Where can we find metal

in the periodic table?

Alkali metals
Transition metals
Sodium chloride manganese chloride
Calcium carbonate Nickel carbonate
Cadmium sulphate Vanadium sulphate
Transition metals
Transition metals and its oxidation number
A catalyst is a substance that can be added to a reaction
to increase the reaction rate without getting consumed in
the process. Catalysts typically speed up a reaction by
reducing the activation energy or changing the reaction
mechanism.
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2016/cy/c5cy00867k#!divAbstract
https://www.cmu.edu/maty/chem/catalyst-development/solvent-effects-and-selection-of-a-catalyst-for-aqueous-media.html
https://www.cmu.edu/maty/chem/catalyst-development/solvent-effects-and-selection-of-a-catalyst-for-aqueous-media.html
Group I,II, and Al Transition metals
More reactive less reactive

Less dense more dense

Form colourless compound Form coloured compound

Lower melting point Higher melting point

 Metals
Presented by:
Afdal Bahri, S.Pd., M.Si
For IGCSE preparation program
 Acknowledgment
This document is a presentation of the IGCSE
preparation program in 3411 for educational and
noncommercial use only.

All the images used herein are collected from internet.

All images are copyright to their respective owners.
Learning outcomes
● List the general physical properties of metals
● Describe the general chemical properties of metals, e.g. reaction with dilute acids and
reaction with oxygen
● Explain why metals are often used in the form of alloys
● Explain, in terms of their properties, why alloys are used instead of pure metals
● Identify representations of alloys from diagrams of structure
● Place in order of reactivity: potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron,
(hydrogen) and copper, by reference to the reactions, if any, of the metals with
– water or steam
– dilute hydrochloric acid and the reduction of their oxides with carbon
●
continued...
● Deduce an order of reactivity from a given set of experimental results
● Describe the reactivity series as related to the tendency of a metal to form its positive
ion, illustrated by its reaction, if any, with
– the aqueous ions
– the oxides of the other listed metals
● Describe and explain the action of heat on the hydroxides, carbonates and nitrates of
the listed metals account for the apparent unreactivity of aluminium in terms of the
oxide layer which adheres to the metal
continued...
● Describe the ease in obtaining metals from their ores by relating the elements to the
reactivity series
● Describe the essential reactions in the extraction of iron from hematite
● Describe the conversion of iron into steel using basic oxides and oxygen
● Know that aluminium is extracted from the ore bauxite by electrolysis
● Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of recycling metals, limited to iron/steel
and Aluminium
● Describe in outline, the extraction of zinc from zinc blended
● Describe in outline the extraction of aluminium from bauxite including the role of
cryolite and the reactions at the electrodes
continued...
● Name the uses of aluminium:
– in the manufacture of aircraft because of its strength and low density
– in food containers because of its resistance to corrosion
● Explain the uses of zinc for galvanizing and for making brass
● Name the uses of copper related to its properties (electrical wiring and in cooking
utensils)
● Name the uses of mild steel (car bodies and machinery) and stainless steel (chemical
plant and cutlery)
● Describe the idea of changing the properties of iron by the controlled use of additives
to form steel alloys
List the general physical properties of metals
Sonorous, Ductile, Malleable, Shiny, High melting
point-boiling point, high density, Good electrical and heat
conductivity.
Ductile
sonorous
What makes metal malleable?
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0620/21/M/J/18
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Describe the general chemical properties of metals, e.g. reaction with dilute
acids and reaction with oxygen
Reaction metal with steam
0620/22/F/M/18
0620/22/F/M/18
Review Atom, Molecule and Compound

Chapter 3
Describe an alloy, such as brass, as a mixture of a metal with
other elements
An alloy is a mixture of two or
more elements, where at least
one element is a metal. Many
alloys are mixtures of two or
more metals.
Explanation
Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily
of copper, commonly with about 12%
tin

Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc

Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon

and other elements
Discussion:

Explain why metals are often used in the form of alloys

Explain, in terms of their properties, why alloys are used instead of pure metals
 reactivity series

The reactivity series is a series of metals, in order of reactivity from highest to lowest. It
is used to determine the products of single displacement reactions, whereby metal A will
replace another metal B in a solution if A is higher in the series.

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Ancill
ary_Materials/Reference/Reference_Tables/
Electrochemistry_Tables/P3%3A_Activity_Se
ries_of_Metals#:~:text=The%20reactivity%20
series%20is%20a,is%20higher%20in%20the
%20series.
Uses of alloys
Iron is alloyed with other metals to produce a range of alloy steels. Steels have
different properties, depending on their composition. For example:

● mild steel is useful for making car body parts because it is easily pressed
into shape
● tool steel is useful for making drill bits because it is hard and not easily
damaged by the heating caused by friction during drilling
Identify representations of alloys from diagrams of structure
Place in order of reactivity: potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, (hydrogen) and copper,
by reference to the reactions, if any, of the metals with
– water or steam
– dilute hydrochloric acid and the reduction of their oxides with carbon

Remember the charge of this metal when they form ion

Understand the reaction pattern when react with water, steam and HCl

Reduction their oxides with carbon depend on their reactivity vs carbon

Deduce an order of reactivity from a given set of experimental results
0620/22/F/M/19
Describe the reactivity series as related to the tendency of a metal to form its positive ion, illustrated
by its reaction, if any, with
– the aqueous ions
– the oxides of the other listed metals

A more reactive metals, more likely it is to be oxidised, forming its ion

The more reactive metal will displace the less reactive metal from its salt
0620/11/M/J/14
Describe and explain the action of heat on the hydroxides, carbonates and nitrates of the listed metals
account for the apparent unreactivity of aluminium in terms of the oxide layer which adheres to the
metal

Thermal decomposition

A reaction in which a substance is broken down into at least two other

substances by heat
Describe the ease in obtaining metals from their ores by relating the
elements to the reactivity series
Describe the essential reactions in the extraction of iron from
hematite
Hematite : Iron ore, Fe2O3
https://industrialin.com/sites/default/files/news/11.jpg
https://sites.google.com/site/pgsteelcompany/_/rsrc/1472873513572/BlastFurnace2-custom-size-675-365.jpg?height=365&width=675
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0620/11/M/J/14
0620/22/F/M/18
Describe the conversion of iron into steel using basic oxides
and oxygen

What is steel?

Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon containing less than 2% carbon and 1%
manganese and small amounts of silicon, phosphorus, sulphur and oxygen.

Watch video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OqCclE6kZQw
Describe the idea of changing the properties of iron by the controlled use of
additives to form steel alloys
Describe, in outline, the manufacture of:aluminium from pure aluminium
oxide in molten cryolite (refer to section 10.3) chlorine, hydrogen and sodium hydroxide from concentrated aqueous sodium
chloride (Starting materials and essential conditions should be given but not technical details or diagrams.)
Know that aluminium is extracted from the ore bauxite by electrolysis
Extraction Al from Bauxite
Describe in outline the extraction of aluminium from bauxite including the
role of cryolite and the reactions at the electrodes
1. The bauxite (red-brown solid), which is aluminium oxide mixed with impurities, is extracted from the
Earth.
2. The extracted aluminium oxide is then treated with alkali, to remove the impurities. This results in a
white solid called aluminium oxide or alumina.
3. The aluminium is then transported to huge tanks. The tanks are lined with graphite, this acts as the
cathode. Also blocks of graphite hang in the middle of the tank, and acts as anodes.
4. The aluminium is then dissolved in molten cryolite - this lowers the melting point, which reduces the
total costs of the process.
5. Electricity is passed through and electrolysis begins. Electrolysis is the decomposition of a
compound using electricity.
6. When dissolved, the aluminium ions and oxide ions in the alumina can move.
Name the uses of aluminium
– in the manufacture of aircraft because of its strength and low density

– in food containers because of its resistance to corrosion

0620/22/F/M/18
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of recycling metals, limited to
iron/steel and Aluminium
Advantages
● Recycling helps to limit the amount of metals that must be produced. This will
end with less garbage in landfills because it's being reused.
● Adds jobs to the economy
● Slows the consuming of natural resources
● Promotes scientific advancements in recyclable and biodegradable materials.
● Process of recycling metals usually creates (much) less pollutants and
greenhouse gases than extracting that metal from its ore.
● Uses less energy therefore less fossil fuels are being burnt.
disadvantages
● The collection and sorting of domestic materials to be recycled can be
expensive
● time consuming and
● require energy.
Describe in outline, the extraction of zinc from zinc blended
0620/22/F/M/19
Uses of mild steel and stainless steel
Uses of mild steel
Uses of stainless steel
Uses of zinc
Galvanizing

a metal coating process in which a

ferrous part is coated with a thin
layer of zinc. The zinc coating
seals the surface of the part from
the environment, preventing
oxidation and weathering from
occurring.
Making brass
Brass is a binary alloy composed of
copper and zinc that has been produced
for millennia and is valued for its
workability, hardness,
corrosionresistance and attractive
appearance
Uses of copper
Explain why copper is used in: (hint:related to its properties )
electrical wiring and

cooking utensils
Advanced
Examples of physical properties
color, smell, freezing point, boiling point, melting point, infra-red spectrum,
attraction (paramagnetic) or repulsion (diamagnetic) to magnets, opacity,
viscosity and density. There are many more examples.

Note that measuring each of these properties will not alter the basic nature of
the substance.
Intensive properties
A physical property that will be the same regardless of the amount of matter

● density: ρ=mv
● color: The pigment or shade
● conductivity: electricity to flow through the substance
● malleability: if a substance can be flattened
● luster: how shiny the substance looks
Extensive properties
A physical property that will change if the amount of matter changes

● mass: how much matter in the sample

● volume: How much space the sample takes up
● length: How long the sample is
Examples of chemical properties
heat of combustion,

reactivity with water,

PH, and

electromotive force.

The more properties we can identify for a substance, the better we know the
nature of that substance. These properties can then help us model the substance
and thus understand how this substance will behave under various conditions.