value of the fuel is below: Calculations i 7 Weight of the fuel sample taken = xg” Weight of water in the calorimeter = Wg= ON = = jent of the calorimeter. stirrer, hom} Initial temperature of water = fee thermometer = w g °C ee Final temperature of water = ‘ tro Higher or gross calorific value = C cay, Heat gained by water = Wx fe ‘ x pecific heat of ' ' = Wi-mrten water Heat gained by Calorimeter = w(t,— 4.) cq) “= Heat liberated by the fuel = x¢ ea Heat liberated by the fuel = Heat gain ed by Water and calorimeter ewoter equival EO = (Wow) (t—t,) cat = c = W+wy-4) x callg TF iat calorific Valve ' . sepercentage ofhydroger i the fuel= _ 9H Weight of water produced from 1 gm of the fuel = 700 &™ ~ (+ 1. gm of hydrogen produces 9 gm of H,O) eat liberated during condensation of steam = 0.09HX587 cal — . Net (Lower) calorific value = GCV Latent heat of water formed =C-0.09HX587 callg yy Corrections: For obtaining the accurate results the following corrections are also incorporated: (a) Fuse wire correction: As Mg wire is used for ignition, the heat generated by burning of ‘Mg wire is also included in the gross ‘calorific value as measured above. Hence this amount of heat has to be subtracted from the total value. Tater equivalent ofa calorimeter is defined as the number of calories required to heat the calorimeter meter and S be its specific heat, then by 1°C. IfM is the mass of the calorit Water equivalent w=MS 9/ Fine corimeter is made of different parts having different specific heats Sy, Sp masses, M,, M,, My ete. then Syete. and different Water equivalent = M,S, + M,S, + meter is also determined by burning a fuel of known calorific value acy = +0 Doy except w are known in the above formula ining water equivalent ‘The water equivalent of the calorit ‘and using the equation. Tero in temperature is determined. Ae al other values, — w canbe aay elolated. The ommon fuel sed for the purpose of determi Benzoie acid 6,325 ‘Naphthalene 9,688 ical Camphor 9,292 keallkga ent of the calorimeter, stirrer cawaterequival Water Initial temperature of water Pombs thermometer = w g Final temperature of water ue = Higher or gross calorific value = ¢ Sun Heat gained by water = Wye ate, wa, ae heat of water Heat gained by Calorimeter = u(t," 4), ah 4 W(ta— t)) cal “=> Heat liberated by thefuel = xCcal Heat liberated by the fuel = Heat gain, ed 20 = Wrue by water and calorimeter hos '2— ty) cal, - C= W+w)(e ~4) me ae calig wy tier calorie Vols in the fuel = 7 of hydrogen in the fuel = Lat pereentage he fuel = 2% Weight of water produced from 1 6m ofthe fuel= 79g ¢m (+ 1 gm of hydrogen produces 9 gm of H,O) oat berated during condensation of steam = 0.09HX587 cal : berated dune Hyer calorific value = GCV Latent heat of water formed =C-0.09HX587 callg Jy ining the accurate results the following corrections are also incorporated: Corrections: For ot 1 (@ Fuse wire correction: As Mg wire is used for ignition, the heat generated by burning of Mg wire is also included in the gross calorific value as measured above. Hence this amount ofheat has to be subtracted from the total value. wr is defined as the number of calories required to heat the calorimeter + Water equivalent of a calorimete! by 1°C. If M is the mass of the calorimeter and S be its specific heat, then Water equivalent w=MS 9/ Ifthe calorimeter is made of different parts having different specific heats S,, S,, Sg ete. and different masses, M,, My, My te. then Water equivalent = MS, + M,S, + ‘The water equivalent of the calorimeter is also determined by burning a fuel of known calorific value and using the equation. cov = Wrwie-t), v The rise in temperature is determined. = D ined, As all other values, except w are kno ten oe a The common fuels used for the purpose of determining water wn in the above formula equivalent 6,325 keal/kegwp Fig. 1.1 Bomb calorimeter (®) Acid Correction: During combustion, sulphur and nitro oxidized to their corresponding acids under high pressure a: S+0, + SOQ, uo 280,+0,+2H,O — 2H,S0,, AH 2N,+50,+2H,0 -» 4HNO,), AH gen present in t nd temperature Sem 144,000 Calories y 57,160 Calories ¢ The above reactions are exothermic in nature but the heat liberated is ot obtain Practical use of coal, because SO, and N, pass into the atmosphere. There st must be made for the heat liberated in the bomb by the formation of H, SO, and HNO, The amount of H,S0, and HNO; is analyzed by washings of the calorimens, ¢ Foreach ml of N/10 H,SO, formed, 3.6 calories should be subtracted, * H,SO, can also be determined by precipitation as BaSO, using BaCl,. The conetia for Img of S formed is 2.25 calories. * For each ml of N/10 HNO, formed, 1.43 calories must be subtracted. eee (©) Cooling Correction: Heating and cooling are simultaneous processes. As ‘the temperatur rises above the room temperature, the loss of heat does occur due to radiation, andi highest temperature recorded will be slightly less than that obtained, if no lossofbe took place. A temperature correction (cooling correction) is therefore necessary toge Correct rise in temperature, Uf the time taken for the water in the calorimeter to cool down from the maximum tempe’™ tained, to the room temperature is x minutes and the rate of cooling is dt/ minute, the ling correction = x x dt. This should be added to the observed rise in temperature. ++ Gross Calorific Value, ie (W+w)(t - 4 + Cooling correction) ~ [Acid + fuse corrections] j Massof the fuel 7 : i -a . ination of Calorific Value of Gaseo, ti i Js: The calorific bv Boy's Gas Calorimeter. wn in Fig, 1 cand volatile liquid fuels is determi et 3. Det easeous i i ; value of jon: A sketch of Boy's Gas “alorimeter ia sho ion: 2, i allowing construct! It consista of the following parts gs burner in which a known Volume Of Fa ata known pressure burnt ata uniform a Ago ye volume of the gas is TH Fl edbya Teter fitted near the inlet of the gas Fe amet is surrounded eae Thee ers istion chamber. which hooe ‘8 copper The Tp inside as well as outside, eran PREF Coil, water at a constant rate is tube Vater enters from the top of the outer coil, pa flown. i ses through the outer caile, moves to Fe bottom of the chimney and then moves upwards through the inner coile, and exit ike from the Mometers ¢, and f, are fitted to note the temperature of incoming and outgoing i) The ete’ ; ; @ ater reepetively vided for collecting water which is formed ner ‘ Gi) Acontaing during combustion. — Pn eer Je assembly is, enclosed in an insulated chamber, cl () Thew! rubber tubing due to the condensation of > 4 2 A 4 i Ry Fig. 1.2 Boy's gas calorimeter Working: Burning of fuel and circulation of water are continued for about 15 minutes for initial warming up period. When the calorimeter gets warmed, the rate of flow is 0 adjusted that eo fuga ants tbe apparatus nearfyat atmospheric pressure. Heat produced by burning of gaseo «is is transferred to water in the copper coil and the steam formed inside the chimney during combustion gets. condensed to r which isc ef dings are noted, when ‘onltons become steady: uch i8collected. The following readingsEngineering re agiven temperature and ressurein time Thingy SY cgas burnt at a given temperature and pressure in time — srumentgas barn : ; — o AER ATMOST eprough the coll in the same timet. by cight of water — wa Weill remperatupeatincoming and outgoing water. os Te of water condensed during this time. : Let ee of the gas burnt at STP in a certain time t Weight of water passed through the coil in time Weight of water condensed during this time ‘Temperature of incoming water ‘Temperature of outgoing water Rise in temperature Gross Calorifie value Heat absorbed by the circulating water = M,-T) L Heat produced by combustion of fuel = VC, Heat lost = Heat gainea vo=wr-7) ~~ W(T, - Gross Calorific Value = i 4) Net Calorific Value Weight of water condensed per m of gas = m/Vkg ~ 87 Latent heat of steam per m® of gas = ™™557 eal. 4 Net Calorie Value = [Gross Calorific Value —"~5°" eatin? 3. Theoretical Calculation of Calorific Value of a Fuel: ‘Theoretically, the calorific vabet a fuel can be calculated if the percentages of the constituent elements are known. Aconing Dulong, the Calorific value of a fuel is the sum of the calorific values of its constituents. he calorific value of C, H and S are found to be 8080, 34500 and 2240 K cal/kg respectin. Sulphur ink If oxygen is also present, it combines with hydrogen to form HO. Thus the hydrogeo™ combined form is no‘ t available for combustion and is called fixed hydrogen. Amount of hydrogen available for combustion =Total mass of hydrogen—hydrogen combined with oxygen- : Now, 8 parts by weight of ox : foro ygen combines with 1 part by weight of hydrogen" . for every 8 parts of oxygen, 1 part of hydrogen gets fixed. H,+40, —+H,0 Jv ig a 9g ia . Fixed Hydrogen = Mana of ammount ovarogen able for combusts O*YRR in the fuel =Total mass of hydrogen — | am =H-O18 & ™998 of oxygen in fuel formula for calculating the calorific value is give, nas: olen ' "V) = —-| 8080 Gross calorific Value ay ral “OROE + 4.500(H 242,240 5| kale. ~A% c.HO andS are the percentages of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and eulph B. . ‘ur respectively. = 9 Net Calorific Value (LCV) = [ HoV —5- Her | ee = [HCV -. O9H% 587} cathe, LS BASED ON DETERMINATION oF so FC VALUE OF FUELS Bxample 1.1. ‘The following data were obtained in a bomb calorimeter experiment. Weight of Coal burnt = 0.994 g i: Weight of water in calorimeter = 2592 g Weight of bomb, calorimeter ete = 3940 g Rise in temperature of water =2.732°C Mean specific heat of the apparatus = 0.098 rific value of the fuel. Ifthe fuel contains 8% hydrogen, calculate its the gross calor : me valve (latent heat of condensation of steam = 587 cal/g). Solution: Weight of the fuel,x = 0.994 Weight of water, W = 2592g. Weight of apparatus = 3940g~ Mean specific heat of apparatus = 0.098 | -: Water equivalent of apparatus, w = 3940x0.098= 386.12 Rise in temperature of eater = 2.732°C : : +. Gross calorific value = Wee —W) : .12)(2.73: (2502+ 886.12)(2.782) _ 9155 3 cauig 0.994 ee Net Calorific Value = HCV — 0.09.H x 587 cal/gm = 8185.3 — 0.09 x 8 x 587 cal/gm = VS 8185.3 — 422.64 cal/gm = 7762.6 cal/gm iasaeigl2. Asampleof col contains 02% C, 5% H, and 3% ash. When tis coal was tested for bomb calorimeter, the following results were obtained: Weight ofthe col burnt = 0.95g ' eight of water taken = 700 Water equivalent of bomb and calorimeter = one Increase in temperature = 2.48°Cae] Engineering Chemistry Acid Correction = 60.0 Cal Cooling Correcti 0.02°C Fuse wire Correction = 10.0 Cal. sailtulate the net and gross calorific value of oa! Given latent heat ofcondensation of steam = 587 cal’g Solution: Gcv = (V+UNG-T 4+ Cooling Correction) - (Acid + Fuse corrections) t Mass of fuel } = (2000 + 7004) (2.48 + 0.02) ~ 60 + 10) ~ 0.95 = 7031.6 cal/g Net Calorific Value’ = GCV - 0.09H x 687 cal/g = 7031.6 — 0.09 x 6 x 587 = 6767.46 cal/g Example 1.3. During the determination of calorific value of a gaseous fuel by Boy's calorimeter, the following results were recorded. wa Volume of gaseous fuel burnt at N.T.P. = 0.098 m® | Weight of the water used for cooling the combustion products = 50kg Weight of steam condensed = 0.051kg . ‘Temperature of inlet water = 26.1°C “ Temperature of outlet water = 46.5°C.Y Determine the gross and net calorific values. W(t 4) v Solution: Gross calorific value GCV = v Gross calorific value 7 x Latent heat of condensation of steam . .098 = 10102,7 k cal/m> Example 1.4. Calculate the gross and net calorific value of a coal sample having the following ae C: 82 per cent, H,: 8 per cent, O,: 5 per cent, S: 2.5 per cent, N,: 1.4 per cent and ash 2.1 per cent. . > ‘olution: ccv = ial “C+ 54500 - Ps 2240 x8] Vv = ul enanxee + 24800(8 3}: 2240 25] 00 8 : 1 3 = Tp9!662560 + 254437.5++ 5600) = 9225.9 k cal/kg aaaific Value = GCV- 0.09 Pe wet Calorie xen — = 9225.90.09 xg. = 8803.26 k calheg 587 | Acoal has the following composit te 1.5 Y eth amp! ‘= 1.5%. Net Calorific value of th Y Weight: © = nd asl . of the i C= go 7 he oentat® “of hydrogen and higher calorific value ogee ("Md tobe 9.90 Keane caine ' : : alculate HCV = F080 x 92 +346) : 00/42 solution’ 100 (#-2)}-2210.05 7 = [7433.60 + 346 H~ 86.25 4 1) lee = [7358.55 + 345 H)kcalny, IK °aUke ‘Aloo HCV = (Net Calorific Value + 0.09) i = 9490 +0.09 Hx 687° * 587 keatng 2 = 9430 + 62.83 H From (i) and Gi) Si 3 [7368.55 + 345 H] = [9430 + 52.83 H] 999.17 = 2071.45 _ 2071.45 _ . Percentage of H = 00.17 * 7.09% HCV = (7358.55 + 345 H)k cal/lkg = 7358.55 + (345 x 7/09)k cal/kg = 9804.6 k cal/kg. 13 CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD FUEL While selecting a fuel for particular purpose, following facto‘s are taken into consideration: @ @ Gi) wy) (i) (wit) Suitability: The fuel selected should be most suitable for the process. For example, coke made out of bituminous coal is most suitable for blast furance. High calorific value: The fuel should possess high calorific value because calorific value determines the efficiency of the fuel. Higher is the amount of heat per unit mass or volume, better the fuel. Ignition temperature: Ignition temperature is the lowest temperature to which the fuel must be heated so that it starts burning smoothly. A good fuel should have moderate ignition temperature. If the fuel have low ignition temperature, the storage and transportation become dangerous, since it can cause fire hazards. If, on the other hand the ignition temperature is too high, the transportation and storage become easier but it causes difficulty in kindling. : : Moisture content: The moisture content should be low because presence of high moisture lowers the effective calorific value of the fuel. dead ae ible matter content: The non combustible matter forms clinkers after pec a . rae of non combustible matter reduces the heating value and also Velocity ofan dispocal after the combustion. i : of combustion ere ee siete Velocity of combustion should be moderate. Too high velocities Nature of the go eauited, whereas too low velocities cause loss of heat duetoradiation. Products: The products formed should not be harmful. The gaseous Products evolved duri odours and other hare combustion should be auch that they do not cause unpleasant in aEngineering Chemisty (viii) Cost of fuel: The fuel should have a low cost and should be available in large amount at acheap rate. (x) Smoke: Formation of smoke should be as low a i () Control of the process: The fuel should beeen controlled i. it can be easily started or stopped. ‘comparison between the solid, liquid and : Lcntueiei eS SS ch that its combustion can easily be Table: 1.1 Relative Merits of the Three Physical Forms of Fuel Relatively cheap and easily available 2. | Storage, transportation, handling are quite diff- icult; usually liquefied and gasified products are manufactured very near to the coal site 3. | Combustion is a slow process and once started must be maintained by air. The control and stopping of combustion Invariably some ash is produced and their dis- posal is a problem. Labour is required for ‘Not used in internal combustion engine. Have low thermal More costly than solid fuels but cheap in countries of origin Can be transported easily from storage tanks through a system of pipes. Greater care must be taken to store them in closed containers. Storage space is less compared to solid and gaseous Combustion takes place quickly. The process of combustion can be controlled or stopped when needed ‘The burning is clean and no ash is produced but fuels with high carbon and aromatic contents may produce smoke. The labour demand is less stocking coal. ') Used in internal combustion engines (petrol) Their thermal efficiency efficiency. Except natural gas, other gas- ous fuels are derived from solid and liquid fuels and hence costly. Have to be stored in leak proof| containers and need considerable storage space; can be distributed through pipelines. Domestic suplies can be arranged either through pipes orby liquefying and fuels storing under pressure in iron cylinders (LPG cylinders) More readily miscible with air ‘compared to liquids and the combustion takes place rapidly and more efficiently. Air required is are not easy less compared to solid and liquid fuels. Neutral oxidizing or reducing atmospheres can be maintained by controlling air supply and soa greater _ flexibility in usage is a1 Neither ash nor smoke is produced. ‘The labour demand is less Used in internal combustio® engine (CNG) a ‘Their thermal efficiéney ® c=...2 * + ~ = PROBLEMS orific value determination on cal ara fuel underwent complete com jn a calorimeter containing Lape", oko 385 g of of oxygen, the increase of 0. en ve of wate " at orifc value Of | ‘the fuel, if the water equival, water is lent of cal F war 2.40°C:, Calculate th nm lorimeter, ete, 35. 1850.8 cal/g] ning 0.98 g and containing 90% of carbo mn and 8% of hy e the following el wei! (Ho periment drogen gay Liquid fue) Pomb calorimeter ex results water taken in the calorimeter = eurremperature of water = 1.8°C. ie Jatent heat of steam is 587 cal/g, calculate the gross and net cal IGcv =, lorific value of the fuel lorific value of coal 490 cal: NCV = 3.067 o jate the gross and net cal sample hi ti NCV = 3,067 cal ) oe, He Te, 0= 3%, S= 3.6%, N= Bi%and ashen following composition IGCV = 8,826 k of water increased from 25.5°C to 2a ACY = 8488 Keates) of watvater equivalent of calorimeter and latest heer na vvely. If the fuel contains 0.65% of ease ante calculate its +450 g; water equivalent of the ‘alorimeter rT equi the cal ® et 5 temperature of 950.0 6 (©) Ti fuel ina bomb calorin sre 400.0 gand "587.0 cal/g respect lorific value. a aon Iu calorific value ofa coal sample gave the follwing data {63266 cael Weight of coal sample : 0.98 Water equivalent ofcalorimeter = 440g Weight of water : 2560g Rise in temperature 1 2.42°C Contng correction : 0.052°C Fuse wire i : 10.0 cal ste the gross calorific value and net calorific value, if the total contains 6% hydrogen and assume latent heat of steam equal to 600 cal/g. [8228, 79 04 cal/g} Calculate the gross calorific value and net ‘calorific value of coal sample having the following 7%, O = 3%, S = 3.5%, N= 2.1%, and ash = 4.4% 8828, 8458 cal/g] 496, § = 1.5%, N = 0.6% H = 5.5% and composition: C = 80%, H = ‘Acne! has the following ultimate analysis 0 =84%. Find the gross and net calorific va data: C 7 Jues with the help of Dulong's formula, 18356, 8065 cal/e] he laboratory for Amupleccaloontaining 02% 4% Hi 3% ash. When this coal was tested in calorific value in the bomb calorimeter, the following data were obtained: eight of coal burnt 0.95¢ Rete of water taken 7008 Water equivalent of tomb and calorimeter, = 2,000 in temperature Fe aBeC Fusevicon on = 0.02°C Acid correction = 10.0cal Calculate the = 60.0 cal. Ws the net and gross calorific values ofthe coal col/g. (Assume the Intent BoA ot as 580 cal/g). {GCV = 7081.6 calles LCV = Ge call yrature OF wi sed the temP! und £0 ca 9.884 g of it fuel on. ia “complet combustion in excess of oxygen increa M to 18,10°C, The mi of water in cal 1,365 g. Cale tein gg late the bi d in 135 g. higher calorific value of the fuel, if the water eq Jorimeter W28 valent of ‘calorimeter [e726.6 calle]