Penstocks Designing Steel Tunnel Liners for Hydro Plants Steel tunnel liners need to withstand operating pressures, yet resist buckling during dewatering. Failure to meet these requirements can have devastating results. Therefore, a safe, practical, and economical design is needed. 8 Edgar T Moore See une tars are oten re iced ny tyre pt o Sfevent nage de fo ert tes coon te sung foot man For tna a pup orgs kets or ge, hs ty pn, the ae Se tae ters common practi far he inact o's espn 9 te ion ne thse ae few frees Sraibe tv cccety ele een toe fr bth el ad hema presswe: dps Heer, sesipes may ot tv tine 1 tere enw exgig fteencs to eine wha a, ans they aed oS ged na prea ‘otis sad ese rena in 3p sat fo von is are" resents design proces sas wert compet propane, sod pres fone LEajee that et hep # der Wap yale, sn cons ia inthe ney rete Cl Eng ancring Guideline for Plnatag sn Besigning Hndboclcte De Seiopments Cleans 2, Choper 9, the anf ste tonal es 8 de Case The pues review he Site oman eqoret ale 3 Setetin et wither a Sane aed nine Tocd wh ‘ehiorid ‘caste tng of ned Ba Moore tsa vie president anct thief etl enginer for Horsa Bs eincering Company ‘72 zo xeEwocrouER to sith tel nce When ser intel aural ust be a Iya seth cn cet Ieking fom etensl waters Sores aban the tone dewatered frequent fr ispeton sd Analysis and Design Forlntcenal Pressure ‘A press set toner ier ebtcy wih te eons cerita ees ween hap tn coerce ck ae surousing rock nou te sre ead Pe ie et ect desi, the designer ‘Soni amy The et toned er fer oly at pot the era presse a i aloe, lle regard to camy. The’ deh of ok cover tecestry to emer id sas ar {tins ek comin cused Se Bg Cer fe Gn ‘eines for Planning and Design Tiytvotectrie Deotopmentaerection (oh ogo rasewocroner i 75eats daring excavation usualy ae the couse fr # desresee, fared fone of rock sound the exe {cone pespbery So, sin ne ‘aol ection tha ater 's nok ‘Mfectel by the Pusson Rio, er, ‘The peesaure Uae Lo ihe face the cnerce, Pein Figure 1, abe | | Ssomed tobe atte adly Fe scnyoan, | | doar truth he feed mater corermmersworn.| | Sit wroewiceal othe ae (Shatemtceooaeny | | The tastes of the none a de Pay | seeaed, Gere’ mater cat vy from lier nothing in mache bove'tuel fo severt eet tt neatly dried and ted tn. li ited ok SS ‘The mols of sock defomiton ead ete the elects ot oven Tock mase at tone depth Investig . line shoal te ead oo according ‘womans om anv om oars csv am om om ary om av conans | fens afb cad ol cro nlite Covey Sin el esscwnt be nal tthe Ul to dterine the doth ff compl pogon Fue 2can belted ante et_sured aa eve ro a yi eet rel ere ‘elation wih eapect to teu “Isubed,nondesresed pen ok, ing ration of cement) andthe walled during pacement. In nother “The eis inerscion etd st lowest orang water terperature. cists, designers shmald conser presented dec mt conser ir 1n topic and sentria roves, the the psy of gap esting ard ences in versal (5) and hors tad tnpertue pf apponinate:Geoperty account fre elct the (a) imei sees. and ly Wy equ to ero besa the tunnels Sea valid where Sp approcinetely els And tonaructon materials reac am ‘The cocetebackili esumed to Sy. Figure 2 2 computer fog Net ai temperate ater they ate be radi acre dung dng so ponaed by te muir to dermine ‘pen {0 eced vention far long tht saint radi decin set the prion meal ress cated ‘eto, ad the average wale tem- fected by the Dosson Tio for bythe ste! bt The progam opens erouren te eseor at cnr hontai coinces ocr, anita dats Wiha be {he average ar temperature. in a (The Pusson ato i the rao ef inprted ilo» raph pagan or tn, the fal concete temperatures ner Eee strain to longivdl, sen to a nter Pagure & des ‘an be epected tobe on the erder of Iner san sin the ease havior sxe aout on the comer the sume’ magne properly con- ofthe materia) Sly, bsg a hs been ted qu by land IOWA INSTITUTE OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH ‘A Leader in Hydraulic Engineering Research, Education, and Service for over 60 years + River and Sedimentation Research + Hydraulic Model Studies rieBetnecing eden siatere ERE aid cca + Water Reouroes Simulation + Hydrology and Flood Forecasting + Computationel Hydrautis and Fluid Mechenes A ‘+ Fle Studios BE eof Hydraulic Research ‘The University of lows Tova City, Towa 822421585 Phone: (io) 39.5397 Telex: 750569 Telecopy: (019) 295-5258 TovrDeoeeviewocrosERtesta working ah fo an "fo deerme carect ner ik sett fr gen gee condions si $e mati ropes, 2 tng proces necensry. Aa an franmle, same tat the flowing ‘Remon sot uel een literal operating pressures ,000 Peel oer inside diameter 180 inchs, tert, the ode ado, Redo hes lable tress for te stelle ‘patra 5250 pa ESetesceae fas tin lott aRetismes ein gto dant Ed nn, a wes 3 % Bic odin of se sed prt Ey Mosul of delomation of de Stcesoe ook, xy, 500/00 pl 25x Ea: “otsots' Ratio for unstressed ch, Van is O15 and —Tenpertre Gay D0. Inthe fst uy, the Wickens of the Seng, equ inch and Uy equals 0011 From Figure 3, prestce ea. ed by the ste! Eri apo rately 345 pa (008 3,000) The formas or determing hess eee ses So, by fling in the above formula wie exami’ fires ner ese fo the tunnel in ts example isa ‘ted t'H1M0 gi wach foo low empared tthe samable sess of S200 ps in the second ty, & equals 0875, Inches and UR, eqs 0.907. rom Fue 3 pressive cued the see lnr aporiatly 3 pa (05 Tove). "By tert he bers ito the, Tomas ner tee ‘luted t 3240 pe hich ap ‘it ales ovens 9.2 ane @charge tr €¢3 provinaley 32.500 pei and so is eopable ‘On same acations, the see er rust be designed and brated or Instat pre to complet the ‘excavation of the tine The moda ot detarmaton would eod to be de fecmned very conseretiely on the So of ety peronncd i cxpotey A les andor exploratory atten the various rock unt encunered,FRE Seremrgren APoTE Oo, eat oe Arts mas won ig aes. Te come Oy then cout) the ves of he Formulation for Determining Stress Conditions i sroiercd uum, At Buckling Using Amstutz's Theory exc ye tha havea lower du an wat ‘pe, Way to resolve suck a probe lemeshor of sting» heer plte—has ben to provisecreomer {nual hoop teinrcement on the ot ‘Se of the ste er tha the ‘bal tae of ower resto rok. The se othe ccamierental rehecing Dowerer, i ot very elie Ine ving intemal presi, especialy fh the er ss an" sprecae Iekess In sn, 3 tenpertire “eduction may have osited beeen he tine the Knee was tale ad shcogent operon cnn Io 2 penuld axa behind te er When he une! ed ard the Ingest {Bed to inara prestireU ‘oh. cremslancesscasunfeentd eeyer ‘oun fo sil redactns he ve the ek os fe Analysis and Desig Tor External Pressure “he exer design presire for fevered pesto shold ike io ‘eter eae ead tat on the sel oe anh tal wil ata age ‘Sete tank eareseter nmenoyeytecemcers cam, sup nde ype doe ver es SORT EEA ats fing he snpreson tht there {Subcbed water le ovr te a TainnnoeenewocrToRER 10Yl Se 860 ot Se 0p 4 (Sep sin ruts egies tang Sirs cotta ros gece otoN eve ake ey wn ‘eats leat i ha Sosa dh nas we tical aay he ce aaa see pea at SRSREREy tating fe fel However, when these! ner has Been ical, the troondvater able wil be fecomlated slowly. The de you can’Cafford (o make Soot eat ei a ihe wrong move, oy batho ene For seus UI es proviedprafetonl Sa ae at fevmti an rtsensagorsterote stablh the potent for water Tow (olewer depts whine rock mae, Another norce i fon igh pes sure water inthe opstenm power ‘condi migrating onward rough “ack is the conrete nme Bing tes dome eh fesndig ack mae, I the grout cu tan isnot elective, pressure Water my evens post vous Iytdrelectic uate. vais solved Oxygen Analysic low Assersnents i Te row the grat cron an eam sepge tls oto the Raat Ass param ed a ese er. Can 5 Beans St tery sepape th a * Data Analeic aa Database De ‘Seruevel easiest oy (Cpatent posting re of the steht er " fate onal to estate operating pressore. Thea esses aye: ‘See voy slely mien the tune ‘waar aA be elective ater ie insted ‘Groundwater pres head maybe higher tan he veri Stance to the ‘ound uric. Tis eam eceur when ono gevewocTORER 7sete rom higher elevations migrates dow alone peu ystems or alr Aesreseed and fractured sone tthe Shaft perghery crated dung exe ‘ation, which isnot adequately sed’ by conact and consostion foul” Only shall ection Miter required lo late backdg When the tunel dewatered or Inpecon ad maintenance The co ial enteral design pressre i osualy Selected to promie 3 tor of sty ‘ail tncdng of 15. Grouting pres 2c oi ob cnr the We the extra presse aaa indeatethatthe. real extra ‘ressure reqs an usdfened ner feth a idess reser than the Ueknese requted Tor the hte ‘en presi, the sine should conse extra ig stiles Analyzing Buclding on Unstiftened Liners Experience has shown hat tacking secure ina sige be or inden. E Artie and Jaecbsen fave ath developed thei anaes ins ery ‘Snir’ maner on the theory Wat 2 Sige bbe fo fred. Both of these theories have baen ied by diners foe severs yeaa Istana the ‘stats forma hs been used more 0 moro nevewocrooEn 0 item tecase Jats’ method as Seen eet wae witout an spre rate conte program lt fempotaons. However, Jean's tmeod|oodices mre comer Feauls tod warants the ise ol 3 lg lover actor of sey. There fore. the Jactsen teary, he con patois eat he solved, {nay te the preted metho “The crt extemal bung pes sace or an utente er determined by coneing » ap be {sec the le! Ine ad he concrete kt "semoind ue. to” concrte Strintage and 9 Congested face The gp can est Yay from ot 0.001 tenes the rie. THe fal terperare gop. as slted Before, rest or tnete si 230 ls the erences ewes he {enperatae rece by marl at By contre, nding the elects file torpertre rise ding bya tina cement and te veo bien tenoestres elo hiced vetinon inthe ume! uing warmer oni a ‘ver ng yr dr comet. “Th ste! ef helo the centre ac certain cmon {he ses oer might reac tempers: {ures near BOF when the cogrte Sets, du to onda fet Si emperatare a hyraton elects he tune is er dewatered dering the winer hen he wale teapot {ue 3 a masinum tmperatare ilerence of 4F cold ent or 3 Shor line. This temperature der fc woul podice a gap a 0.008 x ermissble tolerances during (b= reton ad erection alo an atc Tounines creating an lip shane Wh a1 percent dileeace between the meaufed mux aod rs lameters. Ts erence haul not Decanter the ere fadal des fap. A sna aalse ‘desontats Ue the cae rvature crested forthe peated ply i to eeu rade oly 1 percent eer tan the aly ‘pected rads "The aaj en nsttedn Appendix C, pages 351 of Ue Guadelines for Planning and Designing Hydrolectic Deelop “The development of 3 oben an asillered eros voles 2 Stclor of the shel soenfed hy an fale ess than BP Te dete oe ‘ull be expected to develop tthe shes pony wich at he falest fueratare pedaced by the lip of the’ pemsaae she Abapt pe oe Sets tna wee te tofx sting sd Wine of pte esa, ad some con must betes Th, of are, a your comer ding ecto. e" nai iccnc. When esaaiswerathe yuk dorening aie dE S| eareay priv Oy sow sec ner proses gel stroma tar ean san emai A flr" aaa scone eu of dest esa ss’ rms Hie oases Soe tata be cd Sban_ penn paca Tae vale wa lence lat 6p a ie facing cee Tir the omer of be ls sues, he Atl oman Tach ese. plsenal, the modet ci Homerct, 8 he Wo mal tote fed fo et conte tat b niohced Ged sem types Ge’ Be pele shoromena ot © eceoy Er ‘Sena ten tr fom seal sres, Ne tesiy wo lnger Tals, lig eon moda unpre ope te ope he ome, and ty hag foes eri ati, Atate armen | The one tem sibmeged te Gan the tee der When ell presets amber Ean, Wes fe core as Sekis cutelng so sea sce, theta coves Sas devchped es eno er a ace kenge eeeeninriener hf oon edt male conflict ng er eer sxe of te tet To ire easy en be ‘ceed ure at eo te Sica ner "Tivos send sn ‘ra, Te vd way saw, sod wry le wou uke neem) a Se ee BOREL I oe aren “ eamtecretpominebe crea! tenth to vee ofthe al tea ressure at feast 10 percent grater of the lene which eles at ‘an what cequred for the gen elective pron of the steel er 32 Sacor"of safety. Fn ths" ciel fge The conibsting ange ae presure, fps on the Y aia ef Ayrisdelermncd fom te caution. Figure 1, Fotow ust peesure cross y= (LSexVEC Wnt ‘he tah Hoon unl reachng where the itersecton wih the cing ce "Ri the isle radi of the ey forthe sppiable rato wang the eal tel ne ets given Fgie tLThe tA tf the thickets ofthe yin curves are spaced logardaly pd stel ine; a ‘sinononeuewocroeen wo |i the thickness ofthe vert ep of the enteral ring stile lent Meld othe steiner. 1) Me enteral ig cleman ofthe stilenerthould mo extend more than B inches fem the oti ace of he tyra see! ner. Ts 6 to pre Nest the lume excwaton dame Tra being widened tenons 10 hui adequate work ence 7 The ey af stfleners canbe cfemed by Ieabse's formals ‘ing the compu promrn in Fite re Sample Determination of Shifener Dimensions “The folowing example wees Jacob sents procedure, in concn ah the atove wines. Io dternine slllener dimensions. The even ine. ratlon forthe set oes nes Interal deter 1D 26 neces Rode 108 inches Vi Sizes, Fy, it 38,000 psi Desig Gap Rai, Gs 0.005; a Paco of Stely 8, 15, ‘The stlened ln me ret an enteral pressure ead of 28 fet of Eoumater wih equate peersre S074 ps wh a safety cor of 1.5, “Therefore, the eel pressre i 215 pH (5 1). The her talons, Was previously determined to beae line 270i 29 ion psi, Fy Bie Eo) 2800 pr a the seed fillenersoaeteg UG 250) 108 Neti, the computer progam in Figure 12 i run to ont Bat he Capacty ofthe stfeper tng 2 tate Inthe cate, the computer tan font thatthe silener ths tommple har 2 ensayo 220 pa Stich rater nthe 25 ps ened fora factor of ley af 5. Conclusions epee ae ag wit sett caus be Sie pend bt mee mee set Siete hs ad Je arth er tence i ces ap See Store is fanaa SSEey we cde ena Ey cemies 6 (Een tne ee iene lnc, to ros intemal presse with Partipaton fom sundeck Use Figure to conirm tat tbe finer thickness egied for ermal pressure fe sdequte for external Dressure and to oitain approximate El sttener spac. Figure Ils asd a ful crear support po ‘ed 3 stfenere, Seton of the Silence spacing sould provide that ‘he shel wil fave 2 eapacty 10 per nt greater than slifener” In this ranpl, the shal shou have’ 2c: acy ft east 20 ps ‘When the cal resare i 240 psi gd 8-103, the sever spacing ‘oa be in he oer of Li el 19 1.0 groporton between the les of Figure I ang agains) ‘Res, conn the. shes cpasty between stilres ang Von Mines fsunon sven gue 11. According (O'Figue 12, 0 mths example Sppronmately equal 0 9. Use Von Mazes equation, when mis 9, Pa 255 ps. Since 285 pl greater han oe equal to 210 pi th ston tecntaie ‘Atsume the extra eg stiles 1 inch ick and extends 8 ices ‘0 ono REMEWaCTERER 8 "ars tere ern ca tn wis re ear emir ng beyond the ouside of he ste et Thareor, the ace of exer sl fer leet, oe Ay, 8 sgawe Saches The eicetve ane ae hy. {f eaeltes usng the fling eat ton: a r= (LS6VERD + het ‘By teeing te fees tom hs ample a te ein, he ne seni inces en, eek tht he ra of he cetera silent the. a ond ae te se within thereconmenied rage The aso cermin EE oo Ath” iar +8oh Since this eis tween tee teatime, te sled ‘Sea nite es accep. tithe roy of eae tag doped a Fie Ue vues iG ond ees 20 Oro 0 in Howe 1) sre cae io oe aopertedatn nes 30 ar 90 ne cpater ogra “Tremaine 20 ough 235 Spt wal cen I i exam, = oa Haran Engineering Company, 150 Wace Dry Chtcogo, IL 8000; (a2 859.7044, Notes: " Ciel Engineering Guidelines for ‘Planning nd Designing Mr dtrecectrie"Dealopments, Wat fine. 2, Walereaya, Capit 3 See iow " ssking of Pressure Salt snd Tunpel Lng,” by Anat, Water Power” Dam Con rustion, Novenber 1970 > uci of Cea Rings ad di Tuhes Unde Exel Press,” by Jacobsen, Water Power Ban Consvucton, December 1974 "Trahan, Theory of Ric Stabllty hraw I, 136, Chapter. SW Pugte, Suessce in, Shal, ‘SpungeVer, 1960, Chapt: 7. +5 "himosenko™ and Worm Kiheger, General Theory of Oy indeed Shells, Meow 1, Second Ean, 180, Chote 18 "Theory af Paes atd Stet, > scotupz by rstaity of Thin Cy oda! Shell Under Extenal Presse,” by D. F. Wadniurg tnd C-Tllng” “Transectont ‘ASME, apo 154,