1588 near Molmeshniy 1632 a Wringion Somersetshire Destin 1679, . Death in 1704. Death in 1778, 2. Writings: e ‘gin of inequality (1753) {© OF Civil Government (1889) ja Origin of Inequality Oy oe Comber Politica (1640) (4) Essay concerning human fi Essay on Political Economy (1) De Cive (1642) understanding. (1690) i) The Emile (1762) (if) Leviathan (1651) (i) Discourses concerning tiv) government Social Contract (1762), () The fundam La Mauvelichedoise (1761) ental constitutions of | i) Confessions (1765) ’ Carolina 1706 4. State of Nature: To Rousseau. men inthe To Locke, the state of nature donienney, Sal selt- "A Slate Of good ‘mutual there was a sar of all "Was Against all, His inn Was moved by ity and Not of fear. power and Elory. Therefore. ner. It Was governed by re M25 no question of Fight or al he state became rons. just oF unjust and the life of ‘ Of the necessity of ane Sitar. nasty poor brutish one uniforin ji And shor 2 nlerpretation of OF nature and itg execution by am imperial authori, ° v of consequently iscontentment ‘Scanned with CamScanner292 WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHT * Hobbes Locke Rousseau 4, Law of Nature: There were no civil laws in the state of nature. Law of nature governed the human action. It denoted to Hobbes different things on different occasions: (a) it was dictation of right reason for preservation of life: (b) It was based upon -pnidence and expediency which dictated — that everybody should try to secure peace by ‘sacrificing natural rights by contracts with each other to a common sovereign. i., kin 5, Natural Rights: In the Hobbesian state 6f' i rights were rights were in-bom. The natural laws were the embodiment of morality. and were ‘based upon reason, They guided and characterized Iuman behaviour on righteous lines. According'to Locke, natural ‘There are: _ ‘The right to life: “The right to pro According to Rousseau, law: fof nature was’ based on instinct, Sociabitity of man beings resulted from feeling and emotions and not from reason. All proper laws, emanated from the acts of general will meant for general interests of the people. ‘According to Rousseau, man vas free in the state of nature to enjoy’ fotural rights. in whatsoever Hobbes Roussens. ‘Scanned with CamScanner6. Social Contract: AS stated earlice in the of nature man's life was solita Pasty. brutish and sh discovered that peace-has more utility than war. Man agreed to two basic ules: (1) "Everyman ought (0 endeavour to Peace as far as he has rhe hope of obtaining it” (2) Mas jist be contended with 6 much bers agains otter man, as he would no” other men agains: himsett On this basis, a contract among. the silizens was made 10 hand ee, all Pert the chosen sovereign and the Sovereign was not a party ofthe social contract and therefore necessarily acquired unlimited authority. Sovereign might be one man or a fia? of men but its onty feature Was that it be omnipotent, omni-competent and Omniscient, . J sovereign, Locke's Sovereign Was not absolute but was limited more Or less Justified and tit Accordin; state results from individuals in the and~individuals Capacity or body. Process by which Teieal society’ was forined was 4 thorough social contract, ‘since only . and consent could be ibenty retained, 8 10 Rousseau, the 4 Contrict between Personal capacity ‘Scanned with CamScanner their corporate.WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHT fe Locke Rousseau 7 Soverd - ‘According to: Hohbes ‘To Rousseau. the or moan untianit sovercign state, His government was | whole, tht is 19 sty. people as a whole at if He were sovercign. Thus he believed in sovereignty as indivisible, absolute and above tas the source of In, justice morality and property. It wis above the siate and church and there was no | cccur significantly enough throughout right of revolution against sovercign. In-Hobbes's opinion, by the tenns of the coniraci the sovereign obtained absolute and complete control over all the citizens ofthe sate, * 8. Liberty: . According to Hobbes. liberty Locke firmly believed. that in the state of nature denoted license. } man had Sern Inherent rights. te, cw ei gibt tte |e. Bey propery which the limited to its duties, He conceived nat legal but popular sovereignty. In fac. popular sovervigniy. Sovercignty Feeided in dhe gencrafil, is attributes were unity indivisibitity. inatienability. penmautency and its absolute and tnrepresentable character. Rousseau, made distinction between sovercign _ state and subordinate government. To Rousscau. in the civil state, individual liberty was a gift t0 the ‘Soveteign’ state and has to be ‘Scanned with CamScanner10. Individual and the State: The Hobbesian - individual Sumendered everything. ie. righie price and law to the siate. He mush bee the sovereign and pay taxes. Me tibery - of Publication, Association. conscience. poon the state, But the individual State: (@) liberty to life Shich enibled him to resie Oy en the later attacked his tite (by Liberty not to Kill himseir even it asked 10 do. so by Liberty ¥ the sovereign: (c) allegiance 19 fovermmeeckeM theory of “state and | govermnen Suge RE PrOpOimed the theory | and timitea | limited by prior Tights of | of popular sovereignty government, the individuals, who came before the Slate. He conceived of sovercign individual: and not a sovercign state The “individuals hag rights Tevolution in case their fundamental igh’s are jeopardised. Locke as a SE tdvocate of democracy became # Saviour of individual's basic Tights, a According 10 Rousseau, individual was nothing outside Stale, His rights of equality. li md property were rights ae citi Le grinied by the state and not ri of the individuals. Hig liberty Cuil and not natural aiid. be because civil lintitations upon | Mere sclt-imposed through his gen will, ‘Scanned with CamScanner