I N Q U I R Y

B Y D E S I G N

E nvironm ent / B ehavior/

N e u r o s c i e n c e in A r c h i t e c t u r e ,

Thu Vien DHKTCN-TN

111IIIlllll IIIIIIIIIlllll
KNV.H 00OS136

F oreword by J ohn P. E berhard

INQUIRY
by D E S I G N

REVISED EDITION
 wv>

J O H N Z E I S E L

INQUIRY
BY D E S I G N

Environment / Beh avior /

N e u r o s c ie n c e in Architecture,
Interiors, Landscape,
and Planning

REVISED ED ITIO N

Foreword by John P. E b e r h a r d
r r r — —; - ~— — r-1

TH1Ĩ V IỆ N

PíiòNtì f»ộ( ; ị

W . W. N o r t o n & C o m pa n y
N ew Y o rk • L on d on
All a r t n o t o th erw ise cred ited belongs to the author.

Copyright © 2 0 0 6 by John Zeisel

Foreword copyright © 2 0 0 6 by W. W. Norton Sc
Company, Inc.
Copyright © 1981 by Wadsworth, Inc., Belmont,
California 9 4 0 0 2
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1984

All rights reserved

Printed in the United States of America
First Edition

For information about permission to reproduce

selections from this book, write to Permissions,
W. W. N orton & Company, Inc., 50 0 Fifth Avenue,
New York, N Y 101 1 0

Composition and book design by Abigail Sturges

M anufacturing by Fairfield Graphics
Production Manger: Leeann Graham

Library o f Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Zeisel, John.
Inquiry by design : environment/behavior/neuro­
science in architecture, interiors, landscape, and
planning /John Zeisel ; foreword by John P. Eberhard.
- Rev. ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and inde$.
ISBN 0 -3 9 3 -7 3 1 8 4 -7 (pbk.)
1. Environmental psychology - Research.
2. Architectural design - Psychological aspects. I. Tide.
* ’» *
B F 3 5 3 .Z 4 4 2 0 0 5
7 2 0 ’. 1’9— dc22

2005051290

W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 5 0 0 Fifth Avenue,

New York, N.Y. 10110
www.wwnorton.com

W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., Castle House,

75/76 Wells St., London W IT 3Q T
4 5 6 7 8 9 0
 CONTENTS

9 Acknow ledgm ents

11 Forew ord
13 Preface

PART O N E
27 R E S E A R C H A N D D E S I G N

CHAPTER I

19 D E S IG N : IM A G ES, P R E S E N T A T IO N S , A N D T E S T S
W hy D escribe Design?
Five Characteristics o f Designing
Overview

CHAPTER 2
33 RESEARCH : C O N CEPTS, HYPOTH ESES, AND TESTS
Developing Concepts
Form ulating Hypotheses
Em pirical Testing
Overview

CHAPTER 3
47 R E S E A R C H AN D D ESIG N C O O P E R A T IO N
Purposes o f Cooperation
O ccasion s for C ooperation
Overview
CONTENTS

CHAPTER 4
75 SID E E F F E C T S O F C O O P E R A T IO N
R isk Taking
C ritical Testing
T acit and E xp licit Know ing
Overview

CHAPTER 5
91 RESEARCH M ETH ODOLOGY: APPROACHES,
D E S IG N S , A N D S E T T IN G S
R esearch A pproaches
R esearch Designs
R esearch Settings
O verview

CHAPTER 6
119 R ESEA R C H Q U A LIT Y
Shared M ethods
C om parable Presentations
C ontrolled Results
Overview

CHAPTER 7
141 T H E B R A I N ’S E N V I R O N M E N T S Y S T E M
T h e E/B/N Paradigm
The Brain
T h e B rain ’s Environm ent System
The B rain ’s Design Process
The B rain ’s Creative D evelopm ent Spiral
Overview

PART T W O
157 re s e a rc h m e th o d s

C H A P TE R 8
159 O B S E R V IN G P H Y S IC A L T R A C E S
Q ualities o f the M ethod
R ecording Devices
W hat to L ook For
Physical Traces Update
Overview

C H A P TE R 9
191 O B S E R V IN G E N V IR O N M E N T A L B E H A V IO R
Q ualities o f the M ethod
O bservers’ Vantage Points
R ecording Devices
W hat to Observe
 CONTENTS

O bserving Behavior Update

Overview

C H A P T E R 10
227 F O C U S E D IN T ER V IEW S
Pre-Interview Analysis and Interview Guide
O bjectives o f Focused Interviews
Basic C haracteristics o f Focused Interviewing
Probes
G roup Focused Interviews
Focused Interview Update
Overview

CHAPTER I I
257 S T A N D A R D IZ ED Q U E S T IO N N A IR E S
Q ualities
O rganization
Coding O pen-Ended Reponses
Precoding Responses
V isual Responses
Q uestionnaires Update
Overview

C H A P T E R 12
2 87 A S K IN G Q U E S T I O N S :T O P IC S A N D FORM AT
Topics
Form at
Overview

C H A P T E R 13
311 A R C H IV E S
Q ualities
Using Archives
D ocum ent Files
Types o f D ata
Plan A nnotation
Behavioral Plan Analysis
D ata Archive Update
Overview

C H A P T E R 14
355 EN V IR O N M EN T/B EH A V IO R /N EU R O SC IE N C E
N euroscience and E-B Concepts
Neuroscience/Design Arriving at D ifferent Design Criteria
E/B/N Perform ance Criteria Design Guidelines
Overview

381 Afterw ord

385 References
393 Index