Elechostetic Potental Enngy ond Potential Elechostahe .Poterdial cue to- (a) A point charge (6) Group of Electric chorges ElectostaHe Pstentiol oF & peink clus to an Elechde Dipole Equipetemtial Surtaus Relotion between Elechic fill amol electric. potential +] Electrostatic Potential Enangy of o system ok Chore ges Potential Enogy o GA single charge in an external Field 6) A sgstem of too changes in om external $ield ‘|Petential Enugy of cipele in an external Field Elechostatics of Concluctors -| Electrostatic Shielelm -| Dielectrte Polarization ty of On Tsoleted spherical conductor Plate Capacitor Effect off Dielectric on Capacitance Capacitance 1% parallel plate Ceipaciter with a cbielectric slab .] Combination of Capacitors "| Emuagy Stored in a Capacitor ‘| Van De. Groth Gerretor Vety Important GuastionsYou never know how close you are, never give up on your dreams!| 2. [Electrostatic Potential & Capacitance Introduction :- , ~~ The. elechoitrtic potential of @ Charged booby Yebreserde the ol a | elechifitotion ef the bool. T: olefermmes the clivettion of flow of cee behirean turo Chargesl beolies platecl tw" Contact 1 ech other: ' ies eke The change a ous frm a potential 4s andther boll, af lower potenti ee of charge stops as doom as He potentials o athe tb ies be Come fi b Electrostatic Potential Energy electe fielol E a ae ene fk Re _ ket a small test th +0, be bregtt ten Siete hi) aypelet, Giant t the repulsi ree on A +0 Source et Grest charge) charge Qa B We assume that te external force Free applied! dg just sufficiertd to comter the repulsive electric “force on the Aut charge 4 30 the net force on dest Change 4% Ss ZerD Onc “t+ moves from A to B without any “acceleration. Now ‘the work done by external fore. ds negodive of work done by the elechid force ond, ges stored in the je 1 In the form of its potential energy. Work clone by exteranal force in moving the Kest charge +4 A sto B us -THis usork olone against eleehostedic force gets Stored aps potenti ennray. Us AU Un = Was Hence electrostotic potential enor 94 dperance bebween too points Geomd A 4g equal to” “the minimum Work done by on external -foree im moving a test charge 4 Sto ts without £ 4 “sy accele redion. from a Note i- The work clone by an electrostatic. ire in moving & Aven ie from Gane point to amother clependsVorly the poaifions my. ened anol final points. Tr emer ot nd on the chosen in goin: one pel he ee P : ? 4 et * For o change dishibujion of finite extent, we choose zerv electrostatic peletial energy at infinity There fore , cohen point A is at inginity we get- Wee = Ue-Us = Un-O = Us Hence the elechostodic polential eneag a cha q oF a point in an lected clue 4 Pe Changs oor pies et a clone bY +he ex. wee ia bringin change q fom infiny to that point witho Soy Occeleration. sftElectrostatic Potential Tre electric potential iSperan ge bebwean disp poms Bod A in an wechie. -fielol to the amount of work done in Cady! yng unit posihve dest Change At B without Yactelerodion along ony pat) between the +wo points. Tk Va and Va are the Fig:t- VariaHon of Electostate Potential = amo aoe field with cUstanc.BD) whet Lu the electrostatic: Potential ot the ey egal gb fe" nucleus ef cliameter 13:2 fem. . oH yo IB2 = & Sol ene = & ferm' , or y= GLK Mm. end Y= Ne So = 73 xhe6 x10? So Vz 2% = _SAIW7 x79 46 K10!? 41 & ¥ 6:6 Kio 7 Ve 1:7 X10 Volt: Potential ata Point due to group of Elec Charges Suppose there ee a number nt chargers Ben das baer ay oe distonas 1% Mises Tespectivel the pint where elétric potential is to be calewloted, potential ot P sme sernas Charges are - Sel msec to vi ane, vy, ? “ “Gane My Vs = 1 va Vn = Lt Wm 8 See ae and So om OS ES The yeauttomt potential at P is Vi= Ut Vat Vat ---. Vn veut 41 + 424943 4... In 4mé | ¥ mH Y3 Yes or® & cube of site b how a chaage % at ench oh tte vertices Deteamme the potential ond elechic fed, clue to thin charge array at the cenbre of the Sol: + — The length ob agonal 5 the Cnbe ob each : ee side b iS = Jab "+ Distance between centre ° of Cube and each veidex wot ¥ =ib + % = as Hee & changes each of vedo One Present & verkes of the cube thax fo = jal potontied We Ve Vi tVate- Ve = _] at = 44 4M Ey (ah neb Finther electric fill ad the contre dus to all the eight changes is zero, becawe the ‘ele! ollue +o inelividuol changes Cancel fn pairs:Electrostatic Potential at a pomt clue to an Electric Dipole ;- Let us take the origin at the contre of Hw olipole. Now we have to Calculde electric potential at point P where of =¥ ond ZRoP = O- _p?P Se 0277 BtL--—— wor r Pec | o 7 2 7 2a a cs 2 Bo 1 " 9 7 7 [oy ve “A -% Let the distance P fom change -Y at A be 1 and Astance of Prem Chonge +% ot B Ud Yr. Elechostatic petentia) ot P clue to -% and +% charge is vespe chively Vit grey, OM > ate So the potenttat et P clue to the olipele Is - VE EVE v= ate +-+] + a) Now by geometry ~ CoO = Oe rt (for 4 BoP ) 2a ow YY = 4 ava CosoSiro /anlg Coa (180-6) =_@ev- (for triangle aor ) 2ra oy Y> = rtyab+ 210 cos Here we may write - 2 vez yt (4 +e +B cone) 4 Th @< Posihve. Sign fer = 0° and naspelive Sign for OFM - Gi) On the equatorial Plane (&=% 5 Cose= Cos Vz oOo rT point im the equatorial via ” ° Ve So Electrostatic potential at ani plane of, clipole is zero. pole a axially 4 the potential olue to a ol! -. Ss jymeie-teie aboutEquipotential Surfaces Thiat surface at eve iat which electric poterdtial is ie Same Ys alte an enulprtarcial fiat: No work 44 done on moving the teat ch tom one point tp the other on equipotential eee The equipotentic, Surface through @ point Us normal to the elechic field at that point. +* The ipotential suritace of a single point Chaage cake splined AS Lec ey ot the “charge. * For a unidorm edectrc field say alony x-axis , He equipotenctial suataces a planes ‘normal’ do the x axis.Some ipotenHal Surfaces are shaion in Haury - > € (9) For a pomt chaage (h) For uniform electric field. (>) For an electric Upole. (4) For duo identica} Positive chargesRelation between Eleetne Field and Electric Potential j- let us Consider two eqsipeedtal Surfaces A ond cular diustane dr. spaced closely at a perpencli Let the potential A be Va=V and petential of be Vaz V-dv Where ov ts decrease in potential in the dérech'on of electric fielel E nemeal to A and ‘B. A unit positive charge (t= +1) 44 taken along this perpendicular cstance fom the surface Bt the surface A against the elecdre fields So Work clone Wax = Fedr Waa = —Eor (as F=96) Wea = Va-Vea = V—(v-edv) =av Hence -Edr = dv Negative si Shows that the oltvecton of electric fit E is” im the olirecton of ecreasing, potential. * The tude of electHe field Ga given by change in magnitude of potential per unit olishlaummt Normal do the equipotential Surface od the point. This is callid potential gradient, l2] = =a = — (Potential grodient)Electrostatic Potential Energy of a System oF charges te Electrostatic potential energy of % peint charges sa the. total ach oes ob vedic done brinat ing “he various ch e3 +o. thar pectie. hosts fem infinitely loorqe. mudual separocion. Gi) For a System of tuo peint charges - Sppete & poimt ch et as hale of & point Py with position vettor ¥ In, spaces Another point ch 9, is at nm porte aistan te foe us This is te be Ube rrouget -to the position coe position vector Th: In Pea the pirat change %, to pein Pr) ne, ne work Js because atl 2 ah gg atl ad infinity , ane there Ja ro ‘ tee. WwW, =o (at infty Now, Work done In caging change 4. fom 2% We= [Potential due to 4] X42 i +9. w= _*%! " |) KD * 4m €. ge =) ° vs Electostahe potential energy of 9 system of three charges U= wWptWoths, = oO ¢ _ 4 t (3t2 +e) 4NG@Y2 4né\ 13 Yas i =! (4 + ts 4 4293 Atlee Yin 3 Yas Proce cli in thy were 2 we Com write elechostahe Pegertigd aay 4 5 system of Ni point chaveges atPotential Energy of a Single ch ein an external Field :- Ty vi?) Ga exteanal potential at o point p of peat Hen vector ¥, then wurk clone ue in. a chore 1 from infinity +e the point P in ane extanal fide is = 4% vir) THis work is stored in the charged particle j the form of ifs potential enengy: “gy " ~+| Potential entagy of & change Jus (U)= 4 ve¥) Potential Energy of a System of two Charges in an external Field :- Ss se d,emd Fn ane two pomt charges at paatlioes acta xy oma Th veapectvely in a’ tei form etterne| electric fil Eg. Nowe usork clone In bringing charge 4, and qo from infinity to position Foand YL are . Ww, = A VO) and | Wi= 4,-V(%) While bringing 4 infint +o sition Tr , Work has alee id be aie agdinat ye Peal clue 404). This Gb - Wa = _%it2 411 Vio Whee Ys Gs the clistance between 4, ema Ar - So Potential energy of the System = +treted work clone U = Wi + Wa + Wa® (@) Deteamine the elechostate tol 4 fe Sgitem Consisting of two charges 7M and -2UC Cwith “no external. del) plated at “C9em,0,0) and C9em, 0,0) Yespectively, , (6) How much work Vis reguived to Separate the two Changes infinitely aus each other? \ (c) Sup; that” +he Sane System Of Charges is now placed "in an external field ES AxL” , where A= 9x10 9,2. wWhot would be the electrostatic * energy of the Confiqutedion 2 sal, @) Uz Uta = 7x1 F x2 ,56) 9K = OTT ANY (943) x17? (b) Work reguires| =-Un-Uy = O-U = O7T- (©) Th the electric field total PLE. = ae + UVOF 44, V0) from E= ~av 5 ve f-ear = f&er = & “+ Total PE. = Ut 4+ AW 4 AM ANEDY " n Ss _ = e-O-7 + 941 (TKI 8) | xi Crx18%) erry o0g So Tetal PE. = — 07 + 70-20 > 493 5Potential Ene a li le in an external Field ; Comaidey a oli pele. placed im @ uniform electric fielel E Ln 20. — Hene Hre clipole experientes no net force but experience a torque T given by - T = BE = PE Sin tohich will tend do rotede it (Unless Pa parallel to ED S se an exteanal torque Tere ic fed in sucha ‘ipanney ‘thot AP just read lists HEE fe and rotate ipole from angle 8, omgle without angular acceleaction- a The amount of work efone by the external torque will be given by - o a We J tue (o) de = [re Sing Ae W = -PE ((osB, — Cone, ) Thit work 1s stored as tha potential energy off the system. Tf we take 6, =7/2 whore tre potentiol enngy U ds taken to be zero. So Ul) = -PE (Coxe, — Cos) =-PECos@ = —P-E Ute)Electrostatics of Concluctors C1) Elechostatie field Us zerp inside a Conductor. (2) At the seh “ob a Charged, Cancluctor,, electrostatic field must bee 15 ae swiface at every point. Ip E were i normal to the ada > At woule| haye Some non-zaxd Com) nts al; vq the swrface - Free eS on the surface of the “Conductor would then ex| co force. omd move In the Static situation therefore € should have no tangential Component. (3) Trene ub no excess e ot ond. pete Inside the concluctr than the Stedie si on, Oma any exces choage must vetide ed the Surface. (a) Electrostatic potential Js constant throughoud the vdine of the concluctor and had the same valuc a inside on iFs susface. (5) Electie field at the surface of a charge! Concuetor is Ee = o& | Here A Js unit vector nomal tothe surface €& amd a Je Surface charge olensity:Electrostatic Shielding Electrostoc'c ada | Screening is the phenomenon o meres os contcdin region of Space fem elkeehic fiela We hres) es the electric field imsicle @ Conductor Trae: to protect ollicode inshumodts oe cherie fields , we enclose them in ho conductors. Such “hollow conductors anc Called Faraday cages. They metd not be earthed. In thunderstorm accompaineol by Lightenin: Jb safer io be tristele, — @The elechic suscaptbill F os wi cloes the elechtc felol Jnnde a Aelectic cleerease when dt 4d placeol In an external electric fielel 2 Sl shen a clelectte us plactal in an externol yield 1 the pielel Causes polarisation of tha dielectle Inclueing a 4ieldl m the opposite olivectio. Thus the net electic field inside the clieleetie decreases. ‘6Capacitors and Capacitance A Capacitor is a system of two conductors Spaeteel by an trswetor. T+ iS an acongement for storing, | amounts of Clectie Charge hence elechieal energy “in Smal) spaces Principle of Capacitor :~ ne Lets Sneider an: taulabest roe Ie eS un i Some e change be +to e s potential Teeoae maximum . oo peas A 8 teeter + peste vA tt tet ee ee ++ eet + ++ e a) = gromded (a) Cb) Now Contider another inadabesl metal plode B held near lode A. By Frduction @ negohye charge is produced om the nearer “face & and an equal positive Charge clevelops on the farther face of B- Now, .Comect He plate G te eonth. The induced positive change on B being free, flow Ao eoath~ THe inducect negative Charge “on GB, however Stays on as it is beumal to positive charge on A- Due to the |nduceol ve Change on GB, potential of A is greatly rede Tua ey Lange arount charge ‘Can & given te to You se. to the maximum potential, Hence Wwe conclude that the capacitence by an inauleted Cencuctor is \ncreasecl consiclerably “by bsinging near at an unchargeot earthed concluctor. This is the principle oh Copecitor-Electrical Capacitance The ability of @ conductor to Store elect charge iu Called eleetrico] Capacitance Fea Charge @ given +o the Conductor yaises ots potential by Vi then wr Ja founol that Qev or Q=Ccv where Cus a Condstomt collecl electrical Capacitance. SI unit of Capacitance - Farad A conductor Js sald +o have @ capeci 1 farad then, charge of 1 Coulomb valses Sie 3 Sb "oy? volt. Capacity of an Isolated Spherical Conductor Let a@ change +4 is given toa Sphere. wal a As the Sphere behaves as if the exhire Cc ie ud Concenhroted at the contre, OF the Sphut 5 Ss the poterchal ‘cod omy part on the. surface of the sphthe wW- Capacity of earth :- . We can Calculate electrical Capacity of earth, taking it +e be a Conducting Sphere of radi Y= gyeokm- ' ‘ = = 6-UxI0e = c 4T1lay seit x 64 7) UF Thus the Capacity sf earth a only Jil uF. Therefore Capacitance will be normally in nanofarad (nF om plesfertact Cpr)» Farad ace big a oie oh Capacitance +Parallel Plate Capacitor A paralle) plate capacitor Consist of tuo Hun Conducting lates 1 ona 2, each of area A held parallel to each they , Suitable cistemca dl“ apart. The plates are Aepartotedt b Swoface, Chaage ao insuloding mectium Like 0 me ® ably , paper, mica, gis etc, io ser en tyhen a chorge +@ is ; = > ivan +o tre insdloded plete 1, al then a charge -@ is indutd 4 om the nearer face of plade 2, el sturface change density of zi plate L omol 2 a2 5 omd -c- Ty the region behwean dhe plates , separatect by ear | yacuum , electric field intensity us ee oh Ei "ey eR Th E Ww the elechic field between Hw plates, Sat the tdtenalal adigedie Vo between we ote od = - ioe ve EXd = aada Se the Capacity of parallel plate Capacitor us _ c= = éeq oS — =e AEffect of Dielectric on Capacitance When Hure 1 vacuum behween the plates oh 3 Capacitor having the EWAN +Q om its plates with eee) Peal to Now eng | [eee tea ids is Inaecbeal between the plates which Pally occupying the intervening region. t+oeae a Dielectric _, The Helectie ds aoe a bs the field with surface Charge clenaitieh op te the surface the Aidectric- So the net aac ew density on the plies is +@-o) So the final elechie. A insiele the alideehie Ga - E = o-9¢p —e amd the potertial diffeunta betweon Hu plate js - = ©-Tr,.d Por Linear cheleeties , we expect op +o be poportional do E, 5 le. to o~- Thus (Co-op) u to > and we can warite- V= Ed proportional C-op ao K-33 celectic Constant Top =e a a KSo ve oo = @ad Gok A Eck Se Hee Capacitance @ With clielectric betweon Has pledea ab a Q - KEoA oS Gu ad d AEck Or Here k= £ substance.” fe thal SA Called the cHielectic Constant of the Bo When HelectHe js intoduted, the field between the plates of the Capacitor se ed. sto implies that the Capacitance inc taith V decreases by a factor of K- Yess! by ed picectyic Constant of rmudlium 4a ined ad the voto of the Capacitance oh the Capacitor att the clidlectyic as He meclium “do Sts capacitance. With Vacuum behween its plates.Capacitance of a Parallel plate Capacitor with a dielectric Slab - The Capacitemee o plate Capac lede Anta A ome plate bn a Pooh vacuum or cdy inbetween Ja - ose tQ are the cl He tor’ plates salah luca a uriforns "eehic. piel th ee ma between the plates. Diclecbie 1 E 1 1 When a electric Slab tk ickners tid ds inbodued betureen the plodes, the molecules in the lab get Polarized in the olivection ok Ee. Therstore the ebpective field insicle the dickehic +a c= fe outsicla the cUelectte fielel remains €, only. hae Potential Afferance between the two plates v Eo (d-t) + Et Ve Es(d-t)4 Ee t ele pa“+ Capacitance of the Capacitor with ieleetic inbetween Wa c= 8 Q * Hence om inhoducing a Uelechic slab inbelween the pletes of a Capacitor , cts capacitance increases. The two pletes of a parallel plate Copaciter are Q 4mm apart. Asis of clicledtvie Constant 3 and 28° thickmess 3mm ds Inbreduced behuten the plates with vts fous parallel to them. The clistance behween the “pledes Zs so adjusted thed the Capacitance the capacitor become als of dbs oxigi luz What Gs the now cistanu “behoeen the plates? ES Here cliatence betweon Parallt plates 22 d= Umm A= 4x10" m- = 3 4, thickness t = 3mm = 3x10%m. c= &oA and cy = Sn A = -4 4 an EGS) Since ec, > 2C 3 A = 2. ~ _ 304 a,-+(4 bk) or i = 2. oh -t0- £) 3d 1 - 2 ay = axi?( 1-5) 3X ux > Se 4 = @x03m = 2mm.Combination | of Capacitor di) Capacitors in Series Three Capacrtors © capeetie Ciada ond Ca ore Connectes) ‘in sere.” V potential cLefhnrence applied aevoss the Combination. In series combination each Capacitor yeceives Hie same c 2 ok RA. As thre copacitw are bi +, So the “potential cifperenes across the three Capacitors DRED cs GL Ms >@, Vw: @ ej eo <3 Th Cs 4a the total Capacitance o} Combinedion Han v= & Cs As total potential drop Vv across the Combination is the sum of potential: clrops V,5 V2 amd vz So- Vz ViVi 43 BQ = QB+Qig @ Cs S| Cy 3 1 Ce terete iye tt Capacitors Connectes| in Seried , total Capacitence n would(ii) Capacitors in Parallel Let three Capacitors Cy, Co ana Ca are Connected} in Wel ond V be the potential cliljerence across the combinedion - +Q So the Charges on the Capacitors toi)! be Q=aVv, @2z= av and Qs= Cav So the total charge om the Capacitors - Q= Q+ Qr +Qs het Cp be the equivalent Capacitana in Pare thoy CpV = Gv +CaVit Cav Cp = & +, +Cx When v1 Capacitors axe Connectes! im pamilel then -Fig. Shows tiso iclentical capacitors G5¢2 each ofp BS LF Capacitance Connectes| to a batters of 6 V- Initially Switch *s? is closed. A Some. Hime §s? Jo Lit pen amet dielechic slab of cUelechic constant K=3 ane insertecl do fill the space Completely between the plotes of +he two capacitors. Hoes cotll “the- Ui) Chaxge ond (i) Potertia} alifferonce betureen the Petes the tapacitors be abfecteat afte ther 4labs ang ins ? s ww 2 c= LAF Gola Sel: when switch $ us Closecl beth ¢, and Cr ane Charged to ev potential, lee. Vi= 6V end Va = 6V tohen s ds en, Cy 1d SHIl connectes| to Bedtery « Hib Ope. Cr . on twmodlucing slab of Helechic constomt, K=3 che Ke = 3xtxwo 2 Sur vyi-a vy = 6V B= GM = sato%xe However, C, is clisconnectedt bodthery battery now, whan gis byt open. Bur to intoduchin of Sab, ch= ke, = 3MF = iaxioc —6 Q2 = Gave = LkloSxe = EXO ~C “ VY = a - 6 x107§ a 3xlo& 2 2VEnergy Stored in Capacitor The crenty Stored fn a Copacidor Ls the Same as the work ye 40 builel up +he Charge on the plates by exteanal Source Chettery). of voltage - Let the fwo plates of the actdor ase initi Linch - Now the ch b As Ess errec| =o ay plate ~ fn ila. as instalments of dy ame! equa) opposite ch incluees on the other plate: - +h as [: | = =% At ai ivteramecliote sAhage» S ome On one plete is G@ and on SM plas a 2 rs Potentiol clipferana behwean the plates = % Smeal) amound ob work done in giving an additional th 1 Change lq to Capacttor 43 dw = z xy Teteal work done m giving & chorge Q to the Capacifor- aa = (2% = Ife wefee = cBT This isork je stored jw the form of; polertial entiay U. UO=-Ww -ig a A@=Cv od Cv=@ So we can wiite-Common Potential ey CO whan tus capacitors changec! i. to ener potentials ane Connectes| in parcdiel with their positive plates at one point amd jodive. pledes at omotwr. point b a clchi wire, + - + “Y-> then tharge flow one 4s ig & Se Toten pecrenal te ithe othe Sa cut lofser potential - ee The flow ob Charge Continus “Vo Hill their pobentials beceme onual. The equal potential of the two Capacifrs J4 Called Common potential. % Common Potential = Teta) chosrge vic GVM 4 OV Totod Coupee ty Gy tty (ii) When the fwo Copacitors are Lomectesl with the positive plate of one capacrtoy to the negative plode of othe. capadtors ‘then Common Poteitial = etal charge Total Capacity = OM = Cava cy CyVan De Graaff Generator . It Gs a owia used to build up Wi poterchol Lif fensn co of the order of feo million volts. Such high potertial clidhenences are usecl do acceletede Chargeo! porticles 4: electrons , protons, tons etc. needle for Vorjous €x periments Nucleay playsics a Principle :- Ss e we have a Spherical Conduct shell ay eas Ron which wo ie Chorye me Potertial inside conducting spherical Shull = Constant ~_1_ 2 ane, Now Let we imboduce a small sphere of yous ¥ Codayi ny Some. change. qi the large one, amd place od od the Cenhe, Now the potential due to Small sphere. ef radius y Carrying Choage %T con be qiven Ob- ot =e-L¢ surface os sma sphoe Sew 5 4 a at large Shell of racus R = Se Ray ge changes 1 omd Q indD accourd we have tétal Petentiod” ect tHe two shells ond the potential clifterrnce as- vor) =_! (3 + =| RRint ae Vir) ~ VIR) = az (+-t ) Assume mow thod @ us Positive - Them inalepenctent on armount of Chorge, en ik ud ak pe Hive. , the aak potentiol oF He chi fporenta von)- VCR) L posrhve - This meons thot of we now Connect the Smaller ard larger hare bya eve, the Chasse YZ om tHe. small Sp will How on to te Sphere , aren tho. He ¢ eo , be quite large, becatke tendenauy for "politive chore fo move fom highes to lower potential. Thus if we are somehow able to inteoduce the ae Charged © s| poy the larger ono ee Com “tf linge on eA armour e 2 on the Fong’ iphone. “d op creng Ths os the principle. of Van de Graaff generador. M when elechte potential on the sphere produus clechic field equal to olielechic strength of ain a then, potential Linkage Jakes place with the lonisatio aly. So no move potential Ai fjerance tan be increased. The potential con be increastal by enclosing, the sphere in highly evocuates| chamber.Gonshuction and Working = Pulley wlecing Reb fo.cornjdind olriven Charge Triuloding Supporting Motor chive Pulley Groundeal Metal Bore | / Metal Brush delivering Charge pom SounteS Tn Van De Graaff Genrohr a 2 Spherco| Comelucti Shell ( of feo mater rvaclius 7) is Supporto} ata height seyeral metre above the grumd on an imauleding column: i . \ A long natrovo endless belt of mautodi malerp] Uke yabber or SiIK , ds bsound axaunol two pulled one at qrurd level onol one ocd the Comte of the s ‘ . Thy belt us Kept Corctinusudly moving .b eo motor airivent: pulley), T+ Continuously cawries poarive ch sprayesl on Ho db by a brush at ground tevel, to the tops Thine tb trom wde positive charge to onelher Corclucting brush Connectea) to the lange Shell. The posthve Change is transfenrecl -fo the Shall, whe it spread out uni forraly on the ower surface~ Tw this “wo YoHoge clifserences oh cus much os 6 ov & million volts Clutth Yesbect™ to ground) Can be built up.cites to @ potential B®) on charging a pa seri (ata este Go aoa coe Js reduecd 40 2" halk ama a‘ dielectte medium oh, Eye to a inchrodlu the plates , witha alisCormeching the DC Source: Explain how the- (i) Capacitmnee Ghd electric field ane Gil) ensagy density. of the Capacitor Change ? Sel Connected batt ensures Sere potenhal diverence V Gexwss Capacter even yedueing the spacing patteeti plades upto hel) omd mnbroducing the clielechic Slab. G) 4 inital capacitance ¢, = 0A/d Then final i = lo€oA tinal Capacitomee cy i Cop = 2A = 20c, Hence Co = 20C4 Capacitance ineveases te 20 times eh original vedi. Gi) Initial elechic field &1 = + : = Me s Finally EE, a” 2¢ = 2& = 26, Hence Er Electric field intensity gets cloublec - Gi) Energy clunsiby of the Capacitor U, >t GE ond Us heey U, = £e.(26)* = beue? se Ur= 4U, Hence ening clon’: becomes 4 times oO nga ) Value. d 4 Or@ Three identical capadiieys Cys Ca oma Ca 4; Capectonce. case 6 MF each ant tonne: toa lav battery a4 showr- 20? cind tt ive eon each tor et! (i) Sininr Goeietes of the. clrouit Wil) Energy stored of Capacitors. Sel (i) Hare v= lav omd = C25 C3 2 GF = 6XIOo F 120 in the nehoork LS So the Change om Capacitor Cy is G12 GV = Gro x iz = 72x10% d3 > T2 MC Since cy and Ca ane ty sezies Seo He equivalent capacitance foe dh, we so Go LheLe+eht -2 21 Cs c 66 € 3 ee Cy > Sur . So the change on each capacitor Cy) amd Ca Ja %= Cv = axloexin = 36x10 = 36 uc Change or each Capacitor Cy ancl Cy Ms 36 uC. (ii) Since Cy omd Ca ane in Serled hose equivalent Capacitance Ja Cy = uF Now Ca amd Cs are in Parallel So the equivalent Capacitance of the ciredt Js C= 6+3 = SMF Gi Energy stored U = dev C= cytes = xoxo on® xQ2) U U = cus xi = Gugxo’ STBD ro paxelel plte capacitors x amd Y have the bed Same Ox2q of plates ond Same Separation behwesn tham, Y has air between the plates while x have a Udectte medium of Er=4 x Y 12zv Gd caleulede Capacitance of each Capacitor Hy equivalent Capacitance of the Combination is 4 MF. Gid Pre je potential dlifjerence behween the plates Gi) wot ts the vatio of elechostatic enngy stoud in xand y ? Sel () Since capacitance ¢ of the parallel plate Capacitor dy re by- C= eA y= & ond x = SRA = 460A < “oO x= uy ‘Since. x amd Y axe In series Combinahon * 4-4 a meals gi ety 2% 2 aw ty i:s = or 4 ~4y > y= SMF So thet KR = 4xs = 20 MF Gi) Since @= ev T= 4nio® x2 Potential litt on Capaciter x is given by Ys d% = _48x1o§ * c x = 48 aio c 20 Xio-€ = 2M ond potentia) Lift. on capacitor Y Wb given by- Voie % «= rs to B > Hat = seyGi) Energy Steed in Capaciths Zs = deve "» Redio ef electostadic ennrgy stoves! im % amd Y is Ur = tayr _ 20 x (aye Tow ~ 5x (9-6 )* Uy Lou (2-4 ) Usd Uy uy Draw 3 equipstential surpaws Cor ing to a Held a hod taninrerl tea i rmageick or ments 20°3 Constant z-clivection. How are tere Seti Heart that of a Constert elechic piel along, Zz Sel. The three equipotencial ¥ Surpaces ane in xy plane: As magnitude of field increnseb, A clistance ere Successive y a3 ipoteral} iv i gy ae) decaiet Of shaw Wit: in tye ¥ / z 3 W Th eclectic field Were Constant, distance. behweon Successive - equipetential surfaces urowlel Stouy Constant.A system of Capacitors connectesl as shoum, has a dotal energy of 160 mI Storecl in it. obtain the value of the Valent Capacitenes ef shia system ome the value of Z- AE : |— tour KI BaF Zur we ISA f 2eov & Se). Capacitey of Bue omd TUF anc in povcablel - B C) = 3+7 = 10 MF Since OU, JOMF ond IsHF axe in Series — ‘ A eh abe bh = & “ C2 ! to Is is ov C2 = 1S ME a Hence dete} Capadtance C= Catz c =/154+2z Ger tjon f Ensxay ste) = 160 mI dev = ico mr x 1 - 4(4+ 7) xiv* x (00) = 160 xie 3 is 2 44228 2 4 Zs g-15 = +2 7 4:25 .HF@ A parallel plate Copacttoy -is do be dui with oso uate rating ikv using @ matetial of clielectre. FY Conatand 3 cra clidlechic stlengthy ekout 107¥ fn. Foe Sihely we wold Like the diel never’ to exceed say Loh 9 tha olipole strength. hot minimum ansa of the ‘ctles 44 required 4to have c copacitence of so PF? Sol Maximum Permissible voltage = Lkv. = lev Masimum Permissible elechic field = 107% of 107 vpn = 108 vim. Minimum separation required behween the Capacitor plates 4d - 7 d= Voz 10° = je? ¢ Se 157 m Se the minimum arta required jor the Capacitor plates A= Sd = soxic!* x10? Keo “Bx BEsAlo= A = leexio’m x 19 emt @ The elechic piel and elechic potential at any point ee, clue te a point charge in air is 20 Nf& ond 2" and io T/e respectively « Compute the magnifuce of thia Change+ Se ElectHe field at liste v from He point a shone? ele de é Pee are ve * 20 Nie Electric Pétentiol ot clistance ¥ fom the point Chonge y eptixd = 10 Se 4mé Y =v =f 46, seo that ¥ e oe 7oOSsm Hen Charge 4 = 4meey xv = O:Sx10 3x10? Y= oss xid%¢ [° C= 4Ney ]