week 2 Vectors i Physics V t in Ph i

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Vector vs Scalar Review vs.

All physical quantities encountered in this text will be either a scalar or a vector A vector quantity has both magnitude (size) and direction A scalar is completely specified by only a magnitude (size)

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Vector Notation
Wh h d itt When handwritten, use an arrow: r When printed, will be in bold print with an A p , r p arrow: A When dealing with just the magnitude of a vector in print, an italic letter will be used: A
Italics will also be used to represent scalars

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Properties of Vectors
Equality of Two Vectors
Two vectors are equal if they have the same q y magnitude and the same direction

Movement of vectors in a diagram

Any vector can be moved parallel to itself without b i affected ith t being ff t d

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More Properties of Vectors

N Negative V t ti Vectors
Two vectors are negative if they have the same magnitude but are 180 apart (opposite directions) r r r r A = B; A + A = 0

( )

Resultant Vector
The resultant vector is the sum of a given set of vectors r r r

R = A +B

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Adding Vectors Geometrically (Triangle or Polygon Method)

Ch Choose a scale l Draw the first vector with the appropriate length and i th di ti specified, with respect t a d in the direction ifi d ith t to coordinate system D Draw th next vector using the same scale with the t t i th l ith the appropriate length and in the direction specified, specified with respect to a coordinate system r whose origin is the end of vector A and parallel r to the coordinate system used for A

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Graphically Adding Vectors, cont.

C ti Continue d drawing th vectors ti t t il i the t tip-to-tail The resultant is drawn from the origin of to the end of the last vector Measure the length of and its angle
Use the scale factor to convert length to actual magnitude g g

r A r R

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Graphically Adding Vectors, cont.

When you have many vectors, just keep repeating the process until all are included The resultant is still drawn from the origin of the first vector to the end of the last vector

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Notes about Vector Addition

Vectors obey the Commutative Law of Addition
The order in which the vectors are added doesnt affect the result

r r r r A +B =B+ A

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Vector Subtraction
Special case of vector addition ( C ti Continue with ith standard vector addition procedure
Add the negative of the subtracted vector r r r r A B = A + B

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3-1 Scalars Versus Vectors

Scalar: number with units Vector: quantity with magnitude and direction How to get to the library: need to know how far and which way

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3-2 The Components of a Vector p

Even though you know how far and in which direction the librar is you ma not be able library is, o may to walk there in a straight line:

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3-2 The Components of a Vector p

Can resolve vector into perpendicular components using a twodimensional coordinate system:

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Page 60

3-2 The Components of a Vector

Length, angle, and components can be calculated from each other using g trigonometry:

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3-2 The Components of a Vector Signs of vector components:

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3-3 Adding and Subtracting Vectors g g

Adding vectors graphically: Place the tail of the second at the head of the first. The sum points from the tail of the first to the head of the last. p

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Figure 3 9 (below) 3.9

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3-3 Adding and Subtracting Vectors g g

Adding Vectors Using Components: 1. Find the components of each vector to be added. 2. Add the x- and y-components separately. 3. Find the resultant vector.

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3-3 Adding and Subtracting Vectors g g

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3-3 Adding and Subtracting Vectors g g

Subtracting Vectors: The negative of a vector is g g a vector of the same magnitude pointing in the r r r D = A. B opposite direction. Here, pp

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3-4 Unit Vectors

Unit vectors are dimensionless vectors of unit length. length

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$ $ k i, j, $

3-4 Unit Vectors

Multiplying unit vectors by scalars: the multiplier changes the length, and the sign indicates the direction.

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Right hand rule cross product d t

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Summary of Chapter 3 y p
Scalar: number, with appropriate units Vector: quantity with magnitude and direction Vector components: Ax = A cos , By = B sin M Magnitude: A = (Ax2 + Ay2)1/2 it d Direction: = tan-1 (Ay / Ax) Graphical vector addition: Place tail of second at head of first; sum points from tail of first to t h d f fi t i t f t il f fi t t head of last
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