ISSN: 0889-3144

Rapra Review Reports Tyre Recycling

V. L. Shulman

Volume 15, Number 7, 2004

Expert overviews covering the

science and technology of rubber
and plastics
 RAPRA REVIEW REPORTS
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Item 1
Source of
Macromolecules
original article
33, No.6, 21st March 2000, p.2171-83
Title EFFECT OF THERMAL HISTORY ON THE RHEOLOGICAL
BEHAVIOR OF THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANES
Authors and
Pil Joong Yoon; Chang Dae Han afÀliation
Akron,University
The effect of thermal history on the rheological behaviour of ester- and ether-
based commercial thermoplastic PUs (Estane 5701, 5707 and 5714 from
B.F.Goodrich) was investigated. It was found that the injection moulding
temp. used for specimen preparation had a marked effect on the variations
of dynamic storage and loss moduli of specimens with time observed
during isothermal annealing. Analysis of FTIR spectra indicated that
variations in hydrogen bonding with time during isothermal annealing very Abstract
much resembled variations of dynamic storage modulus with time during
isothermal annealing. Isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiments indicated
that the thermoplastic PUs exhibited a hysteresis effect in the heating and
cooling processes. It was concluded that the microphase separation transition
or order-disorder transition in thermoplastic PUs could not be determined
from the isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiment. The plots of log
dynamic storage modulus versus log loss modulus varied with temp. over
the entire range of temps. (110-190C) investigated. 57 refs. Companies or
GOODRICH B.F. organisations
Location USA mentioned
Accession no.771897

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Report 8 Engineering Thermoplastics, I.T. Barrie, Consultant.
Report 38 Epoxy Resins, K.A. Hodd
Report 10 Reinforced Reaction Injection Moulding,
P.D. Armitage, P.D. Coates and A.F. Johnson Report 39 Polymers in Chemically Resistant Applications,
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Report 11 Communications Applications of Polymers,
R. Spratling, British Telecom. Report 40 Internal Mixing of Rubber, J.C. Lupton
Report 12 Process Control in the Plastics Industry, Report 41 Failure of Plastics, S. Turner, Queen Mary College.
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Report 15 Polyurethane, Materials, Processing and Applications, Report 46 Quality Today in Polymer Processing, S.H. Coulson,
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Report 17 Extrusion, G.M. Gale, Rapra Technology Ltd. Polytechnic.
Report 18 Agricultural and Horticultural Applications of Report 48 Plastics in Building, C.M.A. Johansson
Polymers, J.C. Garnaud, International Committee for
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Report 19 Recycling and Disposal of Plastics Packaging,
Volume 5
R.C. Fox, Plas/Tech Ltd. Report 49 Blends and Alloys of Engineering Thermoplastics, H.T.
Report 20 Pultrusion, L. Hollaway, University of Surrey. van de Grampel, General Electric Plastics BV.
Report 21 Materials Handling in the Polymer Industry, Report 50 Automotive Applications of Polymers II,
H. Hardy, Chronos Richardson Ltd. A.N.A. Elliott, Consultant.
Report 22 Electronics Applications of Polymers, M.T.Goosey, Report 51 Biomedical Applications of Polymers, C.G. Gebelein,
Plessey Research (Caswell) Ltd. Youngstown State University / Florida Atlantic University.
Report 23 Offshore Applications of Polymers, J.W.Brockbank, Report 52 Polymer Supported Chemical Reactions, P. Hodge,
Avon Industrial Polymers Ltd. University of Manchester.
Report 24 Recent Developments in Materials for Food Packaging, Report 53 Weathering of Polymers, S.M. Halliwell, Building
R.A. Roberts, Pira Packaging Division. Research Establishment.
Report 54 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry, A.R. Nutt,
Volume 3 Arnold Nutt & Co. and J. Wade.

Report 25 Foams and Blowing Agents, J.M. Methven, Cellcom Report 55 Computer Modelling of Polymer Processing,
Technology Associates. E. Andreassen, Å. Larsen and E.L. Hinrichsen, Senter for
Industriforskning, Norway.
Report 26 Polymers and Structural Composites in Civil
Engineering, L. Hollaway, University of Surrey. Report 56 Plastics in High Temperature Applications,
J. Maxwell, Consultant.
Report 27 Injection Moulding of Rubber, M.A. Wheelans,
Consultant. Report 57 Joining of Plastics, K.W. Allen, City University.
Report 28 Adhesives for Structural and Engineering Report 58 Physical Testing of Rubber, R.P. Brown, Rapra
Applications, C. O’Reilly, Loctite (Ireland) Ltd. Technology Ltd.
Report 29 Polymers in Marine Applications, C.F.Britton, Corrosion Report 59 Polyimides - Materials, Processing and Applications,
Monitoring Consultancy. A.J. Kirby, Du Pont (U.K.) Ltd.
Report 30 Non-destructive Testing of Polymers, W.N. Reynolds, Report 60 Physical Testing of Thermoplastics, S.W. Hawley, Rapra
National NDT Centre, Harwell. Technology Ltd.
Report 31 Silicone Rubbers, B.R. Trego and H.W.Winnan,
Dow Corning Ltd. Volume 6
Report 32 Fluoroelastomers - Properties and Applications,
D. Cook and M. Lynn, 3M United Kingdom Plc and Report 61 Food Contact Polymeric Materials, J.A. Sidwell,
3M Belgium SA. Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 33 Polyamides, R.S. Williams and T. Daniels, Report 62 Coextrusion, D. Djordjevic, Klöckner ER-WE-PA GmbH.
T & N Technology Ltd. and BIP Chemicals Ltd. Report 63 Conductive Polymers II, R.H. Friend, University of
Report 34 Extrusion of Rubber, J.G.A. Lovegrove, Nova Cambridge, Cavendish Laboratory.
Report 64 Designing with Plastics, P.R. Lewis, The Open Separation Performance, T. deV. Naylor, The Smart
University. Chemical Company.
Report 65 Decorating and Coating of Plastics, P.J. Robinson, Report 90 Rubber Mixing, P.R. Wood.
International Automotive Design.
Report 91 Recent Developments in Epoxy Resins, I. Hamerton,
Report 66 Reinforced Thermoplastics - Composition, Processing University of Surrey.
and Applications, P.G. Kelleher, New Jersey Polymer
Extension Center at Stevens Institute of Technology. Report 92 Continuous Vulcanisation of Elastomer ProÀles,
Report 67 Plastics in Thermal and Acoustic Building Insulation, A. Hill, Meteor Gummiwerke.
V.L. Kefford, MRM Engineering Consultancy. Report 93 Advances in Thermoforming, J.L. Throne, Sherwood
Report 68 Cure Assessment by Physical and Chemical Technologies Inc.
Techniques, B.G. Willoughby, Rapra Technology Ltd. Report 94 Compressive Behaviour of Composites, C. Soutis,
Report 69 Toxicity of Plastics and Rubber in Fire, P.J. Fardell, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine.
Building Research Establishment, Fire Research Station.
Report 95 Thermal Analysis of Polymers, M. P. Sepe, Dickten &
Report 70 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Polymers, Masch Manufacturing Co.
M.E. Adams, D.J. Buckley, R.E. Colborn, W.P. England
Report 96 Polymeric Seals and Sealing Technology, J.A. Hickman,
and D.N. Schissel, General Electric Corporate Research
St Clair (Polymers) Ltd.
and Development Center.
Report 71 Rotational Moulding, R.J. Crawford, The Queen’s
University of Belfast. Volume 9
Report 72 Advances in Injection Moulding, C.A. Maier, Econology Report 97 Rubber Compounding Ingredients - Need, Theory
Ltd. and Innovation, Part II: Processing, Bonding, Fire
Retardants, C. Hepburn, University of Ulster.

Volume 7 Report 98 Advances in Biodegradable Polymers, G.F. Moore &

S.M. Saunders, Rapra Technology Ltd.
Report 73 Reactive Processing of Polymers, M.W.R. Brown,
Report 99 Recycling of Rubber, H.J. Manuel and W. Dierkes,
P.D. Coates and A.F. Johnson, IRC in Polymer Science Vredestein Rubber Recycling B.V.
and Technology, University of Bradford.
Report 100 Photoinitiated Polymerisation - Theory and
Report 74 Speciality Rubbers, J.A. Brydson. Applications, J.P. Fouassier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure
Report 75 Plastics and the Environment, I. Boustead, Boustead de Chimie, Mulhouse.
Consulting Ltd. Report 101 Solvent-Free Adhesives, T.E. Rolando, H.B. Fuller
Company.
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R.C.P. Cubbon. Report 102 Plastics in Pressure Pipes, T. Stafford, Rapra Technology
Ltd.
Report 77 Advances in Tyre Mechanics, R.A. Ridha, M. Theves,
Goodyear Technical Center. Report 103 Gas Assisted Moulding, T.C. Pearson, Gas Injection Ltd.

Report 78 PVC - Compounds, Processing and Applications, Report 104
J.Leadbitter, J.A. Day, J.L. Ryan, Hydro Polymers Ltd.
Report 105
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and Innovation, Part I: Vulcanising Systems,
Antidegradants and Particulate Fillers for General Report 106
Purpose Rubbers, C. Hepburn, University of Ulster.
Report 80 Anti-Corrosion Polymers: PEEK, PEKK and Other Report 107
Polyaryls, G. Pritchard, Kingston University.
Plastics ProÀle Extrusion, R.J. Kent, Tangram
Technology Ltd.
Rubber Extrusion Theory and Development,
B.G. Crowther.
Properties and Applications of Elastomeric
PolysulÀdes, T.C.P. Lee, Oxford Brookes University.
High Performance Polymer Fibres, P.R. Lewis,
The Open University.

Report 81 Thermoplastic Elastomers - Properties and Report 108 Chemical Characterisation of Polyurethanes,
Applications, J.A. Brydson. M.J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 82 Advances in Blow Moulding Process Optimization,

Andres Garcia-Rejon,Industrial Materials Institute, Volume 10
National Research Council Canada.
Report 109 Rubber Injection Moulding - A Practical Guide,
Report 83 Molecular Weight Characterisation of Synthetic
J.A. Lindsay.
Polymers, S.R. Holding and E. Meehan, Rapra
Technology Ltd. and Polymer Laboratories Ltd. Report 110 Long-Term and Accelerated Ageing Tests on Rubbers,
R.P. Brown, M.J. Forrest and G. Soulagnet,
Report 84 Rheology and its Role in Plastics Processing, Rapra Technology Ltd.
P. Prentice, The Nottingham Trent University.
Report 111 Polymer Product Failure, P.R. Lewis,
The Open University.
Volume 8 Report 112 Polystyrene - Synthesis, Production and Applications,
J.R. Wünsch, BASF AG.
Report 85 Ring Opening Polymerisation, N. Spassky, Université
Pierre et Marie Curie. Report 113 Rubber-ModiÀed Thermoplastics, H. Keskkula,
University of Texas at Austin.
Report 86 High Performance Engineering Plastics,
D.J. Kemmish, Victrex Ltd. Report 114 Developments in Polyacetylene - Nanopolyacetylene,
V.M. Kobryanskii, Russian Academy of Sciences.
Report 87 Rubber to Metal Bonding, B.G. Crowther, Rapra
Technology Ltd. Report 115 Metallocene-Catalysed Polymerisation, W. Kaminsky,
University of Hamburg.
Report 88 Plasticisers - Selection, Applications and Implications,
Report 116 Compounding in Co-rotating Twin-Screw Extruders,
A.S. Wilson.
Y. Wang, Tunghai University.
Report 89 Polymer Membranes - Materials, Structures and Report 117 Rapid Prototyping, Tooling and Manufacturing, R.J.M.
Report 118 Liquid Crystal Polymers - Synthesis, Properties and Volume 13
Applications, D. Coates, CRL Ltd.
Report 119 Rubbers in Contact with Food, M.J. Forrest and Report 145 Multi-Material Injection Moulding, V. Goodship and
J.A. Sidwell, Rapra Technology Ltd. J.C. Love, The University of Warwick.

Report 120 Electronics Applications of Polymers II, M.T. Goosey, Report 146 In-Mould Decoration of Plastics, J.C. Love and
Shipley Ronal. V. Goodship, The University of Warwick.
Report 147 Rubber Product Failure, Roger P. Brown.
Report 148 Plastics Waste – Feedstock Recycling, Chemical
Volume 11 Recycling and Incineration, A. Tukker, TNO.

Report 121 Polyamides as Engineering Thermoplastic Materials, Report 149 Analysis of Plastics, Martin J. Forrest, Rapra Technology
I.B. Page, BIP Ltd. Ltd.

Report 122 Flexible Packaging - Adhesives, Coatings and Report 150 Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning, D.E. Packham,
Processes, T.E. Rolando, H.B. Fuller Company. Materials Research Centre, University of Bath.

Report 123 Polymer Blends, L.A. Utracki, National Research Council Report 151 Rigid Plastics Packaging - Materials, Processes and
Applications, F. Hannay, Nampak Group Research &
Canada.
Development.
Report 124 Sorting of Waste Plastics for Recycling, R.D. Pascoe,
Report 152 Natural and Wood Fibre Reinforcement in Polymers,
University of Exeter.
A.K. Bledzki, V.E. Sperber and O. Faruk, University of
Report 125 Structural Studies of Polymers by Solution NMR, Kassel.
H.N. Cheng, Hercules Incorporated. Report 153 Polymers in Telecommunication Devices, G.H. Cross,
University of Durham.
Report 126 Composites for Automotive Applications, C.D. Rudd,
University of Nottingham. Report 154 Polymers in Building and Construction, S.M. Halliwell,
BRE.
Report 127 Polymers in Medical Applications, B.J. Lambert and Report 155 Styrenic Copolymers, Andreas Chrisochoou and
F.-W. Tang, Guidant Corp., and W.J. Rogers, Consultant. Daniel Dufour, Bayer AG.
Report 128 Solid State NMR of Polymers, P.A. Mirau, Report 156 Life Cycle Assessment and Environmental Impact
Lucent Technologies. of Polymeric Products, T.J. O’Neill, Polymeron
Consultancy Network.
Report 129 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Photo-oxidation,
D.C. Wright.

Report 130 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Chemical Attack, Volume 14

D.C. Wright.
Report 157 Developments in Colorants for Plastics,
Report 131 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Thermo-oxidation, Ian N. Christensen.
D.C. Wright. Report 158 Geosynthetics, David I. Cook.
Report 132 Stabilisers for PolyoleÀns, C. Kröhnke and F. Werner, Report 159 Biopolymers, R.M. Johnson, L.Y. Mwaikambo and
Clariant Huningue SA. N. Tucker, Warwick Manufacturing Group.
Report 160 Emulsion Polymerisation and Applications of Latex,
Christopher D. Anderson and Eric S. Daniels, Emulsion
Polymers Institute.
Volume 12 Report 161 Emissions from Plastics, C. Henneuse-Boxus and
Report 133 Advances in Automation for Plastics Injection T. Pacary, Certech.
Moulding, J. Mallon, Yushin Inc. Report 162 Analysis of Thermoset Materials, Precursors and
Products, Martin J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.
Report 134 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Polymers,
J.L. Koenig, Case Western Reserve University. Report 163 Polymer/Layered Silicate Nanocomposites, Masami
Okamoto, Toyota Technological Institute.
Report 135 Polymers in Sport and Leisure, R.P. Brown.
Report 164 Cure Monitoring for Composites and Adhesives, David
Report 136 Radiation Curing, R.S. Davidson, DavRad Services. R. Mulligan, NPL.
Report 165 Polymer Enhancement of Technical Textiles,
Report 137 Silicone Elastomers, P. Jerschow, Wacker-Chemie GmbH. Roy W. Buckley.
Report 138 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry, N. Chaiear, Report 166 Developments in Thermoplastic Elastomers,
Khon Kaen University. K.E. Kear
Report 139 Rubber Analysis - Polymers, Compounds and Report 167 PolyoleÀn Foams, N.J. Mills, Metallurgy and Materials,
Products, M.J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd. University of Birmingham.
Report 168 Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current
Report 140 Tyre Compounding for Improved Performance, Developments, J. Innes and A. Innes, Flame Retardants
M.S. Evans, Kumho European Technical Centre. Associates Inc.
Report 141 Particulate Fillers for Polymers, Professor R.N. Rothon,
Rothon Consultants and Manchester Metropolitan
University. Volume 15
Report 142 Blowing Agents for Polyurethane Foams, S.N. Singh, Report 169 Engineering and Structural Adhesives, David J. Dunn,
Huntsman Polyurethanes. FLD Enterprises Inc.
Report 143 Adhesion and Bonding to PolyoleÀns, D.M. Brewis and Report 170 Polymers in Agriculture and Horticulture,
I. Mathieson, Institute of Surface Science & Technology, Roger P. Brown.
Loughborough University. Report 171 PVC Compounds and Processing, Stuart Patrick.
Report 144 Rubber Curing Systems, R.N. Datta, Flexsys BV. Report 172 Troubleshooting Injection Moulding, Vanessa Goodship,
Warwick Manufacturing Group.
Report 173 Regulation of Food Packaging in Europe and the USA,
Derek J. Knight and Lesley A. Creighton, Safepharm
Laboratories Ltd.
Report 174 Pharmaceutical Applications of Polymers for Drug
Delivery, David Jones, Queen's University, Belfast.
 Tyre Recycling

Valerie L. Shulman
(European Tyre Recycling Association (ETRA))

ISBN 1-85957-489-0
 Tyre Recycling

Contents

1 Scope ..........................................................................................................................................................3
2 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................3
2.1 Sustainable Development: The Context for Recycling ....................................................................3
2.2 The Size of the Problem ...................................................................................................................5
3 The Tyre: The Raw Material for Recycling ...........................................................................................6
3.1 The Structure of the Tyre ..................................................................................................................6
3.2 Tyre Composition .............................................................................................................................7
3.3 Tyre Wear and Use ...........................................................................................................................8
4 Material Valorisation of Post-Consumer Tyres .....................................................................................9
4.1 Preparation for Recycling ...............................................................................................................10
4.2 Recycling Treatments and Technologies ........................................................................................10
4.2.1 Level 1 Treatments: Destruction of the Structure of the Tyre............................................11
4.2.2 Level 2 Treatments: Liberation and Separation of the Elements of the Tyre.....................12
4.2.3 Level 3 Treatments: Multi-Treatment Technologies ..........................................................13
4.3 Material Outputs .............................................................................................................................14
5 Traditional and Evolving Markets ........................................................................................................16
5.1 Material Production ........................................................................................................................16
5.2 Applications and Products ..............................................................................................................18
5.2.1 Whole Tyres .......................................................................................................................19
5.2.2 Shred and Chips .................................................................................................................20
5.2.3 Granulate ............................................................................................................................21
5.2.4. Powders and Speciality Powders .......................................................................................23
5.3 Energy Recovery ............................................................................................................................25
5.3.1 Use in Cement Kilns ..........................................................................................................25
5.3.2 Use for Electricity and Steam Generation .........................................................................26
6 The Future ..............................................................................................................................................26

Additional References ....................................................................................................................................30

Abbreviations and Acronyms ........................................................................................................................31

Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database ...........................................................................................33

Subject Index ................................................................................................................................................119

Company Index ............................................................................................................................................129

1
 Tyre Recycling

The views and opinions expressed by authors in Rapra Review Reports do not necessarily reÁect those
of Rapra Technology Limited or the editor. The series is published on the basis that no responsibility or
liability of any nature shall attach to Rapra Technology Limited arising out of or in connection with any
utilisation in any form of any material contained therein.

2
 Tyre Recycling
1 Scope
This review summarises current tyre recycling practices
and the factors that have contributed to their growth and
efÀcacy as viable, economically and environmentally
sound alternatives for treating post-consumer tyres.
While it relies on the European model, it draws upon
experiences and expertise from around the world, which
have often precipitated action in the European Union.
The introduction will summarise the current context for
recycling, the extent of the post-consumer tyre problem,
and the characteristics and composition of the tyre that
is the raw material for recycling. The report will review
the progress and current status of:
A. Recycling treatments and some of the advances that
have facilitated the development of more diversiÀed
and efÀcient treatments and processes.
B. Ways in which the traditional markets for post-
consumer tyre materials have expanded and
multiplied.
C. Industry initiatives that have contributed to the
evolution of a more ‘level playing Àeld’ for post-
consumer tyre materials.
D. Issues and actions for the future.
Material recycling appears to be one of the most
signiÀcant future routes for sustainable development in
the tyre related industries. The treatments, technologies,
materials and applications presented in this Review
are not exhaustive, but provide a snapshot of how the
industry has evolved to date. The Ànal section will
explore some of the issues that remain to be addressed
and resolved in future.
2 Introduction
Recycling is not a new concept. Prior to World War II,
recycling was a relatively common industrial practice
for a variety of materials and products - including
tyres. However, once synthetic rubber became readily
available, recycling was, for the most part abandoned
(a.1).
More than half a century later, recycling is again
becoming an accepted industrial activity. However,
as it is interpreted today, the concept of recycling is
inextricably linked to the production and management
of waste and by extension, to its prevention and
minimisation. Recycling has evolved into one of the four
pillars which support improved resource management
through the prevention of waste and the reuse, recycling
and recovery of the wastes that do occur in order to
achieve sustainable development goals.
2.1 Sustainable Development: The Context for
Recycling
During the Ànal years of the 20th Century, it became
apparent that the unbridled economic growth of the
past could not be sustained in future without irreparable
damage to the environment. Discussions initiated during
the 1960s culminated in a proposal for change, at the
global level.
The Stockholm meeting of the United Nations
Conference on Environment and Development
(UNCED) in 1972 is often marked as the turning point
in the move towards more sustainable growth practices
(a.2, a.3). It signalled a break from the past and the
beginning of a new era.
The goals of the conference were limited. They were
Àrst, to introduce the concepts and practices inherent in
sustainability and second, to provoke sufÀcient concern
and interest for world leaders to make a commitment to
de-link economic growth from negative environmental
impacts.
Simply stated, sustainability requires policies and actions
which foster economic and social growth, which meet
current needs without detriment to the environment.
The aim is to not compromise the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs. ‘Environment’
was deÀned in the broadest sense to include all of the
conditions, circumstances and influences affecting
development. The speciÀc issue was the improved
management of natural resources, concentrating on the
prevention and control of pollution and waste.
Delegates adopted the principle and accepted the
challenge of implementing the sustainable model of
development for the 21st Century. For the next twenty
years they undertook an exhaustive awareness campaign
to draw the support of national and local governments,
non-government organisations (NGOs), industry and
the public at large.
The global economic and social nature of the plan led
to the involvement of other organisations within the
United Nations infrastructure. Described in Figure 1,
these bodies provide the international framework within
3
 Tyre Recycling

United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) formulates strategies and
actions to stop and reverse the effects of environmental degradation and promote sustainable,
environmentally sound development in all countries.

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) promotes trade between countries with
different social and economic systems and provides a centre for harmonising the trade and development
policies of governments and economic groupings.

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is a permanent body under the
UNCTAD. It was created to assist in removing restrictions and facilitating trade between and among
member and non-member countries, ensuring that the substances, materials and products, etc., involved
do not pose a threat to the environment or humanity in the receiving country.

Basel Convention, under the UN Environment Programme (UNEP), is speci¿cally concerned with the
control of trans-boundary movements of hazardous and other wastes and their disposal, from OECD
countries to non-OECD countries. Further, it is concerned with the identi¿cation of those products and
materials which could cause damage to the receiving country(ies).

Figure 1 International bodies concerned with waste

which intra-and-inter-national trade occur, including the
movement of wastes.
The Basel Convention was created in 1989 under
UNEP to Àll the gap between existing mandates which
facilitate and monitor world trade on the one hand, and
those which are concerned with sound environmental
practices, on the other.
The mission of the Basel Convention is to monitor
the trans-boundary movements and management of
wastes to ensure their environmentally sound treatment
and disposal and, to provide support to governments
by assisting them to carry out national sustainable
objectives (a.4, a.5).
By the 1992 UNCED meeting in Rio de Janeiro, much
of the groundwork had been completed. The goal of the
conference was to propose alternative strategies and
actions that could be undertaken in the short, medium
and long-term in order to ensure that consideration and
respect for the environment would be integrated into
every aspect of the development process.
etc., that are deÀned as waste and separated out those
deÀned as hazardous or dangerous. A Ànal list contains
those wastes that are not perceived to pose a risk to the
environment or human health. However, it is important
to note that the lists are not mutually exclusive and
that under certain conditions, a ‘waste’ can and often
does appear on more than one list. Virtually every
conceivable material, product or residue is listed - those
that are not speciÀcally named fall under the rubric
‘other’. Tyres, tyre related wastes and other rubber
wastes were identiÀed as:
• B3140 Waste pneumatic tyres, excluding those
destined for Annex IVA operations (recovery)
• B3080 Waste parings and scrap of rubber.
The definition and annexes served as a guide for
transboundary movements of waste, principally for
environmentally sound management. Examples of
recovery and disposal operations were appended.
Environmentally sound management was broadly
deÀned as:

The Basel Convention provided the common framework
for the classiÀcation, management and treatment of
waste. BrieÁy, waste was deÀned as:
‘..substances or objects which are disposed of or
intended to be disposed of or are required to be
disposed of by the provisions under national law.’
Both the Basel Convention and the OECD independently
prepared catalogues of the substances, objects, materials,
'..taking all practicable steps to ensure that waste
is managed in a manner that will protect human
health and the environment against adverse
effects which may result from such waste.'
Within the context of the deÀnitions of waste and its
environmentally sound recovery and disposal, the
OECD laid down the provisions for its transboundary
movement and acceptance, within and outside of the
member countries. Each country was invited to prepare

4
 Tyre Recycling
a list of those wastes that it would no longer accept for
either recovery or disposal, due to lack of appropriate
treatment facilities or risks to human health, among
other reasons. Thus, procedures were also set out for
the non-acceptance of wastes and their return, should
they be delivered in error.
Once the framework was established, various tools were
examined to assess their capacity for targeting potential
environmental impacts. Life-cycle analysis (LCA)
was selected as the most appropriate and effective
tool for determining the points at which the greatest
environmental impacts occur, thus making possible the
suggestion and selection of less damaging options (61).
For example, the approach permitted the evaluation of
industrial outputs from the production or extraction of
raw materials through the design and manufacture of
materials and products, as well as during product use.
The deÀnitions, annexes and provisions were accepted
by the delegates and also adapted by many countries to
comply with national policy and priorities.
The most hazardous wastes and the most prevalent
sources of pollution were targeted for immediate
attention. Five priority waste streams were also
distinguished. In addition to the more general category
of 'household waste', post-consumer tyres (at present,
subsequent to discussion and debate, post-consumer
tyres are not deÀned as hazardous waste and do not
appear on any list as a dangerous or hazardous waste),
demolition waste, used cars, halogenated solvents and
hospital waste were earmarked for action.
2.2 The Size of the Problem
The priority waste streams were not necessarily
hazardous or large. However, each did pose some
degree of difÀculty related to its management. The basic
Table 1 Examples of other waste streams in tonnes
Product Consumption
Paper
Plastics
Packaging
Glass
Aluminium
Automotive/construction
Packaging
Rubber
Tyres
reasons included: the inability to accurately calculate
the quantity of arisings, the lack of effectiveness of the
treatment or disposal practices at that point in time,
and/or, the potential threat to human health.
Post-consumer tyres were not classiÀed as hazardous
or dangerous. However, accurate data on annual
accumulations were not readily available. At the
time, the principal methods of managing them were
by domestic reuse, retreading, and the use of limited
quantities for material recycling or as a secondary
fuel. The preponderance was sent to landÀlls. A large
percentage of those that were not landfilled were
stored in warehouses or derelict buildings, on farms,
or scattered around the countryside, in rivers and
streams. In addition to being unsightly, they were found
to be a breeding-ground for vermin and insects. Large
quantities were also exported to developing countries
with less well-deÀned environmental regulations or the
means to deal with them.
The overall market for either the raw material or the
Ànished product is not particularly large compared to
other wastes. Table 1 illustrates the relative consumption
of key material streams in the EU. It is evident that the
overall quantity of rubber used is relatively small,
however, the production units are comparatively large,
and the units of waste conspicuous and unattractive.
World production of natural and synthetic rubber is
estimated to be approximately 20,000,000 tonnes per
year. About 20%, or approximately 4,000,000 tonnes
are consumed in the European Union each year.
Indications are that an additional 1,000,000 tonnes are
imported annually from outside of the EU as Ànished
goods, including tyres (a.6). Comparable amounts are
utilised in North America and a growing percentage is
consumed in Asia.
About 75% of the combined rubber resources
worldwide, are used in various sectors of the automotive
Subset
±79,000,000
±37,000,000
±19,980,000
±15,000,000
±8,860,000
±5,316,000
±1,594,800
±5,000,000
±3,000,000
5
 Tyre Recycling

industry. The bulk, close to 60%, is consumed in the During its on-road life it is ignored until it needs repair
production of tyres for two principal markets, passenger or is grudgingly replaced. Once a tyre is permanently
cars (including utility vehicles) and trucks, as well as removed from a vehicle that it has diligently served
for smaller diverse categories grouped as ‘other’ (e.g., over thousands of kilometres, it is a waste and follows
agricultural, aeroplane, bicycle, motorcycle, civil another route.
engineering, industrial, mining). Hundreds of non-tyre
automotive products, i.e., appearance items, belts, The external features of the tyre have not changed
hoses, housings, mouldings, rings, and seals, among perceptibly since the radial tyre was introduced more
others, utilise the other 15% of the rubber. than Àfty years ago. However, internally, changes have
been made and others are planned which will continue
The remaining 25% of natural and synthetic rubbers are to improve performance and durability as well as
consumed by a broad cross-section of other industrial environmental quality. Some of these changes will also
sectors to manufacture thousands of general rubber impact upon the ways in which the tyres are valorised
products. More than 20 categories are represented at the end of their on-road life.
including such diverse products as footwear, bladders,
residential and commercial construction supplies,
marine products, Áooring and rooÀng components,
3.1 The Structure of the Tyre
non-automotive equipment, consumer products such
as pads and tool handles, seals and expansion joints,
civil engineering and road materials, etc. Figure 2 illustrates seven critical parts of the tyre
structure, each of which serves a speciÀc function and
impacts upon potential recycling actions. The letters
Since the 1990s world tyre production has been
in the Àgure correspond to the component descriptions
reported to be approximately 1,000,000,000 units per
which follow. The tread and sidewalls are observable
year. In units sold, which are somewhat less than those
exterior elements, while the belts, casing, beads, apex,
produced, passenger car tyres account for slightly more
and inner liner are interior components.
than 90%, while truck and ‘other’ categories, together
constitute about 10% (a.7, a.8, a.9).
A. The tread is the part of the tyre that comes directly
in contact with the road to maintain traction when
Once a tyre in any category is permanently removed
the vehicle moves forward, back, turns or stops, in
from a vehicle without the possibility of being re-
wet or dry weather. Rubber compounds with a high
mounted for continued on-road-use, it is deÀned as
concentration of natural rubber and Àllers, which
waste. It is generally accepted that for each tyre sold,
vary according to tyre category and local conditions,
whether newly manufactured, retreaded or part-worn,
are moulded into a design in which the solid parts
one tyre has become waste. In the 15 Member States of
of the tread clear away the water while the channels
the EU alone, post-consumer tyres amounted to more
allow the water to Áow outwards enabling the tread
than 2,600,000 tonnes of waste in 2003. Projections
to maintain contact with the surface.
for 2004 indicate that the expanded Union of 25 states
will account for annual arisings of approximately
2,850,000 tonnes.

3 The Tyre: The Raw Material for

Recycling
A pneumatic tyre is often described as an engineering
marvel. It is basically a large, round, black, hollow shell
Àlled with compressed air that can support more than
50 times its own weight. It is meticulously constructed
of over thirty different component parts to meet diverse
performance standards in order to provide maximum
comfort and safety on dry or wet, slippery or rutted
surfaces, at high or low speeds. It is often pushed
beyond its limits or abused by careless behaviour. Figure 2 Tyre cross-section

6
 Tyre Recycling

B. The belts provide structural support to the tread
helping to maintain the tyre shape. Made from
layers of rubber sheets containing brass coated
high carbon steel wires, they are placed on the
bias at alternate angles under the tread. This helps
to control road contact, provide a smoother ride
and can reduce uneven wear. Some manufacturers
have introduced aramid ‘bandages’ to replace steel
belting (215).
C. The sidewalls on either side are attached to the
casing. This contributes to structural integrity by
reinforcing the interface between the tyre and
the wheel rim and setting the inner dimension.
Side-walls are designed to Áex up and down over
road irregularities while staying relatively rigid
horizontally to respond to driving actions such as
steering, braking, etc. Because they are exposed
to abrasion damage as well as to UV and ozone
degradation, the compounds used in these parts
contain many ingredients to counteract these
actions, e.g., anti-oxidants, as well as the newer
anti-ozonants.
replaced in a majority of tyres, it is most often
produced from butyl rubber.
While the external features of the tyre have changed
little during the past Àfty years, the ingredients and
production processes have changed considerably.
Many of the newer ingredients which have improved
longevity, resistance to abrasion, etc. also contribute to
the durability and effectiveness of post-consumer tyre
materials downstream, when they are recycled and used
in products and applications.
3.2 Tyre Composition
The material composition of a tyre varies by category,
i.e., passenger car, utility vehicle, truck, other,
etc. However, all categories of tyres include four
fundamental groups of materials: rubbers, carbon
blacks/silicas, reinforcing materials and facilitators.
All but the reinforcing materials are ingredients in the
tyre compounds.

D. The casing provides the shape and internal structure Table 2 provides a generic profile of the material
of the tyre, and bears stress. It is traditionally composition of pneumatic car and truck tyres produced
made of twisted metal, natural rayon, nylon or for the European market.
polyester cords that are then coated with a natural
rubber substance. As a rule, truck tyres contain a The Àrst group of materials which account for ±40-45%
proportionately greater ratio of metals to textiles by weight are natural and synthetic rubbers, the former
than do passenger tyres. Since the 1980s, a family tapped from the Hevea tree, the latter generally derived
of special aramids has been introduced into some from petroleum based products. The ratio of natural to
products, primarily to reduce tyre weight. synthetic rubber is approximately two to one in truck
tyres, four to three in car tyres. Different polymers and
E. The beads are structural components that frame additives are used in each part of the tyre.
the edge of the casing to anchor the tyre to the
metal wheel rim so that it does not shift or become The second most prevalent materials are carbon blacks
free during driving actions. They are made from and/or silica, which amount to ±23-27% of the tyre
coils of zinc or bronze coated single Àlament high
strength steel wire that are coated with rubber and Table 2 Composition by weight of car and truck
add appreciably to the weight of the tyre. Innovative tyres
non-metal materials are being introduced to reduce Material Car/utility Truck/
tyre weight. % Lorry %
Rubber/Elastomersa ±43% ±45
F. The apex, at the end of the bead, is used to gradually Carbon black and silicab ±27% ±20
shape the tyre making the transition from the almost Metals ±11% ±22
inÁexible bead to the mid-point of the more pliable Textiles ±5% ±1
sidewalls. It is moulded from Àller and reinforcing
Vulcanisation aidsc ±3 ±3
resins.
Additives ±3 ±3
Aromatic oils ±8 ±8
G. The inner liner is an integral part of the tyre, a Rubber content: truck ±30% natural
providing a lining for the casing in order to b Different varieties of carbon black are used for
contain the air and maintain consistent pressure, different purposes and may appear in other
which contributes to improved rolling resistance categories of material
c Sulfur, stearic acid, zinc oxide
and energy savings. Like the inner tube that it has

7
 Tyre Recycling
weight. A range of carbon blacks of varying shapes,
sizes and structures are used in different parts of the
tyre. Larger sizes can be used in the inner liner, while
smaller particles can be used in the casing or tread.
During the past twenty years, attempts have been made
to replace some carbon blacks with silicas in selected
applications, such as the Green tyre. More recently,
several modiÀed carbon blacks have come onto the
market for use in tyres.
The third group are reinforcing materials, comprised
primarily of metals or textiles. Metals in the beads,
belts and casing can add ±25% to the weight of a truck
tyre while in car tyres, which utilise a larger portion of
textiles in the casing, metals are ±11-13% of the total
weight. Natural rayon, nylon and polyester used in the
casing cords amount to ±5% of the weight of a car and
±1% of a truck tyre. Manufacturers have experimented
with a variety of materials to partially replace the metal
content in order to reduce the weight of tyres and have
had limited success with a class of aramids, which
would increase the Àbre and reduce the metal content.
The fourth group of materials are used as facilitators
during the various stages of tyre production. Small
amounts of extender oils, waxes, anti-oxidants, the
newer anti-ozonants and other ingredients are added
to the tyre compound to enhance performance, or to
facilitate curing and manufacturing efÀciency. Several
varieties of carbon black; titanium dioxide; zinc oxide
and sulfur are used to facilitate the vulcanisation
process and are evenly distributed throughout the
polymer matrix. Calcium and aluminium are used in
small amounts as are trace amounts of magnesium,
phosphorous, potassium, sodium, chloride and silica.
The compounding process modifies the hardness,
strength and/or toughness of the rubber and increases
its resistance to abrasion, oil, oxygen, chemical solvents
and heat. Different ingredients are used to produce
speciÀc qualities.
At times ten different rubber compounds are used in a
tyre, each of which is a mix which contains a number
Table 3 Weight ranges of new tyres
Category
Passenger car tyres
Vans and light utility vehicles
Trucks1 (load index of <121 and >121)
Other (bicycle, motor cycle, agriculture, air plane,
construction, mining)
1 the average of the category ‘trucks’ reÁects the preponderance of smaller truck tyres
2 NA: Information not available
8
of ingredients that modify and improve the physical
properties of the rubber. However, while each tyre
manufacturer has its own special formula to provide
unique characteristics, tyre compounds in general share
many similarities and contain all of the ingredients
necessary to provide quality on-road service.
Once all of the ingredients have been compounded and
the structure has been assembled, the tyre is vulcanised.
Vulcanisation is a curing process which transforms the
rubber into a strong, elastic and rubbery hard state.
Heat causes the vulcanisation agents to combine with
the rubber to create chemical links between the rubber
molecules. The crosslinking between the molecules
makes the rubber stronger and more durable and
contributes to improved wear and durability. At the same
time, the sulfur also creates a bond between the rubber
and the copper that is in the brass coating of the wires.
The Ànal structure is an integrated whole.
Vulcanisation is generally considered irreversible. In
other words, after it has been altered, the once long,
convoluted rubber molecule cannot return to its original
form.
Table 3 presents the average weights of three categories
of new tyres produced for the European market.
3.3 Tyre Wear and Use
The average on-road life of a tyre varies by category.
Truck tyre life is extended in some countries by re-
grooving, i.e., re-cutting the tread grooves, or by
retreading. In recent years, truck tyre manufacturers
have begun to offer multiple retreadings as part
of the tyre sale. The package is sold as a strategic
maintenance programme which ensures tyre safety
and access to replacement tyres. Similar packages are
not economically viable for passenger car tyres as they
can only be retreaded once. Further, the availability of
budget tyres has removed the Ànancial incentive.
Range Av.wt Units/tonne
±7-9 kg 8 kg 125
±8-11 kg 9 kg 111
40-75 kg 56 kg 18
0.5-2.5-1000 kg NA2
 Tyre Recycling

Longevity is also affected by driver care as well as
by maintenance and driving conditions, e.g., climatic
extremes, speed and road surfaces. Table 4 approximates
the on-road life of different categories of tyres produced
for the European market. Estimates are that the average
for the North American market can be up to ±50,000 miles
(±80,000 kilometres) due to differences in road surface,
speed limits and climate conditions.
While a tyre can reach the end of its on-road life at almost
any point after construction, the most common reasons
for replacing them are accident or wear. Tyre wear is
most evident on the tread, although sidewall damage
is also common primarily due to driver behaviour or
road conditions. It is generally accepted that tyres lose
approximately 20% of their weight, principally from
the tread, during their on-road life.
The required tread depth for on-road use in OECD
countries is a minimum of 1.6 mm in the most
worn groove. However, many non-OECD countries,
particularly in Asia, Africa, parts of Latin America,
among others, do not have the same restrictions. Table 5
shows the approximate tread depth for three categories of
new tyres in the EU. To ensure tyre safety, a number of
manufacturers mould tread wear indicators into the tread
as bands or cushions which become apparent as the tread
wears to the deÀned legal limit for continued use.
Once a tyre has been permanently removed from a
vehicle without the possibility of being returned to the
road, it is waste (126, 258). Figure 3 brieÁy explains
the four Rs of sustainable waste management, which
through their use, minimise waste and reduce reliance
on natural resources.
Material recycling and energy recovery offer alternative
and complementary means of gaining the greatest
sustainable beneÀt from natural resources and their
wastes and thereby reducing the consumption of
virgin resources. Material recycling is emerging as a
commercially, technologically and economically viable
option for the future.

4 Material Valorisation of
Table 4 New tyre wear expectations Post-Consumer Tyres
Tyre category Estimated kilometres
Passenger car ±35,000 - 45,000 km The recent life-cycle assessment of ‘an average
passenger car tyre’ conducted by BLIC, the European
Utility vehicle/light truck ±60,000 - 70,000 km
tyre manufacturers’ association confirmed the
Long haul truck ±180,000 - 200,000 km
importance and efÀcacy of tyre recycling as a principal
means of valorising post-consumer tyres in Europe. In
comparison with reuse, retreading and incineration for
Table 5 Examples of new tyre tread depth in energy recovery and in cement kilns, material recycling
the EU is the only one which resulted in a positive impact on
Tyre category Average tread depth the environment.
Passenger car 7-8 mm
Utility vehicle/light truck 10-12 mm The BLIC report concludes that the net environmental
Long haul truck 18-21 mm effect from processing post-consumer tyres is negative.

Reuse: Includes the sale of part-worn tyres for domestic on-road and other uses as well as for export
to countries with less restrictive road-use requirements.

Retreading: re-manufactures a tyre using as the core a carefully selected, undamaged casing, which
reduces production energy as well as virgin resources.

Recycling: transforms a waste into a raw material that can be reintegrated into the economic stream
as a resource to substitute the use of virgin resources.

Recovery: transforms a waste into energy or fuel, which can be reintegrated into the economic stream
as a resource to substitute the use of other energy sources.

Figure 3 Sustainable waste management options

9
 Tyre Recycling
In other words, the beneÀts accrued from recycling
outweigh the environmental impacts that result from
processing. One contributing factor appears to be
the production of useful products from the recycled
materials. Conversely, both forms of incineration for
energy recovery presented produce a balanced impact -
neither negative nor positive effects on the environment
(a.10).
Although in considerably greater detail than earlier
analyses, it corroborates the findings from studies
undertaken in Germany (52), the USA (225), the
UK (126), and Russia (356). It also draws parallel
conclusions to those reported in the recent mass balance
study in the UK (a.11), which examined the economics
of recycling and projected several scenarios for the
future.
Together, these studies reÁect the vast improvements
that have occurred within the industry during the
past Àfteen years in terms of the effectiveness of the
treatments, the quality and consistency of the material
outputs and the range of applications and products
in which the materials are used. Improved overall
efÀciency has also had the effect of lowering production
costs and increasing competivity.
4.1 Preparation for Recycling
The starting point for material recycling is the same as
other industries - the sourcing of a continuous Áow of
raw material. In most EU States post-consumer tyres
destined for recycling are collected by specialised tyre
collection companies. Tyres are usually collected under
commercial contract from regular sources which include
garages, retail outlets, depots and vehicle dismantlers,
among others. In some regions, they are also removed
from long-standing stockpiles or clean-up sites.
The tyres are sorted by category, i.e., car, utility, truck,
and then by size, often prior to delivery to the treatment
facility. Road-worthy part-worn tyres are removed for
domestic reuse or export under OECD regulations.
Retreadable casings are diverted to appropriate
facilities. Recently, there is even an active competition
between recycling and energy recovery facilities for
the available tyres.
Post-consumer tyres are a waste and, therefore, must
be shipped in compliance with Basel Convention and
OECD regulations. However, as they are non-hazardous
wastes destined for recovery, the documentation
and information required is limited to general
information.
10
Once delivered to the treatment facility, the tyres come
under the jurisdiction of the local authority(ies) which
regulate the quantity and location where the tyres may
be stored on the premises. Appropriate zoning and land-
use permission, as well as the necessary permits and
licenses must be obtained. Under certain circumstances,
waste management permits may also be required before
the tyres can be processed or the materials used (59).
Prior to processing, on site or at a facility, the tyres
must be cleaned of debris such as glass, stones, or
miscellaneous items as well as from partially burned
tyre fragments. Tyres acquired from stockpiles or other
long-term storage areas are often washed prior to use.
4.2 Recycling Treatments and Technologies
Under the European Commission’s waste legislation,
tyre recycling is a recovery operation that encompasses
two distinct but interrelated functions:
• transformation of post-consumer tyres with the
use of diverse treatments, e.g., size reduction,
pyrolysis and technologies (physical, chemical,
thermal or biological) in order to produce a broad
range of materials which will be reintegrated into
the economic stream as a resource to substitute the
use of virgin resources, and
• use of the materials in myriad consumer and
industrial products as well as construction and civil
engineering applications.
A distinction is often made between treatments and
technologies. The terms are deÀned as follows:
• A treatment is a specialised method of processing a
material or substance to achieve a speciÀed result,
for example, size reduction is a treatment designed
to reduce a tyre into smaller pieces or particles for
which one of several different technologies can be
used.
• A technology is the specialised tool, i.e., a type of
equipment or process which is used to achieve a
treatment's end result. Thus an ambient granulator
is a speciÀc type of equipment that can be used to
reduce a tyre into granulate or powder.
The treatments used to recycle post-consumer tyres
range from the simplest mechanical cutting devices
to sophisticated and complex multiphase chemical,
mechanochemical and/or thermal processes. They
 Tyre Recycling
appear to have overcome many of the principal
obstacles inherent in the recycling of thermoset rubbers
(413). SpeciÀcally, the treatments and technologies
that have evolved do not attempt to dissolve or melt
the rubber into the virgin compound. Rather, they
attempt to exploit and enhance the properties of the
tyre compound.
There are four basic levels of treatment. Each can be
described in terms of its functions, which become
increasingly complex as they progress through
successive levels. The capabilities can be expanded by
linking two or more different technologies to operate in
tandem in order to produce the desired result.
Level 1 Destruction of the structure of the tyre -
Primarily simple mechanical means which destroy
one or more of the physical attributes of the tyre,
e.g., shape, weight bearing capacity, rigidity, among
others. The most common methods include bead
removal, compression or cutting.
Level 2 Liberation and separation of the elements of
the tyre - Treatments which process the tyre to
segregate the principal components, e.g., the rubber,
metals, textiles. The most common are ambient
and cryogenic size reduction technologies. Level
1 outputs are often used as feedstock.
Level 3 Multiphase treatments and technologies -
Rubber materials liberated during Level 2 provide
Figure 4 Schematic of the four levels of treatment
feedstock for treatments and technologies which
modify one or more characteristics of the material.
Devulcanisation, reclaim, surface modiÀcation and
pyrolysis, are among the most prominent.
Level 4 Material upgrading treatments - Materials
modiÀed during Level 3 provide the feedstock for
treatments that further refine and upgrade them.
Technologies are used that enhance selected properties
or characteristics. The preparation of thermoplastic
elastomers, upgraded carbon products and improved
reclaim are the most representative examples.
Figure 4 illustrates the progressive, often inclusive
nature of the treatments from the 'Àrst cut', by mechanical
means, through to 'higher level' specialised treatments
and technologies which add distinctive characteristics
or properties to the material outputs.
4.2.1 Level 1 Treatments: Destruction of the
Structure of the Tyre
This is deÀned as simple mechanical means which
destroy one or more of the physical attributes of the tyre,
e.g., shape, weight bearing capacity, rigidity, among
others. The most common means include bead removal,
compression or cutting. The majority of the outputs
are used directly in civil engineering or construction
applications. The remainder are used as feedstock for
further treatment.
11
 Tyre Recycling
Bead removal is used on car and truck tyres as a
pre-treatment for later recycling treatments. It is a
mechanical procedure that removes the rubber coated
steel coil wires by force (pulling) or by cutting or
tearing the connecting points that anchor the bead to
the casing. The carcass can be directly used for civil
engineering applications or as feedstock for later
recycling treatments.
Sidewall removal is used primarily on car tyres as a pre-
treatment for later recycling treatments or the sidewall
can be used directly in civil engineering applications.
It is a mechanical cutting procedure that destroys the
structure of the tyre by removing the support on either
side.
Tread removal is used on car or truck tyres as a pre-
treatment for later recycling treatments or the tread can
be used directly in civil engineering applications. It is
a mechanical cutting procedure which frees the strips
of tread from the tyre carcass. The tread can be used
directly to produce simple products or as a feedstock
for later recycling treatments.
Compression is used on car or truck tyres. It is a
mechanical procedure that destroys the structure of a
tyre by placing it under the force of controlled pressure
to permanently deform it. The number of tyres and
pressure used is dependent upon the desired Ànal result.
The units can be directly used for a number of civil
engineering applications.
Baling is used on car and truck tyres. It is a mechanical
procedure that destroys the structure of a speciÀed
number of tyres by placing them in a chamber under
high pressure (±65 tonnes) to permanently deform
them into a cube or rectangular solid, which is then
secured with a stipulated number of straps at speciÀed
points. The number of tyres used is dependent upon
the desired Ànal dimensions of the unit. The units
can be used directly for a number of civil engineering
applications.
Cutting is used on car and truck tyres as a pre-treatment
for later recycling treatments or for direct use in civil
engineering applications. It is a mechanical procedure
that guillotines, scissors or slices the tyre through the
middle of the tread producing two equal halves with
the sidewall attached, or into halves or quarters across
the diameter of the tyre.
Equipment can be stationary or mobile, dependent upon
how the material will ultimately be used. Generally,
neither the bead wires nor the belts are removed prior to
or during processing. The material can be used directly
12
in civil engineering applications, as a secondary fuel or
as feedstock for further processing.
4.2.2 Level 2 Treatments: Liberation and
Separation of the Elements of the Tyre
Level 2 treatments separate out the principle components
of the material, e.g., the rubber, metals, textiles. The
most common technologies are ambient and cryogenic
size reduction as well as some new technologies which
are designed to reduce the material to pieces of ±0 to
±15 mm. Whole tyres and Level 1 outputs are generally
used as feedstock. The outputs can be used directly in
applications or products, or as feedstock for Level 3
processing.
Shredding and chipping are used on whole car or
truck tyres. Shredding is a treatment that uses different
technologies to fragment the tyre. Usually, a set of
knives is used to produce material ±50 mm to ±300 mm
that is irregularly shaped or equidimensional. Neither
the bead wires nor belts are removed prior to, during
or after processing unless it is accomplished as the Àrst
step in size reduction processing.
Chipping is generally a second processing of shred
which results in material ±10 mm to ±50 mm that is
either irregularly shaped or equidimensional.
Ambient grinding uses whole or pre-treated car or
truck tyres in the form of shred or chips, or sidewalls
or treads. Ambient grinding is a multistep technology.
Processing takes place at or above normal room
temperature. The rubbers, metals and textiles are
sequentially separated out. First, the material is sheared
with a system of knives. If the reinforcing and bead
wires are not removed prior to processing, the metals
are magnetically separated out during the granulation
process. The material may continue through one or more
sequential granulators to further reduce it in size. The
material passes through a series of screens and sifting
stations to remove the Ànal vestiges of impurities and
ensure consistency of size (126). During the Ànal phase,
the textile residues are removed by air separators.
Cryogenic processing generally uses pre-treated car
or truck tyres as feedstock, most often in the form of
chips or ambiently produced granulate. Processing takes
place at very low temperature using liquid nitrogen
or commercial refrigerants to embrittle the rubber. It
can be a four-phase system which includes initial size
reduction, cooling, separation, and milling. The material
enters a freezing chamber where liquid nitrogen is used
to cool it from –80 to –120 °C, below the point where
 Tyre Recycling
rubber ceases to behave as a Áexible material. The
cooling process embrittles the rubber and allows it to
be fractured to the desired size resulting in a smooth
and regular shape (398, 419, 448). Because of its brittle
state, Àbres and metal are easily separated out in a
hammer mill. The granulate then passes through a series
of magnetic screens and sifting stations to remove the
last vestiges of impurities.
Both ambient and cryogenic processing can be
repeated to produce Àner particles. Increasingly, the
two with their attendant technologies, are combined
into one continuous system in order to beneÀt from the
advantages and characteristics of each and to reduce
overall costs. The ambient system is generally used for
the initial size reduction phases. The cryogenic system
is used to further reduce the material in size and then to
remove the metals and textiles. The outputs from either
or both systems can be used directly or as feedstock for
further processing.
4.2.3 Level 3 Treatments: Multi-Treatment
Technologies
Level 3 treatments and technologies further process the
material to modify one or more characteristics by means
of mechanical, thermal, chemical, mechanochemical or
multitreatment procedures. The outputs of Level 2 are
most often used as feedstock. Reclaim, surface activation,
devulcanisation and pyrolysis are representative
examples of the range of treatments used. The outputs
can be used directly in applications or products, or as
feedstock for Level 4 processing.
Rubber reclaim uses ambiently size reduced granulate as
feedstock. It is a two-phase thermomechanical shearing
process (120, 387) that changes the characteristics of
the input material. During the Àrst phase the granulate
is plasticised. During the second phase the plasticised
material is processed by thermal and mechanical
treatments that break down the vulcanised structure in
order to restore some of the original characteristics of
virgin rubber, i.e., reducing some of the crosslinks in
the granulate. The resulting material has a maximum
particle diameter of 0.425 mm and an average
diameter of 0.360 mm. Other reclaiming processes
utilise chemical treatments in order to transform the
elastomeric properties (212, 375).
Surface modification/activation uses buffings or
peelings from retreading, or ambiently size reduced
granulate produced from truck tyre treads as the
principal feedstock. Surface modiÀcation is a three-
phase treatment. In the Àrst phase, the feedstock is
ambiently reduced to a Àne powder of >0.04 mm from
which all metals and textiles are removed. In the second
phase, the powder is activated by coating it with high
molecular weight unsaturated polymers in aqueous
dispersion with an appropriate curing system. The
third phase occurs during vulcanisation on a double
belt press that rolls the material at very high pressure.
During the curing process (vulcanisation), bonds are
formed between the polymer chains of the coating and
the polymer to which the post-consumer tyre powders
are added. As a result, the rubber particles activated
by the coating are bound to the new three-dimensional
network. The original rubber properties are retained
(330, 427).
Devulcanisation uses ambiently or cryogenically
size-reduced granulate or powder as a feedstock. It is
a two-phase treatment in which the Àrst phase is size
reduction, which generally takes place in a different
facility. The second phase ‘reactivates’ the material by
reducing the number of crosslinks between the rubber
molecules that occurred during vulcanisation so that
the resulting material can be revulcanised (177). The
feedstock is mechanically (85), chemically (178) or
thermally broken down to restore some of the original
characteristics of the rubber. Chemical activation agents
can change some of the physical and/or chemical
properties of the resulting material while mechanical
technologies retain the same properties of the feedstock.
Recent research has led to partial ‘devulcanisation’
systems, which utilise ultrasound or even microbes (84,
216, 330). These devulcanisates can be revulcanised by
using traditional methods without further additives.
Pyrolysis uses pre-treated car or truck tyre chips as
the principal feedstock. It is a two-phase treatment
which uses thermal decomposition to heat the rubber
in the absence of oxygen to break it into its constituent
parts, e.g., oil, gas and carbon (71, 97). Cracking and
post-cracking take place progressively as the material
is heated to 450-500 °C and above. De-polymerisation
and oil and gas production take place progressively,
the balance of product shifting to gas as temperatures
increase. A clean oil free char can be produced. Pyrolytic
char is a coarse powder with a particle size ranging
from 0.4 +m to over 1,000 +m in diameter. The char
can be used in low value production processes as a
colorant or Àller. The output can continue on for further
processing during Level 4 to produce economically
more interesting carbon products, which can act as
replacements for certain types of carbon black used in
rubber compounding.
13
 Tyre Recycling
4.2.4 Level 4 Treatments: Material Upgrading
Level 4 treatments reÀne, upgrade, modify or generate
specific characteristics or properties in materials
produced by Level 3 treatment, which most often
provide the feedstock. Upgraded reclaim, reactivated/
surface modiÀed/devulcanised materials, upgraded char
(carbon products) and new compounds such as TPEs
are among the most representative.
Post-treatments of pyrolytic char issued from
pyrolysis are mechanical separation, physical or
chemical treatments that can upgrade the char by
reducing it in size and separating out impurities.
Post-treatments generate materials that have similar
characteristics to a variety of different grades of
carbon black currently utilised for the production of a
broad range of commercial products and are valuable
for technical rubber goods. Resonance disintegration
is an innovative example of particle fragmentation,
using resonance forces to vibrate particles apart (a.12).
Resonance disintegration can take pyrolytic char from a
maximum particle size of 600 +m to below 30 +m with
50% below 1 +m after a single processing with a surface
area, structure and dispersion in rubber compound very
similar to standard carbon blacks.
Thermoplastic elastomer production uses granulate
produced from car or truck tyres as the feedstock. The
treatment requires two feedstocks, i.e., granulate and
a thermoplastic (polypropylene). It is a two-phase
reactivation and mixing process, which combines the
material qualities of the former with the processing
behaviour of the latter. The reactivation and mixing
processes occur under high shear forces in a conventional
internal mixer. The granulate acts as an elastomeric
compound during the rubber phase in crosslinked
thermoplastics creating a new compound (not a
blend). Chemical or mechanochemical activation of
both the dispersed elastomeric domain and the matrix
phases result in a linkage between granulate particles,
acting as a dispersed elastomeric domain within the
thermoplastic matrix (54, 93). Special crosslinking
systems, compatibilisers and additives allow the
properties of the new material to be varied in function
for the intended use.
Table 6 Percentage of processed material per tonne
Output ± % product
Shred and chips (unseparated)
Large granulate ±7 to 12 mm
Granulate or powder truck
Granulate or powder car
14
Table 6 shows the increasing percentage of the total
weight of the tyre that is lost during processing. The
principal loss is due to the removal of the metals.
Generally, smaller materials retain fewer impurities
from metal or textile. As speciality treatments most
often use smaller granulate or powders as feedstock,
there is usually no further loss during processing.
One of the few exceptions could be the upgrading of
pyrolytic char.
For many years, all metals and textiles were disposed
of in landÀlls. As recycling has become increasingly
efÀcient, the waste materials have become cleaner.
Subsequently, arrangements have been made with metal
recycling facilities for further treatment (307). New uses
for textile residues are also being developed. Several
companies have devised equipment which forms the
Áuff into briquettes which can be used for energy
recovery. Thus, the largest source of recycling residues
is also being handled in an environmentally sound
manner, reducing the overall impact of post-consumer
tyres on the environment.
4.3 Material Outputs
The materials outputs from the four levels of treatments
are broadly classiÀed into six categories: cuts, shred,
chips, granulate, powders and Àne powders. Figure 5
illustrates the continuum of material that result from
recycling treatments.
Each category is comprised of one or more subcategories
with different parameters, creating a continuum from
less than ±500 +m to >300 mm. The apparent overlap
between the larger granulate and the smaller chips is
a function of processing speciÀcations. SpeciÀcally,
granulate is characterised by multistep processing in
which metals and textiles are removed, while chips are
characterised by processing which merely fragments the
tyre leaving the metals and textiles intact.
The six basic categories of materials are described as
follows.
± % loss
95% ±5%
70% ±30%
60% ±40%
40% ±60%
 Tyre Recycling
Figure 5 The range of post consumer tyre materials
• Cuts: irregularly shaped fragments >300 mm;
• Shred: irregularly shaped fragments of ±50 mm to
±300 mm in any dimension;
• Chips: irregularly shaped fragments of ±10 mm to
±50 mm
• Granulate: finely dispersed particles between
±1 mm to ±10 mm. Subcategories could include
ranges of, for example, ±0.5-2 mm, ±2-7 mm, and
±7-15 mm, with variations according to purchaser
specifications. Ambiently produced granulate
is characterised by irregularly shaped surfaces.
Cryogenically produced granulate is characterised
by smooth regular surfaces.
• Powder: finely dispersed particles of less than
1 mm. Subcategories could include ranges of,
for example, ±0-0.5, ±0-1.5, ±0.750-1.6 mm.
Surface characteristics depend upon the treatment
or technology. Ambiently produced powder is
characterised by irregularly shaped surfaces.
Cryogenically produced powder is characterised by
smooth regular surfaces. Specialised powders: Ànely
dispersed powders that exhibit unique characteristics
dependent upon the treatment or technology used.
• Devulcanisates are powders characterised by
reduced crosslinks.
• Reclaim particles are characterised by reduced
crosslinks with a diameter of 0.300-0.420 mm.
• Surface modiÀed powders are characterised by
activated surfaces with high crosslink density with
Ànely dispersed particles of less than 1 mm.
• Thermoplastic elastomers are powders which
constitute a new compound and which exhibit the
same shore hardness and polymer base of traditional
thermoplastics.
• Fine powder: finely dispersed particles of
<500 +m.
• Pyrolytic char: Ànely dispersed coarse and Àne
powders characterised by some surface reactivity
ranging in size from <0.4 mm to ±1 +m.
• Pyrolytic carbon: powders with a similar shape,
surface area, structure and dispersion to traditional
carbon blacks ranging in size from <30 +m to
<1 +m.
Evaluations and standardised testing procedures are
used to ensure material consistency. The methods used
vary according to material size. Larger materials, e.g.,
shred or chips, are generally evaluated visually. For
example, attention is paid to size of the material and
the presence of extraneous materials such as glass, free
wires, or stones. Other criteria may be agreed between
the producer and the user.
With smaller materials such as granulate or powder,
more exacting methods are used. As can be seen, each
category and subcategory is characterised as a spectrum.
However, the fragments in each subcategory are not
homogeneous, but constitute a range of different size
15
 Tyre Recycling
particles. As an example, a sample of 1 mm powder
contains particles ranging from less than 0.30 mm to
more than 1 mm. The distribution in the sample should
show that more than 90% of the particles are within the
0.30 to 1 mm range.
Particle distribution is determined with a series of
screens. Dependent upon the size of the material, a set
number of screens is placed in descending order. The
material Áows through the tier within a speciÀed time.
The material that remains on each screen is weighed
and expressed as a percentage of the sample.
While the size and particle distribution are often critical
to the selection of a material, the chemical and physical
properties provide information about the content of the
material and how it will react physically in response to
certain conditions (81).
Table 7 provides a comparison of the different material
outputs in terms of:
1. Size: each material is described as a range of particle
sizes, e.g., granulate can be described as a range
from ±0.5 mm to ±15 mm, while devulcanisates
are described as less than 1 mm. Whole tyres are
discussed as a unit, and bales by the number of tyres
required to produce a unit.
2. Key characteristics: describe some of the principal
characteristics of the particular material which can
distinguish it from other materials of the same size,
e.g., granulate produced ambiently and cryogenically
present very different characteristics.
3. Traditional materials: lists some of the traditional
materials for which particular post-consumer tyre
materials could be used as substitute for virgin
resources.
5 Traditional and Evolving Markets
It is evident that during the past Àfteen years tyre
recycling has made great strides towards meeting its Àrst
goal, i.e., the production of materials that can be used
to substitute for virgin resources. SigniÀcant quantities
of material are produced annually with indications that
capacity will continue to grow, at least within the near
future (64). Treatments and technologies have evolved
to new levels of sophistication and efÀciency which
allow the production of Àner and cleaner materials, at
more competitive prices.
16
However, the issues surrounding the second part of the
equation, i.e., the use of the materials in applications
and products, could become more difÀcult to address
as material production continues to increase. Three
traditional large markets coupled with smaller niche
markets, consistently consume almost 75% of the
material produced. Newer niche markets, many of which
have the capacity to use increasingly sophisticated
materials, are beginning to evolve, albeit very slowly.
Until now, production and use have maintained a
relatively even pace. In general, there has been some
expansion into new realms, and there are strong
indications that this pattern could continue (72).
5.1 Material Production
In 2003, European recyclers processed slightly more
than 650,000 tonnes of post-consumer tyres, 25% of total
annual arisings in the 15 Member States. This represents
a six-fold increase over 1992 when only ±5% of tyres
was recycled. Figure 6 illustrates the steady expansion of
recycling capability in the EU during the past decade (the
data are collected for the ETRAAnnual Report to the Waste
Topic Centre from each of the EU Member States).
Figure 7 illustrates the percentage of the total treated
for each category of material. Whole tyres accounted
for slightly more than 65,000 tonnes. The quantity of
whole tyres used for recycling has increased nominally
each of the past four years, with a total increase for the
period of almost 2% (a.6). It is important to note that in
the EU, whole tyres, shred or chips destined for energy
recovery are not included in calculations for recycling
as they are most frequently delivered directly to the
recovery facility and treated on site.
Approximately 78,000 tonnes of the total were used
to produce shred and chips, of which 74,000 tonnes
were available for use in a variety of applications. The
quantity of shred and chips produced has increased
marginally during each of the past four years, with a
total increase for the period of almost 2%.
By far, the largest quantities of tyres are used for the
production of granulate. The quantity has remained
relatively stable during the past 4 years, although the
ratio to other materials has changed. The ±410,000
tonnes of tyres input resulted in ±200,000 tonnes of
clean material containing less than 5% of impurities,
textiles or metals.
Powders, including speciality powders, used ±84,500
tonnes of tyres of which somewhat over 40,000 tonnes of
 Tyre Recycling

Table 7 Summary of material characteristics

Material Size Key characteristics Substitutes for traditional
materials
Whole tyres unit Lightweight, low compacted density, high Concrete block, clay, quarried
void ratio, good compressibility, water aggregate, gravel Àlled drums
permeability, thermal insulation
Construction 100-125 Lightweight, low compacted density, good Construction block, stone
bale tyres thermal insulation, limited deÁection, riprap, gravel, packed earth,
exceeds speciÀcations for speciÀc gravity, crushed rock in wire cages or
compressibility, deformation, creep, other containers
hydraulic conductivity
Shred ±50- Lightweight, low compacted density Crushed rock or gravel, large
±300 mm ±0.5 tonne/m3, high void ratio with good grain sand, lightweight clay or
Chips ±10-50 mm water permeability between 10-1 and light expanded clay aggregate,
10-3 m/s. Good thermal insulation and Áy ash from coal burning
compressibility, low earth pressure and
high friction road characteristics
Size reduced Dependent upon use
Ambient ±0.50- Crosslinked macro structure retains same Product: Virgin rubbers, EPDM,
15 mm characteristics as the tyre; irregular shape; clay, sand, gravel, Áy ash from
some thermal degradation temperature coal burning polyurethane
stressed. May exhibit a nominal degree of
reduced crosslinking
Cryogenic ±0.5- Clean surfaces, regular particle size and
50 mm shape, glossy smooth surface, no surface
decomposition or thermal stress
Powder <1 mm Dependent upon technology: ambient or Virgin rubber, EPDM, other
cyrogenic characteristics as above compounding materials
Fine powder ±0-500 μm Most often produced by specialised Virgin rubber, EPDM carbon
treatments as below Àllers
Speciality materials Dependent upon process
Reclaim av. 0.360 Some characteristics of virgin rubber, Virgin butyl rubber, EPDM,
limited ageing and deterioration or Áex other commercial rubbers
fatigue; resistance easily modiÀed during
processing, improves Áow, mould Àlling,
lowers die-swell, can be added to virgin
rubber and revulcanised
Devulcanisate <1 mm Some characteristics of virgin rubber, Virgin rubber, EPDM
increased surface reactivity, good fatigue
properties, improved tensile strength, reduced
crosslinks, permanent elongation <50%
Surface modiÀed <1 mm Activated surface results in improved Virgin rubbers, EPDM other
crosslink density, permanent modiÀcation commercial rubbers
of particles, return of some characteristics
of virgin rubber allowing bonding with
matrix during revulcanisation
Pyrolytic char <0,4- Coarse particles until treated, some Carbon materials, Àllers, coal
1000 μm structural change possible burning residues
Upgraded materials Dependent upon process
TPE <1 mm Mechanophysical characteristics similar to Virgin rubber, TPEs, virgin
TPEs, about the same shore hardness and plastics
polymer base of traditional TPEs
Carbon products >250 nm Similar size, shape, surface area, structure Traditionally produced carbon
and dispersion as standard carbon blacks, blacks
all particles <30 μm, 50% <1 μm, can be
used to replace N550, N660, N770

17
 Tyre Recycling

clean material became available for use. Together, both
categories of powders increased just under 1% during the
past 5 years. However, the data available on this category of
materials are not complete. It is assumed that at least some
of the material produced is being used in product piloting
or very small scale undocumented niche markets.
that of granulate and powders combined. While civil
engineering is more developed in these countries, and
consistently consumes vast quantities of tyre materials,
a large portion of shred and chip production is used as
tyre derived fuel (TDF) in energy recovery facilities.

The category miscellaneous utilised about 13,000 tonnes

of tyres. However, very little information is available
about how the tyres were treated, if at all. There are
very limited data on this market. It is assumed that this
category includes diverse projects like the ‘earthship
houses’ (184, 234), sculptures or the designer clothing
of several years ago.
Production and use patterns vary outside of the EU.
In Canada (154), China (173), Japan (182, 422),
Korea (91) and the USA (34, 50, 58, 121), among
others, the production of shred and chips far exceeds
5.2 Applications and Products
The markets for post-consumer tyres and materials
have grown exponentially over the years. They have
increased on the merit of the products, primarily because
they have been shown to be the most appropriate and
effective for a particular application. The fact that the
materials are easily accessible, and often the most
cost-effective compared to more traditional ones, has
also contributed to the expansion of these markets.
Recycling-for-recycling’s sake is not an issue.

30%

25%
20%

15% 25%
18% 19% 21%
10%

5% 11%
5% 6%
0%
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2003

Figure 6 EU recycling capacity 1992-2003

70%
63%
60%

50%

40%

30%

20%
10% 12%
10%
8%
5% 2%
0%
whole shred/ granulate specialty ? misc.
tyres chips powders powders

Figure 7 EU recycled tyre production by material category

18
 Tyre Recycling
Governments and industry are becoming aware of the
potential beneÀts that can accrue from using these
materials, particularly as pressures build to attain zero
landÀlling of tyres as a path towards sustainability.
5.2.1 Whole Tyres
Whole tyres are used in a variety of civil engineering
applications because of their unique physical properties.
Compared to many traditional materials, tyres are
lightweight, free draining, relatively compressible, exert
low lateral pressure and low thermal conductivity. They
are particularly suited to installations on wet or unstable
soil bases which require lightweight materials.
Figure 8 illustrates the main categories of whole tyre
use in the EU during 2003. The category ‘other’ includes
boat fenders and silage, among others, on which there
is little information available. Three examples illustrate
some ways in which whole tyres contribute to attaining
broad sustainable goals.
Noise barriers are becoming an increasingly familiar
sight along the more than 3,000,000 km of regional
roads in the EU. With noise levels adjacent to major
highways and secondary country roads estimated at
between ±70-85 dB(A), sound barriers can reduce the
noise by at least 10 dB(A), resulting in levels below
the threshold for nuisance or fatigue (165). National
and local governments are demanding the installation
of barriers to reduce road noise adjacent to motorways,
particularly those located in rural areas or bordering
residential neighbourhoods. The barriers are often
constructed on soft, marshy or otherwise unstable
70%
60% 62%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10% 19%
0%
noise barriers bales, reefs,
embankments
Figure 8 Whole tyre uses in the EU
ground which cannot sustain traditional construction
designs and must rely on alternative treatments and
materials (155). This application has been successfully
used in the EU, particularly in Scandinavia, in Finland
(149). As the EU Directive on noise comes into effect,
greater quantities of tyres may be consumed by these
low cost structures.
ArtiÀcial reefs, marine barriers, coastal protection
systems, Àsh hatcheries, breakwaters and sea fender
systems have been successfully used since the 1960s
particularly in the South PaciÀc and in Asia. Many
installations require that the tyres Àrst be Àlled with
marine cement prior to construction to anchor them
so that they will not break away (a.13). Because of
their inert structure, tyres are easily colonised by
algae, corals and shellÀsh. Further, their open shape
is an advantage when creating structures that require
multiple niches where Àsh can hide from predators or
breed. Research indicates that there is a limited amount
of leaching of heavy metals and organic compounds
(a.14, a.15). The resilience and availability of tyres
has made them popular for building artiÀcial reefs for
Àshery enhancement both in fresh and sea water (a.15).
As greater emphasis is placed on coastal defence and
the rehabilitation of damaged coastlines, more states
may attempt to use them.
Bales have been used in the USA since the 1980s and
have gained acceptance because they are lightweight
in comparison to many traditional materials and can
be used effectively to rehabilitate sensitive areas such
as eroded slopes, waterways, and dams (39, 108). They
were Àrst introduced into the UK in 2001 (70). A bale
is less than one-Àfth the weight of cement, one-seventh
the weight of gravel and one-third the weight of packed
11% 8%
landÀll other
engineering
19
 Tyre Recycling
earth, making it an effective alternative material for
sensitive areas (68). They are non-biodegradable, which
has made them effective for long-term placement (254,
a.16). Recently, they have been tested as replacement
for gravel and riprap in roadway foundations (92) and
are being used for that purpose by the US Army Corps
of Engineers. A number of test sites have been built in
the UK and have received support from local authorities
(70). HR Wallingford (a.17) in the UK is completing an
extensive research programme on the use of bales under
diverse conditions. It is anticipated that a guide will
be published on the subject by early Fall 2004. Bales
could also be implicated in EU legislation concerning
construction in sensitive areas which could help this yet
undeveloped market. Bales could have broad appeal for
a variety of rehabilitative applications and could also
be of particular interest to other island or peninsular
regions speciÀcally to overcome coastal erosion and
defence problems.
5.2.2 Shred and Chips
Shred and chips (hereafter, shred) are lightweight,
relatively compressible and compactable, exert low
lateral pressure, low thermal conductivity and provide
free draining in comparison to other materials, (303).
Figure 9 illustrates the evolving markets for these
materials in the EU.
Shred is virtually non-biodegradable although exposed
steel wires could begin to dissolve if continuously
submerged below the water table in certain aqueous
environments, depending upon the specific pH
conditions (138, 373). Studies indicate that even under
those conditions, the exposed steel and zinc oxide leach
only trace amounts at levels that are too low to be of
40%
37%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10% 22%
5%
0%
lightweight drainage
Àll engineering
Figure 9 EU uses of shred and chips
20
concern (228). Based on its unique characteristics, shred
has been used in numerous projects across the USA,
Canada, Asia (particularly Korea), Australia and South
Africa. While the EU market is still small, it is growing
solidly. Much of the ongoing research has been done
at the University of Maine, at Orono, which was also
instrumental in preparing the ASTM standard for the
use of these materials (a.18).
Lightweight Àll is the largest market for shred. It is
widely used in the base course for road and railway
construction, as the shock absorbing layer for sports
surfaces and more recently as the base for pipeline
Àelds (441). Shred is used to stabilise embankments and
bridge abutments, particularly on weak compressible or
clay soils (53, 238, 272). It is the primary alternative
to traditional materials such as expanded clay, LECA
and quarried aggregates, shale, soil, or gravel when
excess weight could lead to instability (49, 150). Used
as backÀll for retaining walls and bridge abutments,
shred reduces pressure on the wall, reducing settlement
and cracking. In some communities loose Àll is used
as a covering on playgrounds to reduce injury from
play or falls (45). Its principal beneÀts are the ability to
reduce weight, stress, noise and vibration, which are key
concerns within the EU. These markets have expanded
by almost 25% during the past 7 years with indications
that they will continue to grow.
Drainage is of strategic importance, particularly adjacent
to motorways and feeder roads, at road entrances and
on curves or inclines. Almost all permanent surfaces,
including sports fields, playgrounds, etc., require
appropriate drainage to maintain the integrity of the
surface. Shred provides excellent free draining so
that water pressure does not build (150). Filter drains,
commonly referred to as ‘French drains’, traditionally
19%
15%
7%
landÀll insulation other
 Tyre Recycling
use graded aggregate or stone as the Àltering agent.
They are most often used along regional road networks
to prevent the build-up of water at the side of the road
and deter it from washing across the road surface,
particularly during heavy downpours. When placed
in layers below the road surface, the water is carried
away and allowed to percolate into the soil (56, 65).
Traditional materials have a high risk of scatter due to
vehicle overruns. Shred has been substituted for these
materials with the added beneÀt that damage to vehicles
is limited when the material is freed and becomes
airborne. Other Àlter systems utilise a bitumen coated
layer of shred under the loose material to control water
Áow. These very basic systems have been used in the
EU since the mid-1980s but appear to have had limited
growth in recent years.
LandÀll engineering provides six separate opportunities
for the use of shred in strategic operations: construction
of a new cell, closure of a cell, daily cover, drainage
layers, leachate collection, and gas drainage systems
(134). Each of the applications relies upon the unique
physical and technical properties of the material (82).
The principal requirements are: non-biodegradability,
light weight in comparison to traditional materials,
relative compressibility, high permeability, low density,
and high void ratio, low lateral pressure, low thermal
conductivity and free draining (278, 293). The shred
allows the rapid discharge of water and gas, and the
reduction of the load on the landÀll. The EU LandÀll
Directive speciÀes the structure to be used for the closure
of a landÀll, including the required water permeability.
The physical properties of post-consumer tyre cuts,
shred and chips are between 10-1 and 10-3 m/s, well
within the minimum criteria of >10-3 metre per second
(a.19). In addition, shred can be used in the surrounds
and to construct haulage roads. LandÀll engineering
has been particularly successful in Scandinavia and is
being considered for use in several other States. The
60%
55%
50%
40%
30% 30%
20%
10%
0%
sports industrial
surfaces products
Figure 10 EU uses of granulate
principal drawback is the reluctance of governments to
use materials that are deÀned as waste in this manner.
Insulation from frost penetration, vibration, and sound
are key beneÀts from shred in a variety of applications.
The material reduces frost penetration beneath roads,
and under outdoor sports surface installations. The
materials are readily compressible and compactable,
providing good thermal insulation and preventing
problems from frost and thawing, thereby reducing
damage to road pavements and foundations (282).
Shred cushions and insulates underground pipes from
freezing during winter months. Shred was Àrst used at
test sites in Italy to reduce vibration and noise around
train and tram lines. Due to its success, it is now a
mainstream material that is commonly used as sub-
ballast (68, a.20) and has been introduced in other EU
States. Shred was introduced in Finland for thermal
and vibration insulation around the foundations of
commercial structures in areas adjacent to railway lines
and airports. Vibration and noise insulation are key
EU themes and it would appear that these uses could
continue to increase in future.
5.2.3 Granulate
Granulate is used by diverse industries, each of which
places different demands on the material. Figure 10
illustrates the primacy of granulate in EU markets in
2003, highlighting the dominance of sports surfaces.
Sports and play surfaces include among others,
hockey and soccer pitches, running tracks, tennis
courts, artiÀcial turf, turf dressings, equestrian arenas
and children’s playgrounds. Among the key material
requirements for use in these structures are colour,
compressibility, durability, elasticity, free drainage,
8% 5%
2%
automotive consumer other
products
21
 Tyre Recycling
impact attenuation, low moisture content, porosity,
as well as size and particle distribution. The use of
granulate improves safety and absorbs the energy
from impact. It reduces player fatigue and the severity
of injuries during play and improves game response
(135, a.21).
It is estimated that over 2,000,000 square metres of
sports Àelds are built per year in the EU alone, each
of which can utilise approximately 50-80 kg/m2 of
granulate as inÀll and/or top cover (81). Further, in
many states legislation requires that primary school
and municipal playgrounds be paved with shock
absorbing materials, which initiated a trend for using
these surfaces at the more than 150,000 primary schools
in the EU.
Sports Àelds can be installed in a variety of ways, i.e.,
with a solid surface, with a grass-like carpet, as artiÀcial
turf or with a loose unbound surface (45, 328). The base
can be constructed on gravel with 100% rubber inÀll,
on a gravel base with a sand/rubber mix inÀll, or on an
elastic layer with a sand/mix inÀll.
For solid surfaces, the materials are commonly
bound with moisture-curing polyurethane material
or a polymer modiÀed bitumen (135). Different sized
granulate is required for each part of the structure and
depends upon the ultimate performance criteria of the
surface. At times, shred is used as lightweight underÀll.
The surface materials can be wet or dry mixed in situ,
or prefabricated into tiles or sheets of varying thickness
and design to meet the requirements of the particular
sport (396).
Playgrounds can be built in situ with a similar solid
surface as playing Àelds, or with a loose, unbound
topping. Several different types of tiles or playground
mats are also used under play equipment to reduce
injury from falls (244, 331, 365).
Outdoor running tracks are generally constructed with
three layers including a base course and a solid surface,
both made with granulate and bound with a polymer
modiÀed bitumen. These tracks are used by schools for
exercise and races. They received considerable attention
when it was noted that the US President Clinton used a
granulate constructed running course (447).
Equestrian arenas, other than practice areas which often
use loose clean chips or large granulate, are generally
constructed with a solid surface. As most injuries
occur on entry paths, new materials have been sought.
To alleviate the problem, special blocks incorporating
granulate have been developed and installed in Alberta,
22
Canada and have successfully eliminated the threat
(219). The blocks have recently been introduced into
the EU.
Industrial products and applications include a diverse
array of products including flooring tiles, roofing
materials, sound absorption products, soil treatment
products, animal mattresses, vibration mats and solid
wheels for industrial equipment, as well as materials
and products related to road construction, among many
others. The markets are so diverse that there are no
common material speciÀcations. It has become apparent
that the addition of granulate in all of these products
does improve one or more performance characteristics
of the Ànal product. However, due to space limitations,
only categories of products will be discussed.
RooÀng and Áooring tiles were among the earliest
products made from granulate (158, 223, 435). They
are still produced by mixing the granulate with
polyurethane, placement in moulds and then heat
setting. The resulting product has low tensile and tear
strengths and high abrasion values. They are appropriate
for use in outdoor installations and in heavily trafÀcked
areas. In the EU they have become a choice for garden
paths and patios.
Road construction including surrounds, parking areas
(175), road furniture (164, 366, a.22), trafÀc guidance
systems (275) and even manhole covers (380), utilise
large quantities of granulate. Many road construction
projects utilise different material categories for different
parts of the structure, i.e., bales for foundations,
lightweight fill for embankments or for sub-base
drainage layers and granulate for the surface course.
The well documented beneÀts of granulate additives
include: longer life, blacker pavements, good thermal
properties, better adhesion, increased elasticity,
improved drainage and reduced reÁective cracking
(140, 268). Roads surfaced with asphalt rubber also
reduce vibration, skidding, fog build-up and reÁective
glare, as well as reducing noise and frost penetration
(a.23). Thus, rubberised asphalts could be of particular
value on small winding roads, in mountainous regions,
‘quiet zones’ near hospitals, etc., as well as surrounding
historic sites where vibration is one of the principal
causes of damage.
Rubberised asphalt can be installed in a number of
different ways: gap graded, open graded, SAMI, chip
seal, or porous asphalt. Gap and open grading are surface
course applications (48). Porous wearing courses are
also surface applications, which increase friction while
decreasing noise. SAMIs are surface maintenance
 Tyre Recycling
treatments, used as an added layer for worn roads in
order to prevent reÁective cracking. Improved mixing
procedures have reduced the cost of these applications
so that they are now cost-competitive with other
materials (68). The materials have demonstrated that
they are longer wearing than traditional materials.
In Australia, Canada (364) and the USA, among
other areas, road surfacing applications consume the
largest amounts of granulate. It would appear that the
beneÀts far outweigh the disadvantages of using these
materials. They add up to a smoother ride for drivers and
lower maintenance costs for municipalities. However,
rubberised asphalt has remained a very limited market
in the EU.
Manhole covers have drawn interest since the recent
pedestrian electrocutions in the USA. Three people were
electrocuted while stepping on a metal manhole cover
that had been dislodged in order to repair electrical
works. Because the rubber seal was not engaged, the
manhole was charged with electricity. Informally
called ‘stray voltage’, it appears to be a pervasive
problem, although it had not been discussed prior to
the Spring of 2004. Just months later, the government
has taken action, and enterprising entrepreneurs have
demonstrated the non-conductive manhole cover
produced from granulate.
5.2.4 Powders and Speciality Powders
Powders and speciality powders include reclaim,
surface activated materials, thermoplastic elastomers,
devulcanisates, pyrolytic materials, and hybrid
materials which are labelled ‘other’. Overall, this
category of material is the most uncertain in terms of
actual quantities produced or used. Figure 11 provides
estimates of the relative quantities.
30%
27%
25%
20%
15%
23% 22%
10%
5%
0%
reclaim surface TPEs
activated
Figure 11 Uses of powders and speciality powders
Unlike the materials in other categories which are
selected for use in speciÀc products or applications,
a majority of the powders and speciality powders are
not used directly. They are ingredients that are used
in compounds, which are then mixed or blended with
virgin materials for use in an array of different types
of products.
Powders produced ambiently or cryogenically retain the
characteristics of the technology that produced them.
Thus, ambient powders retain their irregular shape as
well as the crosslinked macrostructure of the tyre from
which it was produced. Due to increased processing
to attain the Àner size, some thermal degradation may
occur which could produce a nominal reduction in
crosslinking. Cryogenic powders retain their smooth,
glossy, even shape and show no evidence of surface
decomposition or thermal stress.
These powders have been successfully used in coating
materials for roads as well as for sprayed-on coatings
and sealants. A unique process has been developed in
which the powder is added to a solvent in order to form
a rubber suspension (297). The material is used for
waterprooÀng and can be painted, sprayed or dipped.
Reclaim is one of the oldest materials capable of restoring
some of the characteristics of virgin rubber to recycled
material. Key characteristics of reclaim that allow it
to be used as a substitute for virgin rubber include:
hardness, density, good viscosity, high tensile strength,
good elongation at break and good adhesion capabilities.
It is possible to adapt the material during reclaiming
by altering the rubber hydrocarbon and carbon black
contents, the viscosity or tensile strength. The addition
of reclaim improves the Áow of the new compound to
facilitate mould Àlling, after which it lowers die swell.
The new compound can be revulcanised.
13%
7% 8%
devulcanisates pyrolytic other
material
23
 Tyre Recycling
The largest market for reclaim is new tyre production.
It is used as an ingredient in the inner liner and can
also be incorporated into the under-tread compound.
It can be added to virgin rubber compounds and then
revulcanised. It is often used in compounds for a range
of moulded products (338). SigniÀcant quantities of
up to 75% of reclaim are used in the soles and other
elements of footwear (283). The hardness, tensile
strength and elongation at break contribute to the ease
of moulding and are said to add to the durability and
comfort of wear.
Surface modiÀed or activated materials have a highly
structured surface so that a high crosslink density can be
developed, allowing it to be used in new rubber products.
Key characteristics of the material include: high density,
high resistance to abrasion which can increase the
overall resistance of the vulcanised material, high
tensile and tear strength, and good elongation at break.
It can be used as an active Àller to substitute for virgin
rubbers because the high crosslink density bonds with
the surrounding matrix during vulcanisation.
Surface modiÀed powders are an active ingredient in
shoe soles (284). They are increasingly being selected
for use in automotive parts. Step-plates for vans have
recently been added as a product with considerable
potential (386).
Thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) are compounds
that combine the material qualities of granulate with
the processing behaviour of thermoplastic. The key
characteristics include: tear and tensile strength,
elongation at break, hardness, heat loss, heat deÁection
temperature, impact resistance, rebound elasticity, bulk
density and dynamic modulus. The most important
among the special quality parameters are permanent
elongation distinctly below 50%, with approximately
the same shore hardness and polymer base as
traditional thermoplastic elastomers. Both the odour
and the colour can be altered to comply with customer
speciÀcations.
Once processed, the TPE can be added to a mix without
changing the properties of the original compound,
or with desired alterations to the Ànal product. The
materials are appropriate for use in a broad array of
products in a wide range of industrial, commercial and
consumer product sectors including civil engineering,
construction and others. In the automotive industry they
are currently being used for brake pedal pads (402),
radiator fascia seals (172) splash guards, window and
door seals (403) and the production of other die cut parts
(395). The use of TPEs in rubber sheeting products (395)
opens many opportunities for the automotive industry as
24
well as for construction and industrial products.
Devulcanisites are materials that have been reactivated,
reducing the crosslinks to restore some of the
characteristics of virgin rubber - they are not totally
devulcanised. Post-consumer tyre materials can be
partially devulcanised using several different methods,
each of which will leave its mark on the Ànal material,
e.g., chemical activation agents can change some of
the physical and/or chemical properties of the resulting
material. Key characteristics include: hardness, low
density, decreased surface reactivity, good fatigue
properties, improved tensile strength and permanent
elongation of <50%.
Devulcanisates can be revulcanised using traditional
methods without further additives. They can also be
included in mixtures with virgin rubber formulae and
a range of additives. The required properties of the
Ànal products determine the ratio of devulcanisates
to virgin rubber formulation. When the reactivated
material is mixed with large quantities of virgin rubber
it can be used effectively for extrusion and injection
moulding to produce a broad array of products. The
resulting products have the characteristics of traditional
vulcanised rubber.
The most important process and product for which
they have been used is in the manufacture of new
tyres, substituting virgin materials in quantities up
to 10% (227, 236, 366). They have also been used
in the manufacture of tyre treads (445). Continued
success in these markets could result in larger market
opportunities.
Pyrolytic materials, upon upgrading to reÀned carbon
products, have many similar characteristics to virgin
carbon blacks. They have similar sizes and shapes,
surface areas, structures and dispersions as standard
carbon blacks and under many circumstances can
substitute for N550, N660, or N770, depending upon
the level of reÀnement.
The surfaces of the upgraded carbons are clean and
free from traces of dirt, wire, or crystalline materials.
The purity of the carbons produced is high with few
impurities. While they are not standard carbon blacks,
they have properties placing them within the standard
carbon black spectrum. By adjusting the process
conditions, carbon product properties can be varied to
position them at different places within the standard
carbon black spectrum.
Pyrolysis is one of the oldest processes for material
recovery. However, it was not until the late 1990s,
 Tyre Recycling
almost 75 years later, that the materials could be
sufÀciently reÀned for use in commercial products.
Several upgrading systems are available which result
in commercially viable materials.
5.3 Energy Recovery
While energy recovery is not deÀned as recycling, it is a
crucial part of attaining sustainable development goals.
Thus, no report on tyre recycling would be complete
without mentioning energy recovery.
As material recycling, energy recovery is inextricably
linked to the prevention and minimisation of waste. It is
one of the two principal means of valorising the waste,
thus reducing its environmental and economic impacts.
Together, material recycling and energy recovery offer
alternative and complementary means of gaining the
greatest sustainable beneÀt from natural resources and
their wastes and thereby reducing the consumption of
virgin resources. Energy recovery from tyres in the EU
has been increasing over the past decade as illustrated
in Figure 12.
Almost 25% of post-consumer tyre in the EU and about
45% in the USA are used as a supplementary non-fossil
fuel in some form of energy recovery process in cement
kilns or in incinerators to generate electricity, steam,
etc., replacing other energy sources. Every country
which is involved in tyre recycling has developed
at least one technology for incineration with energy
recovery. Recent developments which permit the use
of mixed feedstock, i.e., tyres mixed with other post-
consumer or production materials, ensure continued
interest.
30%
25%
18% 20%
20%
14%
15%
10%
5%
0%
1992 1994 1996
Figure 12 Percentage of post-consumer tyres used in energy recovery in the EU
Tyre Derived Fuel (TDF) is a broad rubric which includes
whole tyres, tyre wastes, cuts, shred and chips. It is used
extensively in developed as well as developing regions
around the world. In Japan and the US, among others,
energy recovery is the foremost means of valorisation of
post-consumer tyres and industrial wastes.
In recent years improved methods of emissions control
have made incineration a viable source of energy in
many world regions. Nevertheless, many regions are
still concerned about the continued uses of coal as a
principal co-fuel. However, research has indicated that
the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PCAH) is ‘below the danger limit for humans’.
TDF is a key component of all coordinated efforts for
tyre recycling. Without TDF the tyre mountain would
continue to grow.
5.3.1 Use in Cement Kilns
Increasingly, the cement industry is using whole tyres
as well as shred and chips. These measures provide:
• signiÀcant savings in raw materials, electricity and
non-renewable fossil fuels;
• a reduction in CO2 emissions generated by the
industrial production process;
• an effective solution to the problems posed by
incinerating and dumping waste products.
The use of tyres offers a good match between the tyre
and cement industries. It is a sustainable means of
energy valorisation for heat generation:
24.4%
23%
21%
20%
1998 2000 2002 2003
25
 Tyre Recycling
• energy is recovered from the tyres which burn at
a lower temperatures than the usual coal, the most
common fuel used;
• all of the component parts of the tyre are also
valorised.
• savings are realised on the costs of both the raw
materials and the energy use.
Basically, kilns can be of two types: wet and dry
processes. Many of the older, often smaller capacity
kilns utilise the wet process and had to be adapted to
accommodate tyres as a feedstock. These kilns will be
banned in the EU under the recent Incineration of Waste
Directive. Newer kilns utilise the dry process and were
purpose built to accommodate larger quantities of tyres
and, generally mixed fuels including plastic pellets, and
other waste materials.
5.3.2 Use for Electricity and Steam Generation
Incineration with capacity to generate electricity and
steam is increasingly the choice of the tyre industry to
dispose of production wastes and product rejects (449).
They are frequently used by tyre manufacturers and
retreading companies to produce the steam required in
the vulcanisation process as well as a means to dispose
of waste (450).
The tyres are burned in a rotary kiln that is either wheel
and disk or belt driven. The combustion gases are cooled
in a recovery boiler which produces superheated steam
or water. Lime or ground limestone is injected in the
boiler to remove the sulfur oxides from the Áue gases.
The cooled Áue gases pass through a bag Àlter which
retains the sulfate-rich dust. The induced draught fan
and the chimney stack are positioned downstream. A
turbo-generator is added to produce electricity.
The kiln allows volatile matter to burn quickly by
ensuring that the residence time for the tyre or rubber
is long enough for the carbon black to be fully burnt
while retaining the metal (i.e., preventing the tyre from
passing through the furnace without being destroyed).
The steam produced generates electricity via a
condensation-type turbo generator, which can be bled if
necessary to feed a steam system. The recovery of 32,000
tonnes of tyres per year generates approximately 10 MW
of electricity. The system can achieve maximum recovery
in every area (power-heat, metal, zinc oxide) and
minimum waste with due regard for the environment.
26
6 The Future
It is apparent that the tyre recycling industry has two, at
times mutually exclusive missions. First, under existing
EU legislation, it is a waste management industry. As
such, it must respond to numerous, and at times onerous
regulations that cover every aspect, including permits,
transport, treatment and use of its raw materials. However,
secondly, it is a commercial industry which, in order to
prove its worth and success, must be proÀtable. It must
provide materials and products which meet commercial
demands and speciÀcations, cost-effectively.
From virtually every perspective, the tyre recycling
industry has made great strides during the past Àfteen
years. By all indications, it is successfully meeting the
demands of EU legislation and mandates in terms of
treating waste in order to produce viable materials, and
then using the materials in applications and products.
Further, today, those materials are being produced in an
environmentally sound environment and, are effectively
used to substitute virgin materials for increasingly
diverse markets. Even recycling residues are treated
and used in innovative ways.
The industry has become increasingly productive,
professional, organised, transparent and innovative.
Production capacity has expanded six-fold, with
indications that it has the potential to maintain the
current pace in future. The range of available materials
has also expanded. They have become more diverse and
sophisticated over time (a.24).
Figures 13 and 14 provide a quick reference to the four
treatment levels for post-consumer tyres and the uses
of the material categories produced.
They are increasingly substituting for virgin materials,
without sacrificing quality. In many instances, the
characteristics and properties of these materials contribute
to improved performance, often more cost-effectively.
Many have taken their place in the mainstream - even
though they are still considered waste.
The range of applications and products has also
expanded in order to exploit new material properties.
Innovative new products have been designed and many
are currently being used, or piloted (a.25).
However, there are some indications that while markets
have increased, they may not be keeping pace with the
rapid increase in material production capacity. There is
thus, a threat of over production, which could impact
the entire marketplace (a.26).
 Tyre Recycling
Figure 13 Levels of treatment of post-consumer tyres and potential products
As markets have grown, they have attracted competition,
from virgin materials as well as from other wastes that
must be recycled. In the recent past, there have been
numerous discussions about the steps that could or
should be taken to ensure the continuing sustainability
and proÀtability of the market.
The European Commission has recognised the fact
that potential problems could arise. It has responded
by organising a series of inter-industry meetings and
invited industry representatives to propose initiatives
that would lead ‘Towards a thematic strategy on the
prevention and recycling of waste’.
The Commission has opened the door for industry,
particularly recyclers and energy recoverers, to propose
actions which could facilitate the next steps in development.
Innovative approaches are needed. It is particularly
important for the tyre industry, where 72.6% of post-
consumer tyres are currently valorised and the remainder
must be accommodated within the very near future.
It is evident that larger markets are needed to sustain
the industry in future, and to evolve it further so that
the new Áows of post-consumer tyres can be valorised.
The Àrst step is to examine existing market barriers and
to determine how they could be effectively overcome.
A second step is to use that information to overcome
consumer resistance with improved awareness, in order
to demonstrate both the technical and economic reasons
to purchase these materials and products.
These actions would provide guidance for future efforts
in the business of tyre recycling and show where
27
 Tyre Recycling

WHOLE TYRES Whole tyres can be used untreated or treated with mechanical
devices to make them more Áexible or manageable.
Principal uses: artiÀcial reefs, construction bales; embankments,
sound barriers, stabilisation or as feedstock for further treatment.

Whole tyres Shred is the result of mechanical treatment to fragment, rip or

tear the tyre into irregular pieces ±50-300 mm in any dimension.
Principal uses: lightweight Àll, backÀll, drainage, thermal
SHRED

insulation for roads or buildings, sound barriers, landÀll

engineering, or as feedstock.
Chips are produced as shred resulting in irregularly shaped pieces
±50-300 mm ±10-50 mm.
Principal uses: backÀll, bridge abutments, lightweight Àll for
CHIPS

construction, drainage, landÀll maintenance, road and sports

foundations, soil treatments or as feedstock.
Granulate is the result of processing the material to reduce it
±10-50 mm in size to Ànely dispersed particles ±1-10 mm. There are two
principal methods of size reduction in use today:
SAMPLE GRANULATE SIZES

ambient size reduction: mechanical processes at or above

ordinary room temperature that shear the rubber to reduce it to
a desired size resulting in irregularly shaped recyclate.
±7-15 mm
cryogenic size reduction: liquid nitrogen or commercial
refrigerants embrittle the rubber to reduce it to a desired size
resulting in smooth regular surfaces.
Chemicals, microbes, microwaves, magnetic shock and high
pressure water blasts have also been attempted.
±2-7 mm
Principal uses: artiÀcial turf, automotive parts; crash and noise
barriers; Áooring, paving and rooÀng supplies; playground and
sport surfaces; footwear; soil treatments, solid wheels; road
furniture and trafÀc systems; rubberised asphalts; sports, carpet
underlays; vibration mats or as feedstock for further treatment.
±0.5-2 mm
Powders are the result of processing rubber to achieve Ànely
dispersed particles of <1 mm by ambient or cryogenic or special
treatments, e.g., pyrolysis, reclaim, devulcanisation.
Principal uses: automotive parts; cable bedding compounds;
Àllers for tyres; footwear; porous bitumen binders; SAMs/SAMIs;
POWDERS

sealants; sports equipment; surfacings or as feedstock for specialised

±0-0.05 mm treatments.
Very Àne powders are the result of a range of specialised
treatments that upgrade or contribute distinctive properties to the
material.
Principal uses: automotive parts; carbon material; coatings and
±0-500 +m sealants; ingredients for tyres; partially devulcanised materials;
pigments for inks, paints; thermoplastic elastomers.

Figure 14 Categories of post-consumer tyre materials and their principal users

28
 Tyre Recycling

emphasis should be placed and what expectations could

be realistically met.

Recent research has focused on ways in which materials

can be produced more efÀciently. Perhaps the greatest
attention has been on alternate means of reducing the
crosslinks. Ultrasonic (88, 200) and microbe (216)
technologies have had promising results in laboratory
settings. However, it would appear that the difÀcult
transition from laboratory to commercial levels has
not yet been made.

29
 Tyre Recycling

Abbreviations and Acronyms

ISWA International Waste Association
LCA life-cycle analysis
NGO non-government organisation
OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
PCAH polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
TDF tyre derived fuel
TPE thermoplastic elastomer
UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UNEP UN Environment Programme

30
 Tyre Recycling
Additional References
a.1 ISWA – Denmark, Recovery of Materials and
Energy from Waste Tyres – Present Situation and
Future Trends, Ed., Giorgio Bressi, April 1995.
a.2 Towards Sustainability, A European Community
Programme of Policy and Action in Relation to
the Environment and Sustainable Development,
COM(92) 23 Ànal – Vol. 11, Brussels, 27 March
1992.
a.3 UNCTAD, Draft Statistical Review of
International Trade in Tyre and Tyre-Related
Rubber Waste with Particular Emphasis on Trade
Between OECD and in non-OECD Countries
and Trade Among non-OECD Countries 1990-
1994, Commodities Division Environmental
Issues Section, September 1996.
a.4 Basel Convention, 1999, Technical guidelines on
hazardous and other wastes: identiÀcation and
management of used tyres, Basel Convention
Series/SBC No.: 99/008, Geneva.
a.5 ETRA News, Volume 4, Issue 1, Spring 1999,
Basel Convention: Basel Update.
a.6 European Topic Centre on Waste and Material
Flows, Summary Report of main findings,
conclusions and recommendations for 2003,
DG Environment, Denmark, 2004.
a.7 Deutsch Bank: European Rubber Report,
2000.
a.8 Deutsch Bank: North American Rubber Report,
2000.
a.9 V. Shulman, The status of post-consumer
tyres in the European Union, VR3, Transport
Research Laboratory Limited, Crowthorne,
UK, 2002.
a.10 Pré Consultants B.V., Life cycle assessment of
an average European car tyre, European Tyre
Manufacturers, Report, May 2001.
a.11 A.B. Hird, P.J. GrifÀths and R.A. Smith. Tyre
waste and resource management: A mass
balance approach, Viridis Report VR2, 2002.
a.12 T. Karpetsky, Resonance disintegration of
pyrolytic char, Proceedings of the European
Tyre Recycling Conference, Brussels, 2004.
a.13 K.J. Collins, A.C. Jensen, J.J. Mallinson, S.M.
Mudge, A. Russel and I.P. Smith, Scrap tyres
for marine construction: environmental impact
in Recycling and Reuse of Used Tyres, Eds.,
R.K. Dhir, M.C. Limbachiyya and K.A. Paine,
Thomas Telford, London, 2001, 149.
a.14 S. Kerr, Artificial reefs in Australia: their
construction, location and function, Bureau of
Rural Resources Working Paper No. WP/8/92,
Bureau of Rural Rescues, Canberra, 1992.
a.15 K.J. Collins, A.C. Jensen and S. Albert, A review
of waste tyre utilisation in the marine environment,
Chemistry & Ecology, 1995, 10, 205.
a.16 K.N. Hylands and V. Shulman, Civil engineering
applications of tyres, Viridis Report VR5,
Transport Research Laboratory, 2004.
a.17 H.R. Wallingford, Sustainable re-use pf tyres in
port, coastal and river engineering: Guidance
for planning, implementation and maintenance,
HR Wallingford, UK, 2004.
a.18 ASTM D-6270-98, Standard Practice for Use of
Scrap Tires in Civil Engineering Applications,
1998.
a.19 M. Talola, Tyre shred civil engineering
applications in Finland, Proceedings of the 11th
ETRA Conference, 2004.
a.20 L. Urbani and A. D’Andrea, Hot mix asphalt
with rubber granulate as anti-vibrating layers
in railways and roads, Proceedings of the 11th
ETRA Conference, 2004.
a.21 P. Spendlove, For safer play and sports areas:
We may need more scrap tyres than are
available!, ETRA News, 1, 3, Spring 1996.
a.22 G. Van Heystraeten, BRRC. Waste Tyre
Recycling in Road Pavements and Street
Furniture, Proceedings of the Third International
Conference on Tyre Recycling, ETRA and the
Eurosynergy Network 1994, 150.
a.23 G. Van Heystraeten, BRRC, Roads, Civil
Engineering and New Products – Use of Recycled
Rubber in Asphalt Road Mixtures in Belgium,
Proceedings of the First International Conference
on Tyre Recycling, January 1994, 148.
a.24 V. Shulman, Recycling: The Future, Tire
Technology International, June 2000, 50.
a.25 V. Shulman, Shulman – Breaking the Mould,
Tire Technology International, June 2001, 12.
a.26 J. Emons, ArtiÀcial Grass: A challenge or a
threat to our industry, Proceedings of the 11th
ETRA Conference, Brussels, 2004.
31
 Tyre Recycling

32
 References and Abstracts
Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database
Item 1
Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology
20, No.1, 2004, p.1-10
USE OF GROUND TYRE RUBBER (GTR) IN
THERMOPLASTIC POLYOLEFIN ELASTOMER
COMPOSITIONS
Lievana E; Karger-Kocsis J
Kaiserslautern,University of Technology
A GTR bitumen combination has been incorporated
into thermoplastic elastomers, specifically, recycled
low density polyethylene (LDPE) combined with fresh
ethylene propylene diene monomers rubber (Buna
EPDM). The aim of the study was to improve the tensile
properties of GTR-containing materials to increase the
usability of reclaimed tyre rubber. The devulcanisation of
the GTR was investigated and the compatibilising effect
of the bitumen was found to depend on temperature and
storage time as well as processing conditions. Extrusion
compounding was found to be practical. Smaller particle
sizes of GTR gave better performance. Scanning electron
microscopy of the phase structure showed good adhesion
between the GTR and matrix. Materials with GTR content
between 15 and 45% were tested and it was found that the
better mechanical properties were produced at lower GTR
content. 14 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.915848
Item 2
Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology
20, No.1, 2004, p.85-96
STATIC AND DYNAMIC VULCANIZATES
CONTAINING GROUND TIRE RUBBER
Kuznetsova O P; Tchepel L M; Zhorina L A;
Kompaniets L V; Prut E V
Russian Academy of Sciences
The mechanical properties of TPV (thermoplastic
vulcanate) containing ground tyre rubber (GTR) have been
investigated with the aim of increasing use of recycled
rubber. The compositions tested included passenger car
GTR combined with polypropylene, ethylene propylene
ethylidenenorbornene rubber (EPDM), styrene butadiene
rubber (SBR), isoprene rubber (IR) or butadiene rubber
(BR). Materials were prepared by mixing and compaction.
Dynamic vulcanisation was used with one of two sulphur
acceleration systems. GTR samples were also revulcanised
by compaction for comparison. Samples were characterised
using sol-gel analysis, equilibrium swelling, electron
microscopy and compression and tensile mechanical
testing at a range of GTR contents. It was found that GTR
particle size had a small effect on mechanical properties but
that the choice of the sulphur accelerator was signiÀcant.
The results were used to prepare ternary PP/SBR/GTR
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
compositions with elongation at break greater that 100%,
corresponding to values for virgin rubber. 11 refs.
RUSSIA
Accession no.915854
Item 3
Scrap Tire News
18, No.6, June 2004, p.10
TIRE CHIPS INSULATE GEOTHERMAL
HEATING SYSTEM
In the USA, Carlton County Highway Department (of
Minnesota) is using scrap tyre chips as a thermal insulation
layer over a new geothermal heating and cooling system
which is buried underground at its new plant. The chips,
known as “R.-T.E.A.” (Recycled-Tire Engineered Aggregate)
are being supplied by First State Tire Recycling.
FIRST STATE TIRE RECYCLING INC.; CARLTON
COUNTY,HIGHWAY DEPT.; MINNESOTA,DEPT.OF
TRANSPORTATION; MINNESOTA,UNIVERSITY
USA
Accession no.914684
Item 4
Tyres and Accessories
No.5, May 2004, p.44/6
WASTE TYRE DIALOGUE: THREE REPORTS
RELEASED
The “Waste Tyres Dialogue” was established by the UK’s
Environment Agency in 2001, in order to develop solutions
to the scrap tyre waste management problems in England and
Wales. The dialogue has a Main Group which has established
three working groups to consider different aspects of waste
tyres in detail. The groups - DeÀnition of Waste, Historic
Stockpiles, and Enforcement of Illegal Dumping - have each
released a report on their speciÀc area of concern. This article
outlines what each report contains.
UK,ENVIRONMENT AGENCY;
UK,ENVIRONMENT COUNCIL
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.914686
Item 5
Scrap Tire News
18, No.5, May 2004, p.6/7
CONTINENTAL TIRE REPORTS ON RECYCLED
RUBBER STUDY
In the USA, Continental Tire North America has recently
submitted an interim report to the North Carolina Division
of Waste Management, detailing the Àndings of its study
on incorporating recycled whole-tyre scrap materials (up
to 25 percent of rubber weight) into new passenger and
33
 References and Abstracts

radial light lorry tyres. This small article provides a very
brief summery of the company’s report.
CONTINENTAL TIRE NORTH AMERICA
INC.; NORTH CAROLINA,DIV.OF WASTE
MANAGEMENT; NORTH CAROLINA,DIV.OF
ENVIRONMENT & NATURAL RESOURCES; EDGE
RUBBER; ROUSE RUBBER; POLY VULC
NORTH AMERICA; USA
Accession no.913325
Item 6
Scrap Tire News
18, No.5, May 2004, p.9
UK TIRE RECYCLER RECOVERS STEEL FROM
GRANULATING OPERATION
UK company Charles Lawrence International has now
completed a development project to Ànd a method of
extracting steel from scrap tyres, without the usual level of
rubber contamination - so that the resultant reclaimed steel
would be acceptable to steel processors for recycling. This
article reports in some detail on success of the project.
CHARLES LAWRENCE INTERNATIONAL;
UK,DEPT.OF TRADE & IND.; CHARLES
LAWRENCE RECYCLING; CHARLES LAWRENCE
ENGINEERING
BELGIUM; EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
UK; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.913327
A method for the oxidative degradation of large and small
scrap tyres is reported along with the results of an analysis
of the decomposition products by IR spectroscopy and
other analytical techniques. Carbon black is shown to be
formed upon thermal decomposition. 2 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.912176
Item 9
Journal of Elastomers and Plastics
36, No.2, April 2004, p.109-23
MECHANO-CHEMICAL RECLAMATION OF
WASTE RUBBER POWDER AND ITS EFFECT
ON THE PERFORMANCE OF NR AND SBR
VULCANIZATES
Yehia A A; Ismail M N; Hefny Y A; Abdel-Bary E M;
Mull M A
Cairo,National Research Centre; Mansoura,University;
Technology Resources Inc.
The effects of blending various proportions of waste rubber
powder, processed using a range of chemical reclaiming
agents under different conditions, with natural rubber or
styrene butadiene rubber on the rheological, mechanical
and ageing properties (including cure time, tensile strength,
elongation at break and equilibrium swelling of the blend
vulcanisates were investigated. 35 refs.
EGYPT; USA
Accession no.911572

Item 7 Item 10
Scrap Tire News Tire Technology International
18, No.5, May 2004, p.15 March 2004, p.42-5
OZONE-DYNAMIC METHOD FOR RECYCLING NOT NATURAL
POST-CONSUMER TIRES Wood P
Bedjukh A The broad and ever broadening range of materials used in
Kyiv,University tyre manufacture is discussed in relation to requirements
Researchers in the Ukraine have recently developed a new for recyclability and reprocessability. The possibility
multi-stage process for the treatment of post-consumer of manufacturing thermoplastic natural rubber which is
scrap metal-cord tyres. The new method is based on the suitable for tyre manufacture is examined, together with
combined action of an impulse magnetic Àeld, ozone, and other alternative biopolymers. The use of nanoÀbres to
dynamic loading. This article explains each stage of the replace fabric plies and the use of nanoÀllers are described.
process in detail. The potential for recycling via landÀll, using biologically
BELGIUM; EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; degradable materials, is also considered.
UKRAINE; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL INDIA
Accession no.913328 Accession no.910391

Item 8 Item 11
Kobunshi Ronbunshu Warmer Bulletin
61, No.2, 2004, p.95-101 No.95, Suppl., May 2004, p.1-4
Japanese TYRES
SOLID PHASE OXIDATION OF SCRAP TIRES Every day in Britain over 100,000 worn tyres are removed
WITH HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AND FORMIC from cars, vans and trucks, accounting for an annual
ACID total of 40 million tyres (440,000 tonnes). Some value
Usukura S; Ikeda Y; Kouzai H is recovered from around 70% of these tyres, with the
Kanto Gakuin,University rest going to landÀll. In Europe, the LandÀll Directive

34 © Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts
will ban the disposal of shredded tyres in landÀlls from
July 2006. Whole tyres have been banned from landÀlls
since 2003. Tyres left above ground in open dumps hold
stagnant water, which provides a breeding ground for
mosquitoes or vermin. Open dumping and stockpiling of
tyres also has the potential for accidental Àres or arson
resulting in polluting emissions to the atmosphere and
watercourses. Recovery alternatives include pyrolysis,
gasiÀcation, tyre derived fuel, reuse and recycling, rubber
reclaim, retreading, rubberised asphalt and artiÀcial reefs
and breakwaters.
Residua
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.910892
Item 12
Tyres and Accessories
No.2, Feb.2004, p.14
RECOVERY OF STEEL FROM END OF LIFE
TYRES
A two-and-a half year project funded by the UK’s
Department of Trade & Industry has recently been
completed by Charles Lawrence International Ltd. The
work was carried out in order to develop technology for the
separation of the reinforcing steel wire from the granulate
resulting from the grinding of end-of-life tyres. Full details
of the project are presented.
CHARLES LAWRENCE INTERNATIONAL
LTD.; UK,DEPT.OF TRADE & IND.; EUROPEAN
COMMISSION; EUROPEAN TYRE RECYCLING
ASSOCIATION
EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN
UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.909096
Item 13
ENDS Report
No.350, March 2004, p.18-9
STEP CHANGE IN TYRE RECOVERY
Tyre recovery jumped from 60% to 80% in the UK
between 2001 and 2003, mainly due to greater demand
from recyclers and cement kilns and a drop in imports of
used casings, according to provisional Àgures. However,
meeting the EU landÀll ban remains a tough challenge.
The recovery rate was 80% in 2003, based on 450,000
tonnes of arisings. This suggests that some 360,000 tonnes
of tyres were recovered, up from 300,000 tonnes in 2002.
The amount used by the cement industry almost doubled
from 48,000 tonnes in 2002 to 80,000 tonnes in 2003, while
consumption by tyre “crumbers” jumped from 100,000
tonnes to 160,000 tonnes.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.909650
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 14
Materials Recycling Week
183, No.15, 16th April 2004, p.6
TYRE PROCESSOR OPENS NEW SITES IN
ANTICIPATION OF LANDFILL BAN
Used tyre processor Sapphire Energy Recovery has opened
two new processing sites, which it believed underlined the
viability of immediately banning all tyres from landÀll.
The company supplies whole or chipped tyres for use
as cement-making fuel and its new processing sites are
close to the major urban areas where the majority of used
tyres arise. The company has capacity to process more
than 100,000 tonnes of used car and van tyres a year, it is
brieÁy reported.
Sapphire Energy Recovery Ltd.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.909750
Item 15
Kunststoffe Plast Europe
94, No.2, 2004, p.82-3
English; German
NEW FEEDSTOCK FROM OLD TYRE
Mertig U
MM Mertig Marktkommunikation
A description is given of a novel process used at a new tyre
recycling facility run by Gummi Verwertungs GmbH for
producing raw material from scrap lorry and car tyres. The
process involves ambient grinding of the tyres at ambient
temperature followed by pelletising of the ground tyres
and cryogenic grinding of the pellets using liquid nitrogen
as the coolant. The resulting powdered rubber is suitable
for a range of applications, including road construction.
(Translated from Kunststoffe, No.2, 2004, p.82-3)
Gummi Verwertungs GmbH
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.909909
Item 16
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
91, No.1, 5th Jan.2004, p.510-5
ENHANCED TOUGHENING OF
POLY(PROPYLENE) WITH RECLAIMED-TIRE
RUBBER
Tantayanon S; Juikham S
Chulalongkorn,University
The dynamic vulcanisation of reclaimed tyre rubber(RTR)
and PP was performed by melt mixing, using either
a sulphur crosslinking agent, maleic anhydride(MA),
dicumyl peroxide(DCP) or a combination of MA and
DCP, in two consecutive machines, a two-roll mill and
a counter-rotating twin-screw extruder. For the case of
the sulphur crosslinking agent, the RTR/PP blend with a
ratio of 30/70 had the highest impact strength. When the
35
 References and Abstracts

combination of MA and DCP was used, the result was Other crushers reviewed include rapid-rotation mono-rotor
higher impact strength of the blend at the same ratio. This crushers, bladed crushers, rapid multi-blade crushers and
could be attributed not only to the cohesion between the micronisers for producing powders and granules with
polymer chains in each phase (PP and rubber) but also the average dimensions below two millimeters.
interfacial adhesion between PP and RTR chains in these EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
two phases. For comparison, ground rubber tyre/PP blends WESTERN EUROPE
with and without sulphur crosslinking agent were also Accession no.904699
prepared. The effects of different crosslinking agents on
dispersion and distribution of rubber domain size, viscosity
Item 19
and percentage crystallinity were also studied. 34 refs.
Scrap Tire News
THAILAND
17, No.12, Dec.2003, p.8/10
Accession no.908505 REDUCED METHANE EMISSIONS - A CASE
FOR LANDFILL BIOCOVERS
Item 17 In the USA, research is underway to test the performance
Materials Recycling Week of biologically-active landÀll covers (“biocovers”) in
183, No.5, Suppl., 6th Feb.2004, p.184 controlling the methane emissions given off at municipal
LANDFILL BANS AFFECT TYRE DISPOSAL solid waste landÀll sites. The covers enhance the oxidation
The LandÀll Regulation’s ban on whole tyres came into of methane as it passes through the landÀll surface, and
force last July, amidst confusion and concern for tyre recycled tyre chips play an important role in the system as
reprocessors. While whole tyres are now banned from a gas distribution layer. This article explains in full.
hazardous landÀll sites, they can still be accepted at other US,ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND
existing landÀlls where the waste management licence EDUCATION FOUNDATION
or permit allows them to be accepted. Tyre reprocessors USA
said they were angry about money already invested in Accession no.904504
new facilities as they had expected there to be an increase
in used tyres needing disposal. Consumer conÀdence in
Item 20
retreaded tyres is set to improve as two new regulations
Scrap Tire News
become mandatory in the UK. These regulations identify
17, No.12, Dec.2003, p.6/7
uniform conditions for approving individual retreading
TIRE CHIPS ADD “GREEN” TO THE GREENS
facilities which produce retreaded pneumatic tyres for
passenger cars and commercial vehicles. Scientists at the Wisconsin-Madison University in the USA
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN have demonstrated that a layer of crumb rubber placed
EUROPE under golf course greens provides the beneÀts of absorbing
Accession no.906314 excess chemicals from fertilisers and helping to prevent
groundwater contamination, whilst having no adverse
impact on the quality and performance of the putting green
Item 18
itself. Details of the research are presented here.
Plastiques and Elastomeres Magazine
55, No.3, April 2003, p.39-41 WISCONSIN-MADISON UNIVERSITY
USA
French
GRANULATING AND CRUSHING VULCANISED Accession no.904503
RUBBER
Previero D Item 21
Previero 164th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 2003.
Recycling installations for vulcanised rubber are mainly Proceedings of a conference held Cleveland, Oh., 14th-
devoted to recovering used tyres and have a complex 17th Oct.2003.
conÀguration because the tyre can be considered as a Akron, Oh., ACS Rubber Division, 2003. Paper 90,
composite product made up from three materials with pp.4, 28cm, 012
different characteristics, i.e. vulcanised rubber and a metal TIRE RECYCLING TO CRUM
and textile structural reinforcement. Reclaiming vulcanised Burda D
rubbers, particularly used tyres, is carried out in most Global Development
cases by means of successive phases of granulation and (ACS,Rubber Div.)
crushing. These are reviewed here regarding the mixture An outline is presented of the mainstream applications
of rubber, steel and textile Àbres, along with the beneÀts for scrap tyres in the form of whole tyres, shredded tyres,
of recycling systems, machines, and technology for chipped tyres and crumb.
granulating, as well as slow-rotation crushers for reducing USA
tyres down to pieces of between 50 and 100 millimeters.
Accession no.903375

36 © Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts
Item 22
IEM - Industrial Environmental Management
14, No.7, Dec.2003, p.10
HOPE FOR TIRED TYRES
The Portuguese company Recipneu is grinding scrap tyres
into Àne rubber granules or very Àne rubber powders
so they can be reused in a broad range of applications,
including asphalt rubber. Recipneu uses the cryo-grinding
process, it is brieÁy reported. The low temperatures in
the process prevent the chemical-related degradation of
polymer chains.
RECIPNEU RECLAIM INDUSTRIES LTD.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; PORTUGAL;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.902243
Item 23
Reuse/Recycle
33, No.11, Nov.2003, p.86-7
RUBBER MANUFACTURERS TO INCREASE
DEMAND FOR RUBBER FROM SCRAP TIRES
The RMA recently created a scrap tyre industry ad hoc
committee on coarse rubber, continuing a programme
launched last year. The goal is to increase markets for
coarse rubber, small chips made from shredded tyres, it is
brieÁy reported. Coarse rubber recycling has escalated in
the past several years with an estimated 80 million pounds,
or about 6.5 million old tyres, put to new uses in 2001. The
committee wants to dispel the myths surrounding recycled
rubber by collecting information on where this material
is being used, how it is used and its safety beneÀts. The
committee also will seek to establish voluntary industry
guidelines for quality assurance of the raw material and
Ànished products.
RUBBER MANUFACTURERS’ ASSOCIATION
USA
Accession no.902238
Item 24
Scrap Tire News
17, No.10, Oct.2003, p.6
NEW FAUX FINISHED RUBBERSTUFF MULCH
LASTS A LIFETIME
A US scrap tyre recycler based in Florida, American
Rubber Technologies, is launching a new, environmentally-
friendly, colourful and permanent landscaping mulch,
called “RubberStuff”. It looks just like painted wood
chips, but is reported to function far better. This small item
informs us brieÁy of its advantages.
AMERICAN RUBBER TECHNOLOGIES INC.;
US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
USA
Accession no.901561
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 25
ENDS Report
No.343, Aug.2003, p.14
RUGBY GETS PERMISSION TO TRIAL BURN
TYRES, COALITE TO BURN TYRE OIL
After two years of waiting, Rugby Cement has received
permission from the Environment Agency to trial the use of
tyres as fuel for its kiln in Rugby. Up to 40% of the plant’s
normal fuel, coal and petroleum coke will be replaced with
chipped tyres, consuming 10 tonnes of tyres/hour. The
slow pace of authorising the use of tyres in kilns has put
the UK’s plans for developing alternative disposal routes
for tyres other than landÀlling in jeopardy. Meanwhile,
Coalite Products has received permission from the Agency
to use oil from its tyre pyrolysis process as a fuel in a
furnace and three boilers at its Bolsover works, securing
a use for the by-product. The site already has permission
to pyrolyse 90,000 tonnes of tyres per year, but currently
takes only 10,000 tonnes. The use of the oil, a hazardous
waste, means that Coalite will have to comply with the
EU waste incineration Directive by the end of 2005. Very
brief details are noted.
RUGBY CEMENT LTD.; UK,ENVIRONMENT
AGENCY; COALITE PRODUCTS LTD.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.901075
Item 26
European Rubber Journal
185, No.12, Dec.2003, p.9
UK INDUSTRIAL TYRE SECTOR FACING
LANDFILL BAN CRISIS
Raleigh P
UK industrial tyre makers and their customers are concerned
that the EU Directive phasing out of landÀll disposal of
tyres by 2006 is undermining the competitiveness of their
industries. Over 5000 tonnes of solid rubber tyres are used
in the UK, around 2270 tonnes of which are disposed of
each year. Disposal costs are rising steadily as landÀll sites
stop accepting whole tyres and there will soon be no legal
disposal route for these tyres, claims Watts Industrial Tyres.
The UK’s waste management industry has not invested in
the equipment needed to shred solid tyres, Watts says. As a
company, Watts is investigating a total recycling solution
for the product.
WATTS INDUSTRIAL TYRES LTD.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.901004
37
 References and Abstracts
Item 27
Tyres and Accessories
No.11, Nov.2003, p.20-2
SAPPHIRE AND LAFARGE: OFFERING THE
BEST SOLUTION TO WASTE TYRES?
The use of tyres as fuel in cement kilns is becoming an
increasingly important option for tyre disposal, although
this route has been resisted by some local communities.
Lafarge Cement has long been at the forefront of tyre
burning. In the cement kiln the tyre is used as a source of
heat, at a temperature that destroys most toxic emissions,
the exhaust is scrubbed and Àltered and little escapes
the cement kiln. The ash residue from the combustion
process is used in the cement. Sapphire was established
with support from Lafarge and Michelin as a sustainable
route of tyre supply to Lafarge, and as a ready route for
the tyre industry to dispose of tyres in advance of producer
responsibility. With total tyre arisings of 450,000 t/y,
Lafarge alone is heading towards consuming 25% of that
Àgure.
LAFARGE; SAPPHIRE ENERGY RECOVERY LTD.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.900942
Item 28
Tire Technology International
Annual Review 2003, p.170-1
THE IMPACT OF THE END-OF-LIFE VEHICLE
DIRECTIVE ON THE INDUSTRY
Chatterley T
MIRA Ltd.
The effect of the End of Life Vehicle Directive, 2000/53/
EC, on the recycling of waste tyres and on the European
tyre industry is discussed. By January 2006, 85% of the
weight of the average car will have to be recovered, with
80% of that target being met through reuse and recycling of
the vehicles constituent materials. Tyre reuse is discussed
and recycling techniques, including innovative processes
such as pyrolysis, are considered.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.900575
Item 29
Tyres and Accessories
No.10, Oct.2003, p.76
RUBBERISED ASPHALT ON TEST IN
CALIFORNIA
Gardner P
This article is based on a piece that appeared in the
“Sacramento Bee” and discusses a state-funded project
taking place in California, USA, where rubberised asphalt
made with scrap tyres is being laid on a number of city
streets. The advantages and disadvantages of the use of
rubberised asphalt are also discussed.
38
CALIFORNIA,DEPT.OF TRANSPORTATION;
CALIFORNIA,INTEGRATED WASTE
MANAGEMENT BOARD
EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN
UNION; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.899513
Item 30
Tyres and Accessories
No.10, Oct.2003, p.72-4
USES FOR OLD TYRES: HOW MANY CAN YOU
THINK OF?
Scott E
This article considers some of the wider uses to which we
can put scrap tyres, both serious and not so serious, beyond
the more usual applications such as equestrian or sports
surfaces. It takes us through from the Àrst and foremost
use of waste tyres, that is as a base for retread, to their use
in buildings, Áood defences, Áower pots and shoes, and
decking paint additives (to create a non-slip surface).
UK,ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCY
AUSTRALIA; CHINA; EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN
COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; INDONESIA; LATIN
AMERICA; SOUTH AMERICA; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.899512
Item 31
Tire Technology International
Sept.2003, p.58-61
UNIVERSITY CHALLENGE
Farris R J; Williams D E; Tripathy A R
Massachusetts,University
This detailed article provides information on on-going
research at the University of Massachusetts Amherst in
the USA, where scientists are trying to make the process
of recycling tyres as free of difÀculties as possible. This
is no easy task, since vulcanised rubber is so resistant to
decomposition by thermal or chemical means.
GOODYEAR
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.899506
Item 32
Info Chimie Magazine
39, No.443, Nov.2002, p.84-6
French
RECYCLING OF USED TYRES - CARBON
BLACKS COME BACK TO LIFE FROM THEIR
ASHES
Fauvarque J
The problem of getting rid of used tyres needs to be
resolved. Pyrolysis could eventually become proÀtable
thanks to the production of carbon products with properties
closely related to those of carbon blacks. This article
covers the stance taken by the European Union over used
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
whole tyres after the 1st January 2003, along with a review
of pyrolysis and a list of Àrms involved in a conference
organised on this topic by the European Tyre Association.
A report is given on units for thermal treatment of waste.
Using carbon blacks in rubber production is discussed
in connection with a number of companies in Sweden,
Switzerland, Canada and Germany. Extraction of Àne
particles is also discussed when the particles contain less
than 1% of impurities like ash, sulphur, zinc, etc. Use of
shock waves for disintegration is also explored.
EUROPEAN TYRE ASSOCIATION
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN
EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.898754
Item 33
Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology
19, No.4, 2003, p.291-306
THE USE OF RUBBER SCRAP -
THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITIONS FOR THE
PRODUCTION OF POROUS AND NON-POROUS
ARTICLES
Kowalska E
Warsaw,Industrial Chemistry Research Institute
The use of comminuted vulcanised rubber scrap (from
vehicle tyres) in polymer composites based on low
density polyethylene or poly(vinyl chloride), with or
without mineral Àllers, was investigated. Composites were
prepared by mixing the components in various proportions
followed by extrusion, pressing or calendering, depending
on the application, and the properties of the products are
discussed in terms of the formulations used. 12 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.898502
Item 34
Scrap Tire News
17, No.8, Aug.2003, p.11
NY COUNTY USES TIRE CHIPS TO INCREASE
ROAD LIFE
This detailed article reports on data collected from a project
which involved a scrap tyre rubber chip insulation-layer
being installed on a stretch of road in Delaware County,
USA. The thermally-insulating layer substantially lowered
frost penetration on the treated roadway, preventing
freezing and the damage normally caused when road
surfaces become frozen.
DELAWARE COUNTY,DEPT.OF PUBLIC WORKS;
NEW YORK,STATE DEPT.OF ENVIRONMENTAL
CONSERVATION; NEW YORK STATE,EMPIRE
STATE DEVELOPMENT; NEW YORK,DEPT.OF
TRANSPORTATION
USA
Accession no.896170
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 35
Scrap Tire News
17, No.8, Aug.2003, p.7
SOUND GUARD MAKING NOISE A WHISPER
WITH RECYCLED RUBBER
US company Advanced Surface Logix has recently
completed three installations of its patented sound
attenuation panel product, known as “Sound Guard”.
Sound Guard’s new technology uses recycled tyre rubber
combined with PU, to make a soft, pliable surface for
noise control, when applied to self-framing stress skinned
panels. Brief details are given here.
ADVANCED SURFACE LOGIX INC.; AMERICAN
WASTE WATER ASSOCIATION; QUIET SKIES; US
FILTER CORP.
USA
Accession no.896167
Item 36
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
89, No.2, 11th July 2003, p.465-73
REGENERATION OF CARBON BLACK FROM
WASTE AUTOMOBILE TIRES
Bhadra S; De P P; Mondal N; Mukhapadhyaya R;
Das Gupta S
Indian Institute of Technology; Hari Shankar Singhania
Elastomer & Tyre Res.Inst.
Carbon black, an important ingredient in tyres, is
regenerated from waste car tyres. Waste tyres are cut to
separate the tread cap, tread base, side wall and inner ply
and are crushed and pyrolysed in a mufÁe furnace at 430
deg.C for 3 h. This black is again heated at 430 deg.C for
1.5 h to increase the surface area to obtain regenerated black
(RB). To examine the effect of heating during pyrolysis,
the original black is also heated at 430 deg.C for 1.5 h
to get heat treated black (HTB). The regenerated black
(RB) is characterised by different methods. It is mixed
in different formulations, with few required properties
of the final mixed compounds measured, and then
cured maintaining technical cure time and temperature;
physicomechanical properties of the cured specimen are
measured and compared with that of the virgin black (VB)
and the heat-treated black (HTB). It is concluded that RB
has a higher surface area, higher elongation at break and
higher heat build-up but a lower cure rate, a lower modulus
and a comparable state of cure, dispersion, hardness,
tensile strength and tear strength compared with those of
the VB. It is also found that for the RB, the structure and
agglomerate size are slightly changed. Some polar acidic
groups are incorporated into the carbon black during
pyrolysis or during heat treatment. RB has better ageing
properties than the VB or HTB. 9 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.892911
39
 References and Abstracts
Item 37
Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques
No.806, Sept.2002, p.54-6
French
CARBON BLACKS RISE FROM THE ASHES
Fauvarque J
The use of pyrolysis processes in the recycling of scrap
tyres to produce carbon black and other products is
examined on the basis of topics discussed at a conference
held in Brussels by the European Tyre Recycling
Association in March 2002.
EUROPEAN TYRE RECYCLING ASSOCIATION;
AMAT; COALITE TYRE SERVICES; COMPACT
POWER; NESA; RMD; TRAIDEC; BRUSSELS,FREE
UNIVERSITY; METSO; OKADORA; ENVIRO-
SYSTEM; PYROVAC INSTITUTE INC.; ALCYON
SA; ABF FORMEX; HAUTE-ALSACE,UNIVERSITE;
CARBON PRODUCTS INTERNATIONAL LTD.;
ALIAPUR; MICHELIN ET CIE
BELGIUM; CANADA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN
UNION; FRANCE; GERMANY; JAPAN; SCANDINAVIA; SPAIN;
SWEDEN; SWITZERLAND; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.892216
Item 38
Scrap Tire News
17, No.7, July 2003, p.17
BULL TEST STATION TESTING TIRES
We are informed in this article that scrap tyre chipping is
being tested for its effectiveness in protecting groundwater
cattle pens at the Gunton Bull Test Station near Winnipeg
in Manitoba, Canada. Details are presented of the project,
which uses chipped passenger tyres beneath the pens, to
create a capillary break and halt the downward movement
of the soil moisture.
MANITOBA AGRICULTURE & FOOD;
MANITOBA,TIRE STEWARDSHIP BOARD;
MANITOBA CONSERVATION; INTERLAKE
LIVESTOCK & FORAGE IMPROVEMENT ASSN.
CANADA
Accession no.891863
Item 39
Scrap Tire News
17, No.7, July 2003, p.3/21
TX DOT USES TIRE BALES FOR SLOPE
FAILURE REPAIR PROJECT
This article recounts in detail the story of the investigation
into, and subsequent use of, baled scrap tyres as a repair
method for roadside slopes/verges, that took place in
the Fort Worth District of Texas, where the ordinary soil
slopes had failed due to higher-than-normal amounts of
rain in the area.
TEXAS,DEPT.OF TRANSPORTATION; TOUCHE
INTERNATIONAL; TEXAS,NATURAL RESOURCES
40
CONSERVATION COMMISSION; ENCORE
SYSTEMS INC.; TEXAS,TRANSPORTATION
COMMISSION
USA
Accession no.891860
Item 40
163rd ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Spring 2003.
Proceedings of a conference held San Francisco, Ca.,
28th-30th April 2003.
Akron, Oh., ACS Rubber Division, 2003, Paper 81,
pp.15, 28cm, O12
STUDY ON THE WASTE TIRE POWDER/
THERMOPLASTIC BLENDS
Jin Kuk Kim; Sung Hyo Lee; Sung Hyuk Hwang
Gyeongsang,National University
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
The recycling of waste tyres by producing thermoplastic
vulcanisate from waste vulcanised rubber powder by
blending with polypropylene and polyethylene using
a twin-screw extruder was investigated. Extrusion
conditions such as screw configuration, temperature
proÀle and screw speed were optimised, and the effect of
ultrasonic treatment studied. It was found that addition
of the compatibiliser, maleic anhydride grafted styrene-
ethylene-butylene-styrene, gave signiÀcantly improved
mechanical properties. 16 refs.
KOREA
Accession no.890023
Item 41
163rd ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Spring 2003.
Proceedings of a conference held San Francisco, Ca.,
28th-30th April 2003.
Akron, Oh., ACS Rubber Division, 2003, Paper 80,
pp.16, 28cm, O12
A CONTINUOUS DE-VULCANISATION
METHOD
Freakley P K; Fletcher J B
Loughborough,University; Carter Bros.Ltd.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
The adaptation of a continuous rubber mixer to the de-
vulcanisation - breakage of crosslinks - in vulcanised
rubber crumb (recovered from end-of-life truck (mainly
NR) and automobile (mainly SBR and BR) tyres by
shredding and granulation) for recycling purposes is
described. Results obtained using the De-Link chemical
system of de-vulcanisation, involving a proton transfer
reaction to open up sulphur crosslinks, under various
process conditions, are discussed. 7 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.890022
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Item 42
Materials Recycling Week
181, No.24, 20th June 2003, p.6
LANDFILLING TYRES STILL A MAJOR ISSUE
It is brieÁy reported that landÀlling tyres remains a major
European issue, according to the Bureau of International
Recycling. LandÀlling remained a “big option” in the UK,
Ireland, Spain, Italy and Greece, despite the imminence of
the EU ban on the dumping of whole tyres, due to come
into force on July 16 this year. EU-wide Àgures for 2001
showed that 19% of used tyres were recycled, 22% used in
energy recovery, 13% retreaded, 11% reused or exported
and 35% landÀlled.
BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DE LA
RECUPERATION
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN
EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.889657
Item 43
KGK:Kautschuk Gummi Kunststoffe
56, No.5, May 2003, p.232-6
RECYCLING OF WASTE TIRE RUBBER
POWDER
Maridass B; Gupta B R
Kharagpur,Indian Institute of Technology
An intermeshing counter-rotating twin-screw extruder
with constant root and Áight diameters of the screws
having L/D ratio equal to 10 has been designed, fabricated
and installed for waste rubber recycling. Waste ground
rubber tyre powder was devulcanised and mixed with
30phr NR to give satisfactory vulcanisate properties.
Further improvement in the design of the extruder with
progressively increasing root diameter of the screw yielded
highly encouraging results at 170C and 30rpm. 19 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.887338
Item 44
Journal of Materials Science
38, No.7, 1st April 2003, p.1397-401
DEVELOPMENT OF CRUMB RUBBER
REINFORCED BITUMINOUS BINDER UNDER
LABORATORY CONDITIONS
Frantzis P
Liverpool,University
Details are given of the use of crumb rubber produced from
waste tyres for reinforcing bitumen. The development of a
rubber reinforced bituminous binder used as an all-weather
wearing course in Áexible roads is discussed. Fatigue
behaviour was investigated. 27 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.886799
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 45
Scrap Tire News
17, No.4, April 2003, p.6/7
STUDY UNDERSCORES BENEFITS OF LOOSE-
FILL CRUMB RUBBER SURFACES
This article reports on the results of research carried out at
the University of Denver in the USA, on the use of loose-Àll
crumb rubber as a playground surface. The research showed
that the recycled material from scrap tyres showed several
economic, safety, and performance beneÀts over traditional
playground surfaces. Full details are provided.
DENVER,UNIVERSITY; JAI TIRE INDUSTRIES INC.
USA
Accession no.886590
Item 46
IEM - Industrial Environmental Management
13, No.12, May 2003, p.10
BIOLOGICAL SOLUTION TO SPARE TYRES
A grant has been awarded to Edinburgh’s Napier
University to develop a process to tackle the problem of
spare tyres using bacteria. The recycling process involves
grinding the scrap tyres, removing the metal and Àbre and
adding the rubber to a tank of liquid containing bacteria
to provide liquid rubber processable into new rubber
products, including tyres.
NAPIER,UNIVERSITY
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.886476
Item 47
GPEC 2003: Plastics Impact on the Environment.
Proceedings of a conference held Detroit, 26th-27th
Feb.2003.
BrookÀeld, CT, SPE, 2003, p.145-54, 27cm, 012
RECYCLED RUBBER BASED THERMOPLASTIC
ELASTOMERS - AN UNUSUAL OPPORTUNITY
TO CUT COST
Gonzalez E A
Eco-Tech Inc.
(SPE,Environmental Div.)
The environmental and health problems associated with
scrap tyres are well known. Methods have long been sought
to utilise these waste tyres in such a way that an optimum is
obtained between as low as possible cost to produce on the
one hand and technical applications of the highest possible
quality on the other hand. This paper describes several
applications where a recycled rubber based thermoplastic
elastomer has replaced virgin thermoset rubber with
a balance of performance, processability and value. It
includes a discussion of performance properties required
vs performance achieved and cost beneÀts. 6 refs.
USA
Accession no.886070
41
 References and Abstracts

Item 48 MINNESOTA,POLLUTION CONTROL AGENCY;

GPEC 2003: Plastics Impact on the Environment. MINNESOTA,DEPT.OF TRANSPORTATION; HDR
Proceedings of a conference held Detroit, 26th-27th ENGINEERING; SOIL CON INC.
Feb.2003. USA
BrookÀeld, CT, SPE, 2003, p.127-35, 27cm, 012 Accession no.883853
SCRAP TIRES TO CRUMB RUBBER: MARKET
AND PRODUCTION ISSUES FOR PROCESSING Item 51
FACILITIES Scrap Tire News
Sunthonpagasit N; Duffey M R 17, No.3, March 2003, p.1/3
Washington G.,University NEW YORK STEEL MILL FIRST TO USE SCRAP
(SPE,Environmental Div.) TIRES
Crumb rubber processing is an emerging recycling This article reports on how Nucor Steel mill of New York,
application which currently accounts for about 12% of USA, has successfully used the “Scrap Tire Process” (licensed
annual discarded scrap tyres. However, CR markets are from Stebbing Engineering in Nebraska) to substitute a
quite complex and still in a very dynamic evolutionary stage. portion of the coal the mill uses as primary fuel in its electric
While CR markets will likely expand in the future, they will air furnace. The all-round advantages are highlighted.
probably continue to experience a high degree of variability. NUCOR STEEL AUBORN,INC.; STEBBING
For CR producers, there appears to be a pattern that many ENGINEERING; NEW YORK,DEPT.OF
companies start up, often with state subsidies of some type, ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION;
but fail to maintain markets and are forced out of business US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
over a relatively short time period. To be successful, CR USA
processors must carefully consider customer needs and CR
Accession no.883852
quality speciÀcations, competitors’ products and pricing
sensitivities, projected markets, government policies and
uncertainties of operating and capital costs. 22 refs. Item 52
USA
KGK:Kautschuk Gummi Kunststoffe
56, No.3, March 2003, p.81/9
Accession no.886068 German
STATE AND PROSPECTS OF RUBBER
Item 49 RECYCLING
Scrap Tire News Former C; Osen E
17, No.3, March 2003, p.11 The German rubber industry is reported to be intensifying
CONTRACTOR TOUTS TIRE CHIPS’ its focus on rubber recycling to keep pace with changes in
VERSATILITY environmental law. This article gives details of directives
Scrap tyre aggregate was used at a building project near affecting both manufacturers and suppliers, and emphasises
Pine City, Minnesota, in the USA, as a foundation to the problems associated with the re-use of rubber in original
support a building, car parking area, and pavements. It and new applications. Actual trends in rubber recycling
acted like a snow-shoe, distributing the weight of the are discussed, including material recycling as well as raw
building over soft soils. This small article reports on the material and thermal recovery. The article concludes with a
success of the project. discussion of the life cycle for tyres in Germany. 18 refs.
JONES CONSTRUCTION INC.; FIRST STATE TIRE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
RECYCLING INC.
USA Accession no.883468
Accession no.883854
Item 53
High Performance Plastics
Item 50
March 2003, p.8
Scrap Tire News
COMPLETE RECYCLING SYSTEM FOR TYRES
17, No.3, March 2003, p.1/3
STUDY TO DETERMINE IF SCRAP TIRES CAN An innovative system for recycling scrap rubber tyres
BE USED IN WATER IN MINNESOTA into useful raw materials without generating any harmful
emissions has been developed by a small UK company,
A unique study beginning in Minnesota, USA, in the
Beta Technology Ltd. This short article provides us with
Spring of 2003 will provide data on the environmental
some details of the process.
impact of using tyre shreds below the water-table in road
construction, and also it will test laboratory methods to see BETA TECHNOLOGY LTD.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
if they can mimic Àeld conditions. This article provides EUROPE
outline details of the new study.
Accession no.883340

42 © Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

Item 54 Item 57
Tire Technology International Scrap Tire News
Annual Review 2002, p.150-2 17, No.2, Feb.2003, p.6/7
FROM RUBBER POWDER TO INNOVATIVE PROJECT RECYCLES TIRES,
THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS IMPROVES ROAD SURFACE
Scholz H; Michael H
A pilot project has been completed on Nebraska’s Interstate
FARU GmbH; Chemnitz,University
80 highway, which demonstrates an innovative use for
The focus of this detailed article is the waste disposal scrap tyres. Over 47,000 of them have been blended into
of scrap tyres. With landÀll due in the near future to be an asphalt mix in the resurfacing of a seven mile stretch
declared illegal in the European Union, the search is on - which now provides a quieter, smoother ride for vehicles.
for alternative uses for end-of-life products. Here, we look Details are given here.
at new technology which has been developed to create NEBRASKA,DEPT.OF ENVIRONMENTAL
thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) from ground tyre rubber QUALITY; NEBRASKA,DEPT.OF ROADS;
powder and thermoplastics. DOBSON BROS.CONSTRUCTION CO.
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN USA
EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.883289
Accession no.883322
Item 58
Item 55 Reuse/Recycle
Tire Technology International 33, No.2, Feb.2003, p.10-3
Annual Review 2002, p.86-8 SCRAP TIRE CLEANUP AND RECYCLING
IMPROVEMENTS IN RECLAIMING INCREASE
TECHNIQUES
Antonio M E M The Rubber Manufacturers Association recently reported
Rubber Resources that 77.6% of scrap tyres generated in the US is being put to
productive uses, up from 66% in 1998. Additionally, state
At its plant in the Netherlands, Rubber Resources cleanup programmes and effective regulations continue
manufactures butyl rubber reclaim, natural rubber reclaim, to reduce stockpiled scrap tyres despite an increasing
and natural rubber-based powders. This article looks vehicle population. Of the total of 281 million scrap
at its reclamation process, since choosing the right raw tyres generated in 2001, 218 million were used in end
material and the right process conditions can lead to a markets. One of the common markets for scrap tyres is
higher and more effective degree of devulcanisation, ground rubber, which is used to make playground surfaces,
and subsequently, to a reclaim with improved physical running tracks and moulded rubber goods. The largest use
properties. 4 refs. for ground rubber continues to be asphalt rubber used in
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; road construction. The largest use of scrap tyres is for
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
tyre-derived fuel, which accounted for 40.9% of scrap
Accession no.883308 tyres, mostly as a supplemental fuel in the cement, paper
and electric industries.
Item 56 RMA
Scrap Tire News USA
17, No.2, Feb.2003, p.10 Accession no.881752
OHIO FIRM DEVELOPS SCRAP TIRE
DRAINAGE FILTER ELEMENTS Item 59
In Ohio, a new type of scrap tyre-chip drainage Àlter, Materials Recycling Week
developed by Terran Corp., is being employed to improve 181, No.10, 4th March 2003, p.8
both the installation and maintenance of underground TYRE RECYCLING DISCOURAGED BY WASTE
drainage systems. The new Àlters consist of tyre-chip DEFINITION
sacks which can be packed around underground drainage Thyer R
pipes to allow water to percolate into the soil. Full details The recycled tyre industry risks losing millions of pounds
are given here. because of the way waste is deÀned. Recent Europen
TERRAN CORP.; US,ARMY case law has changed waste tyres’ deÀnition, meaning
USA
that companies baling or crumbing tyres, storing them or
Accession no.883290 using them in construction require a Waste Management
Licence (WML). Buyers of baled or crumbed tyres for
building roads or surfaces need to have a WML to use
them, causing a lot of buyers to rethink their purchase.

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited 43

 References and Abstracts
Anglo Environmental Tyre Recycling makes Enviroblocks
from baled tyres, which can be used in road building and
other construction work. The company claims it has lost
more than 2m pounds sterling since June last year because
of the deÀnition’s interpretation.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.881631
Item 60
Engineer
291, No.7622, 7th-20th March 2003, p.12
WAVING ASIDE TYRE INCINERATION
Lee A
The development by UK company Amat of microwave
technology (patented under the name Z3a) that cleanly
converts potentially toxic products, such as car tyres,
into high-quality reusable waste is brieÁy discussed.
The technology is expected to appear Àrst abroad, as
UK government backing for controversial incineration
plants has effectively closed the door on Amat’s UK
commercial ambitions. In the case of tyres, degradation
products include high-grade carbon, which can be sold for
reuse, and oil of sufÀcient quality to be used to power the
microwave unit the next time it is used, making it energy
self-sufÀcient.
AMAT
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.881081
Item 61
Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2003, pp.134, 30
cm. Rapra Review Rept. No.156, Vol. 13, No. 12, 2003,
NALOAN
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT AND
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF POLYMERIC
PRODUCTS
O’Neill T J
Polymeron Consultancy Network
Edited by: Humphreys S
(Rapra Technology Ltd.)
Rapra.Review Rept.No.156
The use of life cycle assessment techniques to determine
the environmental impact of polymeric products is
discussed. The EU integrated product policy, and the
sustainability principle is examined. Life cycle analysis,
environmental impacts, and eco-proÀling of plastics are
considered, and the use of an eco-proÀle for PVC in
particular, is discussed. LCA models such as the Boustead
Model and Streamlined Product LCA are described. The
concept of Design for the Environment is discussed, with
reference to DfE databases and tools. 464 refs.
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN
EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.880407
44
Item 62
Tyres and Accessories
No.2, Feb.2003, p.30-3
WATSON BROWN HSM LTD.: TOMORROW’S
TECHNOLOGY TODAY
Scott E
The process of breaking down the chemical structure
of the crosslinked polymers of the vulcanised rubber of
waste tyres, and turning it into recyclable raw material,
falls under the spotlight in this detailed article. This is the
essence of a new technology being brought to the Àeld of
rubber recycling by a UK company, Watson Brown HSM.
Full details are presented here.
WATSON BROWN HSM; RAPRA TECHNOLOGY
LTD.
CANADA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.879586
Item 63
Scrap Tire News
17, No.1, Jan.2003, p.6
VEGETATION MAT BEING TESTED IN SANTA
CRUZ
This small article reports brieÁy on a multi-year project
which was begun in April 2002 by the California
Department of Transportation (Caltrans), to explore
the effectiveness of three weed-control alternatives to
herbicides along Highway 1 in Santa Cruz. They are two
types of solid matting: “Durotrim” (recycled scrap tyre
rubber) and “Weedender” (recycled plastic bottles), and
a liquid soil sealer called “PolyPavement”.
CALIFORNIA,DEPT.OF TRANSPORTATION
USA
Accession no.879548
Item 64
Scrap Tire News
17, No.1, Jan.2003, p.1/14
CHANGING FACE OF TIRE RECYCLING IN
EUROPE
It is explained that, with the dawn of 2003, the face of tyre
recycling in Europe is about to change, as the Àrst of three
major European Union directives affecting end-of-life
tyres comes into force on July 16th. This detailed article
looks at what the future holds for the scrap tyre recycling
industry in the region.
EUROPEAN TYRE RECYCLING ASSOCIATION;
GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER CO.; EUROPEAN
COMMISSION,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
INFORMATION EXCHANGE OFFICE; BLIC
AUSTRIA; BELGIUM; BENELUX; CANADA; CZECH REPUBLIC;
DENMARK; EASTERN EUROPE; EU; EUROPE-GENERAL;
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FINLAND;
FRANCE; GERMANY; GREECE; HUNGARY; IRELAND;
ITALY; LUXEMBOURG; NETHERLANDS; NORWAY; POLAND;
PORTUGAL; RUMANIA; SCANDINAVIA; SLOVAK REPUBLIC;
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
SLOVAKIA; SLOVENIA; SPAIN; SWEDEN; TURKEY; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.879547
Item 65
China Plastic and Rubber Journal
No.12-1, Dec.2002-Jan.2003, p.64-5
Chinese
HUGE POTENTIAL FOR WASTED TYRE
RECYCLING
Brief details are given of tyre recycling in China. Some
statistics are presented for tyre volume, retread companies
and renovation.
CHINA
Accession no.878781
Item 66
Rubber World
227, No.3, Dec.2002, p.14
SCRAP TIRE RECYCLING RATES REACH 77%
Over 75% of scrap tyres generated in the US are being
put to productive uses, according to a report issued by the
Rubber Manufacturers Association. Nearly 220 million
scrap tyres were used in end markets in 2001, some 77%
of the 281 million scrap tyres produced. One of the most
common markets for scrap tyres is ground rubber, which
is used to make playground surfaces, running tracks and
moulded rubber goods. The largest use for ground rubber
continues to be asphalt rubber which is used in road
construction. The fastest growing market for scrap tyres
is civil engineering. Shredded scrap tyres are used as Àll
for construction of highway embankments and bridge
abutments. They are also used in landÀll construction
projects in leachate collection systems. The largest use of
scrap tyres, approximately 40%, is for tyre-derived fuel.
RUBBER MANUFACTURERS’ ASSOCIATION
USA
Accession no.876375
Item 67
IEM - Industrial Environmental Management
13, No.7, Dec.2002, p.10
WHERE THERE’S RUBBER, THERE’S BRASS
It is brieÁy reported that Bandvule Tyres has teamed up
with ReMaDe Kernow to Ànd ways of converting the
rubber crumbs that are created when old truck tyres are
retreaded into new products. Bandvule currently collects
between 16,000 and 20,000 truck tyres a month, some
50% of which are already recycled by being retreaded.
Bandvule has designed and built a custom-made machine
for separating the tyre crumb that is created when tyres are
buffed down at the start of the retread process. The machine
separates the tyre crumb into three grades and extracts
metal fragments. The coarse grade is already being sold
for use on the surfaces of equestrian centres.
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
BANDVULE TYRES LTD.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.874730
Item 68
Industria della Gomma
46, No.1, Jan./Feb.2002, p.50-3
Italian
ROADS (AND MAYBE RAILWAYS) IN THE
FUTURE OF SCRAP TYRES
De Tuoni E
A review is presented of topics covered in a conference
on the disposal, recycling and reuse of scrap tyres held in
Milan on 15th November 2001. Trends in the recovery
and reuse of tyres in Italy and Europe were examined,
and applications of rubbers reclaimed from tyres in road
surfaces and as vibration insulation for railways and
tramways were discussed.
ASSOGOMMA; ECO.PNE.US; PISA,UNIVERSITY;
ROMA,UNIVERSITA LA SAPIENZA;
FIRENZE,UNIVERSITA; TARANTO,UNIVERSITA
EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN
UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.873922
Item 69
Indian Rubber Journal
66, Nov.-Dec.2002, p.94-5
DISPOSAL OF END-OF-LIFE TYRES
Cain M
It is claimed that in India, there is almost complete
reclamation of the materials from end-of-life tyres. About
90% of the material reclaimed is used in a wide variety of
products such as retreads, shoe soles and animal harness.
In North America and Europe, until recently, EOL tyres
were either buried in landÀll sites or stockpiled in huge
dumps. The US authorities soon took action to lay down
very strict regulations concerning the management of
tyre dumps and encouraged the rubber industry to Ànd
environmentally acceptable routes for disposal. Two of
the most successful large-scale uses found for EOL tyres
are as fuel for cement kilns and as rubberised asphalt for
roads. Under recent EU legislation on gaseous emissions,
many existing cement kilns will no longer be able to meet
emission standards using tyre-derived fuel.
WORLD
Accession no.871747
Item 70
Materials Recycling Week
180, No.22, 29th Nov.2002, p.7
ROAD-TESTING RECYCLED RUBBER
Faithful M
While shredding of scrap tyres is a well known process
in the UK, Inverness-based Northern Tyre Disposals
45
 References and Abstracts
believes that it is the only operator with a baler. The
equipment compresses the tyres into 900kg blocks
which are usable as an alternative to conventional road
aggregates and for a variety of support and water barrier
applications. The baler compresses around 110-115 road
tyres into a rubber block with a consequent volume
reduction of around 5:1.
NORTHERN TYRE DISPOSALS LTD.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.871724
Item 71
162nd ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 2002.
Proceedings of a conference held Pittsburgh, Pa., 8th-
11th Oct. 2002.
Akron, Oh., ACS Rubber Division, 2002, Paper 50,
pp.25, 28cm, 012
REGENERATION OF CARBON BLACK FROM
WASTE AUTOMOBILE TIRES AND ITS USE IN
CARCASS COMPOUND
Mondal N; Mukhopadhyay R; Gupta S D
Hari Shankar Singhania Elastomer & Tyre Res.Inst.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Carbon black was regenerated from waste automobile
tyres by pyrolysis and characterised by various techniques,
including determination of the iodine adsorption number,
nitrogen surface area measurements, pH determinations,
ESCA and surface structure analysis by scanning electron
microscopy. The processability, curing characteristics and
physical properties of tyre carcass formulations containing
the regenerated carbon black were also investigated and
compared with those of formulations containing virgin
blacks and heat treated blacks. 10 refs.
USA
Accession no.871348
Item 72
European Rubber Journal
184, No.10, Oct.2002, p.42-4
ROUTES TO ELT DISPOSAL
Shaw D
Three pieces of EU legislation - the landÀll directive,
the End of Life Vehicle directive and the incineration
directive - will place a requirement on the tyre industry
to Ànd capacity for a further 1500kt of tyres per year. This
compares with current annual arisings of about 2500kt
each year, according to the European Tyre Recyclers’
Association. In the year 2000-01, the EU disposed of
approximately 1350kt of end-of-life tyres in routes
other than landÀll. Of this, 500kt were used for physical
recycling, 550kt for energy recovery and 300kt for
retreading. About 20% of EU recyclers are expanding their
capacity, which should add around 30 new facilities by
the end of 2003. This will increase total capacity by some
33%. Simultaneously, the end-use markets are evolving
46
as overall volumes increase. The growth areas are in civil
engineering projects.
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN
EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.868130
Item 73
IEM - Industrial Environmental Management
13, No.4, Sept.2002, p.10
WASTE TYRES + POISON WATER = NEW FUEL
It is brieÁy reported that Advanced Energy Research has
developed a unique process which combines water and
carbon waste to produce a hydrogen-carbon gas, called
TrueFuel. The carbon used in the process can come from
a variety of waste sources, including rubber tyres, organic
waste material and biomass such as sugar cane waste. The
water component of the fuel can also be waste itself, such
as polluted water, salt water or contaminated waste water
from food processors, material dyeing or pharmaceutical
companies. Tests have revealed that the fuel has superior
engine Àring behaviour compared to other fuels and can
be used both in vehicles and in an industrial capacity.
ADVANCED ENERGY RESEARCH CORP.
USA
Accession no.865369
Item 74
GPEC 2002: Plastics Impact on the Environment.
Proceedings of a conference held Detroit, MI, 13th-14th
Feb. 2002.
BrookÀeld, CT, SPE, Paper 21, p.185-192, CD-ROM,
012
SCRAP TIRE LEGISLATION: A REVIEW OF THE
U.S. EXPERIENCE
Blumenthal M
US,Rubber Mfrs.’Assn.
(SPE,Environmental Div.)
The United States generates some 273 million scrap tyres
a year, and whilst the number is huge, a more disquieting
fact, it is argued, is that every state has its own approach to
scrap tyre legislation and regulation. This paper provides
a description of the regulatory and economic instruments
that have been used for end of life management of scrap
tyres. The role of the RMA is discussed, and details are
given of scrap tyre management programs currently in
operation. The principal markets for scrap tyres in terms of
types and volumes are indicated, and details are included
of market development models, the intent of each model
being to help promote markets that can be eventually
self-sustaining.
USA
Accession no.859606
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Item 75
Tire Business
19, No.24, 4th March 2002, p.15
RESEARCHER STUDIES RUBBER IN CEMENT
Moore M
A researcher in Arizona State University is experimenting
with crumb rubber from scrap tyres as an additive to
Portland concrete cement, mainly to give it a little more
cushion against cracking, which is concrete’s worst problem.
Details of this, and the other beneÀts which crumb rubber in
concrete can provide, are presented in this article.
ARIZONA,STATE UNIVERSITY; ARIZONA,DEPT.
OF TRANSPORTATION; ARIZONA,DEPT.OF
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
USA
Accession no.858942
Item 76
Polymer News
26, No.11, Nov.2001, p.392-6
EFFECTIVE RECYCLING OF SCRAP RUBBER
TIRES - ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS
Rudzinski W E; Kariduraganavar M Y; Aminabhavi T M
Southwest Texas,State University; Karnatak University;
Dharwad,Research Institute of Science & Technology
The constituents of tyres are described and alternative
technologies for recycling of scrap tyres are reviewed.
Particular attention is paid to pyrolysis and co-liquefaction
with coal and to the use of crumb rubber in concrete mixes
(for road surfacing) and as a fuel source. 59 refs.
INDIA; USA
Accession no.858353
Item 77
Scrap Tire News
16, No.6, June 2002, p.13-4
SPECIALTY CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
The patented Duraboard construction material is manufactured
by Tire Conversion Technologies from recycled tyre belts.
The material consists of tread belts from two different tyres
of the same size, laminated into a single solid rubber structure
reinforced with multiple steel belts. The process is brieÁy
described, together with suitable applications.
TIRE CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES
USA
Accession no.857877
Item 78
Tire Business
19, No.23, 18th Feb.2002, p.14
FIRM MAKING PENCILS FROM SCRAP TYRES
Dawson B
This small item tells the story of John Erlandson’s ideas
of wanting to work for himself and to achieve something
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
positive for the environment, namely to reduce the number
of scrap tyres stockpiled in the USA. His company,
Solution Line Inc., is now producing rubber pencils from
post-consumer scrap tyres, which are said to have unique
user touch and grip.
SOLUTION LINE INC.; GOODYEAR; FIRESTONE;
HYDRATECS INJECTION EQUIPMENT LTD.;
RUBBER DEVELOPMENT INC.
EUROPE-GENERAL; USA
Accession no.855888
Item 79
Plastics, Rubber and Composites
31, No.3, 2002, p.99-105
THERMOPLASTIC DYNAMIC VULCANISATES
CONTAINING LDPE, RUBBER, AND
THERMOCHEMICALLY RECLAIMED GROUND
TYRE RUBBER
Radheshkumar C; Karger-Kocsis J
Kaiserslautern,University
Thermochemically devulcanised ground tyre rubber(GTR)
was added to fresh rubber compositions (SBR, NR and
EPDM), which were then melt blended with LDPE.
During blending, dynamic curing was achieved using
sulphuric, phenolic and peroxide curing agents. Some
of the GTR was decomposed in the presence of 6 phr
Regen Agent-S reclaiming compound before being
incorporated into the blends. The resulting thermoplastic
dynamic vulcanisates had constant compositions, i.e.
LDPE/rubber/GTR 50:25:25. Sulphuric and phenolic
curing agents proved to be most suitable for dynamic
curing. The thermoplastic dynamic vulcanisates with the
best mechanical performance contained SBR and EPDM
rubbers. The observed improvements in mechanical
performance were attributed to chain entanglement and co-
crosslinking in the interphase between the GTR particles
and the surrounding matrix, i.e. with the fresh rubber
and/or LDPE. The phase morphology was assessed using
SEM on the etched surfaces of cryogenically fractured
thermoplastic dynamic vulcanisate compositions. 13
refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.854789
Item 80
Scrap Tire News
16, No.4, April 2002, p.1/3
NEW STADIUM TO USE FIELDTURF
As the Ford Motor Company’s year-long recall of 13
million Firestone tyres ofÀcially wound to a close in
March, news about the car maker’s efforts to assure that
all recalled tyres went to beneÀcial recycling markets
continued to make headlines. In early March a series of
media reports indicated that the Detroit Lions, owned by
William Clay Ford, father of Ford’s chairman and chief
47
 References and Abstracts
executive, will play on artiÀcial turf made from recycled
Firestone tyres at the new Ford Field Stadium when the
football season begins in the fall. The playing surface,
called FieldTurf and manufactured by a Montreal-based
company of the same name, FieldTurf, incorporates
recycled tyre crumb rubber as a major component in its
multi-layer construction. Details are given.
FORD MOTOR CO.; FIELDTURF
USA
Accession no.850166
Item 81
Tire Technology International
March 2002, p.28/32
MATURE PRODUCT
Shulman V L
ETRA
A report is presented on CEN Workshop Agreement
14243-1: Post-consumer tyre materials and representative
applications, the purpose of which is to provide a European
system of reference for materials produced from post-
consumer tyres and rubber waste based upon their
chemical and physical properties. The post-consumer tyre
materials market is brieÁy discussed, criteria accounting
for the use of a CEN Workshop Agreement (CWA) are
listed and the features of the CWA, which distinguish it
from other standards for post-consumer tyre materials and
representative applications and products, are listed.
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.849943
Item 82
Scrap Tire News
16, No.3, March 2002, p.1/3
ADDING A RESOURCE PAYS OFF
At the Seneca Meadows landÀll in Waterloo, NY, tyres
are recycled at the rate of about 1,000 per hour to
produce a recognised tyre chip product with multiple
civil engineering applications. The tyre chips are used as
a replacement for natural aggregate in the construction of
landÀll systems and expansion of new landÀll cells. The
company’s state-of-the-art tyre processing facility includes
a receiving station for incoming tyres, in-feed conveyors,
a high volume Columbus McKinnon tyre shredder and
discharge conveyors for moving the Ànished product to an
on-site storage area. The operation is capable of shredding
3 million tyres/year. Most recently, Seneca Meadows has
been actively working with the state of Pennsylvania’s
Waste Tire Pile Remediation Program.
SENECA MEADOWS INC.
USA
Accession no.847790
48
Item 83
Rubber and Plastics News
31, No.12, 14th Jan.2002, p.22
COUNTY REDUCES TYRE PILES
McMullen C
Two years ago, the people of Clark County, Ohio, needed
help with scrap tyres. Tyre piles at area farms and local
car salvage yards were becoming a nuisance. The county
health department worried about mosquitoes, and safety
ofÀcials worried about Àres. The Clark County Combined
Health District offered residents a grant to pitch in and
reduce the amount of scrap tyres, making the salvage yards’
job easier. The county originally sent the tyres to Columbus
for disposal, but ofÀcials realised they could do more.
With approval from the Ohio Environmental Protection
Agency and the Ohio Department of Health and funding
from the Ohio Department of Development, the county
is using shredded scrap tyres in absorption Àeld lines at
on-site septic systems. Columbus-based Central Ohio
Contractors agreed to transport and chip the tyres as an in-
kind contribution to the programme. Residents and salvage
yards pay one US dollar/tyre for disposal. Matching funds
from the county pay for spreading the tyres. MacGillivray
Contractors, which installed tyre chips at the county’s site,
says that the chips are lightweight and easy to move with
equipment and shovels. The Àrst of three planned projects
was installed in December in Bethel Township, Ohio. It
used 125 cubic yards of scrap tyre chips and 375 cubic
yards of gravel. This abstract includes all the information
contained in the original article.
OHIO,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY;
OHIO,DEPT.OF HEALTH
USA
Accession no.846939
Item 84
Progress in Rubber and Plastics Technology
17, No.3, 2001, p.149-61
PROPERTIES OF RUBBER MATERIALS
CONTAINING RECYCLED MICROBIALLY
DEVULCANISED CRYO-GROUND TYRE
RUBBER
Bredberg K; Christiansson M; Bellander M; Stenberg B;
Holst O
Lund,University; KTH
Cryo-ground tyre rubber is treated with the sulphur oxidising
bacterium Thiobacillus ferrooxidans in order to devulcanise
the surface of the ground particles. The devulcanised rubber
(15% (w/w)) is mixed with carbon black-Àlled NR, and
subsequently vulcanised. The physical properties of the
resulting material are examined. It is shown that the stress
relaxation properties are improved due to the microbial
treatment. The stress-at-break and swelling properties are
also positively affected by this process. 16 refs.
EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.843921
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Item 85
160th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 2001.
Cleveland, Oh., 16th-18th October 2001, Paper 39,
pp.14, 012
MECHANOCHEMICAL DEVULCANISATION OF
ELASTOMERS
Sangari S S; Kao N; Bhattacharya S N; Pavel D; Silva K
Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology; Rapid PaciÀc
Rollcovering Ltd.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
The mechanochemical devulcanisation of model Àlled
vulcanised SBR was carried out in an internal mixer using
various chemical mixtures at constant rotor speed and
temp. The three-dimensional structure of the vulcanised
SBR was broken down in a few minutes. As a result of
mechanochemical devulcanisation, the devulcanised SBR
became softer and could be revulcanised in a manner
similar to that of the virgin SBR. Crosslink density,
cure characteristics and mechanical properties of SBR
before and after devulcanisation were investigated. The
mechanochemical devulcanisation process was also used
to devulcanise ground rubber tyre tread compound(GRT).
The engineering properties of the GRT before and after
devulcanisation were compared with those of model SBR
compounds. The results obtained showed that both SBR
and GRT were successfully devulcanised. The revulcanised
samples exhibited good mechanical properties for use in
industrial applications. 25 refs.
AUSTRALIA; USA
Accession no.842976
Item 86
160th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 2001.
Cleveland, Oh., 16th-18th October 2001, Paper 34,
pp.14, 012
USING CRUMB RUBBER AS A FILTER MEDIA
FOR WASTEWATER FILTRATION
Yue-Feng Xie; Killian B A; Gaul A S
Penn State University
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
The use of the crumb rubber from waste tyres as a Àlter
medium for wastewater Àltration was investigated. Pilot
studies were conducted with both synthetic and Àeld
wastewater. The conventional sand or anthracite medium
had a reverse porosity gradient because the Àne grains
accumulated on the top of the bed and the large grains
accumulated at the bottom of the bed during stratiÀcation
after backwashing. As a compressible material, crumb
rubber medium had an ideal porosity gradient because the
top layer of the medium was the least compressed and the
bottom layer of the medium was the most compressed. In
comparison with the sand or anthracite Àlter, the crumb
rubber Àlter favoured in-depth Àltration and allowed longer
Àltration times and higher Àltration rates. For turbidity and
total suspended solids removal, the crumb rubber Àlter
performed similarly to the sand/anthracite Àlter. As a result
of its longer Àltration times and higher Àltration rates, the
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
use of crumb rubber as a Àlter medium could signiÀcantly
increase Àltration efÀciency. 6 refs.
USA
Accession no.842972
Item 87
160th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 2001.
Cleveland, Oh., 16th-18th October 2001, Paper 8, pp.7,
012
NEW METHOD FOR UTILIZING PYROLYZED
PRODUCTION OF SCRAP TIRES
Ebrahymi M; Ansari A R; Nia M H
Kavir Tyre Co.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
The production of carbon black by pyrolysis of scrap tyres
under vacuum is discussed, together with the reuse of the
carbon black as a Àller in tyres. Topics covered included
the pyrolysis technology, factors affecting the quality of the
carbon black produced, differences between commercial
carbon black and that prepared by pyrolysis and analysis
of the ash content in pyrolysed carbon black. 5 refs.
IRAN; USA
Accession no.842949
Item 88
Journal of Elastomers and Plastics
33, No.1, Jan. 2001, p.47-71
PLASTIC/RUBBER BLENDS OF
ULTRASONICALLY DEVULCANIZED GRT
WITH HDPE
Hong C K; Isayev A I
Akron,University
Ground tyre rubber and ultrasonically devulcanised ground
tyre rubber were blended with HDPE in an internal mixer.
The devulcanised ground rubber tyre with curatives was
mixed with HDPE and dynamically revulcanised in an
internal mixer. Also, HDPE and ground rubber tyre blends
mixed earlier in a twin screw extruder, were passed through
the ultrasonic devulcanisation extruder and dynamically
revulcanised by means of the internal mixer and the twin
screw extruder. Dynamic revulcanised rubber phase caused
an increase in the viscosity of the blends and mechanical
properties are shown to be improved by dynamic
revulcanisation using a small amount of crosslinking agent.
Dynamically revulcanised HDPE/revulcanised ground
tyre rubber blends mixed by a twin screw extruder prior
to devulcanisation possessed better mechanical properties.
Mechanical, rheological, thermal, and morphological
properties are further discussed. 31 refs.
USA
Accession no.840560
49
 References and Abstracts
Item 89
Materials World
9, No.11, Nov. 2001, p.14
WHEELS OF FORTUNE
Williams P
Leeds,University
High-value chemical yields have been produced from the
pyrolysis of scrap tyres by researchers at the University
of Leeds. The pyrolysis process has been refined by
the researchers by the use of a novel application of
catalyst technology. The oils derived from the thermal
decomposition of the tyres, are passed over a catalyst and
condensed using a selective temperature condensation
system, which concentrates the higher value aromatic
chemicals as a separate fraction. This reduces the amount
of oil obtained, but the catalyst promotes the formation of
low molecular weight aromatic compounds in high yields.
Using the new process, 32% of the tyre is reported to be
recycled into high quality oil containing benzene, toluene
and xylene.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.840533
Item 90
Elastomery
5, No.5, 2001, p.29-34
Polish
NEW DEVULCANISATION TECHNOLOGY:
RU-RUBBER - FROM WASTE TYRES INTO NEW
TYRES
Yuasa Y
Takaoka & Co.Ltd.
New devulcanisation technology is presented. The RU-
Rubber process is based on mixing tyre crumb with tailor-
made activator, modiÀer, catalyst and nucleophilic agent.
The reclaimed rubber produced through this process has
good physical properties.
JAPAN
Accession no.839943
Item 91
ITEC ASIA 2001. Conference Proceedings.
Buson, Korea, 18th-20th September 2001, Paper 8
REVIEW OF TYRE DISPOSAL TECHNOLOGY
- RECYCLING OF SCRAP TYRES IN KOREA
Chung H S
Daejeon,Institute of Geology,Mining & Materials
(Crain Communications Ltd.)
The recycling of scrap tyres has become a large problem
from the viewpoint of their disposal and utilisation. Scrap
tyres were estimated to total about one million in 1992, and
to have increased to about 20 million in 2000. About 32%
of this total is estimated to have been recycled in 1992,
and 67% in 1999. Until 1996, most were consumed for
civil structure construction as received. Presently, they are
50
widely used as value added raw materials such as crumb
rubber or as thermal fuels for cement kilns. The scrap tyre
recovery situation in Korea is reviewed.
KOREA
Accession no.839886
Item 92
Scrap Tire News
15, No.12, Dec.2001, p.12-3
NEW YORK COUNTY LEADS THE WAY FOR
ENGINEERED USE OF TIRE BALES
This article looks back on New York County’s pilot tyre
recycling road-building operation, a three-part project
which used thousands of baled scrap tyres as sub-grade
material to reconstruct stretches of roadway, instead
of using a typical gravel sub-base. Full details of this
successful waste management programme are provided.
NEW YORK,DEPT.OF ENVIRONMENTAL
CONSERVATION; CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY,DEPT.
OF PUBLIC WORKS
USA
Accession no.838622
Item 93
Scrap Tire News
15, No.12, Dec.2001, p.6
FORD APPROVES NRI’S TIRE DERIVED TPE
Highlighted in this small article is “Symar T-700”, the
newest grade of tyre-derived thermoplastic elastomer from
NRI Industries Inc. of Canada. The new material contains
50 percent recycled material and has just received approval
from Ford Motor Co. Brief details are given.
NRI INDUSTRIES INC.; FORD MOTOR CO.
CANADA
Accession no.838621
Item 94
Reuse/Recycle
31, No.3, March 2001, p.18-9
USE OF RECYCLED TIRES IN RESIDENTIAL
LEACHING FIELD SYSTEMS
This article highlights a recently-published technical
report from the Chelsea Center for Recycling & Economic
Development, entitled “Investigation of Tire Shreds for
Use in Residential Subsurface Leaching Field Systems:
A Field Scale Study”. The study concluded that leaching
Àeld trenches using tyre-shreds instead of gravel perform
at the same level of gravel trenches, once a stable microbial
population is formed.
CHELSEA CENTER FOR RECYCLING
& ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT;
MASSACHUSETTS,UNIVERSITY
USA
Accession no.838602
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Item 95
Rubber and Plastics News
31, No.6, 15th Oct.2001, p.29
FURNACE USES WHOLE TYRES
Hayhurst T
It is brieÁy reported that Atlantic PaciÀc Energy Systems’
patented rotary furnace can reduce a 20-pound passenger
tyre to one pound of ash in 30 seconds. Carbon black is
combusted during the process, in which temperatures reach
2,300F, and even the wire is consumed in the heat. The
resulting bottom and Áy ash are taken to a non-hazardous
landÀll. One pound of scrap tyre rubber can produce
15,000 British thermal units. Producing 26,000 pounds of
steam in an hour with scrap tyres generates 98 US dollars
in income.
ATLANTIC PACIFIC ENERGY SYSTEMS INC.
USA
Accession no.837856
Item 96
Scrap Tire News
15, No.11, Nov. 2001, p.13-4
FRENCH TYRE INDUSTRY TACKLES SCRAP
TYRES
A new organisation, called Valorpneus, has been
established by the French tyre manufacturing sector to
handle the elimination of scrap tyres. This organisation
will set up collection centres and establish research and
development projects on the uses of recycled tyre rubber
in civil engineering, sound prooÀng and other areas. The
French government’s approach to scrap tyre recycling is
indicated.
VALORPNEUS
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.835982
Item 97
Scrap Tire News
15, No.11, Nov. 2001, p.12
UK TYRE PYROLYSIS PLANT NEARING START-
UP
Coalite Smokeless Fuels is reported to be in the Ànal
stages of setting up a tyre recycling operation at its plant
in Bolsover, Derbyshire. CBp Technology, located in
Missouri, has upgraded the raw pyrolysis char produced
as a by-product of the pyrolysis process and shown that
the pyro-char has market potential as a reinforcing black
Àller in rubbers.
COALITE SMOKELESS FUELS; CBP
TECHNOLOGY
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.835981
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 98
IEM - Industrial Environmental Management
12, No.6, Nov.2001, p.24
PYROLYSIS TURNS SCRAP TYRES INTO OIL
AND GAS
An innovative British scientist, Dr Paul Williams of
Leeds University, may spark a renewed interest in the
environmentally-friendly but little-used recycling process
of pyrolysis, and help to reduce the growing mountain of
scrap tyres awaiting disposal around the UK. Every year,
1,000 m tyres are manufactured worldwide, each lasting
for approximately 50,000km. In Britain, over 38 million
worn tyres are replaced each year with only 40% recycled
as reclaimed materials or incinerated for energy recovery.
The three most common ways to recycle scrap tyres are
retreading, use as fuel in cement kilns, and crumbing
which involves shredding the tyres for use as sports or
childrens’ play area surfaces. Unfortunately the retreading
market suffers from the availability of cheap new tyres
from manufacturers in the Far East; the play and sport
surface market is regarded as mature; and while there is
potential for the road surface and pavement surfacing to
be brought into use, further trials are necessary and the
lack of demand in the interim may force many crumbing
businesses to fold. Details are given.
LEEDS,UNIVERSITY
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.835677
Item 99
Industria della Gomma
45, No.2, March 2001, p.37-40
Italian
SCRAP TYRE MANAGEMENT: THE OPINION
OF THE MANUFACTURERS
Giuliani G
The environmental impact of scrap tyres is discussed,
and methods used in their recycling and disposal and
applications of the reclaimed materials are examined.
Some developments in European Union directives relating
to the recycling of tyres and other automotive components
are also reviewed.
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN
EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.835429
Item 100
Industria della Gomma
45, No.1, Jan./Feb.2001, p.37-9
Italian
ECO.PNE.US: AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF
TYRE RECOVERY
A review is presented of topics discussed at an international
workshop on scrap tyres held by Eco.Pne.Us of Italy
on 17th November 2000, at which the position of tyre
51
 References and Abstracts
recycling and reuse in Germany, Italy, Japan and the USA
was reported. Details are also given of studies of scrap
tyre recovery undertaken by Italian university students
and which were awarded prizes by Eco.Pne.Us.
ECO.PNE.US; SCRAP TIRE MANAGEMENT
COUNCIL; JAPAN TIRE RECYCLING
ASSOCIATION; ASSOGOMMA; ENEA; ISTITUTO
PER L’AMBIENTE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
ITALY; JAPAN; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.835425
Item 101
Polymer Recycling
6, No.1, 2001, p.11-6
RECYCLING OF SCRAP TIRES RUBBER BY
MECHANOCHEMICAL DEVULCANIZATION
Padella F; Cavalieri F; D’Uva G; La Barbera A;
Cataldo F
Italy,National Agency for Environment & New
Technologies
A description is given of a mechanochemical devulcanisation
technique for ground rubber from scrap tyres. The method
uses a high energy ball milling technique in order to
produce recycled rubber and to ascertain that the impact
mechanical energy transferred to the polymeric powder
is effective in breaking down sulphur-sulphur bonds. The
reclaiming action of 2-butanol, added to the rubber powder
during mechanical milling is also studied. It is shown that
surface activated rubber powder produced in this way can
be blended with virgin rubber and recured. The progress
of devulcanisation is evaluated by estimating the sol
and gel fractions in the milled powders and by swelling
measurements. Mechanical properties of vulcanised blends
containing milled rubber and virgin rubber are evaluated
and compared to those of equivalent samples contained
unmilled ground rubber. 11 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.834281
Item 102
Tyres and Accessories
No.10, Oct. 2001, p.34/43
WASTE TYRES: PROBLEM OR A RESOURCE
Scott E
The scale of the problem of scrap tyres and possible
solutions to the problem of tyre disposal and recycling
are examined. Some of the solutions are evaluated and
various companies involved in tyre disposal and/or
recycling are profiled. Solutions considered include
cryogenics, shearing, microwave devulcanisation and
pyrolysis. Several uses to which scrap tyres have been put
are exempliÀed to show that scrap tyres can be utilised
for more than just conventional applications, such as boat
fenders for marine vessels and barriers for race tracks.
52
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.833584
Item 103
ENDS Report
No.321, Oct.2001, p.26-30
USED TYRES: FACING UP TO THE LANDFILL
BAN
In 1993, the DTI convened a used tyre working group
(UTWG) to discuss ways of improving tyre recovery. The
group’s latest Àgures reveal little progress. In 1999, reuse
and recovery remained at just over 70%, the same as in
1995. Illegal tyre dumping remains a serious problem. EU
legislation bans landÀlling of whole tyres from July 2003
and shredded tyres from July 2006. Recycling or recovery
outlets will eventually have to be found for an additional
200,000 tonnes of scrap tyres. From this autumn, more
tyres will be used as fuel by the cement industry. Energy
Power Resources has achieved Ànal Ànancial closure for
a gasiÀcation plant at Four Ashes near Wolverhampton
and the company hopes it will be built by the end of 2003.
Advanced Molecular Agitation Technology has developed
a microwave pyrolysis process for tyres which the UTWG
believes has great potential, especially for processing
automotive shredder residue.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.831494
Item 104
European Rubber Journal
183, No.10, Oct.2001, p.18
TDF STANDARD ISSUED
Moore M
The American Society for Testing & Materials has issued
a standard for tyre-derived fuel, it is brieÁy reported. Such
a standard should eliminate some of the barriers against
acceptance of TDF as a supplement fuel. Sizing and wire
content were crucial elements in the new standard. The
ASTM document sets a suggested standard size for TDF
chips of no more than 2 inches in length.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING &
MATERIALS
USA
Accession no.831436
Item 105
European Rubber Journal
183, No.10, Oct.2001, p.18
CEMENT FIRM GETS GREEN LIGHT TO BURN
TYRES IN UK
Raleigh P
It is brieÁy reported that Blue Circle Cement has gained
approval to burn up to 4 million scrap tyres a year as a partial
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
fuel replacement at its Westbury, Wiltshire, works, and
another 4 million tyres/year at its Dunbar works in Scotland.
The tyres are to be supplied by Sapphire Energy Recovery,
a joint venture between Blue Circle and Michelin Tyre.
BLUE CIRCLE CEMENT
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.831435
Item 106
Elastomery
5, No.4, 2001, p.25-30
Polish
WAYS OF RECYCLING WORN-OUT TYRES IN
FRANCE
Krolikiewicz M
Problems resulting from excessive accumulation of worn-out
tyres in France are discussed. Some ways of reuse, particularly
in engineering applications, are presented. 3 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.831214
Item 107
Elastomery
5, No.4, 2001, p.8-16
Polish
APPLICATIONS OF WASTE TYRE RUBBER
GRANULATE TO MODIFICATION OF
ASPHALTS USED IN ROAD BUILDING
Radziszewski P; Kalabinska M; Pilat J
Warsaw,Polytechnic; Bialystok,Technical University
The ecological use of crumb rubber from used car tyres to
bitumen modiÀcation, which is utilised for road pavement
construction, is examined. An overview is presented
of the state-of-the-art of the asphalt-rubber production
technology, and factors inÁuencing bitumen properties
are discussed. Laboratory test methods of modified
binder characterisation are described, together with
required values for the USA and the Republic of South
Africa guidelines, countries leading in the technology of
bitumen modiÀcation with crumb rubber addition. Basing
on chosen research results there is proven favourable
viscoelastic behaviour of asphalt rubber compared with
non-modiÀed bitumen. 5 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.831212
Item 108
BioCycle Journal of Composting and Recycling
42, No.9, Sept.2001, p.74
BUILDING DAMS FROM BALED SCRAP TYRES
Rooke L
Approximately 100,000 US dollars per year have been awarded
to the Northwest Arkansas Regional District in Harrison from
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
tyre fees collected statewide. It was decided that the most cost-
effective solution to dispose of the tyres was to pay a contractor
to pick up the waste tyres from local collection centres in each
county, take them to a permitted baling operation, and place
them in a dam construction project located north of Mountain
Home, Arkansas. Work on the water-impounding dam began
in 1995. The dam will encompass about ten surface acres of
water and use in excess of 4.5 million tyres.
USA
Accession no.829843
Item 109
BioCycle Journal of Composting and Recycling
42, No.9, Sept.2001, p.8/10
CHALLENGING THE MYTHS OF USING WASTE
TYRES AS FUEL
Researchers at the University of California have concluded
that using waste tyres as fuel, especially in cement kilns,
produces increased emissions of toxic pollutants which are
hazardous to health. They are optimistic that technological
innovations, particularly devulcanisation of tyre rubber, will
create markets. The researchers advocate a multipart strategy
for phasing in recycling of waste tyres to replace reliance on
tyre-derived fuel. This includes requiring long-lived tyres
on new cars and light trucks, and mandating increased use
of rubberised asphalt concrete in road paving.
CALIFORNIA,UNIVERSITY
USA
Accession no.829841
Item 110
British Plastics and Rubber
Sept.2001, p.86
NEW PYROLYSIS TECHNIQUE ADDS VALUE
TO TYRE SCRAP
Developments at the University of Leeds could add up to
1 pound sterling to the value of a recycled tyre. By adding
a secondary catalytic converter to deal with evolved gases,
it has been possible to increase the yield of high-value
chemicals from pyrolysed tyres by as much as 40 times.
The process involves degrading the tyre by heat in the
absence of oxygen. Instead of burning, the tyre breaks
down to oils and gases, leaving a residue of carbon and
steel. The oils contain valuable chemical compounds such
as benzene, toluene, xylenes and limonene. Meanwhile,
it is the solids, the carbon and steel, that have made an
opportunity for BMH Chronos Richardson. Coalite is to
convert some of its plants and equipment to scrap tyre
pyrolysis. BMH Chronos Richardson has been awarded
a 250,000 pounds sterling contract to supply materials
handling systems centred on a Scott turbo separator that
will sort steel residues from carbon char.
LEEDS,UNIVERSITY; BMH CHRONOS RICHARDSON
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.829753
53
 References and Abstracts
Item 111
European Rubber Journal
183, No.9, Sept.2001, p.44
BLIC PUBLISHES NEW EUROPEAN SCRAP
TYRE DATA
BLIC has released new data on the estimated quantities of
used tyres generated in European countries. A used tyres
analysis in 2000 is presented. Information includes tyre
arisings, overall recovery rate, reuse, retreading, material
recycling, energy recovery, export and landÀll.
BLIC
EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.828554
Item 112
RUBBER IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL AGE
- PROGRESS IN RECYCLING. Proceedings of a one-
day seminar held Shawbury, 18th November 1996.
Shawbury, 1996, paper 5. pp.2. 012
IS PYROLYSIS ECONOMIC?
Jervis A
Beven Recycling (UK) Ltd.
(Rapra Technology Ltd.)
The economic feasibility of scrap tyre recycling by
pyrolysis is discussed with reference to the activities
of Beven Recycling which operates a full scale, single
retort tyre pyrolysis plant on a customer’s site in Witney,
Oxfordshire. It is argued that a gate fee is required in order
to fund the process, but that the cost to the environment,
rather than the cost to the customer should be considered
as Àrst priority. The selling-on of by-products from the
pyrolysis process is examined, with details of prices and
yields. It is claimed that a proper structure within the
industry is required to promote the economic recycling
of scrap tyres, such as the one in Sweden where a levy
on all new tyres sold is collected by the tyre recycling
board and used for the collection, handling and recycling
of waste tyres.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.827849
Item 113
RUBBER IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL AGE
- PROGRESS IN RECYCLING. Proceedings of a one-
day seminar held Shawbury, 18th November 1996.
Shawbury, 1996, paper 3. pp.5. 012
PROGRESS IN TYRE RECYCLING
Ketteringham K; Herd D; McCubbin I
City Energy Ltd.
(Rapra Technology Ltd.)
The recycling of scrap tyres by pyrolysis is discussed,
with reference to the project being undertaken by City
Energy Ltd. of ShefÀeld, (CEL). The technique chosen
involves the heating of a tyre in an air-free environment
to drive out the volatile components without causing
54
combustion. The company has adopted and licensed a
rotary thermal processing or calciner system, which is
used extensively in the chemical industry for the large
scale continuous pyrolysis of a wide variety of materials.
In order to achieve the highest plant efÀciency and the best
environmental proÀle, the primary recovery of products
was integrated with the upgrading of those products for
secondary added value applications. A Áow diagram is
included to illustrate the production process for 75,000
tonnes of pre-washed shredded tyres per year, and details
are given of the recovered products, (oil, gas, carbon and
steel) by yield. Also considered are the Ànancing and
economics of the project.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.827847
Item 114
Speciality Chemicals
21, No.7, Sept. 2001, p.6
CHEMICALS FROM PYROLYSED SCRAP TYRES
A chemist at the University of Leeds has succeeded
in increasing the yield by up to 40 fold, of high value
chemicals from scrap tyres by passing the gases evolved
through a secondary catalytic reactor as part of a pyrolysis
treatment to recycle the materials. The oil produced during
pyrolysis contains compounds such as benzene, toluene,
xylenes and limonene, but until recently the quantities
produced have been insufÀcient to offset the cost of the
treatment. Typical yields are brieÁy discussed.
LEEDS,UNIVERSITY; LEEDS INNOVATIONS
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.827678
Item 115
Shawbury, 1996, 8 papers, 30cm. 012
RUBBER IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL AGE:
PROGRESS IN RECYCLING. A SEMINAR HELD
SHAWBURY, 18TH NOVEMBER 1996.
(Rapra Technology Ltd.)
This one-day seminar included eight papers concerned
with various topics in the recycling of rubber. These
topics included the inÁuence of markets and legislation
in the rubber recycling industry, tyre recycling, cryogenic
solutions and environmental approaches.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.825981
Item 116
Scrap Tire News
15, No.7, July 2001, p.7
RECYCLE YOUR SUMMER
Splaff Flopps’ sandals, which are made from recycled tyres,
used bicycle inner tubes, hemp fabric and a cushioning
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
material made from used tyres which have been chipped
and pressed into mats, are brieÁy described.
SPLAFF FLOPPS
USA
Accession no.825059
Item 117
Scrap Tire News
15, No.7, July 2001, p.1/3
I-880 INTERCHANGE SHOWCASES TIRE
RECYCLING POTENTIAL
A brief report is presented on the use of shredded scrap tyres
as lightweight Àll in the reconstruction of an interchange
ramp for one of the California Bay Area’s busiest freeways.
The tyres are shredded down to 2 to 12 inch chips and
wrapped in a liner of geotextile fabric and soil. The use of
tyre chips is said to cause less settlement than soil, allowing
paving and construction to start much sooner.
CALIFORNIA,DEPT.OF TRANSPORTATION;
CALIFORNIA INTEGRATED WASTE
MANAGEMENT BOARD
USA
Accession no.825057
Item 118
Scrap Tire News
15, No.8, Aug. 2001, p.1-3
RTI UNVEILS NEW RUBBER RECYCLING
TECHNOLOGY
Recycling Technologies International LLC has been
awarded Pennsylvania’s Àrst performance based loan to
expand production of its crumb rubber processing plant
for recycling scrap tyres generated and discarded in
Pennsylvania and surrounding states. The company has
installed a new dual drive cracker mill and supplies its
Lancaster, PA based manufacturing partner, Dodge-Regupol
Inc., with crumb rubber, which is used to make bonded
rubber goods, such as Áooring for sports applications. Brief
details are provided of RTI’s new processing line.
RECYCLING TECHNOLOGIES INTERNATIONAL
LLC; DODGE-REGUPOL INC.
USA
Accession no.824854
Item 119
Tire Technology International
June 2001, p.48-51
THE WASTE PROBLEM - CURED
Brown C J; Brown D A; Hodgkinson N M; Watson W F
Watson Brown HSM Ltd.
The results are reported of a series of experiments carried
out to evaluate HSM technology for recycling scrap
rubber tyres. The test results and data were analysed
using ECHIP experimental design software to identify
important variables and generate response surface maps
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
showing the effects of variables on each response. The
data show through small-scale experiments that rubber
can be recycled using a simple mechanical process,
giving materials, which almost match the original physical
properties, while containing a large amount of previously
cured rubber. Details are also provided on current research
and developments at Watson Brown Ltd.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.823042
Item 120
IRC 2001. Proceedings of a conference held
Birmingham, 12th.-14th. June.
Birmingham, IOM Communications, 2001, p.380-393. 012
OPTIMIZATION OF A NATURAL RUBBER
REGENERATION PROCESS
Wijers B G C J
Vredestein Rubber Resources
(Institute of Materials)
The further optimisation of the recycling process of natural
rubber is the subject of research at Vredestein. Currently,
the rubber is recycled by means of a combination of
thermal and mechanical regeneration techniques In a study
towards optimisation of the process and products it was
found that adding a deÀned amount of a heterogeneous
catalyst decreased the process cycles with 40% and the
process temperature with 24%. At the same time, the
physical properties of this catalytic regenerated rubber
increased. Details are given of improvement in average
tensile strength and the elongation at break. Mooney
viscosity during storage seems to be the disadvantage
of the catalytic regenerated rubber. For the catalytic
regenerated rubber, this increase is twice as high as for the
normal regenerated rubber. Therefore, research was done
on neutralising this phenomenon. In this investigation,
attempts were made to explain the differences between the
“normal” and the catalytic regenerated rubber. Therefore,
the Horikx plot was calculated, in which the relationship
is made between the soluble fraction after regeneration
and the relative decrease in crosslink density, as a result of
either main chain scission or crosslink scission. 5 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.820071
Item 121
IRC 2001. Proceedings of a conference held
Birmingham, 12th.-14th. June.
Birmingham, IOM Communications, 2001, p.363-371. 012
SCRAP TIRE MANAGEMENT IN THE UNITED
STATES
Blumenthal M
US,Rubber MFRS.’Assn.; Scrap Tire Management Council
(Institute of Materials)
The role of the Scrap Tire Management Council is
discussed, with reference to current trends in US scrap tyre
55
 References and Abstracts
management. Many countries are confronting the problems
posed by scrap tires, and are seeking to identify useful
economic and regulatory techniques for managing these
tires. This paper provides examples from the United States
of regulatory and economic instruments, and management
and marketing systems, that have been used for successful
end of life management of scrap tires. In economic terms,
a waste material is any discarded material that has negative
value: its disposal or reuse costs money. Currently, in most of
the world, scrap tires are a waste material in this economic
sense: it costs money to have them removed from the point
of generation for processing, use, or disposal. Some markets
will value scrap tires positively, although usually not be
enough to cover the cost for transport and processing needed
to get the scrap tires into that market. This issue can be
addressed in two ways: lower the costs of disposal or raise
the value of the material. Those states that have achieved the
most success in their scrap tire management programs are
those who have successfully addressed one or both of these
issues. This paper examines all factors that have fostered the
development of an effective market infrastructure.
USA
Accession no.820069
Item 122
Elastomery
5, No.2, 2001, p.38-40
SCRAP TYRES PYROLYSIS. TECHNOLOGY
AND EQUIPMENT UPDATE, BY-PRODUCTS
VALORISATION
Jung C G; Fontana A
Brussels,Free University
A brief overview is presented on industrial and pilot
plants for scrap tyre pyrolysis with different technologies
including or not a post-treatment. An evaluation of
different combinations of unit processes to achieve
marketable secondary raw material is given. 2 refs.
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.819875
Item 123
Scrap Tire News
15, No.6, June 2001, p.3
GROWING WITH THE TIMES
A proÀle is presented on Florida Tire Recycling, one of
the largest tyre recycling companies in the Southeastern
USA. The company produces a range of products from
scrap tyres at its Port St. Lucie tyre processing plant,
which utilises mechanical grinding and screening systems
to process the scrap tyres. Products include RubberRock
lightweight aggregate, Safety+Play playground surfacing
and PaveFlex asphalt additives.
FLORIDA TIRE RECYCLING
USA
Accession no.818716
56
Item 124
Rubber and Plastics News 2
22, No.12, 26th March 2001, p.5
PROCESS YIELDS ACTIVE CARBON FROM
RECYCLING
Moore M
After years of research and development, Titan Technologies
has successfully activated the carbon it produces from its
proprietary scrap tyre recycling process. This means the
company can assure prospective of a deÀnite market for
the 50,000 lb of carbon each of its plants can produce
daily. Wastewater treatment plants use activated carbon,
as do coal-fuelled power plants to absorb mercury from
Áue gases. Tests performed by the University of Illinois’
Illinois State Geological Survey are reported to have
shown Titans activated carbon to be superior to other
commercially available carbons in both applications. Brief
details are given.
TITAN TECHNOLOGIES INC.
USA
Accession no.818091
Item 125
Polymer Reaction Engineering
9, No.1, 2001, p.19-36
MODEL COMPOUND STUDIES OF THE
DEVULCANIZATION OF RUBBER VIA PHASE
TRANSFER CATALYSIS
Milani M; Schork F J; Liotta C L; Poehlein G W
Georgia,Institute of Technology
Results are reported of preliminary attempts to develop a
low cost process for recycling of tyres using phase transfer
catalysis to cleave the sulphur crosslinks in vulcanised
rubber. Model compounds and SBR were used to study the
cleavage of both disulphide and monosulphide bond via
phase transfer catalysis. Although the chemistry proved to
be capable of cleaving sulphur bonds in model compounds,
the work on SBR was inconclusive, presumably because the
extreme reaction conditions induced various undetermined
side reactions. 8 refs.
USA
Accession no.817601
Item 126
Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 1995, pp.182. 30
cms., 21/6/01. Rapra Industry Analysis Series
SCRAP TYRES - DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING
OPTIONS
Dufton P W
Rapra Technology Ltd.
This report follows a tyre through its life and considers the
various options for its subsequent recycling and disposal.
Statistical data are included for the production of scrap
tyres, waste tyre arising in the UK, and exports of worn
tyres, arisings via vehicle dismantlers, and overseas trade
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
in reconditioned, retreaded and used tyres. Options for
reducing and recycling waste are considered, together with
options for second uses. In particular, the tyre retreading
industry is examined, recycling methods, including tyres
as a source of energy and materials. Uses for scrap tyres in
whole or part form are considered, and disposal regulations
for the UK, EU, and North America are discussed.
EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN
UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.817340
Item 127
Elastomery
5, No.1, 2001, p.13-6
RECYCLING OF POST-CONSUMER TIRES
WITH METALLIC CORD BY MAGNETIC
SHOCK METHOD
Bedjukh A; Youssef H
Kiev,Taras Shevchenko University; Hares Youssef
Handels GmbH
Details are given of results of metal and rubber separation
inside post-consumer tyres by magnetic shock method and
some calculations of commercial tyre recycling with the
method. Mention is also made of mechanical crushing and
modiÀcation of crumb rubber. 1 ref.
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.817270
Item 128
Scrap Tire News
15, No.5, May 2001, p.9
COMPANIES PROPOSE TIRE-FUELLED
ENERGY FACILITY FOR PUERTO RICO
EarthFirst Technologies Inc. and the Tiarga Corporation
have agreed to assemble and operate a Green Waste
to Energy, (GWE) system 40-ton per day solid waste
facility. The system converts solid waste to oils, carbon
and a combustible gas. Feedstock for the process will
be primarily shredded tyres and certain conventional
solid wastes. A brief description is given of the GWE
system which is a patent application pending solid waste
destructive distillation energy recovery system, and details
are also given of the plant’s output.
EARTHFIRST TECHNOLOGIES INC.; TIARGA
CORP.
PUERTO RICO; USA
Accession no.817068
Item 129
Scrap Tire News
15, No.5, May 2001, p.5
CIWMB APPROVES SPENDING PLAN FOR
TIRE PROGRAM
It is announced with brief details that the California
Integrated Waste Management Board has approved a 30.3
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
US dollar spending proposal for the next Àscal year’s
(2001-02) tyre program. The spending plan is part of the
Board’s Five Year Plan for tyres, developed in response
to new tyre legislation which increased the recycling
fee charged on new tyre sales to 1 US dollar per tyre.
The new fee will result in an annual fund of around 30
million US dollars for tyre programs. Further allocated
expenditure by the Board for funding the enforcement of
and regulations relating to the storage of waste and used
tyres, clean up, abatement, and waste tyre remediation
efforts is reported.
CALIFORNIA INTEGRATED WASTE
MANAGEMENT BOARD
USA
Accession no.817063
Item 130
Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2001, pp.200. 30
cms., 1/6/01. Rapra Industry Analysis Series
END-OF-LIFE TYRES - EXPLOITING THEIR
VALUE
Dufton P W
Rapra Technology Ltd.
The management of scrap tyres is examined, including
methods of exploiting their value, with reference mainly
to trends and developments in North America, the UK
and the EU. The report follows a tyre through its life
and considers the various options for its subsequent
management, recovery and recycling. A brief description
is given of the tyre’s construction and design, accompanied
by a discussion of trends in tyre manufacturing which
may affect subsequent recycling. The retread industry
and its relevance to the recycling issues is examined in
detail. The different routes that a non-retreadable tyre may
possibly take are considered, and include use as a material,
a source of energy, non-rubber physical uses, and some
disposal options. Technologies and processes that provide
a secondary material are covered, with individual sections
dealing with rubber crumb, pyrolysis, and reclaim rubber
and other chemical and/or thermal processes. Energy
recovery techniques are reviewed, and applications for
end-of-life tyres in some physical inert form, such as for
breakwaters and barriers are described
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.815477
Item 131
Scrap Tire News
15, No.4, April 2001, p.24
CM TAKES SHREDDING UP A NOTCH, GETS
WIRE OUT
Brief product details are given of three new tyre shredding
systems from Columbus Mckinnon Corp. for use in
recycling operations. The CM Primary Tire Shredding
System and the CM Liberator are capable of processing
57
 References and Abstracts
steel-belted tyres. The former provides high quality, clean
cut chips with very little exposed steel, and the latter
produces an end-product which is 98% wire-free. The third
product is the CM Double Stack which incorporates a knife
system that allows two knives to be stacked side by side,
doubling the width of the cutting surface, and facilitating
the processing of large volumes of larger truck tyres.
COLUMBUS MCKINNON CORPORATION
USA
Accession no.812660
Item 132
Scrap Tire News
15, No.4, April 2001, p.3
SCRAP TIRE STOCKPILES, AN UPDATE
Details are given of some US states that have initiated or
completed major scrap tyre stockpile cleanups in the last
year. 27 states currently have active stockpile remediation
programs. Of those, 7 have completed cleanups of large,
illegal piles identiÀed in the state, and are focusing on
remediation of smaller piles. Overall, more than 200
million tyres have been removed from stockpiles across
the country in the last three years, it is reported.
USA
Accession no.812651
Item 133
Polymer
42,No.9,2001,p.4453-7
CRYOGENIC MECHANICAL ALLOYING AS
AN ALTERNATIVE STRATEGY FOR THE
RECYCLING OF TIRES
Smith A P; Ade H; Koch C C; Spontak R J
North Carolina,State University
Cryogenic mechanical alloying (CMA) is studied as a
possible alternative for production of highly dispersed blends
of thermoplastics and tyres, thus opening up a possible new
method of recycling waste tyres. A morphological study of
these blends using near-edge X-ray absorption Àne structure
(NEXAFS) microscopy indicates that after CMA ground tyres
are high dispersed within poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA)
and poly(ethylene terephthalate(PET) matrices at the sub-
micron level. The possible improvement of the degree of
dispersion of the blends by addition of polyisoprene (PI) was
also studied. Under the milling conditions used no chemical
interaction of the PI and tyres with PMMA or PET was
observed. 26 refs.
USA
Accession no.811134
Item 134
Scrap Tire News
15, No.3, March 2001, p.12
TYRE CHIPS FORM DRAINAGE LAYER FOR
NO. VA LANDFILL
58
For the last year, scrap tyre cleanup contractor TRI-Rinse
has been shredding tyres at the I-95 LandÀll in Lorton,
VA as construction crews carved out their future home - a
new 13 acre landÀll cell. In all about 10,000 tons of tyres
were prepared to the required chip size in a working area
overlooking the new cell. In late autumn, the chips were
placed in the landÀll cell and spread to form a 12-18 in.
thick protective layer above the liner/leachate drainage
layer. The cell, completed in late December, used the
equivalent of a million tyres and resulted in savings of
upwards of 400,000 US dollars for the Fairfax County
Division of Solid Waste Disposal and Resource Recovery.
Brief details are given.
TRI-RINSE INC.
USA
Accession no.809494
Item 135
Scrap Tire News
15, No.3, March 2001, p.1/3
REDEFINING RECYCLING
Since 1976, when the Charles Lawrence Group installed
Britain’s Àrst porous synthetic running track, the company
has experienced considerable success. It has added a
second major surfacing technology in artiÀcial grass,
formed its own companies to produce new materials and
build specialised processing machines and most recently
became a supplier of play equipment. Throughput at the
company’s tyre recycling plant in Newark, already the
largest in the country, is set to grow rapidly because of
increased demand for the rubber granulate it produces and
the need to dispose of end-of-life tyres by means other
than landÀll. In 2001, the plant expects to take in some
15,000 tons of scrap commercial vehicle tyres. In addition,
substantial investment is helping to ensure that quality and
output keeps abreast of customer demand. Some company
information is presented.
LAWRENCE C.,GROUP PLC
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.809489
Item 136
Scrap Tire News
15, No.2, 2001, p.1/5
SCRAP TYRE INDUSTRY: A RETROSPECTIVE
AND PROSPECTIVE VIEW
Blumenthal M
Scrap Tire Management Council
Developments made during the last ten years of tyre
recycling are reviewed. Some statistics are included.
USA
Accession no.809333
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Item 137
Rubber Technology International
2000, p.48-50
NATURAL ADDITIVES FOR IMPROVED
RECYCLING
Kaufman H; Hesse B F
Polymer Process Technologies Inc.; RTC America Inc.
Three additives have been developed which allow the
incorporation of up to 50% post-consumer ground rubber
(PCGR) in new compounds, including tyre formulations.
The authors state that these additives have been “developed
through the use of plant polymers, gums, polyoxy-
compounds and other natural ingredients”. PPT-SYS(R)
is a compatibiliser which has the potential to increase the
use of PCGR in compound formulations from the best in
the year 2000 of approximately 10% to over 35% PGCR.
Adding a dispersion aid, PPT-RNU, incombination with
PPT-SYS(R) allows quantities of up to 50% PCGR to be
incorporated. A third additive, PPT-ETAK, can be mixed
with one or both materials to process high durometer
PCGR. 4 refs.
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; USA;
WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.807890
Item 138
Warmer Bulletin
No.77, March 2001, p.13
TYRE CHIPS AND MIXED GLASS - TOP
PRIORITY FOR FEEDSTOCK CONVERSION
A study by Boisson & Associates, entitled Feedstock
Conversion Strategies (Technical Report 28), carried out
to evaluate feedstock conversion opportunities in 12 types
of business, has identiÀed high priority, medium priority
and low priority opportunities within these businesses
and has made speciÀc recommendations on a range of
strategies to be applied to the higher priority opportunities.
According to this study, the use of recyclable materials
may be stimulated by speciÀc action depending upon the
type of industry, which could substitute virgin for recycled
feedstock, the type of material substitution and the type
of product made. Tyre shreds or chips, in particular, are
considered suitable in civil engineering projects.
BOISSON & ASSOCIATES
USA
Accession no.806732
Item 139
Rubber and Plastics News
30, No.12, 8th Jan.2001, p.10
2000 A BOON FOR SCRAP TYRE RECOVERY
MARKET
Fedchenko V
Growth in three major segments of the scrap tyre recovery
sector made 2000 a satisfactory year. Tyre-derived fuel,
crumb rubber and civil engineering applications all posted
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
modest growth in 2000. That trend is likely to continue
for 2001. The US generated about 276 million scrap tyres
in 2000, 70% of which went toward an end use instead
of into landÀlls or dumps. About 120 million tyres were
converted to tyre-derived fuel, 6 million more than in
1998. Some 30 million scrap tyres were used for civil
engineering applications, a 50% increase from two years
earlier. In the crumb rubber market, 18 million scrap tyres
were ground up to produce end-use products, 3 million
more than 1998.
USA
Accession no.803713
Item 140
BioCycle Journal of Composting and Recycling
41, No.12, Dec. 2000, p.46-7
WASTE TIRES CUT COSTS OF BUILDING NEW
HIGHWAYS
Amirkhanian S
The South Carolina Department of Health and
Environmental Control has awarded the city of Clemson
in conjunction with Clemson University, a 6 million US
dollar grant to establish a program, the Asphalt Rubber
Technology Service (ARTS). The program involves the
implementation of a 2 US dollar feed paid on each new
tyre sold in South Carolina, 44 cents of which is placed in
this Trust Fund. The newly developed ARTS will provide
technical assistance in the promotion, design and testing
of rubberised asphalt and other crumb rubber in civil
infrastructure applications for public works agencies in
local governments across the state. To date, S.C. DOT
has constructed Àve rubberised projects around the state,
summaries of three of which are included.
SOUTH CAROLINA DEPT.OF HEALTH
& ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL;
CLEMSON,UNIVERSITY
USA
Accession no.801410
Item 141
Revista de Plasticos Modernos
79, No.525, March 2000, p.224/6
Spanish
RECYCLING OF SCRAP CARS
A survey is made of West European developments in the
recycling of plastics car components and scrap tyres, and
in automotive and other applications of the reclaimed
materials, with particular reference to initiatives by French
motor manufacturers.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.800837
59
 References and Abstracts
Item 142
Scrap Tire News
14, No.12, Dec.2000, p.19
CARBON BLACK UPGRADING PROCESS
INTRODUCED
Svedala Industries Process Research & Test Center has
introduced its new Tire Pyrolysis/Carbon Black upgrading
process. Extensive Àeld testing is now in progress. In the
upgrading section, the material is ground and classiÀed to
produce a carbon black with the appropriate size distribution.
The company says a major tyre manufacturer has made a
prototype run with the upgraded carbon black.
SVEDALA INDUSTRIES
USA
Accession no.799206
Item 143
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
78, No.8, 21st Nov.2000, p.1573-7
NEW TECHNOLOGY OF CRUMB RUBBER
COMPOUNDING FOR RECYCLING OF WASTE
TIRES
Kim J K; Lee S H
Gyeongsang,National University
The efÀcacy of polyurethane and Styrene Butadiene Rubber
as binders for ground rubber prepared from waste tyres
are compared to a formulation of a compound developed
without binder. Without binder, the effect of both sulphur
and accelerator (TMTD) content on tensile properties are
studied, and also the effect of ageing on these properties.
Morphological studies using scanning electron microscopy
on the cured samples were carried out to determine the
cause of the variation in properties. The suggested uses
of the unbound product include rubber blocks, and ballast
mats for railway applications. 10 refs
KOREA
Accession no.796709
Item 144
Gummibereifung
75, No.12, Dec.1999, p.82-3
German
DO NOT ALWAYS CLAMOUR FOR THE LAW
Mutz A
The discussions held during the ETRA tyre recycling
conference in Schwerin are summarised here. The German
scrap tyre recycling industry is examined along with cost
implications for disposal, controlled dumpsites, remoulding
truck and car tyres, and tyre replacement business.
The involvement of Germany’s BRV (Bundesverband
Reifenhandel und Vulkaniseurhandwerk e.V. - Federal
Association for the Tyre Trade and Vulcanising Crafts) is
described. Also covered are issues of quality in remoulds
and disposal by burning.
ETRA; BRV
60
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.795020
Item 145
158th. ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 2000.
Conference preprints.
Cincinnati, Oh., 17th.-19th. Oct. 2000, paper 113
ULTRASONIC DEVULCANISATION REACTORS
FOR RECYCLING OF GRT: COMPARATIVE
STUDY
Yun J; Oh J S; Isayev A I
Akron,University
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
The comparative study of a continuous ultrasonic
devulcanisation of a ground tyre rubber using two reactors
is described. The devulcanisation zone in the Àrst reactor,
the coaxial reactor, is located at the exit from an extruder
without imposition of additional shearing. In the second
reactor, the barrel reactor, the devulcanisation zone is located
in barrel where additional shearing takes place due to screw
rotation. Gel fraction, crosslink density, cure behaviour
and physical properties of ground tyre rubber obtained in
these two reactors were measured, and the distribution of
gel fraction and crosslink density at various locations in the
devulcanisation zone of the barrel reactor was determined.
Correlations were made between gel fraction and crosslink
density with respect to the inÁuence of shearing and its effect
on the efÀciency of the devulcanisation. 23 refs.
USA
Accession no.794209
Item 146
BioCycle Journal of Composting and Recycling
41, No.10, Oct. 2000, p.78
NICHE MARKETS BOOST GROUND RUBBER
SALES
Ground rubber from recycled scrap tyres is Ànding niche
applications such as aggregate in septic tank soakaway
systems and sports and recreational surfaces. While large
quantities of scrap tyres are being used as fuel for power
plants and cement kilns, non-burning alternatives are said
to be increasing. The impact of the recent recall of 6.5
million tyres by Bridgestone/Firestone on the recycling
industry is noted.
USA
Accession no.792447
Item 147
ENDS Report
No.308, Sept.2000, p.17
COALITE DEVELOPS PYROLYSIS PROCESS
FOR TYRES
Coalite Smokeless Fuels of the UK is reported in this item
to be converting part of its existing plant to process scrap
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
tyres to make oil. The new pyrolysis process developed
by the company is explained in full.
COALITE; SITA
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.792006
Item 148
BioCycle Journal of Composting and Recycling
41, No.9, Sept.2000, p.10
SCRAP TIRES CAN REPLACE GRAVEL IN SOIL
ABSORPTION
This short item reports on the authorisation for the use of tyre
chip aggregate from scrap tyres in on-site soil absorption
(septic) systems. The chips can be used as a lightweight and
cost-effective substitute for washed gravel.
ARKANSAS,DEPT.OF ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY; ARKANSAS,UNIVERSITY;
ARKANSAS,DEPT.OF HEALTH
USA
Accession no.792004
Item 149
Tyres and Accessories
No.9, Sept.2000, p.34/8
ETRA CONFERENCE DISCUSSES SCRAP TYRE
ISSUES
The European Tyre Recycling Association (the only
European association devoted exclusively to tyre and rubber
recycling) held a conference in the UK in July 2000, to
discuss the scale of the problem, assess progress, and look
at possible solutions. This article outlines some of the points
made during the many presentations that were given.
EUROPEAN TYRE RECYCLING ASSOCIATION;
WASTE TYRE SOLUTIONS; UK,DEPT.OF
TRADE & IND.; UK,ENVIRONMENT AGENCY;
BRITISH RUBBER MANUFACTURERS ASSN.;
TUN ABDUL RAZAK RESEARCH CENTRE;
REG (UK) LTD.; CONTINENTAL; BLUE CIRCLE
CEMENT; CASTLE CEMENT; UK,HIGHWAYS
AGENCY; SARCO; NOTTINGHAM,UNIVERSITY;
CHARLES LAWRENCE RECYCLING; RECYCLING
INDUSTRIES ALLIANCE; UK,GOVERNMENT
EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN
UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.791992
Item 150
Scrap Tire News
14, No.9, Sept.2000, p.13
ARKANSAS APPROVES TIRE CHIPS FOR
WASHED GRAVEL REPLACEMENT
Approval has recently been granted for the use of tyre
chip aggregate from scrap tyres in on-site soil absorption
systems such as French drains and foundation drainage
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
systems. The chips can be used as a substitute for washed
gravel, we are told in this brief article.
ARKANSAS,DEPT.OF ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY; ARKANSAS,DEPT.OF HEALTH
USA
Accession no.791990
Item 151
Patent Number: US 6060528 A1 20000509
PROCESS FOR CONVERTING TIRES TO
RUBBER PARTICLES WHILE REMOVING
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS FROM THE TIRES
Wertz D L
Southern Mississippi,University
Tyres are converted to rubber particles and inorganic
compounds are removed from the tyres by treating the tyres
in a closed reactor with a nitric acid solution having a nitric
acid concentration above 60%. Preferably, any steel belts
contained in the tyres are Àrst removed and then the tyres are
treated with a solution of concentrated nitric acid to extract
inorganic compounds, such as zinc, sulphur and calcium,
from the tyres and convert the tyres into rubber particles.
USA
Accession no.790323
Item 152
Patent Number: EP 1036642 A1 20000920
APPARATUS FOR DISPOSAL OF WASTE TYRES
Nitta Y; Kunioku H
Kotobuki Sangyo KK
Waste tyres are effectively pulverised into pieces by
an apparatus including a rotary drum having a radially
protruding arm with a hook, a base frame having a slit
for permitting the arm to pass therethrough, a reaction
bearing carrier plate stood upright on the base frame for
bringing a waste tyre to be broken into contact therewith,
and a geared motor mounted on the base frame to rotate the
rotary drum. By rotating the rotary drum with the arm, the
bead wires imbedded in the inner and outer side portions
of the waste tyre are caught by the hook of the arm and
successfully drawn out of the waste tyre. The waste tyre,
free of the bead wires, can easily be disposed of to be
reused for various purposes.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; JAPAN;
WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.789703
Item 153
Rubber Chemistry and Technology
73, No.3, July/Aug.2000, p.551-64
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF RECYCLED
RUBBER IN LIGHT-FILL APPLICATIONS
Liu H S; Mead J L; Stacer R G
Massachusetts,University
A review is presented of the literature on the environmental
61
 References and Abstracts
impact of scrap tyres in light landÀll in civil engineering
applications. Laboratory investigations conducted to
quantify possible leachates from various recycled tyre
compounds are reported. The extension of these results to
reported Àeld tests detailing the effect of recycled rubber
on air, soil and water quality is also considered, as well as
biological and toxicity issues. Areas in which additional
research is required are identiÀed and approaches are
suggested which support ‘better use determinations’ for
use of recycled tyre rubber in these applications. 43 refs.
(ACS Rubber Division, Spring Meeting, Chicago, USA,
April 1999)
USA
Accession no.789324
Item 154
Scrap Tire News
14, No.10, Oct. 2000, p.3
FROM LIABILITY TO LEGACY: SCRAP TIRE
RECYCLING IN CANADA. PART 1 OF A 2 PART
SERIES
Smith D
Tire Solutions International
An overview is presented of the current waste management
and recycling schemes established in Canada for scrap
tyres. Over 60% of Canada’s scrap tyres are generated in
the provinces of Quebec and Ontario, with Ontario alone
generating more scrap tyres than all the other provinces
together excluding Quebec. There is currently no formal
program in Ontario to manage scrap tyres, whereas
elsewhere in the country formalised scrap tyre management
programs have emerged and matured with the exception
of Newfoundland. The programs in the eight provinces
that have adopted management schemes for scrap tyres,
all share four fundamental elements: legislation, consumer
fees, a dedicated fund and stakeholder involvement. These
elements are claimed to set the Canadian programs apart
from programs elsewhere, and are said to be the key to
their success. Each element is examined.
CANADA
Accession no.788924
Item 155
IRC 2000. Conference proceedings.
Helsinki, Finland, 13th-15th June 2000, paper 18
TYRE RECYCLING IN FINLAND
Talola M
Sakkivaline Oy
(Nordic Council of Rubber Technology)
Finnish Tyre Recycling (FTR) was formed by organised tyre-
trade enterprises, domestic tyre manufacturers and the biggest
tyre importers to administer the tasks given by government to
tyre producers on November 12, 1995. At present there are
some 160 producers included in FTR. FTR is an administrative
centre that subcontracts its operative functions. The main
subcontractor is Sakkivaline Oy, the leading waste management
62
and recycling company in Finland. FTR and Sakkivaline have
formed a countrywide collection network. From the reception
depots the tyres are transferred to regional terminals from where
they go to recycling and reuse. Consumers can leave their
discarded tyres free of charge at the nearest tyre dealer who
then delivers them to reception depot. To Ànance recycling,
tyre producers pay recycling fees for tyres supplied to Finnish
markets. Subsequently producers charge tyre dealers, who in
turn charge it to consumers. At the moment e.g. the recycling
fee for passenger car tyre is FIM 9.50. Collected tyres amount
to about 30,000 tpa. Since the beginning of collection and
recycling according to legislation in 1995 a total 100,000 tonnes
of discarded tyres has been collected and diverted to reuse and
recycling. Recycling of collected tyres takes place in form of
retreading, use in civil engineering applications and as energy
recovery in power plants.
FINNISH TYRE RECYCLING LTD.
EUROPEAN UNION; FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.787056
Item 156
IRC 2000. Conference proceedings.
Helsinki, Finland, 13th-15th June 2000, paper 16
RECYCLING USED TYRES IN PE NATURAL
GAS PIPE CONSTRUCTION SITES
Tulokas T
Haminan Energia Oy
(Nordic Council of Rubber Technology)
A method is introduced in which a PE natural gas pipe is
placed on used tyres in an excavated channel. The method
differs from traditional forms of gas pipe placement in that
the initial Àlling of the channel takes place after the pipe
has been placed in the channel. In the traditional method
of gas pipe placement, the channel is Àrst excavated, the
geotextile is then installed, a sandbed prepared, the gas
pipe placed on the sandbed and the channel Ànally Àlled
with the remaining soil layers. The advantage of the
method presented is that the gas pipe can be placed in the
channel immediately after installation of the geotextile.
The method using tyres is a variation of one presented
earlier in which sand-Àlled sacks were used.
EUROPEAN UNION; FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.787055
Item 157
Polymer Science Series A
42, No.7, July 2000, p.825-30
EFFECT OF THE METHOD OF TIRE GRINDING
ON THE RUBBER CRUMB STRUCTURE
TroÀmova G M; Novikov D D; Kompaniets L V;
Medintseva T I; Yan Y B; Prut E V
Russian Academy of Sciences
Samples of used tyres were comminuted by the ozone
cutting and elastic-strain grinding method. A series of
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
composites were prepared from the resulting crumbs and
their mechanical properties were studied to determine the
role of the comminution method. 8 refs.
RUSSIA
Accession no.785892
Item 158
Scrap Tire News
14, No.8, Aug.2000, p.1/3
BLASTING RUBBER
D & R Recyclers has developed a method of blasting rubber
from whole tyres producing 3/8 inch to 3/4 inch crumb
rubber in a single step. The “blast” comes from jets of high
pressure water that attack tyres placed in the Hydro Tire
Blaster, a patented machine designed and developed by
the president of the company. The wire-free crumb rubber
is marketed as Saf-T-Turf for playgrounds and recreational
surfaces and as a feedstock for use in manufacturing
products including Áoor tiles, mats and rooÀng shingles.
D & R RECYCLERS INC.
USA
Accession no.782538
Item 159
Polymer Recycling
4, No.4, 1999, p.231-6
STANDARDS FOR RUBBER POWDERS
Manuel H J
Vredestein Rubber Resources
Rubber powders (or granulates) from ground rubber
scrap materials are used in many applications in different
Àelds. These applications ask for different properties of
the rubber powders. In this paper a number of suggestions
to classify powders are given. A reference is being
made toward ASTM D5603 that classiÀes powders with
respect to feedstock and sieve analysis. It will be shown
that the American situation does not comply as such to
the European situation, due to different materials being
used on both continents. By using a classiÀcation system
it should become more clear what type of material the
customer is dealing with. Some examples will be given
of the current Vredestein grades and their properties to
supply data for a classiÀcation system. In a few examples
it is shown how different powders can affect the properties
of products. 5 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.780225
Item 160
Patent Number: EP 1013992 A2 20000628
DISPOSAL OF TOXIC MATERIALS
Bortalani G N; Costarini I; Bonicelli I D
A system for disposing of tyres or products containing
polymeric substances supplies heat to the products in a
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
treatment chamber. Air is prevented from entering the
treatment chamber, thus reducing energy consumption.
Products obtained comprise a solid residue usable as gummy
granulate, steel in wires and also combustible gas. The system
is easily controllable and safe owing to a hydraulic seal that
prevents air from entering the treatment chamber.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.778812
Item 161
Indian Rubber Journal
Vol.44, Nov./Dec.1999, p.45
GOODYEAR PATENTS PROCESS TO RECOVER
RUBBER FROM TIRES
Goodyear has patented a process for the devulcanisation
of cured rubber goods which preserves the rubber’s
chemical composition and molecular weight, leaving the
rubber suitable for re-compounding and re-curing into new
products. According to initial tests, the process, which uses
an environmentally friendly recyclable solvent, resulted in
a 40% recovery rate of the raw material, and after process
improvements, has been able to achieve an 80% recovery
level. Brief details are given.
GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER CO.
USA
Accession no.778552
Item 162
Scrap Tire News
14, No.5, May 2000, p.10
TYRE CHIPS REPLACE GRAVEL IN
COLORADO LANDFILL
In what may become an industry practice in the state,
operators at the Phantom LandÀll near Canon City, Colorado
used shredded tyre chips - replacing gravel as the drainage
medium in constructing the liner in its newest cell. The second
phase of construction at the year old landÀll located about
200 miles southwest of Denver, uses 3,000 cubic yards of
shredded scrap tyre chips to form a 10 in. drainage layer on top
of the clay liner. The tyre chips are used instead of a 6 in. layer
of pea gravel. A series of tests was conducted to determined
the optimum layer depth and chip size before applying for a
use permit from the state. Details are given.
PHANTOM LANDFILL
USA
Accession no.778187
Item 163
Scrap Tire News
14, No.6, June 2000, p.17
MAGNETIC SHOCK METHOD FOR TYRE
RECYCLING
Research into the feasibility of using powerful short electric
pulses to separate the metal and rubber components found
63
 References and Abstracts
in tyres was conducted at the Taras Shevehenko University,
Austria. Using the electric pulse method, researchers
produced metal free rubber in particle dimensions 40 x
10mm2. When using the magnetic shock method, the
separation of rubber and metal was achieved in particle
dimensions 200 x 35mm2.
KIEV,TARAS SHEVCHENKO UNIVERSITY
AUSTRIA; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.775871
Item 164
Scrap Tire News
14, No.6, June 2000, p.6
TYRE RECYCLER USES EXTRUSION PROCESS
It is briefly reported that RAD-TEC uses an extrusion
process to manufacture a wide variety of durable products
from plastic and crumb rubber, which is derived from tyres.
Products include interlocking bricks, road signs, speed bumps,
expansion joints, mulch, running tracks, mats, manhole
covers, roof tiles, dock bumpers and soaker hoses.
RAD-TEC
USA
Accession no.775866
Item 165
Tire Technology International
June 2000, p.50-4
RECYCLING: THE FUTURE
Shulman V L
ETRA
In mid-1999, three new EU directives entered their Ànal
stage, each with potentially signiÀcant implications for
tyre recyclers. The waste incineration directive requires
all cement kilns which utilise tyres as a secondary fuel to
comply with more stringent air emission limits. By 2006,
whole, cut or shredded tyres will be totally banned from
landÀlls within the EU. The end-of-life vehicle directive
requires all European vehicle manufacturers to reuse or
recycle 80% of the weight of a vehicle by January 2006.
The article discusses the accumulation of post-consumer
tyres by EU member states and the various waste
management options, in particular material recycling.
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN
EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.775779
Item 166
Polimeros: Ciencia e Tecnologia
9, No.4, Oct/Dec.1999, p.123-8
Portuguese
GASIFICATION OF USED TYRES IN FLUIDISED
BED REACTOR TO PRODUCE ENERGY
SOURCES
Goulart E A; Mariotoni C A; Sanchez C G
UNICAMP
64
A Áuidised bed reactor, which is used for the gasiÀcation
of scrap tyres is described. 8 refs.
BRAZIL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.774205
Item 167
Rubber and Plastics News 2
21, No.16, 8th May 2000, p.6
TIREX ADJUSTS RECYCLING SYSTEM,
ENTERS ALLIANCE
Moore M
Tirex claims it has made additional adjustments and
improvements to its TCS-1 cryogenic tyre recycling system
in preparation for commercialising the process. The yield of
clean, uncontaminated crumb rubber is the best result the
TCS-1 has produced to date, the company says. Tirex has
signed an agreement with Michel DeBlois Technologies and
former Recyc-Quebec ofÀcial Francois Lafortune to joint
Tirex at its Montreal facility to produce unique moulding
materials using its Rutex-brand crumb rubber.
TIREX CORP.; M.D.TECHNOLOGIES
CANADA
Accession no.773776
Item 168
Rubber and Plastics News 2
21, No.13, 27th March 2000, p.5
DURABLE UNVEILS FIRST STEEL-BELTED
PROCESS
McNulty M
Durable Corp., a US manufacturer of recycled rubber
products, has recently turned to scrap steel-belted tyres
to ensure the longevity of its product lines, as its primary
source of raw materials - scrap bias tyres - is dwindling.
The company developed a patented design to use scrap
steel-belted tyres as feedstock to manufacture merchandise,
and has recently exhibited the Àrst product made by the
process (a “DuraSoft” recycled rubber car bumper).
DURABLE CORP.
USA
Accession no.772984
Item 169
Patent Number: US 6017472 A1 20000125
METHOD OF FORMING PRODUCTS OUT OF
VEHICLE TYRES
Mack D A; Mack M K
This involves providing a supply of used vehicle tyres,
freezing the tyres, removing steel belts from the tyres,
shredding the tyres into a mixture, adding about 20% of
new rubber to the mixture, heating the mixture into a slurry
and pouring the slurry into a mould. The slurry is allowed
to dry in the mould into a form, which is then removed.
USA
Accession no.772797
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts

Item 170 Item 173

Tire Business Luntai Gongye
17, No.21, 31st Jan.2000, p.16 20, No.2, 2000, p.67-72
UTAH FIRM TRANSFORMS TIRES TO Chinese
GASEOUS FUEL LATEST PROGRESS IN RECYCLING OF WASTE
Hayhurst T TYRES
Wu X-l; Li G-j
Emery Recycling Corp. of the USA has developed a
whole-tyre gasiÀcation process that converts more than 2 refs.
92 percent of the energy in tyres to a synthetic gaseous CHINA
fuel, it is reported in this short article. Brief details are Accession no.766709
provided.
EMERY RECYCLING CORP.; US,DEPT.OF ENERGY
USA
Item 174
Scrap Tire News
Accession no.771159 14, No.1, Jan.2000, p.10
NY STUDIES TIRE CHIP USE IN SEPTIC
Item 171 SYSTEMS
Scrap Tire News This short article investigates the use of scrap tyre chips
14, No.4, April 2000, p.8 as a replacement for stone in septic system leach Àelds,
RECYCLING WASTE TYRES WITH OZONE and reports that twelve US states are using tyre chips in
It is brieÁy reported that PneuDemont has patented a this way, or have been approved to use them. Brief details
recycling process which converts waste tyres into granulate are given.
using an ozone-rich atmosphere. The tyre granulation EMPIRE STATE DEVELOPMENT; NEW
process takes between 6 and 10 minutes and retains the YORK,STATE UNIVERSITY; BUFFALO,STATE
original physical and chemical properties of the rubber. UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK
The Àrst commercial production plant for tyres up to 16in USA
has been sold and is due to come onstream in April. Accession no.762961
PNEUDEMONT
CZECH REPUBLIC
Item 175
Accession no.768533 Scrap Tire News
14, No.2, Feb.2000, p.14
STUDY GIVES GROUND TYRE RUBBER
Item 172
FAVOURABLE MARKS AS PARKING LOT
Modern Plastics International
SURFACE
30, No.2, Feb.2000, p.37
RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY EMPLOYS TYRE It is briefly reported that the Florida Department of
SCRAP TO MANUFACTURE TPV Environmental Protection has released a Ànal report on
Ng W a project designed to test the use of ground tyres as a
material to surface parking areas. The project included
NRI Industries has developed a novel thermoplastic
assessment of the environmental impact that the recycled
elastomer that contains up to 60% recycled rubber derived
tyre surface would have on the soil, groundwater and
from used vehicle tyres. Symar-T TPE is produced via
storm water. PermaPark recycled tyre product produced by
two proprietary technologies that convert thermoset
American Rubber Technologies was the selected material
rubber from tyre scrap into a “revulcanisable” rubber for
for the project.
alloying with an oleÀnic matrix. The Àrst commercial use
is a 2mm thick, 3-in by 24-in lower radiator-to-fascia seal FLORIDA,DEPT.OF ENVIRONMENTAL
for DaimlerChrysler’s 1999 Jeep Grand Cherokee sport PROTECTION; AMERICAN RUBBER
utility vehicle. Symar-T processes like a conventional TPE TECHNOLOGIES INC.
USA
on standard injection machines.
Accession no.761602
NRI INDUSTRIES INC.
USA
Accession no.766793 Item 176
Progress in Rubber and Plastics Technology
15, No.4, 1999, p.235-48
USE OF RECYCLED TYRE RUBBER FOR
MODIFICATION OF ASPHALT
Gawel I; Slusarski L
Wroclawska Politechnika; Lodz,Polytechnic

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited 65

 References and Abstracts
An overview is presented of problems connected with
the modiÀcation of asphalts with rubber crumb from tyre
recycling. 45 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.761199
Item 177
156th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1999.
Conference preprints.
Orlando, Fl., 21st-23rd Sept.1999, paper 136
APPLIED RESEARCH ON ULTRASONIC
DEVULCANISATION OF CRUMB RUBBER
Boron T; Klingensmith W; Forest C; Shringarpurey S
Ultramer Inc.; Akron Consulting Co.; USA TACOM
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Recycled rubber derived from scrap tyres continues to reÁect
interest from both scientiÀc and business communities. A
rubber processing technology using ultrasonics as a stimulus
for devulcanisation is investigated for practical resulting
material properties and economic merit. The applied
research is evaluating the requirements to take the process
from a lab scale to a production scale process. Experiments
are performed to determine the effects of process variables
including extruder screw speed, material feedrate, sonication
control volume, crumb rubber particle reduction method
(ambient vs cryogenic) and particle size. The processed
materials are tested for response features such as rheology
and mechanical properties. Results of select experiments
are presented. Analysis of experimental data correlates
process variables with resultant material responses. The
process offers, if scaled up effectively, a means of taking
whole tyre grind and retread bufÀngs, and producing a
product that can be reincorporated back into virgin rubber
compounds at substantial quantities without deterioration
of performance properties. The results of incorporation
of ultrasonically, devulcanised rubber into tyre treads are
reported. 19 refs.
USA
Accession no.759724
Item 178
156th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1999.
Conference preprints.
Orlando, Fl., 21st-23rd Sept.1999, paper 134
PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHANGES DURING
REACTIVATION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF
VULCANISED RUBBER
Kostanski L K; MacGregor J F; Pattenden T W;
Kolinski A; Haber A
McMaster University; NRI Industries Inc.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
An attempt is made to enhance understanding of
physicochemical changes taking place during reactivation
of vulcanised rubber products by a process developed by
NRI Industries. ModiÀcation of tyre rubber crumb gives a
very complex yet active revulcanisable product (Symar-D).
66
Application of the process to a high NR content compound
is also successful. Numerous batches of rubber crumb at
different degrees of modiÀcation are compared by means
of fractionation, equilibrium swelling and miscellaneous
instrumental methods. The results show that with
increasing total process energy, crosslinks are gradually
severed, whereas soluble decrosslinked polymers show
increasing molecular weights. However, the trends are
different for different starting materials. Solution and
solid-state NMR as well as FTIR studies show that even
at the highest total process energies there is a negligible
amount of cis-trans isomerisation. 6 refs.
CANADA; USA
Accession no.759722
Item 179
156th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1999.
Conference preprints.
Orlando, Fl., 21st-23rd Sept.1999, paper 133
BUTYL RECLAIM IN INNER LINER
APPLICATIONS
Manuel H-J; Dierks W
Vredestein Rubber Resources BV
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Reclaimed butyl rubber reclaim is an important compounding
ingredient widely used in the tyre industry. The partial
replacement of a butyl or halobutyl compound with butyl
reclaim results in improved processing behaviour, and has a
positive inÁuence on some of the compound’s most important
properties, including compound costs. For inner liner
applications the most signiÀcant processing improvement
is better air venting during tyre construction and curing. An
inner liner compound containing butyl reclaim has lower
air permeability, enabling the manufacturer to reduce the
thickness of the inner liner without reducing impermeability.
Ageing resistance of the compound is also improved; in
particular the Áex fatigue life after ageing is considerably
increased. The results of a thorough investigation of
increased butyl reclaim loading on the overall properties
of various butyl compounds (based on non-halogenated as
well as halogenated butyl rubber) are discussed.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.759721
Item 180
156th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1999.
Conference preprints.
Orlando, Fl., 21st-23rd Sept.1999, paper 108
POSSIBILITIES OF GROUND TYRE RUBBER
RECYCLING WITH TRANS-POLYOCTENAMER
Diedrich K M; Burns B J
Degussa-Huls AG; Creanova Inc.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
The chemical properties of trans-polyoctenamer (TOR)
facilitate the coating of the surface of ground rubber
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
waste, i.e. ground tyre rubber (GTR), by a simple
technique. A ground rubber modiÀed in this way can be
added as Àller material to virgin rubber compounds and
causes less deteriorated physicals of the vulcanisates
than uncoated rubber waste does. Alternatively, the
modiÀed ground rubber can be directly moulded into new
rubber compounds. The parameters of the rubber waste
inÁuencing the Ànal properties of the rubber goods are
discussed. A new application of TOR in connection with
GTR is found in asphalt production. Every year GTR
is used in greater amounts in rubberised asphalt. Small
amounts of TOR result in better dispersion of the GTR
and crosslinks the GTR to the asphalt. In addition, the
TOR drastically reduces tackiness of the mixture caused
by the GTR addition. This allows earlier compacting of the
asphalt with steel and rubber rollers at higher temperatures
and saves a lot of time. The ability of the TOR to crosslink
the GTR to the asphalt provides a rubberised matrix in the
asphalt paving that prevents premature cracking, rutting
and shoving. 5 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.759700
Item 181
156th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1999.
Conference preprints.
Orlando, Fl., 21st-23rd Sept.1999, paper 106
MODIFIED TYRE-RUBBER CRUMB AS
A BASE COMPOUND FOR RUBBER PARTS
MANUFACTURING
Kolinski A; Barnes T; Paszkowski G; Haber A
NRI Industries Inc.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Tyre rubber crumb is used in small concentrations as
an inactive Àller in rubber compounding. Even the best
available methods of particle size reduction have been
unable to overcome practical limits to the amount of crumb
that can be added before the compound can no longer be
processed. A thermomechanical process developed by NRI
Industries modiÀes tyre rubber crumb (mesh size between
4 and 20) into Symar-D, a processable and revulcanisable
product effectively reused as a base compound for a
variety of automotive and industrial rubber parts. This is
a cost-effective method to dramatically increase the post-
consumer rubber content (25 to 100%) as compared to
further reduction of crumb particle size (5 to 25%). The
advantage of modiÀed tyre rubber crumb is in its processing
properties. It can be milled, compounded, extruded and
calendered. It has also been found that 100% modiÀed
crumb can be effectively moulded by injection. A series
of experiments has allowed optimisation of compound
recipes as well as processing parameters. Parts containing
signiÀcant amounts of modiÀed rubber crumb meet existing
product speciÀcations at reduced cost. 6 refs.
CANADA
Accession no.759698
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 182
156th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1999.
Conference preprints.
Orlando, Fl., 21st-23rd Sept.1999, paper 165A
SCRAP TYRE RECYCLING IN JAPAN
Kohsaka Y
JATMA
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
With the worldwide evolution of the consciousness of
various global environmental aspects, demands of peoples
have been increasing for measures including reduction of
waste discharge, promotion of recycling and rationalisation
of disposal. In Japan, approximately 405 million tons of
wastes are discharged annually; of this, 150 million tons
are recycled and 73 million tons are brought to landÀll. If
this landÀlling continues at this pace, the capacity left for
accepting more wastes will be as critical as corresponding
to national average of only 3.0 years, and only 1.1 years
in the metropolitan area. Taking these and other aspects
into consideration, the Japanese government has started
activities toward increasing waste recycling, including
that of waste tyres. Several aspects of waste tyre disposal
are discussed.
JAPAN
Accession no.759425
Item 183
156th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1999.
Conference preprints.
Orlando, Fl., 21st-23rd Sept.1999, paper 165
OVERVIEW OF SCRAP TYRE MANAGEMENT
AND MARKETS IN THE UNITED STATES
Serumagard J R; Blumenthal M
Scrap Tire Management Council
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
The world tyre industry produces more than 800 million
new tyres annually. These tyres come in a huge variety of
sizes and styles to Àt every conceivable type of vehicle.
Meanwhile, the owners and operators of the cars, trucks,
farm and construction equipment, airplanes, and all the
other vehicles that use those 800 million new tyres in
turn produce another commodity that is substantially less
desirable. They produce over 800 million scrap tyres that
must Ànd some further use or reuse, be recycled into new
products, be used for energy recovery, or be properly
disposed. Emphasis is placed on recent developments
respecting sound markets and management for the 270
million or so of the world’s scrap tyres generated in the
USA. It is based on the Àfth biannual report of the Scrap
Tyre Management Council on scrap tyre management
and markets. The 1999 report, like the previous reports,
provides a ‘snapshot in time’ of the conditions, progress
and problems in the scrap tyre industry. The report also
offers commentary on certain factors that have, are or could
impact the markets and management of scrap tyres. The
information in the report is based on several sources. One
of the primary sources was a questionnaire sent to all state
67
 References and Abstracts

scrap tyre regulators. This survey provides the basis of the Most users preferred a material that could be used
market and stockpile inventory data. The survey data was without affecting their existing formulations and process
supplemented by a telephone survey used to gain insight procedures. The solution to this problem was found by
into certain aspects of the market dynamics, as well as to way of custom mixing masterbatches to the needs of users.
verify data collected elsewhere. 6 refs. The work carried out in developing the masterbatches is
USA reviewed. 3 refs.
Accession no.759424 USA
Accession no.758313
Item 184
Tire Business Item 187
16, No.23, 1st March 1999, p.16 Warmer Bulletin
DEVELOPER ENVISIONS NEW USE FOR SCRAP No.70, Jan.2000, p.21
TIRES US SCRAP TYRE MANAGEMENT
Moore M
The situation in the USA regarding scrap tyre management
This short article reports on an idea from an Arizona is discussed, with reference to a recent report from the
developer, the president of Richards Development Inc., EPA. A minimum of 800 million scrap tyres are currently
who wants to build low-cost housing using scrap tyres as stockpiled across America, and their management differs
the main structural material. from state to state. Current practices in the various states are
RICHARDS DEVELOPMENT INC.; SOLAR indicated, and the regulations, enforcement and economic
SURVIVAL ARCHITECTURE instruments operating at the state level are claimed to be
USA reducing the waste tyre management problem. Tabulated
Accession no.759387 data are presented which indicates end-use applications for
scrap tyres, the number of tyres consumed in this way, and
the proportion of the whole that this represents.
Item 185
US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Rubber and Plastics News USA
28, No.23, 14th June 1999, p.44
Accession no.757626
CRACKING COMES TO SCRAP TIRE FIELD
Craig R
Item 188
Creative Recycling Technologies Inc. of the USA has
Scrap Tire News
developed a patented proprietary technology for cracking
13, No.12, Dec.1999, p.12
waste tyres, and results of tests on the by-products have
UK JOINT VENTURE USES PYROLYSIS
exceeded expectations, it is reported here. The process
PROCESS
causes the tyres to decompose thermally into their principal
elements: carbon black, oils, gases, and steel. Full details A joint venture between Beven Recycling and the UK
are provided. Atomic Energy Authority has resulted in a full-scale tyre
CREATIVE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGIES INC.; recycling plant that uses pyrolysis technology to process
EFTEK CORP. scrap tyres. One ton of tyres produces approximately
USA 230-275kg of oil, 400-410kg of carbon, 130-160kg of
Accession no.759339 steel and 190-210kg of gas. The company markets the
by-products in the UK.
BEVEN RECYCLING; UK,ATOMIC ENERGY
Item 186
AUTHORITY
156th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1999. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
Conference preprints. EUROPE
Orlando, Fl., 21st-23rd Sept.1999, paper 14 Accession no.756721
MASTERBATCHES WITH REJUVENATED
RUBBER FROM RECYCLED TYRE
Chandrasekaran R; Chandra H Item 189
Quantum Polymer (M) Sdn.Bhd.; Quantum Polymer Tire Business
USA Inc. 17, No.12, 13th Sept.1999, p.1/20
(ACS,Rubber Div.) GOODYEAR PROCESS COULD DISSOLVE
SCRAP TIRE PROBLEM
MR-TC rubbers from recycled tyres have been produced Moore M
on commercial scale and used in many applications
since 1995. The market acceptance of this material was Goodyear has been granted a patent for a solvent-based
hampered by the inability of the customers to formulate devulcanisation process, it is announced, that is claimed
mixes using it without having to modify their recipes. to enable the recovered rubber to retain its chemical

68 © Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts
composition and molecular weight. The company is still
at the laboratory stage, but plans to scale-up following
feasibility studies. The process has an 80% recovery rate,
and uses 2-butanol to devulcanise rubber under conditions
of very high pressure and temperature. A brief resume is
included of other patented devulcanisation processes.
GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER CO.
USA
Accession no.755411
Item 190
Rubber and Plastics News
29, No.4, 20th Sept.1999, p.63-5
CANADA EMBRACES SCRAP TIRE RECYCLING
Moore M
Canada’s recycling schemes for the recovery of scrap tyres
are discussed. Tyre recycling is a priority in the country,
where 8 out of the 10 provinces have an active scrap tyre
management program created by law. All provinces with
a scrap tyre management program have a tyre recovery
rate of at least 80%. Funding differences between USA
and Canadian schemes are examined, which can affect the
development of end-use markets. Statistics are included
for the number of tyres generated in each province, and
total recovery rates. The Ànancing mechanism in each
province is also indicated.
CANADA; USA
Accession no.755401
Item 191
European Rubber Journal
181, No.11, Suppl., Nov.1999, p.14-5
CEMENT KILNS START BURNING TYRES IN
THE UK
Shaw D
Following concern about the status of the UK’s scrap
tyre disposal programme, three cement manufacturing
companies have begun programmes to burn used tyres in
their cement kilns. REG (UK), the tyre disposal arm of
Continental UK, says this is a growing opportunity for tyre
disposal in the UK. Speaking at a meeting of the UK scrap
tyre industry in Birmingham in July 1999, the changing
proÀle of tyre disposal in the country was highlighted. There
are seven companies nominally capable of converting scrap
tyres into energy. Of these, only one is operating on a more
or less commercial scale: SITA Tyre Recycling, which was
known as Elm Energy and Recycling prior to the takeover,
operates a power station with nominal capacity for 25 MW at
its Wolverhampton site. That unit is authorised to take up to
100, 000 tonnes of tyres each year, although in practice it is
only expected to take around two thirds of that in 1999. City
Energy and Energy Power Associates have licences to build
tyres-to-energy plants. Beven Energy offers a batch-type
pyrolysis system with very limited capacity. The remaining
three companies - Castle Cement, Blue Circle Industries
and Rugby Cement - are all cement companies, and offer a
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
very real opportunity to dispose of large quantities of tyres.
Details are given.
REG (UK) LTD.; CONTINENTAL UK LTD.;
SITA TYRE RECYCLING LTD.; ELM ENERGY
& RECYCLING (UK) LTD.; CITY ENERGY;
ENERGY POWER ASSOCIATES; BEVEN ENERGY
LTD.; CASTLE CEMENT LTD.; BLUE CIRCLE
INDUSTRIES; RUGBY CEMENT LTD.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.754414
Item 192
Scrap Tire News
13, No.10, Oct.1999, p.1/8
RUBBER BRICKS GIVE SPRUCE MEADOWS A
LEG UP
In the arena of professional jumping competition, the
stakes are high and the risks are great for both horse and
rider. In order to continue attracting the world’s best horse
jumpers, Spruce Meadows, located south cast of Calgary,
is constantly searching for new ways to improve the safety
of horses that compete there. To reduce the risk of horses
slipping on their way into competition, the facility needed
to Ànd a safer material to surface walkways and entrances
to arenas. Spruce Meadows has partnered with the Tire
Recycling Management Association of Alberta (TRMA)
to install interlocking rubber bricks manufactured from
Alberta’s scrap tyres. Details are given.
ALBERTA,TIRE RECYCLING MANAGEMENT
ASSOCIATION
USA
Accession no.753909
Item 193
Gummibereifung
73, No.8, Aug.1997, p.28-30
German
BEGAN WITH ‘NOTHING’ AND 180 MARKS IN
HIS POCKET
Biermann D
This review surveys the development and operation of the
tyre Àrm Reifen Klausmeier based in Bad Essen. It looks at
the global links of this Àrm dealing in old tyres, stretching
from North America, to Eastern Europe, Africa and Asia.
It examines operations for processing carcasses and used
tyres from both cars and lorries. A report is included about
storage techniques, sorting and selecting methods, as well
as business links with tyre retread Àrms.
REIFEN KLAUSMEIER
AFRICA; ASIA; EASTERN EUROPE; EUROPE-GENERAL;
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD
Accession no.753812
69
 References and Abstracts
Item 194
Gummibereifung
73, No.8, Aug.1997, p.17-8
German
BANDAG IS NOT ONLY SAVING ENERGY AND
MATERIALS
Mutz K
The environmental approach adopted by the tyre remould
Àrm Bandag is reviewed here. The Àrm has long been
regarded as a friend of the environment, even before
environmental protection became a topic in its own right.
The claim has long been echoed that Bandag remoulded
tyres need 75-80 percent less raw materials than new tyres
of the same value. This has meant that Bandag saves about
50-70 litres crude oil per tyre. This review looks at Bandag’s
reduction in waste, the increase in the service life of its
tyres and Bandag’s approach towards harmful materials.
Also discussed is Bandag’s handling of rubber mixtures,
nitrosamines and solvents, as well as its tyre colouring, its
improvement in performance and production, its energy
savings, its ISO 14.001 programme and its vulcanising.
BANDAG
EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN
UNION; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD
Accession no.753806
Item 195
International Polymer Science and Technology
26, No.2, 1999, p.97-103
USE OF RECYCLED TYRE RUBBER FOR
MODIFICATION OF ASPHALT
Gawel I; Slusarski L
Wroclawska Politechnika; Lodz,Polytechnic
Blending of waste rubber with asphalt used for road building
enhances the road’s resistance to deformation. The rubber
requires granulation prior to blending with the asphalt, and
this is usually accomplished using knife disintegrators,
which gives particles of irregular shape and rough surface,
which of most suited to this process. Two processes are
employed for blending the ground waste rubber into the
asphalt. In the wet process, the rubber is mixed with the
asphalt at 170-220 C, with a typical addition of 14-20%. In
the dry process, the rubber replaces part of the aggregates,
and is mixed with the mineral before the latter is mixed with
the asphalt. The addition of rubber particles to the asphalt
gives a considerable increase in viscosity, improves the
elasticity of the binder and lowers its brittle point. Rubber-
modiÀed asphalts offer the considerable beneÀt of enhanced
stiffness at elevated temperatures. The optimum rubber
addition is 5%, and compositions with a contents of 15-20%
are generally very stiff. Although compositions containing
rubber are more expensive, the surface is more durable and it
is possible to use thinner layers. Research in Poland is brieÁy
summarised. 45 refs. Translation of Polimery, Tworzywa
Wielkoczasteczkowe, No.5, 1998, p.280
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.753460
70
Item 196
BioCycle Journal of Composting and Recycling
40, No.8, Aug.1999, p.40-1
TYRE CHIPS BOLSTER CANAL LEVEE
A demonstration project has incorporated 2in-rubber
chips from over 46,000 scrap tyres in the construction of
a reinforcing wall in a Áood control levee of Feather river
in California. This article supplies details of the project,
which is being funded by the California Integrated Waste
Management Board. The Board has concluded that using
scrap tyres to stabilise levees and provide Áood protection
will not only prevent the occurrence of Áood damage, but
will use up to 4.5 million scrap tyres and will open up new
markets for scrap tyre disposal.
CALIFORNIA INTEGRATED WASTE
MANAGEMENT BOARD
USA
Accession no.753344
Item 197
Scrap Tire News
13, No.11, Nov.1999, p.4
NEW PATENTED PROCESS FOR SOLID TIRE
RECOVERY
A joint-venture project is announced for the recycling
of solid fork lift truck tyres. Solid Tire Recovery Inc. of
Canada and Huron Recovery of Buffalo, N.Y., are reported
to be launching a pilot project to convert scrap industrial
fork lift tyres into recyclable rubber and steel, using a
new patented processor known as the Stripper. Maine Tire
Inc., a manufacturer of fork lift tyres participated in the
development of the Stripper, and is working with the joint
venture project to promote cradle to grave management of
solid tyres. Brief details are given of the project.
SOLID TIRE RECOVERY INC.; HURON
RECOVERY INC.; MAINE TIRE INC.
CANADA; USA
Accession no.752939
Item 198
155th ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1999.
Conference Preprints.
Chicago, Il., 13th-16th April 1999, Paper 86, pp.18
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF RECYCLED
RUBBER IN LIGHT-FILL APPLICATIONS
Liu H S; Mead J L; Stacer R G
Lowell,Massachusetts University
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
The environmental impact of the use of recycled rubber
from scrap tyres in road construction and civil engineering
applications is discussed with reference to the results of a
number of laboratory tests and Àeld studies. 40 refs.
USA
Accession no.749896
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Item 199
Gummibereifung
73, No.6, June 1997, p.102-3
German
CONVEYORS INCREASE CAPACITY
Mutz K
Robeo Bande b.v. has brought organisational improvements
to its working practices with a new conveyor system
installed in December 1996 and described here. This Àrm is
a European leading trader in tyre carcasses. It collects used
car tyres for disposal as old tyres and sells carcasses world-
wide to full retreading and reconditioning operations.
Methods of sorting are described along with procedures for
dealing with tyres not selected for retreading but intended
for cement factories and shredding.
ROBEO BANDEN BV
EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN
UNION; GERMANY; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE;
WORLD
Accession no.749107
Item 200
Scrap Tire News
13, No.9, Sept.1999, p.12-3
OHIO EPA ISSUES FIVE YEAR REPORT ON
SCRAP TYRE PROGRAMME
Ohio’s Scrap Tire Program is off to a good start
documenting where tyres are going within Ohio and
having success in the cost-effective abatement of some
of the largest scrap tyre piles in the state. The Ohio EPA
has asked for continuance of the scrap tyre regulatory
programme and collection of the tyre fee. Over 14 million
scrap tyres were transported in Ohio during calender
year 1997. Of these, more than 53.1% were recycled.
Two research projects are currently underway: ultrasonic
devulcanisation technology for scrap tyre recycling and
ground scrap tyre rubber as a compounding additive.
OHIO,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
USA
Accession no.747217
Item 201
Scrap Tire News
13, No.9, Sept.1999, p.4
PENN DOT RESEARCH SUPPORTS RECYCLING
OF TYRES
The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation has used
recycled tyre rubber in blacktop paving mixes for recent
paving projects. Rubber can be added to blacktop through
either a dry or wet process. Both methods produce blacktop
containing less than 1% rubber.
PENNSYLVANIA,DEPT.OF TRANSPORTATION
USA
Accession no.747216
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 202
Tire Business
17, No.9, 2nd Aug.1999, p.27
FIRM PLANS HYDROCARBON PLANT
Grinder C
It is brieÁy reported that Cyntech Technologies will build a
hydrocarbon plant that will process scrap rubber to produce
methanol. The company has pre-applied for air emissions
permits to construct an 18-million-gallon plant that will
process 9 million scrap tyres/year. The patent-pending
Thermal Reduction Technology process is a catalyst-free,
closed-loop gasiÀcation system that breaks down rubber
and plastics into methanol, gas oil and process gas.
CYNTECH TECHNOLOGIES INC.
USA
Accession no.747178
Item 203
Rubber and Plastics News 2
20, No.19, 21st June 1999, p.4
NECX TRIES TO TAKE TYRES TO TOMATOES
Bahil B
Nathaniel Energy Corp. has signed an agreement to use
Able Tire scrap tyres to fuel Ripe Touch greenhouses.
Under the plan, an NECX shredder operation will receive
up to 7 million tyres a year from Able Tire. The shredded
tyres will be burned to run a seven megawatt power plant
next to a 20-acre greenhouse owned by Ripe Touch. The
facility will produce hydroponically grown tomatoes.
NATHANIEL ENERGY CORP.
USA
Accession no.747141
Item 204
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research
38, No.7, July 1999, p.2856-60
CHARACTERISATION OF CHARS FROM
COAL-TYRE COPYROLYSIS
Mastral A M; Alvarez R; Calen M S; Clemente C;
Murillot R
CSIC
The objective of this work is the characterisation of the
solid conversion product from coal-tyre copyrolysis
as, currently, any new process should be faced without
resolving the problem of the sub-products generated.
A low-rank coal and a non-speciÀc mixture of scrap
automotive tyres, 50/50 w/w, is coprocessed at 400 deg.C
for 30 min at different H2 pressures and atmospheres. Once
the most valuable conversion products, the liquids, are
recovered by tetrahydrofuran extraction, a complementary
battery of analytical techniques is applied to characterise
the solids or chars, looking for their possible use. 13C
NMR, infrared, immediate and ultimate analyses, ASA,
and scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive
X-ray spectrometry are performed on them. By X-ray
71
 References and Abstracts

diffractometry the presence of sphalerite, pyrrhotite Item 207

and anhydrite is detected. Thermogravimetric studies
demonstrate that the combustion induction temperature
is 400 deg.C. Char combustion tests at 900 deg.C
with discussion of Nox, SOx and polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbon emissions are included. Mineral matter
behaves as if only coal is processed with the Zn exception,
from ZnO in the tyre, which is converted into ZnS. It
is shown that the char organic component has a higher
aromaticity than the one from coal. 19 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.744402
Item 205
Patent Number: US 5889119 A 19990330
THERMOPLASTIC RUBBERY COMPOSITIONS
Coran A Y; Howard F
Akron University
A method of recycling vulcanised rubber comprising the
steps of grinding vulcanised rubber into particles having
an average diameter in the range from about 50 microns
to about 1.2 mm, and adding the ground tyre rubber to
a low-modulus binder to form a thermoplastic rubbery
composition comprising from about 25 to about 75 parts
by weight of a crystalline polyoleÀn resin, and from about
25 to about 75 parts by weight of a binder rubber, wherein
the rubber is vulcanised by dynamic vulcanisation to
form Àne particles of the binder resin, and from about 90
to about 20 parts by weight of ground vulcanised rubber
wherein said step of adding the ground rubber occurs at
a temperature above the melting point of the crystalline
polyoleÀn resin.
USA
Scrap Tire News
13, No.7, July 1999, p.10-1
EUROPEAN SCRAP TYRE PROGRESS AND
PROGRAMMES
It was clear at the recent European Association for Tyre
Recycling’s sixth annual conference that scrap tyres are a
universal issue. More than 150 delegates from 25 countries
discussed new and emerging market opportunities and
options for a wide array of treatments, materials and
products generated from these technologies. Aspects
covered include the Association’s recommended structure
for the use of post-consumer tyres and estimates of EU
tyre disposal routes in 1997.
EUROPEAN ASSN.FOR TYRE RECYCLING
EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.743699
Item 208
Rubber and Plastics News
28, No.22, 31st May 1999, p.7
COTTON GIN TECHNOLOGY JOINS RUBBER
INDUSTRY
Clancy D
Agricultural engineer W. Stanley Anthony has taken
cotton ginning technology to the rubber recycling industry,
and the result could he a further reduction in landÀlled
scrap rubber. Anthony’s two patent-pending methods for
recovering Àller from scrap rubber tyres were developed at
the behest of NASA. The principles behind cotton ginning
have been adapted to remove the Àbre from scrap rubber.
Brief details are noted.
USA

Accession no.744259 Accession no.743692

Item 206 Item 209

Plastics News International Chemistry and Industry
July 1999, p.42-3 No.15, 2nd Aug.1999, p.582
RECYCLED CAR TYRES IN PLASTICS TYRE TRICKERY
COMPOSITES OPEN THE DOOR FOR USING Pyrolysis of scrap tyres yields a gas, an oil and a
WORLD’S WASTE carbonaceous solid residue which is 70% carbon black.
Wu D Y The residue is rejected by the tyre industry because it is
CSIRO not pure enough to be used as a tyre additive. It is brieÁy
Every day, worldwide, approximately 2 million passenger reported that inventors from Affolter, instead of trying to
vehicle and truck tyres are manufactured and, when they purify the solid residue, have used the oil as a source of
reach the end of their lives, they are either buried in landÀll carbon. The residue is converted to gas and used as a fuel
or burned. In Australia, about 70% of the estimated 11 to sustain the reaction.
million tyres discarded annually are still being dumped, AFFOLTER
landÀlled or stockpiled. Due to a new patented surface SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE
treatment technology developed by CSIRO Building Accession no.742834
Construction & Engineering, these tyres can now be
turned into a range of useful plastic composites for various Item 210
industrial applications. Details are given. Polymer Recycling
AUSTRALIA 3, No.4, 1997/1998, p.255-61
Accession no.743887 PYROLYTIC RECYCLING OF WASTE RUBBER

72 © Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts
MATERIALS TO LIQUID FUEL
Ani F N; Jamil M K
Malaysia,Universiti Teknologi
A Áuidised bed fast pyrolysis system was employed for
the recycling of scrap tyres. The liquid fuel derived can be
used as raw fuel or upgraded by reÀning or hydrotreating
or catalytic cracking processing to light hydrocarbon
transport fuel. The liquid oil was characterised by FTIR
and GC-MS techniques for its chemical composition, and
the fuel properties of the derived oils were analysed and
compared to petroleum fuels. 9 refs.
MALAYSIA
Accession no.742795
Item 211
Patent Number: US 5889063 A 19990330
PROCESS FOR CONVERTING SCRAP TIRES
TO RUBBER PARTICLES WHILE REMOVING
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS FROM THE TIRES
Wertz D I
Southern Mississippi,University
Tyres are converted to rubber particles and inorganic
compounds are removed from the tyres by treating the
tyres in a closed reactor with a nitric acid solution having
a nitric acid concentration above 60%. In the preferred
embodiment, any steel belts contained in the tyres are
Àrst removed. The tyres are then treated with a solution
of concentrated nitric acid in which the acid concentration
is maintained above 60% which extracts inorganic
compounds such as zinc, sulphur and calcium from the
tyres into rubber particles.
USA
Accession no.740456
Item 212
Elastomery
3, No.1, 1999, p.18-25
Polish
RECYCLED RUBBER: A VALUABLE RAW
MATERIAL
Dierkes W
Vredestein Rubber Resources
A description is given of the optimisation of the production
of Ecorr NR and butyl rubber reclaims through a
continuous production process, and characterised by
high quality, consistency and purity. A broadening of the
variety of recyclable polymers (NR, SBR, NBR, EPDM,
polychloroprene) was achieved through the introduction
of a surface-activated rubber crumb (SURCRUM),
crumb and reclaim based on whole tyres as well as
compounds. Cooperation between manufacturers has
led to development and introduction of custom-designed
recycled rubber products in terms of feedstock, chemical
composition, quality and price. The inÁuence of recycled
rubber on the processing behaviour and properties of
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
different compounds is illustrated and multiple recycling
discussed.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.740335
Item 213
Patent Number: US 5905095 A 19990518
USED TYRE PROCESS
Adkins L
Shredded automobile tyre is added to a bath containing a
combination of isocyanide, PU, a latex and a soybean oil
and the resulting mixture is heated at about 700F for 10
min. Products, such as oil, steel, vinyl chloride, carbon and
carbon black, may be recovered using this process.
USA
Accession no.738735
Item 214
Patent Number: US 5886078 A 19990323
POLYMERIC COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS
FOR MAKING CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
FROM THEM
Sullivan H W; Mack W A
Tietek Inc.
Polymeric composites are described which can be formed
into articles of construction to replace similar articles
formed of wood and concrete. The composites comprise
a polymer component comprising polyoleÀns preferably
obtained as waste or recycle; a rubbery polymeric
component preferably obtained from disposed tyres; and a
reinforcing Àller component comprising mica. The mica is
preferably of the expanded variety to allow for a reduction
in density over similar composites containing traditional
mica. The evaporation of volatile compounds initially
contained within the different components, primarily the
rubbery polymeric component, allows for the production
of articles of construction having a foamed inner core in
which the foamed cell structure has not been achieved
through the use of traditional CO2 generating foaming
agents. Processes for forming the articles of construction
are provided which include both extrusion and moulding
techniques.
USA
Accession no.737876
Item 215
Gummibereifung
72, No.8, Aug.1996, p.44-5
German
DUNLOP ULTRA-LIGHTWEIGHT TYRES WITH
AUDI EN MASSE
Schmidt P
Dunlop have waited a long time for this opportunity. An
ultra-lightweight tyre is now being Àtted on the vehicle
73
 References and Abstracts
assembly line. These are not wide tyres, but SP Sport 200
ULW Àtted on the new Audi A3. This tyre is discussed
regarding its environmentally friendly aspects, its safety,
its comfort and technical research done by SP Reifenwerke
GmbH. An aramid bandage replaces steel belting. Also
examined are issues of retreading and recycling regarding
the change from using steel to aramid. This covers
shredding problems and residual metal pieces.
DUNLOP; AUDI; SP REIFENWERKE GMBH
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD
Accession no.737016
Item 216
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
72, No.12, 20th June 1999, p.1543-9
BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL
DESULFURIZATION OF CRUMB RUBBER FOR
THE RUBBER COMPOUNDING
Jin Kuk Kim; Park J W
Gyeongsang,National University; Yonsei,University
An attempt was made to Ànd an economical means of
recycling used car tyres. The process used involved the
devulcanisation of vulcanised crumb rubber by two different
treatments, i.e. chemical treatment with di(cobenzanidoph
enyl)disulphide and microbial treatment with Thiobacilus
peromatabolis. The experimental results indicated that the
processing of crumb rubber, as well as the end-product
properties, were enhanced by both these treatments, with
the microbial treatment being more effective. 13 refs.
KOREA
Accession no.736598
Item 217
Rubber and Plastics News
28, No.19, 19th April 1999, p.10
BREAKING LINKS
Begin S
Ultramer and the US Army Tank Automotive &
Armaments Command are jointly researching an ultrasonic
devulcanisation process to break down scrap tyre crumb
rubber. The resultant “virgin rubber” will be less expensive
than the original compounds used to make moulded parts
if the groups can clear cost and technological hurdles to
commercialising the process. The recycled rubber has
been re-compounded and re-cured for use in prototype
automotive parts such as Áoor mats and tyre retreads.
ULTRAMER INC.; US,ARMY TANK AUTOMOTIVE
COMMAND
USA
Accession no.735635
Item 218
Journal of Elastomers and Plastics
31, No.2, April 1999, p.162-79
74
CONVERSION OF TYRE WASTE USING
SUBCRITICAL AND SUPERCRITICAL WATER
OXIDATION
Park Y; Reaves J T; Curtis C W; Roberts C B
Auburn,University
The properties designed into tyres that make them strong
and chemically resistant also inhibit their ability to be
recycled easily. Conventional liquid solvents do not
sufficiently dissolve waste tyres and tyre production
material for convenient separation. Supercritical water
oxidation (SCWO) may provide an alternative solution to
this environmental problem. Partial SCWO can be used as
a means to partially break down rubber (polymeric) waste
materials into lower molecular weight components that
could be recovered as a chemical feedstock. The feasibility
of converting waste material from tyre production into useful
products is explored. Batch SCWO studies illustrate the
ability to efÀciently break down the waste tyre production
material into a range of lower molecular weight organics
for possible reuse depending on reaction conditions.
Furthermore, a semi-continuous process is developed and
preliminary results are presented. Destruction efÀciencies of
greater than 0.9 are obtained in all runs regardless of reactor
type. The results show SCWO to be a promising remediation
alternative to the waste tyre problem. 32 refs.
USA
Accession no.732310
Item 219
Warmer Bulletin
No.66, May 1999, p.23
SCRAP TYRES IN BRITAIN
Three out of every four tyres in Britain are recovered,
through reuse, retreading, recycling or energy recovery,
according to the latest survey by the Scrap Tyre Working
Group. New legislation is expected to ban from landÀlls
whole tyres from 2003 and shredded tyres from 2006. It
is believed that the treatment and recovery options now in
place will fall signiÀcantly short of the legal requirement,
by around 10% of 50,000 tonnes of tyres pa, by 2003.
SCRAP TYRE WORKING GROUP
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.730604
Item 220
International Polymer Science and Technology
25, No.7, 1998, p.71-3
PRODUCTION OF HIGHLY FILLED
COMPOSITES BASED ON GENERAL-PURPOSE
RUBBERS CONTAINING RUBBER-CORD
WASTE
Khakimova S K; Yulovskaya V D; Boikacheva E G;
Skvortsov V P
Moscow,Lomonosov University; Moscow,Rospolimer
Research Centre
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Results are reported of an attempt to recycle rubber-cord
waste(RCW) (obtained by extrusion comminution of used
tyres) on an industrial scale by manufacturing highly Àlled
composites based on general-purpose rubbers containing
up to 65 wt % RCW. It is shown that the best method for
manufacture of such composites is to dress the RCW and
comminute it entirely with resotropin and to introduce
Àrst the RCW into the rubber plasticised in the internal
mixer and then the remaining ingredients. The strength
properties of the composites obtained are shown to meet
the requirements laid down for such materials, but the
elastic properties do not. 3 refs. (Full translation of Kauch.
i Rezina, No.2, 1998, p.8)
RUSSIA
Accession no.727057
Item 221
China Synthetic Rubber Industry
22, No.2, Mar.1999, p.74-7
Chinese
RECLAMATION OF WASTE FIBRE PRODUCED
BY RUBBER RECLAMATION
Zhang Liqun; Yang Hongdu; Li Cheng; Huang Yang; Ye
Hongyu; Gao Xingbin
Beijing,University of Chemical Technology; Henan
Puyang Fine Rubber Powder Factory
Two techniques were used to reclaim the waste Àbre
produced by tyre reclamation process which contained
some waste rubber powder, one was making short Àbre
rubber masterbatch; another was making resin pellet. By
adding direct adhesive to short Àbre rubber masterbatch,
tensile strength of masterbatch vulcanisate in excess of 20
MPa and tear strength in excess of 50 kN/m were recorded.
This masterbatch could be moulded to produce some rubber
products, and its properties were more acceptable when it
was blended with other rubber compound. Properties of
the reclaimed nylon pellet changed with the amount of
waste rubber it contained, and decreased with the increase
of the amount of waste rubber. Through a patent way of
separating waste rubber from waste Àbre, the properties of
reclaimed nylon pellet approached that of nylon 6 (1013B)
produced by Ube Co. The reclaimed nylon pellet could be
injected into plastic production. 3 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.726409
Item 222
Patent Number: US 5852062 A 19981222
APPARATUS AND METHODS FOR
PROCESSING SCRAP TYRES
Carpenter R K
The apparatus includes tyre modules holding tyres
immersed in and preheated by a slurry located in a tank.
After preheating, the tyre module and tyres held thereon
are removed from the preheat tank and immersed in a
slurry in a high temperature tank to liquify the tyres.
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
As the tyres liquify, the slurry produced is retained in
the high temperature tank to immerse further tyres and
also overÁows from the high temperature tank to the
preheat tank and then to a storage tank. The slurry from
the storage tank can be pumped to the burner of a heat
exchanger for heating the slurry in the high temperature
tank or can be used for other purposes. Alternatively, the
apparatus includes a vertical stack of tyres held in a basket
removably supported in a tank with the height of the stack
being greater than the outlet of the tank and the level of the
slurry located in the tank. Thus, the tyres above the slurry
are preheated prior to being immersed in the slurry and
act as a weight to remove the stack of tyres downward as
the lower tyres in the slurry are melted.
USA
Accession no.721663
Item 223
Gummibereifung
70, No.10, Oct.1994, p.97-8
German
CONTINENTAL SUBSIDIARY RECLAIMS
ENERGY AND MATERIAL
Continental AG is making available to bicycle dealers
containers to take used tyres. The full containers are
transported to one of seven pre-processing centres in
Germany. The rubber is either granulated and made into
Áoor coverings or used as fuel in the cement industry.
CONTINENTAL AG
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.721545
Item 224
Gummibereifung
70, No.10, Oct.1994, p.94-7
German
RECYCLING OF SCRAP TYRES. III. RUBBER
GRANULES USED IN ROAD BUILDING
Loewenhaupt B
The different methods of recycling the material of used
tyres are discussed. Possible applications of recycled
rubber granules and powders are considered. 5 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.721544
Item 225
Tire Business
16, No.21, 1st Feb.1999, p.15
COMMUNITIES FIND RUBBER ASPHALT
VIABLE
Moore M
It is claimed there is enough evidence now to demonstrate
rubber-modiÀed asphalt’s absolute value in lengthening
75
 References and Abstracts

pavement life, giving a smoother ride and dampening
road noise. The rubberised asphalt experiences of a
county in Canada and the state of Arizona demonstrate
that contention. Since 1988, Arizona has laid about 1,100
miles of asphalt rubber pavement, using about 5.5 million
tyres.
NORTH AMERICA
Accession no.721092
pressure, are good thermal insulators, very compressible,
offer good drainage and are often the cheapest solution to
a civil engineering problem. Three major projects in Maine
to date have been Àll for a rigid-frame bridge, a railroad
bridge abutment and a highway interchange.
MAINE,UNIVERSITY
USA
Accession no.713170

Item 226 Item 229

Rubber and Plastics News 2 Tire Technology International
20, No.8, 18th Jan.1999, p.7 Sept.1998, p.46-50
RECYCLING PROCESS DEBUTS SIZE DOES MATTER
Clancy D Leeuw H; Dierkes W; Manuel H J
Vredestein Rubber Recycling
It is briefly reported that Thermex Technologies has
unveiled its Thermo-Sub operation for tyre recycling. This paper reports on study which examined the effects
The process, which heats tyres to almost a gaseous stage, of decreasing particle sizes on the properties of powder
allows Thermex to recovery nearly 70% of a tyre’s mass, or reclaim in a lorry tyre compound. A comparative
which can be converted to crude oil, steel and carbon evaluation is provided on the different powder fractions
black. The process does not require tyres to be shredded of the reclaim as such, and the powder or reclaim in
prior to recycling. a compound. Experimentation is detailed, results are
THERMEX TECHNOLOGIES INC. presented and discussed, and conclusions drawn. 5 refs.
USA EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.718634
Accession no.711345
Item 227
Rubber and Plastics News 2 Item 230
20, No.3, 9th Nov.1998, p.5 Patent Number: US 5800754 A 19980901
AUTO, RUBBER INDUSTRY OFFICIALS BUILDING MATERIALS FROM RECYCLED
WORK TOGETHER TO FURTHER VEHICLE TIRES
RECYCLING Woods R J
Moore M A process for forming a building unit from ground motor
The Vehicle Recycling Partnership is a joint effort of vehicle tyres is disclosed. The process includes the steps of
Ford, Chrysler and General Motors to further vehicle grinding a number of tyres to create a ground tyre mixture
recycling cooperatively. This year, Michelin will produce which includes ground rubber, metal strands and Àbre
100,000 recycled-content tyres for the Ford Windstar. The pieces. Between 15% and 20% of adhesive comprising
tyres, with 5% post-consumer content, have performance asphalt is added to the mixture. The asphalt-containing
equal to a radial with all virgin rubber. NRI Industries, a mixture is then placed into a heated mould and subjected
Toronto-based recycled rubber auto parts company, uses to heat and pressure to form a building unit such as a block.
a thermomechanical re-engineering process to transform The metal may be removed after the grinding step by
scrap tyre rubber into its patented regenerated material, passing the ground material under a magnet. The thinnest
Symar-D. block is strong enough to form a structure and yet pliable
enough to permit an insertion of nails or screws.
VEHICLE RECYCLING PARTNERSHIP; NRI
USA
INDUSTRIES INC.
NORTH AMERICA Accession no.710180
Accession no.713172
Item 231
Item 228 European Rubber Journal
Rubber and Plastics News 2 180, No.12, Suppl. 1998, p.32
20, No.3, 9th Nov.1998, p.4 GERMANY DEALS WITH SCRAP TYRES
SCRAP TYRES FILL CIVIL ENGINEERING Knoedgen M
NEED The situation in Germany for dealing with used tyres is
Moore M examined, where 70% of all tyres are currently reused or
The beneÀts of using scrap tyres in civil engineering are recycled. The use of tyre-derived fuel in cement kilns and
outlined. Tyre shreds are lightweight, have low earth power plants is discussed as a major end use market for

76 © Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts
scrap tyres, consuming 40% of the country’s scrap tyres in
1996. Used tyre exports from Germany by region/country,
is also indicated.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.708011
Item 232
Industria della Gomma
42, No.1, Jan./Feb.1998, p.47-8
Italian
NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR THE RECOVERY OF
SCRAP TYRES
Details are given of a process developed by City Energy
for the pyrolysis of scrap tyres. The process uses slow
and gradual heating, thus avoiding the problems typically
found with incineration, and produces gas, light and heavy
oils, carbon black and steel.
CITY ENERGY LTD.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.706058
Item 233
IRC ‘98. Conference proceedings.
Paris, 12th-14th May 1998, p.377. 012
RECYCLING OF RUBBER CRUMB BY MEANS
OF LOW VISCOSITY POLYMERS
Parasiewicz W; Pysklo L; Wilkonski P
Stomil Rubber Research Institute
(AFICEP; Societe de Chimie Industrielle)
Rubber crumb from used tyres can be utilised by covering
its surface with low viscosity rubbers. After addition of
a vulcanisation system, such material can be vulcanised
and elastomeric composites obtained. The modiÀed rubber
crumb can also be added to rubber compounds. Properties
of elastomeric composites depend on size distribution
of rubber crumb, type and quantity of low viscosity
polymer, its molecular weight and vulcanisation system.
It is possible to obtain composites having tensile strength
ca. 10 MPa. The following low viscosity polymers have
been used to modify rubber crumb produced from waste
tyres: NBR, carboxylated NBR, NR and polyoctenamer.
The most interesting results were obtained using 30%
solution of polyoctenamer in highly aromatic oil and white
mineral oil. After mixing solution of polyoctenamer with
rubber crumb zinc oxide, stearic acid and vulcanisation
system composed of sulphur, CBS and TMTD were added.
The modiÀed granulate were vulcanised at 150 deg.C.
The inÁuence of size distribution of rubber granulate
and amount of polyoctenamer added on properties of the
composite were evaluated. This abstract includes all the
information contained in the original article.
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.706013
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 234
Rubber and Plastics News 2
20, No.2, 26th Oct.1998, p.4
ARIZ. DEVELOPER AIMS TO BUILD LOW-
COST HOMES USING SCRAP TYRES
Moore M
An Arizona developer, Richards Development, is seeking
partners for a project to build low-income housing using
scrap tyres as the main structural material. The houses
are based on the “Earthship” design, a self-sufÀcient,
environmentally friendly entity. In the Earthship design,
load-bearing walls are made of steel-belted radial tyres
packed with up to 300 pounds of rammed earth apiece.
RICHARDS DEVELOPMENT INC.
USA
Accession no.702634
Item 235
154th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1998.
Conference preprints.
Nashville, Tn., 29th Sept.-2nd Oct.1998, paper 58. 012
PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHANGES DURING RE-
ACTIVATION (DEVULCANISATION) OF TYRE
RUBBER CRUMB
Kostanski L K; MacGregor J F; Burgoyne M D;
Pattenden T W; Kolinski A; Schnekenburger M J
McMaster University; Burgoyne Associates; NRI
Industries
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
A study is undertaken in order to understand changes
taking place during a proprietary process developed by
NRI Industries for re-activation of crumb rubber (derived
from scrap tyres). Several batches of the crumb at various
degrees of processing are prepared. The crumbs and their
Soxhlet extraction fractions are studied - where applicable
- by DSC, SEC, UV and FTIR spectroscopy, solution and
solid-state proton and carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy, and
equilibrium swelling. Upon this ‘devulcanisation’, Tgs
for whole samples and for soluble and insoluble polymer
fractions increase. Sol/gel and equilibrium swelling studies
prove that most of the crosslinks are severed during the
process. With the progress of the re-activation, the soluble
polymers formed show increasing molecular weights and
the presence of conjugated unsaturated bonds. FTIR,
NMR and SEC studies demonstrate that this fraction
contains a mixture of linear and branched macromolecules
originating not only from cis-1,4-polyisoprene and SBR,
but also from cis-1,4 polybutadiene, butyl rubber and
EPDM, in quantities decreasing in this order. Solid-state
NMR shows that although sulphur crosslinks are no longer
detectable, insoluble fractions still contain some amount
of each type of rubber. 4 refs.
CANADA; USA
Accession no.701894
77
 References and Abstracts
Item 236
154th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1998.
Conference preprints.
Nashville, Tn., 29th Sept.-2nd Oct.1998, paper 56. 012
TYRE RECYCLING IS A REALITY
Dierkes W; Leeuw H; Manuel H J
Vredestein Rubber Resources
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
The utilisation of recycled materials in tyre compounds
is described, including the current status of material
utilisation and strategies for future development. Recycled
material, principally reclaimed rubber, is used today in a
variety of tyre compound applications, but typically at very
low levels. These applications include tread, undertread,
bead and inner liner. The advantages arising from the
utilisation of recycled material in tyre compounds, such
as improvement in processing behaviour and the inÁuence
of recycled materials on the key properties of these
compounds are discussed. The tyre industry’s interest
in expanding the use of recycled rubber is growing, and
therefore a great effort is underway to overcome the thus
far inherent limitations on the use of recycled materials.
The results of recent studies on the improvement of the
quality of recycled materials are presented. One study
describes the inÁuence of particle size on the quality of the
recycled rubber itself and its inÁuence on the properties of
a compound. It demonstrates that extreme reduction in the
particle size of the recycled material is not the only option
for improving the recycled material’s quality.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.701892
Item 237
154th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1998.
Conference preprints.
Nashville, Tn., 29th Sept.-2nd Oct.1998, paper 40. 012
THERMOMECHANICAL REACTIVATION OF
TYRE-RUBBER CRUMB
Kolinski A; Barnes T; Schnekenburger M; Adams J
NRI Industries Inc.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
During a thermomechanical process developed by NRI
Industries, coarse tyre rubber crumb is modiÀed into
Symar-D, a processable and revulcanisable product
that is effectively reused in a variety of automotive and
industrial rubber parts in signiÀcant concentrations from
15 to 75%. This batch operation is conducted in a mixer
equipped with a high velocity rotor. Multiple collisions of
rubber particles between themselves and with the mixer
chamber walls cause dramatic changes to their morphology
and chemical structure. The resulting product, Symar-
D, demonstrates advantageous physical and processing
properties. It is found that this modiÀcation process can
be best controlled by monitoring not only the total amount
of energy transferred per unit mass of processed material,
but also energy consumption proÀles during the mixing
78
cycle. This time-energy relationship determines Symar-D
performance characteristics and the extent of chemical
changes to the polymer networks. 4 refs.
USA
Accession no.701876
Item 238
BioCycle Journal of Composting and Recycling
39, No.10, Oct. 1998, p.52-3
SHREDDED TIRE MARKET OPTIONS
Gray K
Applications for shredded scrap tyres in the US are
described with reference to speciÀc projects. These include
rubberised asphalt, civil engineering, soil amendment,
playground surfacing and road construction. The evolution
of equipment to cope with a growth in applications for
scrap tyres is also brieÁy discussed.
USA
Accession no.701408
Item 239
Elastomery
1, No.6, 1997, p.27-36
Polish
MATERIAL RECYCLING OF USED TYRES AND
RUBBER WASTE
Capelle G
Hermann Berstorff Maschinenbau GmbH
The recycling of used tyres is still of limited industrial
importance compared with thermal utilisation and
dumping on waste sites. This is probably a result of the
limited possibilities for using the recycled products during
the original product cycle. Products containing Àllers
of recycled rubber products are discussed, including
insulation materials, flooring for sports grounds and
technical rubber articles of high volume for low physical
stresses. Rubber pellets and powder produced by the warm
grinding process with a large speciÀc surface are shown to
represent a product of high value. Latex-coating processes
are also considered.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.699078
Item 240
Enercomp ‘95 International Conference on Composite
Materials and Energy. Conference proceedings.
Montreal, Canada, 8th-10th May 1995, p.441-8. 627-63Ene
VACUUM PYROLYSIS OF USED TYRES
Roy C; Darmstadt H; Benallal B; Chaala A;
Schwerdtfeger A E
(Canadian Association for Composite Structures &
Materials)
The vacuum pyrolysis of used tyres enables the recovery
of useful products, such as pyrolytic oil and pyrolytic
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
carbon black (CBp). The light part of the pyrolytic oil
contains dl-limonene which has a high market price. The
naphtha fraction can be used as a high octane number
component for gasoline. The middle distillate demonstrates
mechanical and lubricating properties similar to those of
the commercial aromatic oil Dutrex R 729. The heavy oil
is tested as a feedstock for the production of needle coke.
It is found that the surface morphology of CBp produced
by vacuum pyrolysis resembles that of commercial
carbon black. The CBp contains a higher concentration
of inorganic compounds than commercial carbon black.
Pyrolysis process feasibility looks promising. One scrap
tyre can generate, upon vacuum pyrolysis, incomes of
at least 2.25 US dollars with a potential of up to 4.83
US dollars/tyre upon further product improvement. The
process has been licensed to McDertnott Marketing
Services for its exploitation in the USA. 14 refs.
CANADA
Accession no.698329
Item 241
Patent Number: US 5746037 A 19980505
CONCRETE BLOCK CONTAINING
DISPOSABLE TYRE SECTIONS
Nordberg H T
Tirecore Ltd.Partnership
A concrete building block or panel contains at least one
tightly wound bundle of used tyre casing tread sections
that have been separated from the two end wall sections
and which have been joined together and wound into a
tight spiral bundle. In one form of the invention, the side
wall sections are stacked in axial alignment and a tread
bundle is inserted into the stack before being mounted in
the block or panel.
USA
Accession no.697928
Item 242
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research
37, No.9, Sept.1998, p.3545-50
EVALUATION OF SYNERGY IN TYRE RUBBER-
COAL COPROCESSING
Mastral A M; Mayoral M C; Murillo R; Callen M;
Garcia T; Tejero M P; Torres N
CSIC
The tyre rubber-coal synergy was evaluated through
the different roles that rubber can have in coprocessing
systems. For that, two different experimental designs
were used: a swept Àxed-bed reactor and tubing bomb
minireactors. In this way, coal was coprocessed with rubber
liquids from rubber pyrolysis and rubber hydrogenation, in
a hydrogen atmosphere at 400C. Coal was mixed as well
with rubber in different proportions and hydrogenated at
375, 400, and 425C, and oils obtained were characterised
by thin-layer chromatography to obtain hydrocarbon type
composition. Rubber behaviour was compared to each of
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
the main components of tyres, and all the results indicated
that the slight synergy found can be due to the small free
radicals from vulcanised rubber decomposition, which are
able to stabilise coal radicals to light products. 20 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.697238
Item 243
Scrap Tire News
12, No.9, Sept.1998, p.1/3
SOLUTIONS FIRST
An illegal stockpile of about 28,000 scrap tyres in Grey
County, Ontario, were buried for eight years in an effort
to clean up the site. However, after complaints about
groundwater contamination, the tyres were unearthed in
1998. The tyres were cleaned, processed into crumb rubber
and used in the county’s asphalt paving programme.
CANADA
Accession no.695097
Item 244
BioCycle Journal of Composting and Recycling
39, No.3, March 1998, p.48-9
ADDING VALUE TO CRUMB RUBBER
Last year, American Tire Recyclers sold 14.5 million
pounds of crumb rubber through its products, yielding
3.5m US dollars in gross sales. RubberStuff is made of
black, looseÀll crumb rubber and is used under playground
equipment. ReVived Rubber is made from devulcanised
ground rubber and can be used as a substitute for more
expensive virgin rubber. Rebound is a patented soil
amendment made from a combination of crumb rubber
and composted organics. It is designed for use in turf and
athletic Àelds, golf courses and public parks.
AMERICAN TIRE RECYCLERS INC.
USA
Accession no.692840
Item 245
Tyres and Accessories
No.8, Aug.1998, p.45
ROSEHILL POLYMERS: RECYCLED
PRODUCTS FROM TYRE WASTE
The disposal of manufacturing waste can be a problem
where the cost can increase substantially year on year. In
many cases, the waste can be recycled and remanufactured
into a new product using PU binders to bond the waste
together. Rosehill Polymers has built a worldwide
reputation for manufacturing mainly moisture curing,
MDI-based PU binders, which have a low volatility. Unlike
products manufactured from TDI they are classiÀed as
non-hazardous. These binders are used to rebond waste
material such as rubber from recycled tyres, PU foam, rice
straw, cork, etc. Tyre waste is either supplied as bufÀngs
79
 References and Abstracts
from the tread part of the tyre, which are removed during
retreading or as granules which involves the chopping up
and granulating of the whole tyre. Both the bufÀngs and
granules are sieved and supplied in various mesh sizes
for different end uses. During the granulating process a
large quantity of Àne rubber dust is produced, which until
recently has been extremely difÀcult to Ànd an end use.
All these different grades can now be re-bonded using one
of a range of PU binders from Rosehill.
ROSEHILL POLYMERS
USA
Accession no.692489
Item 246
International Polymer Science and Technology
25, No.2, 1998, p.T/93-9
PROCESSING AND RE-USE OF SCRAP TYRES
AND RUBBER PRODUCTS IN THE TYRE AND
MECHANICAL RUBBER GOODS INDUSTRY
AND IN PLASTICS PROCESSING. TRENDS IN
DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY
Vol’fson S A; Nikol’skii V G
Semenov N.N.,Institute of Chemical Physics
Trends in development of technology for the above are
discussed. Particular attention is paid to the use of scrap
tyres for fuel, to the use of scrap rubber crumbs and
powder, to new technologies such as devulcanisation and
surface modiÀcation of particles, to elastic deformation
comminution and prospects for its use, to equipment for
comminution of tyres and to methods of using recycling
rubbers. 31 refs. (Full translation of Plast.Massy, No.5,
1997, p.39)
RUSSIA
Accession no.692403
Item 247
Rubber and Plastics News 2
19, No.19, 22nd June 1998, p.4
QUANTUM TO MARKET ‘REVULCON’
Moore M
A tyre recycling Àrm claims that it has revolutionised
environmental technology by its patented method of
partially devulcanising rubber without the use of chemicals.
Quantum Group and its subsidiary, Eurectec, claim that
they can reactivate all kinds of scrap rubber - both natural
and synthetic - by shearing crumb rubber at ambient
temperatures. The resulting crumb, which Quantum calls
‘Revulcon’, can be processed without further additives and
combined in any proportion with virgin rubber or new or
recycled plastics. Quantum claims Revulcon can be used
to make hundreds of rubber products, including solid
rubber tyres, mats, tiles and playground surfaces. Quantum
acquired the worldwide license to the Revulcon technology
from FARU of Germany; brief details are noted.
QUANTUM GROUP INC.; EURECTEC INC.; FARU
GMBH
80
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.690338
Item 248
Rubber Asia
12, No.4, July/Aug.1998, p.81-4
NOVEL PROCESS FOR RECYCLING USED
TYRE RUBBER
Watson W F
WNP Ltd.
Any means of dealing with the environmental issue of
waste tyres has to convert some 1,000,000 tonnes of waste
rubber per machine per annum. The only way to render
the rubber from used tyres and vulcanised waste suitable
for recycling is to make it soluble in rubber solvents.
This long-sought goal is achievable by mechanochemical
means. A typical vulcanisate has sonic twenty crosslinks
per masticated chain. Hence, any progress to solubility by
chemical degradation of the chain segments by reclaiming
methods is bound to produce a reclaim so degraded that
the residue of vulcanised network greatly reduces the
elastic properties of any new formulation into which it
is introduced in more than minor amounts. Details of a
process involving a newly-designed mixer are revealed.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.690161
Item 249
Polymer Recycling
3, No.1, 1997/98, p.17-28
MODIFICATION OF BITUMEN WITH SCRAP
TYRE PYROLYTIC CARBON BLACK.
COMPARISON WITH COMMERCIAL CARBON
BLACK. II. MICROSCOPIC AND SURFACE
SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATION
Chebil S; Chaala A; Darmstadt H; Roy C
Sherbrooke,University; Quebec,Universite Laval;
Institut Pyrovac Inc.
The possibility of using pyrolytic carbon black(CBp), a
by-product of scrap tyre pyrolysis, as a reinforcing agent in
bitumen was investigated. Conventional and CBp-modiÀed
bitumens were compared. The performance of CBp-
modiÀed mixtures was shown to be improved before and
after Strategic Highway Research Program ageing tests.
The CBp exhibited a high storage stability in the bitumen
matrix. ESCA and secondary ion mass spectroscopic
techniques revealed that some bitumen compounds were
strongly adsorbed on the CBp surface, which explained
the high interactions between the CBp and the bitumen
matrix. It was found that the rutting potential, the effect
of water and the thermal susceptibility were reduced in the
concrete mixture by CBp addition. 14 refs.
CANADA
Accession no.688689
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Item 250
International Polymer Science and Technology
25, No.1, 1998, p.T/88-93
PRODUCTION OF COMMINUTED
VULCANISATES
Drozdovskii V F
Moscow,ScientiÀc Research Institute of the Tyre
Industry
A review is presented of the literature on production of
comminuted vulcanisates(CVs), e.g. in the recycling of
tyres. The production of unmodiÀed CVs is Àrst described,
covering production of CVs at normal temp., production
of CVs at subzero temp., production of CVs in liquid
media and production of CVs from rubber swollen in
hydrocarbons. The production of modiÀed CVs is then
discussed. 83 refs. (Full translation of Kauch.i Rezina,
No.5, 1997, p.44)
CIS; COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES; RUSSIA
Accession no.687732
Item 251
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research
37, No.6, June 1998, p.2430-5
PYROLYSIS OF TYRE RUBBER: POROSITY
AND ADSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE PYROLYTIC CHARS
San Miguel G; Fowler G D; Sollars C J
London,Imperial College of science,technol.& med.
Tyre rubber was pyrolysed at various temperatures under a
nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting chars were analysed for
their porosity using nitrogen gas adsorption and for their
aqueous adsorption characteristics using phenol, methylene
blue, and the reactive dyes Procion Turquoise H-A and
Procion Red H-E3B. Nitrogen adsorption isotherms were
modelled to the BET and Dubinin-Astakhov equations to
determine effective surface areas, mesopore volumes, and
micropore volumes. 28 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.685284
Item 252
Polymer Degradation and Stability
59, Nos 1-3, 1998, p.353-8
RUBBERCYCLE: A BIOPROCESS FOR
SURFACE MODIFICATION OF WASTE TYRE
RUBBER
Romine R A; Romine M F
PaciÀc Northwest National Laboratory
Microorganisms exhibiting biological activity towards
sulphur were screened for use in producing surface-
modified ground tyre rubber that exhibits improved
compounding characteristics with virgin rubber stocks.
The degradation of dibenzothiophene was used as a model
compound to screen strains of Thiobacillus, Rhodococcus,
and Sulfolobus. EfÁuent and products of these bioprocesses
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
were examined using ion chromatography, FTIR, and X-
ray analysis. 15 refs.
USA
Accession no.682634
Item 253
Popular Plastics and Packaging
42, No.12, Dec.1997, p.38
NEW TECH TO RECOVER NYLON FROM OLD
TYRES
A new technique has been patented by researchers at the
Shriram Institute for Industrial Research for the recovery
of nylon from used tyres. The nylon is recovered from cord
waste (mogusa) which comprises 15-20% of the tyre, and
in which nylon content varies from 45-60% depending
on the efÀciency of the rubber reclamation process. The
process is preferable to the use of mogusa as a cheap source
of fuel by industry, due to its hazardous fumes.
SHRIRAM INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL
RESEARCH
INDIA
Accession no.681268
Item 254
Tire Business
15, No.24, 16th March 1998, p.15
BALING OUT A RIVER BANK
Fedchenko V
In the past 15 years, the city of Carlsbad has lost nearly
20 feet of river bank along the Pecos River to soil erosion.
Carlsbad environmental ofÀcials are now trying to reverse
the damage by using bales made from 300,000 scrap tyres.
The one million US dollars project involves using 3,000
bales of 100 whole passenger tyres to reclaim roughly 1.5
miles of riverbank. Carlsbad is using tyre bales because of
their low cost and environmental safety; the Pecos River
provides a key recreational area for the city, with parks
and golf courses located adjacent to the river. OfÀcials
have drained the river and have dug pits in the riverbed.
The pits will be Àlled with concrete, then the tyre bales,
encapsulated in concrete, will be set on top of the pits.
Brief details are noted.
EN-CORE SYSTEMS
USA
Accession no.676485
Item 255
International Polymer Science and Technology
24, No.11, 1997, p.T/63-5
POSSIBILITY OF PROCESSING USED TYRES IN
THE BRITTLE STATE AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
Podzirei Y S
Ukranian Institute of Nuclear Research
The recycling of scrap tyres by means of the brittle failure
techniques such as in cryogenic reclaiming is discussed
81
 References and Abstracts
with reference to cost and in particular, energy costs.
It is demonstrated that the brittle failure mechanism is
possible at room temperature provided the loading rate is
sufÀciently high. The photohydraulic effect is described
and its function in producing a high pressure amplitude for
the propagation of brittle cracks. 7 refs. (Full translation
of KIZ, No.3, 1997, p.42)
UKRAINE
Accession no.676330
Item 256
International Polymer Science and Technology
24, No.7, 1997, p.T/64-7
UTILISATION OF USED TYRES AS ENERGY
CARRIERS
Drozdovskii V F
Moscow,ScientiÀc Research Institute of the Tyre
Industry
The amount of used tyres is continuing to increase
worldwide. In many countries, the most promising solution
to the problem of their utilisation is considered to be their
burning in order to produce energy and heat. It has been
shown that, merely by increasing the use of old rubber
for energy production, and also in the cement industry,
it is possible to achieve a considerable reduction in the
amount of unutilised used tyres. Despite the fact that
this means of utilisation of used tyres is inefÀcient both
economically and ecologically, it has been accepted in
view of the impossibility at present and in the near future
of eliminating the increasing reserves of unutilised used
tyres. It is preferable to utilise used tyres in the cement
industry, since this requires no great capital outlay.
Utilisation of used tyres for production of electric energy
and heat. Certain specialists believe that the burning or
hydrolysis of used tyres is admissible only if all other
possibilities of producing useful products from them
have been exhausted, and that the utilisation of tyres as
fuel reÁects current conditions and is temporary, since the
materials contained in them should in future be used with
greater efÀciency. 47 refs.
RUSSIA
Accession no.675110
Item 257
Scrap Tire News
12, No.2, Feb.1998, p.5
CT OFFICIALS QUESTION USE OF TYRE ASH
IN FERTILISER
Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection
(DEP) officials are investigating Exeter Energy for
shipping thousands of tons of tyre ash to a Washington
state company that converted the ash into plant fertilizer.
According to the DEP, Exeter sold between 10,000 to
12,000 tons of tyre Áy ash since 1994 to Bay Zinc without
reporting the materials as a hazardous waste. The ash,
generated at Exeter’s tyre-to-energy plant contains zinc,
82
which helps plants grow. But it also contains high levels
of cadmium and lead, which are poisonous elements that
may pose potential health risks to people. Exeter stopped
shipping the ash in August 1997, after Washington
Department of Ecology (DOE) hazardous waste ofÀcials
notiÀed the Connecticut DEP that the potentially hazardous
ash had not been labelled or reported as hazardous waste.
In August, the Washington DOE also notiÀed Bay Zinc
to stop processing the tyre ash until it can show through
testing and documentation that the ash meets federal
standards and is a safe product. Both states are reviewing
the extent of each Àrm’s violations before deciding what
enforcement actions to take. Brief details are given.
CONNECTICUT,DEPT.OF ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION; EXETER ENERGY LP
USA
Accession no.670362
Item 258
Rubber World
217, No.4, Jan.1998, p.63
TYRE RECYCLING SYSTEM
It is brieÁy reported that Jerrold has designed and patented
a machine that turns discarded rubber tyres back into
the basic tyre chemicals. The process is essentially the
destructive distillation of whole tyres under pressure. All
the energy required for the system comes from the light
waste gas produced during the process. It is pollution-free
except for the release of some carbon dioxide and some
water vapour.
JERROLD
USA
Accession no.669057
Item 259
Scrap Tire News
11, No.12, Dec. 1997, p.16
SCRAP TIRES TO FUEL
The Wertz Oxidative Molecular Bombardment at Ambient
Temperature (WOMBAT) process, developed by David
L. Wertz at the University of Southern Mississippi, is
brieÁy described. The technique converts scrap tyres to
a powdered fuel, which is claimed to have a heat content
50% greater than typical bituminous coal. In a one-step
molecular level chemical process, the rubbery parts of
scrap tyres are converted to a high carbon pulp by reaction
with liquid phase chemicals. The tyre-derived particles may
be combusted alone or blended with low energy materials
such as lignite, wood, chips, sawdust or rubbish.
SOUTHERN MISSISSIPPI,UNIVERSITY
USA
Accession no.662771
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Item 260
Scrap Tire News
11, No.12, Dec. 1997, p.6
USING PYROLYSED CARBON BLACK AS A
PAVEMENT MODIFIER
Fader J H; Faulkner B P; Unterweger R J
Svedala Pyro Systems Inc.; US,Dept.of Transportation
According to a paper given at an ACS, Rubber Division
meeting, the commercial pyrolysis of scrap rubber has been
unsuccessful due to the lack of market demands for the
crude raw pyrosates: pyro-oil, pyro-gas, and pyro-char. The
paper, which is announced here, is said to discuss ongoing
tests at the Svedala Pyro Systems’ Process Research &
Test Centre and the recent Joint Highway Research Project
conducted by the U.S. Department of Transportation FHA,
the Indiana Department of Transportation and Purdue
University. Test results verify the proprietary processing of
the raw pyro-char into an upgraded homogenous pyrolysed
carbon black as a viable, value-added asphalt modiÀer.
USA
Accession no.662768
Item 261
Scrap Tire News
11, No.11, Nov.1997, p.11
CIWMB ACCEPTS TDF EMISSIONS DATA
The California Integrated Waste Management Board
(CIWMB) has accepted the Àndings of two reports it
commissioned last year to look at air emissions and
health risks using tyre-derived fuel (TDF). In the Àrst
report, Dames & Moore, an environmental consulting
Àrm surveyed changes in emissions and by-products from
28 facilities to develop a comparison of the emissions
and health risks within facilities once they began using
TDF. The facilities surveyed included 15 cement kilns,
three energy generators, eight pulp and paper mills,
and two industrial boilers. According to the CIWMB,
the study found that for the most parameters measured
at cement kilns (criteria pollutants, particulate matter,
metals, dioxin/furan, organic/inorganic compounds), the
increase or decrease was not statistically signiÀcant when
using TDF in comparison to the baseline fuel. Meanwhile,
Carnot was commissioned to conduct emissions testing for
criteria pollutants, toxic sampels and ash by-products at
Air Products Manufacturing. Details are given.
CALIFORNIA INTEGRATED WASTE
MANAGEMENT BOARD; DAMES & MOORE
USA
Accession no.662271
Item 262
Scrap Tire News
11, No.11, Nov.1997, p.4
TYRE CHIP UTILISATION STUDY AVAILABLE
A recently completed study to determine feasibility of
using scrap tyres for engineering applications at landÀlls,
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
concluded that chipped tyres are a suitable material
in several areas of landÀll design and operations. The
Tire Chip Utilization Study for LandÀll Applications
was conducted for the City of Lincoln, NE by HDR
Engineering under terms of a grant the City received from
the Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality’s
(NDEQ) Scrap Tire Reduction and Recycling Incentive
Fund to determine if chipped tyres could be beneÀcially
used in place of other aggregates in various landfill
applications. The study investigates and evaluates the use
of chipped tyres for capping systems at closed landÀlls,
leachate collection and recovery systems, gas control
systems and groundwater control systems. According to
the study’s Àndings, tyre chips performed well in place of
aggregate in the leachate systems and gas control systems.
Very brief details are noted.
HDR ENGINEERING
USA
Accession no.662267
Item 263
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research
36, No.11, Nov.1997, p.4763-7
HYDROCOPROCESSING OF SCRAP
AUTOMOTIVE TYRES AND COAL. ANALYSIS
OF OILS FROM AUTOCLAVE COPROCESSING
Anderson L L; Callen M; Ding W; Liang J; Mastral A
M; Mayoral M C; Murillo R
Utah,University; CSIC
Hydrocoprocessing of scrap automotive tyres and a
low-rank coal was carried out in a magnetically stirred
autoclave. Derived products were characterised using
gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and thin layer
chromatography with an FID detector. 21 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; USA;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.660828
Item 264
152nd ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Fall 1997.
Conference Preprints.
Cleveland, Oh., 21st-24th Oct.1997, Paper 117, pp.12.
012
MECHANOCHEMICAL RECOVERY OF
THE RUBBER FROM USED TIRES AND
VULCANISED WASTE
Watson W F
Kent,University
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
A mechanochemical process and associated mixing and
extrusion equipment for the solubilisation and recycling
of rubber from scrap tyres and other vulcanised waste are
described. Results are presented of experiments in the use
of the recycled materials in fresh vulcanisates. 3 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.659559
83
 References and Abstracts
Item 265
152nd ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Fall 1997.
Conference Preprints.
Cleveland, Oh., 21st-24th Oct.1997, Paper 115A, pp.21.
012
USING PYROLYZED CARBON BLACK (CBP)
FROM WASTE TIRES IN ASPHALT PAVEMENTS
Fader J H; Faulkner B P; Unterweger R J
Svedala Industries Inc.,Pyro Div.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Previous attempts to commercialise processes for the
pyrolysis of scrap tyres are reviewed, and results are
presented of research undertaken by the Pyro Division
of Svedala Industries in the processing of raw pyrolysis
char into pyrolysed carbon black for use as a modiÀer in
asphalt road surfaces. 35 refs.
AMERICAN TIRE RECLAMATION INC.; POLYMER
VALLEY CHEMICALS INC.
USA
Accession no.659557
Item 266
152nd ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Fall 1997.
Conference Preprints.
Cleveland, Oh., 21st-24th Oct.1997, Paper 114, pp.30.
012
RUBBER/PLASTIC BLENDS BASED ON
DEVULCANIZED GROUND TIRE RUBBER
Luo T; Isayev A I
Akron,University,Inst.of Polym.Engineering
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Ground tyre rubber (GTR) and ultrasonically devulcanised
GTR were blended with PP, and thermoplastic elastomers
were prepared by dynamic revulcanisation of devulcanised
GTR blended with PP. Compounding and dynamic
revulcanisation were carried out in a twin-screw extruder
and an internal mixer. The rheological, morphological,
thermal and tensile properties and impact strength of
the blends were studied, and the effects of sulphur and
phenolic resin curing systems and various compatibilisers
on blend properties were investigated. 32 refs.
USA
Accession no.659555
Item 267
152nd ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Fall 1997.
Conference Preprints.
Cleveland, Oh., 21st-24th Oct.1997, Paper 111, pp.11.
012
ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC FINE GRINDING
Kohler R
Praxair Inc.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Cryogenic and ambient grinding processes for the
production of crumb rubber from scrap tyres are compared,
84
and the properties of the crumb obtained are examined.
Limitations of current cryogenic grinding technology are
discussed, and some new developments by Praxair are
described.
STI-K POLYMERS
USA
Accession no.659553
Item 268
152nd ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Fall 1997.
Conference Preprints.
Cleveland, Oh., 21st-24th Oct.1997, Paper 95, pp.17.
012
PERFORMANCE OF SCRAP TIRE RUBBER
MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVING MIXES
Coomarasamy A; Hesp S A M
Ontario,Ministry of Transportation; Queen’s University
at Kingston
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Rubber-modified asphalt binders were prepared by
mixing 30 and 80 mesh crumb rubber from scrap tyre
recycling and partially devulcanised tyre rubber with two
grades of road surfacing asphalts. A thermomechanical
process was used to prepare a Àne colloidal dispersion
of 30 mesh crumb rubber in molten asphalt. The samples
were tested for low temperature fracture toughness, high
and low temperature performance, rutting resistance
and resistance to low temperature cracking. SigniÀcant
improvements in high temperature properties were found
for the thermomechanically processed sample. Mixes
containing rubber-modiÀed binders showed a moderate
improvement in low temperature cracking resistance, with
systems containing smaller particles showing the best
performance. Rutting resistance improved with reduced
crumb rubber particle size. 36 refs.
CANADA; USA
Accession no.659539
Item 269
152nd ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Fall 1997.
Conference Preprints.
Cleveland, Oh., 21st-24th Oct.1997, Paper 81, pp.29.
012
GROUND RUBBER ADDITIVE
McDonel T; Fusco J; Wheeler M
Flow Polymers Inc.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
A process combining physical softening and chemical
surface activation for enhancing the properties of ground
rubber crumb from tyre recycling is described. One part of
an additive (of undisclosed composition) is blended with
four parts of crumb by mastication in an internal mixer at
90-100C for Àve minutes. The resulting crumb is dropped
onto a tight-nip mill where it bands in two to three minutes.
The band is sheeted off as a soft slab which is then added to
tyre compounds in levels up to 10%. Effects of the treated
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
ground rubber on the cure characteristics and mechanical
and rheological properties of tyre tread compounds are
examined. 10 refs.
USA
Accession no.659528
Item 270
Patent Number: US 5618852 A 19970408
USED TYRE PROCESS
Adkins L
Shredded automobile tyre is added to a bath containing a
combination of isocyanide, PU, latex and soybean oil and
the resulting mixture is heated at about 700F for a period of
10 min. The process allows the recovery of such products
as oil, steel, vinyl chloride and carbon and does not require
the use of a special atmosphere or a high pressure system.
The addition of soybean oil to the bath mixture provides
a safer and more economical process.
USA
Accession no.658540
Item 271
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
66, No.2, 10th Oct.1997, p.271-7
FRACTURE OF AN EPOXY POLYMER
CONTAINING RECYCLED ELASTOMERIC
PARTICLES
Boynton M J; Lee A
Michigan,State University
The fracture behaviour of elastomer-modified epoxy
resin was investigated using compact-tension geometry.
The elastomeric modiÀers included a liquid carboxyl-
terminated NBR and solid rubber particles of different
sizes which were obtained from recycled automobile
tyres. When used with solid rubber alone, no signiÀcant
improvement in the fracture toughness was observed.
When used in combination with the liquid rubber modiÀer,
however, it was observed that the fracture toughness
of these hybrid epoxies was higher than that of those
toughened with liquid rubber alone. This synergistic effect
was explained in terms of crack deÁection and localised
shear yielding. A slight improvement in the fracture
toughness as the size of the solid rubber particles increased
was also observed. 12 refs.
USA
Accession no.655588
Item 272
Tire Business
15, No.9, 4th Aug.1997, p.20-1
MAINE PROJECT LARGEST OF ITS KIND
Conn J
The largest civil engineering project in the USA using
only scrap tyre chips as a lightweight Àll is now under way
in Maine. The tyre chips will provide support for a road
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
leading to a new bridge over the Maine Turnpike. The soil
in the area of the project - a wetland - is weak, and gravel
or any heavier Àll would cause the road to eventually sink,
according to Dana Humphrey, associate professor of civil
engineering at the University of Maine. Tyre chips are
one-half to one-third lighter than gravel. Mr. Humphrey
has been involved in all eight of the state’s projects using
tyre chips in civil engineering designs. He was recently
awarded the International Tire and Rubber Association’s
Friend of the Industry Award for his work in using tyre
chips as lightweight Àll, retaining wall backÀll, thermal
insulation and landÀll drainage layers. Mr. Humphrey also
was instrumental in getting projects using tyre chips back
into state plans; details are given.
MAINE,UNIVERSITY
USA
Accession no.654524
Item 273
Scrap Tire News
11, No.9, Sept.1997, p.15
USED TIRES COULD MAKE ROADS BETTER
This article reports on a research project carried out at
the University of Calgary, Canada, to study the use of
rubber from scrap tyres in road asphalt. Results show that
incorporating rubber can make roads more durable and
better able to stand heavy loads and extreme temperatures.
Details are given.
CALGARY,UNIVERSITY; ALBERTA,TIRE
RECYCLING MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION
CANADA
Accession no.653458
Item 274
Scrap Tire News
11, No.9, Sept.1997, p.10-1
TIRE CHIPS: ONE OPTION FOR INNOVATIVE
LEACHATE MANAGEMENT
Mead E; McCash S
Allied Waste Industries Inc.
This article investigates the use of tyre chips in a leachate
management system approved by the Texas Natural
Resources Conservation Commission, on a four-acre
landÀll site. Full details of the project are given.
LAIDLAW WASTE SYSTEMS INC.;
TEXAS,NATURAL RESOURCE CONSERVATION
COMMISSION
USA
Accession no.653457
85
 References and Abstracts
Item 275
Scrap Tire News
11, No.8, Aug.1997, p.4
TRAFFIC GUIDANCE SYSTEMS ARE ‘RUBBER-
TOUGH’
TrafÀc guidance products made from recycled scrap tyres
are currently being tested and used in more than eleven
states, according to Rubber Tough Industries. The company
is the US licensee for the trafÀc guidance systems, which
were developed and patented by DJH Developments of
Australia. This autumn, the New Hampshire Department
of Transport will install 100 Rubber Tough delineator
posts in two locations as part of a controlled study to
test the performance, durability and effectiveness of the
posts versus conventional delineator posts in extreme
climate conditions and high risk, multiple impact trafÀc
areas. Forty posts will be installed near the Sunapee ski
area to test for durability and ploughability in heavy
snow conditions. The other posts will be installed near
Colebrook in a mountainous, ‘notch’ area to test the posts
performance on tight curves and other difÀcult road terrain.
DJH developed the posts using a patented technology,
in which two strips of tyre tread from steel belted car
tyres are bonded together to form a post. The post can be
combined with different kinds of extensions including
HDPE; polycarbonate or metal, to meet almost any type
of road condition or requirement. Details are given.
RUBBER TOUGH INDUSTRIES LLC; DJH
DEVELOPMENTS
AUSTRALIA; USA
Accession no.651672
Item 276
Rubber and Plastics News
26, No.21, 2nd June 1997, p.12-5
IMPROVING PROPERTIES OF THERMOSET
FORMULAE
Klingensmith W; Sherritt J M; Fesus E
Akron Consulting Co.; Struktol Co.; Goldsmith &
Eggleton Inc.
This comprehensive article reviews the properties
generated by ground recycled rubber in tyre and
mechanical goods compounds and demonstrates how the
physical and processing properties of the formulae, which
are degraded as a result of these additions, are partially
restored by the use of processing additives.
USA
Accession no.651097
Item 277
Polymer Recycling
2, No.3, April 1996, p.201-12
UTILISATION OF SCRAP TYRE - WASTE OIL-
DERIVED CARBONOUS RESIDUE AS ASPHALT
MODIFIER
Rothfuss C; Cha C-Y
86
Wyoming,University
The University of Wyoming Chemical and Petroleum
Engineering Department has developed an advanced
process for co-retorting waste oils with scrap tyres to
produce an upgraded oil, a fuel gas and a carbonous residue.
Due to the innovative and sustainable methodology inherent
in this project, it was the proud recipient of the 1993
Energex Award. Since then, the University of Wyoming
has continued to investigate the special properties of the
carbonous residue in an attempt to maximise performance
in asphalt modiÀcation, provide a potential source of
industrial grade carbon black, and examine the possibility
of using the residue as a hydroponic salt or mineral-
rich fertiliser. Recent emphasis has been placed on the
testing of various carbonous residue-modiÀed asphalts to
determine weather resistance, viscosity effects and strength
enhancements. Research has indicated positive trends in
all three of these areas. Through this continued research,
the University of Wyoming Project has proved to be both
an economically sound and environmentally beneÀcial
process that will serve to provide a mechanism for the
safe and efÀcient management of two signiÀcant global
resource problems in years to come. 5 refs.
USA
Accession no.642083
Item 278
NRC ‘96. Conference proceedings.
Helsinki, 23rd-24th May,1996, paper 20. 8
TYRE RECYCLING IN SWEDEN
Aman L
Svensk Dackatervinning AB
(Finnish Association for Rubber Technology; Nordic
Council of Rubber Technology)
An overview of the tyre recycling industry in Sweden
is presented. Svensk Dackatervinning, the Swedish tyre
recycler, is owned by the country’s tyre suppliers and
is a non-proÀt making company. Some information is
presented on the company’s role and targets.
SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.641397
Item 279
Use of Waste Materials in Hot-Mix Asphalt. Symposium
proceedings.
Miami, Fl., 8th Dec.1992, p.262-75. 62(15)
GROUND RUBBER TYRES IN ASPHALT-
CONCRETE MIXTURES - THREE CASE
STUDIES
Lundy J R; Hicks R G; Zhou H
Oregon,State University; Nichols Consulting Engineers
Edited by: Waller H F
(ASTM)
ASTM STP 1193
Results are presented of three case histories in which
ground rubber modiÀcation was used in the construction
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
of asphalt concrete pavements. Material properties,
performance, beneÀts, limitations and costs are discussed
for each project. The mixtures used in these projects cover
crumb rubber modiÀcation of gap-graded aggregates,
rubber-modified binders and generic crumb rubber
mixtures. With some noteworthy exceptions, all the
mixtures are performing well. 10 refs.
USA
Accession no.641349
Item 280
Use of Waste Materials in Hot-Mix Asphalt. Symposium
proceedings.
Miami, Fl., 8th Dec.1992, p.233-50. 62(15)
UTILISATION OF SCRAP TYRES IN FLEXIBLE
PAVEMENTS - REVIEW OF EXISTING
TECHNOLOGY
Amirkhanian S N
Clemson,University
Edited by: Waller H F
(ASTM)
ASTM STP 1193
The increasing need for recycling has forced highway
engineers to search for more innovative and economical
methods of building and maintaining the nation’s
highways. There is an urgent need to Ànd ways to recycle
waste materials to reduce the amount of waste going
into landÀlls each year. The feasibility of the use of
scrap tyres in Áexible pavements is investigated and an
extensive literature review is presented. In addition, an
extensive survey of all state and federal highway-related
agencies is performed. Based on the literature review
and surveys, several recommendations are submitted to
the South Carolina Department of Highways and Public
Transportation and Federal Highway Administration
ofÀcials. 27 refs.
USA
Accession no.641347
Item 281
Use of Waste Materials in Hot-Mix Asphalt. Symposium
proceedings.
Miami, Fl., 8th Dec.1992, p.39-68. 62(15)
RECYCLED TYRE RUBBER AS ASPHALT
MODIFIER
Shuler S; Estakhri C
Colorado Asphalt Producers’ Assn.; Texas
Transportation Institute
Edited by: Waller H F
(ASTM)
ASTM STP 1193
A combination of ground tyre rubber and asphalt cement
is evaluated in the laboratory and in two full-scale
experimental pavements. Tyre rubber is added to asphalt
in quantities from 18-26 wt.% including whole tyre and
tread rubber produced from both ambient and cryogenic
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
grinding processes. Rubber gradation is varied to provide
graded and one-sized distributions of rubber particles in the
resulting blends of asphalt-rubber. Asphalt-rubber placed
in the experimental pavements and comparable blends
prepared in the laboratory are evaluated by laboratory
tests. Four principal tests are presented for evaluation
of asphalt-rubber behaviour including force-ductility,
double-ball softening point, rotational viscosity and size
exclusion chromatography. Results of laboratory testing
indicate properties of Àeld prepared asphalt rubber can
be duplicated in laboratory-prepared blends. Condition
survey results from three full-scale test pavements provide
information on the most effective combinations of asphalt
and tyre rubber for interlayer construction. A rotational
viscometer is developed which simultaneously blends the
rubber and asphalt and monitors changes in consistency.
The variation in consistency with increasing rubber content
is presented as a possible means of monitoring rubber
concentration during construction. A method is presented
which describes an extraction process for asphalt and
rubber. 17 refs.
USA
Accession no.641342
Item 282
Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe
50, No.5, 1997, p.369/72
German
MATERIALS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION FROM SOLID POLYMER
WASTE. NOISE PROTECTION AND VIBRATION
DAMPING
Vasut S; Bris P; Gerza D; Vitamvasova E
The use of rubber and textile waste from tyre and hose
production for use in the production of materials for
environmental protection against noise and vibrations is
discussed. Acoustic qualities are examined and practical
application possibilities are suggested. 8 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.637895
Item 283
151st ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1997,
Conference Preprints.
Anaheim, Ca., 6th-9th May 1997, Paper 42, pp.6. 012
INNOVATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND
USE OF RECYCLED RUBBER
Stotsky S
Reebok International Ltd.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
The experience of Reebok International in the development
of outsole compounds containing up to 75% recycled
rubber is reported. The reclaim is obtained by grinding
scrap tyres, and is surface treated to promote reactivity
between the particles and with virgin polymer compounds.
87
 References and Abstracts

The effects of adding different levels of reclaim on (ACS,Rubber Div.)

compound mechanical properties are examined.
A review is presented of developments in scrap tyre
USA
recycling, including pyrolysis, gasification, partial
Accession no.636050 devulcanisation and production of crumb rubber for use
as a Àller in plastics, and technical and economic factors
Item 284 limiting the application of these methods are examined.
151st ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1997, (The published paper takes the form of a series of tables
Conference Preprints. and headings).
Anaheim, Ca., 6th-9th May 1997, Paper 41, pp.10. 012 USA
SURFACE MODIFIED RUBBER PARTICLES IN Accession no.636017
FOOTWEAR
Bauman B D
Item 287
Composite Particles Inc.
151st ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1997,
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Conference Preprints.
The use of Vistamer surface modified SBR particles Anaheim, Ca., 6th-9th May 1997, Paper 2, pp.8. 012
(Composite Particles) in footwear soling based on solid CRUMB RUBBER FROM WHOLE TIRE
and foamed PU, EVA foam and nitrile rubber is described, RECYCLING
and the effects of these particles on wet coefÀcient of Harrington M D
friction, abrasion resistance and other mechanical properties BAS Recycling Inc.
are examined. The particles are obtained by recycling (ACS,Rubber Div.)
tyre treads, and are modiÀed by exposure to a reactive
The activities of BAS Recycling in the production of
gas atmosphere which results in the formation of polar
crumb rubber (UniBlend 80) by whole tyre recycling are
functional groups on the polymer backbone. 2 refs.
examined. Applications of crumbs of different particle
USA
sizes are reviewed, and results are presented of studies of
Accession no.636049 the effects of crumb contents of 10, 20 and 30% on the
tensile strength, elongation at break and cure time of an
Item 285 ASTM standard rubber formulation.
151st ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1997, USA
Conference Preprints. Accession no.636016
Anaheim, Ca., 6th-9th May 1997, Paper 12, pp.19. 012
EXPANDING MARKETS FOR SCRAP TIRES
Item 288
AND RUBBER
Tire Business
Serumgard J R
15, No.1, 14th April 1997, p.10
Scrap Tire Management Council
STUDY DEFENDS WORLDWIDE TRADE IN
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
USED TYRES
A survey is made of markets for scrap tyres and rubber, Moore M
including tyre derived fuel, ground rubber, cut, punched
Worldwide trade in used tyres averaged about 350,000 tons
and stamped products, retreading and civil engineering
annually during the Àrst Àve years of the 1990s, according
and agricultural applications. Statistics show estimated US
to a study commissioned by the Scrap Tire Management
scrap tyre market capacity and market demand for ground
Council. The study, A Statistical Review of International
rubber. Some factors affecting the development of these
Trade in Tire and Tire-related Rubber Waste for the Period
markets are discussed.
1990-94, is designed to defend the used tyre trade against
USA
accusations that it is waste dumping under another name.
Accession no.636026 The STMC will submit the paper to the Technical Working
Group of the Basel Convention, an international treaty
Item 286 organisation whose goal is to limit waste dumping in
151st ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1997, developing countries. Not including tyre-derived fuel, the
Conference Preprints. global recycling rate for all rubber products is only about
Anaheim, Ca., 6th-9th May 1997, Paper 3, pp.29. 012 4%, or 600,000 tons, according to the study. Tyres are
EVOLVING DEVELOPMENTAL particularly difÀcult to recycle due to their varied content,
TECHNOLOGIES FOR SCRAP TIRES: A vulcanised rubber and complex mechanical structure.
PROMISING FRONTIER FOR DREAMERS AND Because of this, the reuse of partially worn tyres is reported
SCHEMERS to be the most environmentally and economically sound
Gray T way of extending the life of the product. Used tyres are
TAG an important product in developing countries for vehicles

88 © Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts
where speed plays an inferior role or which are used on
gravel roads where the life expectancy of even a new tire
is quite low. Some statistics are presented.
SCRAP TIRE MANAGEMENT COUNCIL
USA
Accession no.635661
Item 289
Scrap Tire News
11, No.5, May 1997, p.16
STUDY EXAMINES WORLD TRADE IN USED
TIRES
A review is presented of a study commissioned by the
Scrap Tire Management Council entitled ‘A statistical
Review of International Trade in Tyre and Tyre-related
Rubber Waste for the Period 1990-1994’. Some key
statistical data are included for recovery rates and trade
in used tyres.
US,SCRAP TIRE MANAGEMENT COUNCIL
WORLD
Accession no.633415
Item 290
Scrap Tire News
10, No.12, Dec.1996, p.7
TYRE CHIPS TESTED AS MULCH FOR SHRUBS,
TREES
The article supplies brief details of a study, carried out
by two scientists from Georgia University, and funded
by the Government from the 1 dollar fee charged on new
tyre sales, into whether 2-4 inch tyre chips can be used as
mulch for blueberry bushes and Christmas trees. Used in
place of pine bark mulch, if the tyre chips are successful
and cost-effective, it could open up a market for large
quantities of the material. This abstract includes all the
information contained in the original article.
GEORGIA,UNIVERSITY
USA
Accession no.632576
Item 291
Scrap Tire News
11, No.3, March 1997, p.18
LAND BRIDGE MADE FROM SCRAP TRUCK
TYRE TREADS
Terramat Corp. has recently introduced Land Bridge Mats,
made from scrap truck tyre treads, for use as temporary
roads on soft ground. The article supplies brief details of
the temporary all-weather use mats which can be moved to
different locations, and can support heavy landÀll, mining
and construction type vehicles.
TERRAMAT CORP.
USA
Accession no.632566
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 292
Scrap Tire News
11, No.3, March 1997, p.8
MULTI-PURPOSE RUBBER SURFACING
Pav-Tek USA Inc. is offering a surfacing product made
from recycled tyre rubber that can be used on any sub-
surface, indoors or out. The article supplies brief details of
the Pav-Tek tiles which can be set in place with or without
adhesives, and possible applications for the product.
PAV-TEK USA INC.
USA
Accession no.632565
Item 293
Tire Business
14, No.22, 17th Feb.1997, p.16
ATLANTIC WASTE TYRE SHREDS GO UNDER
Slaybaugh C
In 1996 Atlantic Waste Disposal’s 1,300-acre landÀll is
reported to have accounted for almost four million tyres -
equivalent to almost two-thirds the number discarded last year
by Virginia’s motorists. A subsidiary of Brambles Industry,
a three billion US dollars/year, Sydney-based company
with similar operations in 76 countries, Atlantic Waste uses
shredded tyres for several civil engineering applications,
including daily and alternate daily cover. Periodically, the
day’s covering of tyre shreds is not removed the following
day, but left undisturbed. The result is a 6-inch layer of shreds
at each 10-ft. level of the landÀll; details are given.
ATLANTIC WASTE DISPOSAL INC.; BRAMBLES
INDUSTRY INC.
AUSTRALIA; USA
Accession no.630951
Item 294
Tire Business
14, No.22, 17th Feb.1997, p.12
TDF GROWTH FUELLED BY POWER, CEMENT
PLANTS
Moore M
It is reported that fabricators of tyre-derived fuel can
look forward to steady growth over the next few years,
particularly in the electric utilities and cement kiln markets.
Currently about 100 business facilities use TDF as a
supplemental alternative to coal and other fuels, according
to the Scrap Tire Management Council. This includes
nearly 40 cement kilns, nearly 30 power plants and more
than 20 pulp/paper factories. These markets consumed
about 120 million tyres in 1995, and this number is likely
to increase appreciably in 1997. Strong competition reigns
in the TDF market, with processors rising and falling
rapidly. Details are given.
SCRAP TIRE MANAGEMENT COUNCIL;
T.Y.R.E.S.INC.; WASTE RECOVERY INC.
USA
Accession no.630947
89
 References and Abstracts
Item 295
Tire Business
14, No.22, 17th Feb.1997, p.11/6
GUIDELINES, RESEARCH TO HEAL MARKETS
WOES
Slaybaugh C
The US Army Corps of Engineers is being asked to
determine what caused Àres during 1996 within layers of
tyre shreds used as Àll material under two highways in
Washington state and a roadside retaining wall in Colorado.
The Àres, in Ilwaco and GarÀeld County, Washington, and
Glenwood Canyon, Colorado, are thought to have resulted
from spontaneous combustion of the steel-impregnated
rubber shreds. Their occurrence early in 1996 dealt an
unexpected blow to tyre recycling by drastically curtailing
demand for such scrap tyre by-products. Proponents hope
that the proposed Army Corps’ research programme will
dispel concern over the possibility of future Àres and revive
what once was a promising market for shredded tyres in
civil engineering applications - such as roadÀll, landÀll
covering or light-weight backÀll behind retaining walls.
Details are given.
US,ARMY
Accession no.630946
Item 296
International Polymer Science and Technology
23, No.11, 1996, p.T/72-4
GRINDING OF USED TYRES USING
ELECTROHYDRAULIC IMPACT IN
CRYOGENIC LIQUIDS
Podzirei Yu S; Starchik P D
Methods for the recycling of scrap tyres by electropulse
impact wave generation in cryogenic media are described.
Details are given of a three-stage electrohydraulic crusher
designed to grind tyres in liquid nitrogen without the need
for preliminary cutting up, allowing the production of
crumb rubber of prescribed fractional composition and
the separation and complete removal of metal cord. 6 refs.
(Translation of Kauchuk i Rezina, No.4, 1996, p.39).
UKRANIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
UKRAINE
Accession no.629930
Item 297
International Polymer Science and Technology
23, No.10, 1996, p.T/53-T/54
PRODUCTION OF A RUBBER SUSPENSION
FROM SCRAP TYRES
Gazikhanova S D; Mukhamedov G V; Alovitdinov A B
Nizhnekamsk Tyre Works
Recycling by solvolysis was investigated. The solvent was a
mixture of isoparafÀnic, petroleum, and naphthenoaromatic
hydrocarbons. Fine crumbs of the scrap tyre were added to
the solvent and left for 24h for impregnation. Solvolysis
90
was carried out under reÁux at 230C for 10h, by which time
complete dissolution of the organic part of the rubber waste
had occurred. The fate of the compounding ingredients was
investigated by IR spectroscopic analysis of the suspended
particles in the solvolysis product. Absence of bands
other than those characteristic of parafÀnic hydrocarbons
indicated that other materials contained in the initial
rubber must have broken down either over many years
service of tyres or during high-temperature solvolysis.
The rubber suspension can be used as the main product
in the manufacture of waterprooÀng material, the softener
for rubber mixes and as an additive in the manufacture of
tread sheet. 2 refs.
RUSSIA
Accession no.628031
Item 298
Polymer Recycling
2, No.2, 1996, p.77-82
CHEMICALS OF COMMERCE FROM
RECYCLED SCRAP TYRES
Dhawan J C; Huddleston H T
South Alabama,University
Tyre disposal problems are highlighted. The application
of supercritical Áuid (SCF) technology to produce liquid
hydrocarbons is discussed. The SCF-liquid can be blended
with crude oil for upgrading in an existing reÀnery scenario
or it could be fractionated to produce a variety of low
molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons, The SCF-tyre
oil process is safe to operate since the pressure energy at
supercritical conditions is contained in the liquid. The
process would only require ‘off the shelf’ processing
equipment. 16 refs.
USA
Accession no.622309
Item 299
Chimica e l’industria
77, No.8, Aug./Sept.1995, p.517-22
Italian
CRYOGENIC TREATMENT OF SOLID WASTES
Barducci G; Bellini F; Cellai R
Industrial Design Consultants
Cryogenic grinding is examined as a method for the
recycling of solid wastes, including plastics and scrap
tyres. A cryogenic treatment system developed by Pro.
Co.Gen and Pergine of Italy is described. 3 refs.
PRO.CO.GEN; PERGINE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.621115
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Item 300
Rheologica Acta
35, No.6, Nov/Dec.1996, p.616-30
ULTRASONIC DEVULCANISATION OF
WASTE RUBBERS: EXPERIMENTATION AND
MODELLING
Isayev A I; Yushanov S P; Seok-Ho Kim; Levin V Yu
Akron,University
Continuous ultrasonic devulcanisation of ground tyre
rubber and SBR was considered. Experiments were
performed under various processing conditions. Two
recipes of SBR with different polysulphidic linkages were
used. Gel fraction and crosslink density of devulcanised
rubber were measured and a unique relationship between
them was established. Die characteristics with and
without imposition of ultrasonic waves were determined.
Devulcanised samples were revulcanised and mechanical
properties measured. A modiÀcation of acoustic cavitation
and Áow modelling of ultrasonic devulcanisation of SBR
and ground tyre rubber was proposed using a concept of
effective viscosity characterising the Áow of vulcanised
particles before devulcanisation combined with shear
rate, temperature and gel fraction-dependent viscosity of
devulcanised rubber. Velocity, shear rate, pressure, and
temperature Àeld along with gel fraction,crosslink density
and number of bonds broken were simulated. 35 refs.
USA
Accession no.618962
Item 301
Scrap Tire News
11, No.1, Jan.1997, p.7
RECYCLED RUBBER IS KEY COMPONENT OF
TRUCK BED LINER
Using a combination of recycled tyre rubber and vinyl
polymer to make a Àrst-of-its-kind liner for truck beds,
DualComp is aiming to capture a signiÀcant portion of
the truck bed liner industry. The company introduced the
liners to the automotive industry in November 1996 at the
Specialty Equipment Manufacturers Association show
in Las Vegas. Unlike most bed liner companies, which
either mould all-vinyl liners or simple rubber mats for
the beds of light trucks, DualComp uses a combination
of the two methods and attaches a rubber mat to vinyl
sides. The rubber mat portion of the liner contains recycled
tyre rubber and is moulded by Lot Ridge Rubber using
DualComp’s tooling. Details are given.
DUALCOMP INC.
USA
Accession no.618664
Item 302
Recycle ‘95. Conference proceedings.
Davos, 15th-19th May 1995, paper 72. 8(13)
RECYCLING RUBBER? YES, IT CAN BE DONE!
Burlet R
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
Vredestein Rubber Recycling NV
(Maack Business Services)
This paper, from the general manager of Vredestein Rubber
Recycling NV of the Netherlands, the European rubber
recycling market leader, explains the history of rubber
recycling, and goes on to look at recycling systems, raw
materials, processes, products, their applications and
consumption, tyre feedstocks and Vredestein’s “Surcrum”
technology.
EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.617376
Item 303
Waste News
2, No.24, 28th Oct.1996, p.19
HITTING THE ROAD
Higley J
Civil-engineering projects using scrap tyre chips are
becoming more common, despite several setbacks
involving Àres. The chips have properties that road builders
Ànd essential: light weight, low earth pressure, good thermal
insulation and good drainage properties. The Scrap Tyre
Management Council estimates that eight million scrap
tyres will be used in civil-engineering applications in 1996.
Tyre chips can be used in several applications, including
lightweight fill for slope stabilisation and settlement
reduction; retaining wall back Àll to reduce horizontal
pressure; insulating layers to reduce frost penetration
and as back Àll around basements; and as drainage aids
on highway edges, in landÀlls and in septic tank leach
beds. The University of Maine has used tyre chips in
many experimental applications, including roadbeds, a
rigid frame bridge and embankments. The projects were
successful enough to demonstrated that tyre chips are a
viable alternative to other materials. The Federal Highway
Administration’s Highway Operation Division encourages
the use of scrap tyres in civil engineering applications.
Details are given.
MAINE,UNIVERSITY; SCRAP TIRE
MANAGEMENT COUNCIL; US,FEDERAL
HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION
USA
Accession no.615660
Item 304
Waste News
2, No.24, 28th Oct.1996, p.9
TEAMING UP ON TYRES
Halal A M
A steel recycling mini-mill is reported to have teamed
up with a tyre recycler to recycle steel-belted tyre cords
and beads. Tamco Steel of Rancho Cucamonga began
accepting the cords and beads from BAS Recycling in
October 1996. BAS expects to provide the mill with 300-
500 tons of the material each month. BAS Recycling,
91
 References and Abstracts
which has been recycling tyres for eight years, uses a
cryogenic process to separate the rubber from the steel.
The eight-year-old company recycles two million tyres
annually, producing 20 million lb of crumb rubber that
is sold to various manufacturers or used as a modiÀer in
rubberised asphalt. Some company information is noted.
TAMCO STEEL; BAS RECYCLING INC.
USA
Accession no.615657
Item 305
European Rubber Journal
178, No.11, Dec.1996, p.22
RUSSIANS CLAIM TO DESTROY TYRES
Shaw D
Russian scientists have patented a method of destroying
tyres and other elastomeric products at low cost. Called
Ozone-Knife Technology, the system requires the tyres to
be stressed while immersed in an ozone-rich atmosphere
for an hour or so. This, it is claimed, destroys whole tyres,
turning the rubber into small particles, but leaving the
fabric and steel carcass virtually intact. The biggest cost
of the process is said to be the energy required to make
ozone. This is estimated at just 50kWh per tonne of tyres,
plus a further 10kWh needed to stretch the tyres in the
process chamber.
TROITSK TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY
RUSSIA
Accession no.614594
Item 306
Tire Technology International
1996, p.82-4
ULTRASONIC DEVULCANISATION OF TYRE
COMPOUNDS
Boron T; Roberson P; Klingensmith W
National Feedscrew & Machining Industries Inc.; Akron
Consulting Co.
In 1839, Charles Goodyear invented a process called
vulcanisation. The process employs elemental sulphur,
other key ingredients, heat and pressure. The process
transforms virgin raw rubber from a viscous, thermoplastic
state with little useful properties, into a vulcanised or
cured form possessing useful elastic properties that
are reasonably stable at low and high temperatures.
Considerable effort has been invested in optimising the
vulcanisation process. A new method of producing a
recycled rubber based on ultrasonic devulcanisation of
ground vulcanisates is described. 8 refs.
USA
Accession no.614233
Item 307
Rubber and Plastics News 2
18, No.3, 11th Nov.1996, p.3
92
TEAMING UP ON TIRES
Halal A M
This article reports on an unusual joining of forces: an
agreement between a US steel recycling mini-mill and
a tyre recycler to recycle steel-belted tyre cords and
beads, resulting in 100 percent recycling. Brief details
are given.
BAS RECYCLING INC.; TAMCO STEEL
USA
Accession no.612337
Item 308
150th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. Fall 1996.
Conference Preprints.
Louisville, Ky., 8th-11th Oct.1996, Paper 49, pp.9. 012
NEW SOLID STATE SHEAR EXTRUSION
PULVERISATION PROCESS FOR USED TYRE
RUBBER RECOVERY
Khait K
Northwestern University
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Experiments in the conversion of scrap tyre rubber and
plastics into powders by a solid state shear extrusion
pulverisation process are reported. Scrap tread rubber
was pulverised using the Berstorff ZE-90 co-rotating
twin-screw extruder, producing powder with an open,
cauliÁower-like morphology. Tyre rubber was also co-
pulverised with HDPE, LDPE and linear LDPE. The
tensile and tear strengths of the mixes produced were
higher than when separately produced powders were
mixed together. The rubber/plastics compounds were
evaluated in the production of compression moulded Áoor
mats. 3 refs.
BIRL INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH LABORATORY;
BERSTORFF H.,MASCHINENBAU GMBH
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.611810
Item 309
IRC ‘96. International Rubber Conference. Conference
proceedings.
Manchester, 17th-21st June 1996, paper 52. 012
RECYCLING IN ROAD PAVEMENTS AND
STREET FURNITURE
Van Heystraeten G
Belgium,Centre de Recherches Routieres; European
Tyre Recycling Association
(Institute of Materials)
Scrap rubber tyres from cars and lorries can be used for
road applications in seven main Àelds: as lightweight Àll
in embankments; for erosion control; as side slope Àll
and in retaining walls; in acoustic insulating devices -
noise screens along roads and railways; in safety devices
- culverts, inertial barriers, New Jersey barriers, speed
control humps; in other functional road equipment items
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
- roadside water guides, railway or tramway crossing
pads, sign supports, interlocking, blocks and bollards; as
aggregate in a bitumen-bound top layer for Àlter drains;
as aggregate in asphalt mixes; and as rubber-bitumen
(crumb rubber modiÀer) in hot-mix asphalts such as porous
asphalt, joint and crack sealing compounds, chip seal coats,
membrane interlayers. These seven Àelds of application
are reviewed in detail. 14 refs.
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.610116
Item 310
European Rubber Journal
178, No.10, Nov.1996, p.43
NEW APPLICATION FOR BAG-HOUSES
Aeropulse manufactures fabric Àlter dust collectors used
in the carbon black industry, it is brieÁy reported. The
company has developed a system for use in the shredding
of scrap tyres which sucks the cord off and produces a
consistent rubber product. During grinding of rubber into
a Àne mesh between 100 and 300 microns in diameter, oil
is released. The Àrm’s AeroScrub system has been adapted
to handle this. Calcium carbonate is pneumatically injected
onto the bags, which allows oil to be caught on the surface
without blinding the bags.
AEROPULSE INC.
USA
Accession no.608933
Item 311
Advanced Materials and Processes
150, No.4, Oct.1996, p.4
FRENCH FIRM MAKES SCRAP TYRES ROLL
AGAIN
Roll-Gom, a small French company recycles 3 million
scrap car and truck tyres a year, to produce 16,500 tons
of used rubber. Roll-Gom crushes rubber granules into an
ultraÀne powder to which is added sulphur, and the mixture
is simultaneously revulcanised and compressed in a mould.
From this is made a million rubber casters a month. A
further application is as safety surfaces in childrens’
playgrounds. Details are given of both products.
ROLL-GOM
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.608264
Item 312
International Polymer Science and Technology
23, No.5, 1996, p.T/37-8
COOLING OF SCRAP TYRES BEFORE
GRINDING
Podzirei Y S
A method is described which enables the energy
consumption required for the cooling and grinding of scrap
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
tyres to be reduced by a factor of 3. 6 refs. (Full translation
of Kauch.i Rezina, No.5, 1995, p.29)
CIS; COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES
Accession no.608094
tem 313
Rubber and Plastics News
25, No.27, 29th July 1996, p.7
SCRAP TYRES HELP SLOW EROSION
Wilkinson M
Scrap passenger tyres are being placed in a gully in Tucson
to slow the rushing waters that cause massive erosion
during the Southwest’s rainy season. The dam consists
of about 1,500 tyres tied together with industrial grade
plastic straps. The dam is about 30 feet long, 25 feet wide
and 5 feet high, with another 4 feet buried to anchor the
structure. The scrap tyres were provided free of charge
by Pima County.
ARIZONA,UNIVERSITY
USA
Accession no.605908
Item 314
Rubber and Plastics News
25, No.27, 29th July 1996, p.1/13
FULL-COURT PRESS
Sisson J
Seamless Attenuating Technologies is pioneering a method
of manufacturing basketball courts containing ground
tyres and athletic shoes. A prototype court at Puget Sound
Christian College is made using 15,000 used shoes and 525
scrap tyres. The court consists of 40% recycled material.
Testing is being carried out to measure impact-attenuation,
muscle fatigue, perception of fatigue and shoe-to-surface
friction. The company expects the new playing surface to
meet, and in some cases exceed, the performance qualities
of a traditional wood court. Gaco Western has developed a
transparent PU rubber to coat the court’s surface.
SEAMLESS ATTENUATING TECHNOLOGIES INC.
USA
Accession no.605901
Item 315
International Polymer Science and Technology
23, No.4, 1996, p.T/75-9
PRODUCTION AND APPLICATION OF TWO-
COMPONENT RUBBER-FIBRE FILLERS
Drozdovskii V F
A literature and patent survey is presented of the
potential applications of rubber-textile waste formed in
the production of tyres, mechanical goods and rubber
footwear. 45 refs.
RUSSIA
Accession no.605011
93
 References and Abstracts
Item 316
Advanced Composite Materials
5, No.4, 1996, p.321-34
RECYCLING OF USED TYRES IN JAPAN
Hayashi H
Japan Automobile Tire Manufacturers Association
An overview of the recycling of used tyres in Japan is
presented, covering functions and structures of tyres,
generation of used tyres, the recycling situation of used
tyres (retreading, reclaiming of rubber, reclaiming of raw
material and energy), power co-generation, and status of
used tyre processing in other countries. 6 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.599374
Item 317
Rubber and Plastics News
25, No.24, 17th June 1996, p.33
FRESNO TYRE FIRE MAY KEEP BURNING FOR
YEAR
It is reported that ÀreÀghters will not guarantee that a Àre in
a tyre landÀll between Los Banos and Coalinga in western
Fresno County will not be burning in a year, even though it
appears to be out. The Àre started 20th May 1996 with an
arson grass Àre which spread into the canyon containing
the tyre pile and landÀll. A bulldozer was brought in to
dam off the lower end of the canyon, in case water had to
be put on the Àre or oil began Áowing from it. Then the
Àre was allowed to burn for two days when it eventually
began to lose its intense heat. Brief details are noted.
USA
Accession no.599305
Item 318
Resources, Conservation and Recycling
17, No.2, Aug.1996, p.125-39
PYROLYSIS OF WASTE TYRE: DEGRADATION
RATE AND PRODUCT YIELDS
Chang Y-M
Taipei,National Institute of Technology
A promising and realistic alternative for the reuse of waste
tire is the energy and resource technology, pyrolysis,
which converts the polymer waste to useful chemical
products or fuels. For general engineering purposes,
studies are presented on the degradation rate and product
yields of waste tyres during pyrolysis without a catalyst.
A thermal gravimetric analyser (TGA) is used to measure
the weight loss of waste tyre during pyrolysis. Yields of
gas, liquid and char products were measured, and a gas
chromatograph (GC) is used to analyse the composition of
liquid products. Pyrolysis of waste tyre is found to be a fast
reaction, the degradation rate of which can be correlated
in terms of pyrolysis conversion and temperature. The rate
increases with the temperature of pyrolysis. However, the
effect on the degradation rate of a pyrolysis temperature
94
of below 400 deg.C is more sensitive than that above this
temperature. Distribution of product yields from pyrolysis
varies with temperature. Generally, the total yield of gas
products is 30-53% by weight of the waste tyre, oil is 28-
42%, and char is 14-28%. Further, the fuel oil, a part of
the oil product, has a maximum level up to 15% by weight
at a temperature of 350 deg.C. 24 refs.
TAIWAN
Accession no.599060
Item 319
Patent Number: WO 9519876 A1 19950727
DEVICE FOR DISMANTLING STEEL-WIRE
TYRES
Bedjuch A R; Luzento A L; Parubotscha T W; Butko W
G; Odinez S I
A process is disclosed for dismantling tyres with metal
parts, by separating the combined rubber and metal
components, and in which the metal is heated by an
electric current. The metal components are brieÁy taken
by the electric current to such a state that the boundary
layers between the metal crystals evaporate and the vapour
pressure thus generated pushes the solid metal particles
explosively out of the surrounding rubber bed. The rubber
body, freed of the metal components, is then reduced and
the metal particles are collected. A device for dismantling
such tyres has a conveyor, a downstream device for electro-
thermally destroying the metal inserts and a reducing
device. The device for electro-thermal destruction has a
pulse generator or diverter connected via a connecting
circuit to a separator acting on the tyres to separate the
metal particles thermomechanically.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.598834
Item 320
Financial Times
No.33043, 24th July 1996, p.30
WHEELS TURNED INTO “REVERSE”
Baxter A; Tighe C
A pilot recycling plant near Toronto uses microwave
energy to break 300 tyres a day into their base elements
in a process called “reverse polymerisation”. Each 20lb
tyre is reduced to about 9lb of carbon black, three-quarters
of a gallon of fuel oil and 2lb of steel. The plant is run by
Environmental Waste Management Corporation. Earlier
this year, the UK’s BOC Group signed an agreement with
EWMC to market the technology worldwide. In the UK,
Brian Foster has patented a microwave process which turns
tyres into briquettes for use as a slow-burning solid fuel.
ENVIRONMENTAL WASTE MANAGEMENT CORP.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NORTH
AMERICA; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.597536
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Item 321
Patent Number: US 5470384 A 19951128
PROCESS FOR CO-RECYCLING TYRES AND
OILS
Cha C Y; Plancher H; Kraus L S
Wyoming,University; Amoco Corp.
A thermal process co-recycles tyres with oils to produce
gases, liquids and solids. The latter consists of glass and
steel Àbres and a carbonous residue which are separately
segregated and collected. By using selected additives, gas
formation and hydrogen sulphide contents are reduced,
light product oil yields and quality are maximised and
the level of chlorinated substances in the oils are reduced
to trace amounts. The carbonous residue makes an
excellent modiÀer for improving performance properties
of bituminous binders and bituminous mixtures and
for providing added beneÀts to properties of Portland
concrete.
USA
Accession no.596264
Item 322
Construction and Building Materials
10, No.4 1996, p.229-36
CEMENT-BASED MATERIALS CONTAINING
SHREDDED SCRAP TRUCK TYRE RUBBER
Fattuhi N I; Clark L A
Birmingham,University
Cement paste, mortar, and concrete mixes were prepared
using various proportions of either rubber crumb or
low-grade rubber obtained from shredding scrap tyres.
Density, compressive strength, impact and Àre resistance
and nailability properties are discussed. 9 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.596035
Item 323
Waste News
2, No.1, 20th May 1996, p.43
GROUPS UNITE TO STUDY CHIP FIRES
Zielasko D
The Scrap Tire Management Council and the International
Tire and Rubber Association have jointly appointed an ad
hoc scrap-tire committee to address the use of tyre chips
in civil engineering projects. Two road Àres in Washington
State and a retaining-wall Àre in Colorado have prompted
the groups’ co-operative effort. The two road Àres - one
in GarÀeld County, Washington, the other in the coastal
town of Ilwaco, Washington - occurred earlier in 1996
and have effectively shut down the civil engineering
market for tyre shreds in 1996. A third Àre, involving tyre
chips used in a retaining wall alongside Interstate 70 in
Glenwood Canyon, Colorado, broke out in October 1995.
Details are given.
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
SCRAP TIRE MANAGEMENT COUNCIL;
INTERNATIONAL TIRE & RUBBER ASSN.
USA
Accession no.595985
Item 324
Industria della Gomma
39, No.4, April 1995, p.48-9
Italian
FUTURE OF SCRAP TYRES: NEW RECYCLING
MACHINERY BUT ALSO APPLICATIONS IN
ART
Machinery developed by Satrind and BonÀglioli of Italy
and Scandinavian Recycling of Sweden for the recycling
of scrap tyres is described. Examples are also given of
the use of scrap tyres, alone or in combination with other
materials, in sculptures and other artistic applications.
SATRIND SRL; BONFIGLIOLI SPA;
SCANDINAVIAN RECYCLING AB; BROWN
J.,PLASTICS MACHINERY LTD.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.595282
Item 325
Patent Number: US 5472750 A 19951205
CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS MADE FROM
TYRE CARCASSES
Miller E L
A general purpose laminated block element is constructed
from discarded rubber-like material such as tyre casings
or belt conveyor straps. Tyre casings are cut open and laid
Áat to form mats, which are then stacked and secured into
blocks suitable for transport and storage. The blocks may be
later disassembled and the individual mats spirally wound
to form cylindrical posts. Alternately, the blocks may be
used as formed for general purpose construction blocks.
The properties of the laminated block can be adjusted by
adjusting the properties of an adhesive which is applied
to one surface of the mat prior to stacking. The laminated
rubber blocks may be formed to predetermined sizes by
appropriately preconÀguring the mat by juxtaposing or
superposing multiple single tyre mats. The laminated
rubber-like blocks have excellent strength, impact and
vibration absorption, and machinability. The recycling
of such non-degradable waste material, as well as the
provision of a superior replacement for natural wood
products, is a double edged boon to the economy.
USA
Accession no.594338
95
 References and Abstracts
Item 326
Reuse/Recycle
26, No.3, March 1996, p.22
ANOTHER SURFACE MODIFICATION FOR
CRUMB TYRE RUBBER
Urethane Technologies, like Composite Particles and
G&E, is reported to use a surface modiÀcation approach
to activate ground rubber. Composite Particles uses a gas
treatment, G&E uses a proprietary liquid treatment, while
UTI incorporates a solid material that absorbs the moisture
that is invariably present in the crumb rubber, preventing
the rubber from bonding to the PU. In this way, UTI
uses its treated rubber as a cost-effective Àller in some
polyurethane products. UTI is a custom manufacturer of
polyurethane systems. Very brief details are given.
URETHANE TECHNOLOGIES INC.
USA
Accession no.591734
Item 327
Engineer
282, No.7305/6, 6th June 1996, p.21
SCRAP TYRES END UP IN THE FUEL TANK
Stuckey S
It is brieÁy reported that Wartsila, Finland, has patented a
process that converts old rubber tyres and plastics waste into
diesel fuel. The most likely applications for the new fuel are
in heating systems or as a means of producing electricity.
Tyres and other waste are shredded into a crumb-like
material which is fed into a hot reactor. Liquid hydrocarbons
are then mixed with the rubber at pressures of up to 30 times
atmospheric. At a temperature of around 350C, the solids
decompose and the long hydrocarbon chains break down
to produce a homogeneous oil mixture.
WARTSILA
FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.591175
Item 328
Shell Chemicals Europe Magazine
No.5, April 1996, p.7-9
TAKING TYRES OFF THE SCRAP HEAP
Johnston J
Shell Chemicals Europe
Rosehill Polymers’ involvement in the Eureka project
EU446 is described. The project was conceived to develop
a process whereby scrap rubber tyres and plastic bottles
could be recycled in combination with a PU binder to
produce marketable end products such as safety surfaces
for children’s playgrounds, running tracks and tennis
courts. The PU prepolymer took four years to develop and
is based on the reaction between a blend of polyols such
as those from Shell’s Caradol range, and MDI. The PU
binders produced by Rosehill are one-part and solvent free,
relying on atmospheric moisture for Ànal curing. Other
applications involving the use of polyurethane-bound
96
rubbers are also described.
ROSEHILL POLYMERS
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.591004
Item 329
Rubber Chemistry and Technology
69, No.1, March-April 1996, p.92-103
DEVULCANISATION OF WASTE TYRE RUBBER
BY POWERFUL ULTRASOUND
Tukachinsky A; Schworm D; Isayev A I
Akron,University
Ground rubber tyre was devulcanised in a continuous
process in which the rubber crumb was conveyed by a
screw extruder to a thin gap between a stationary die and
a vibrating horn. Ultrasound amplitude, gap thickness
and the duration of the treatment were varied and their
effect on the rubber properties was studied. The degree
of devulcanisation was characterised by the crosslink
density and gel fraction of the devulcanised rubber. These
characteristics were found to correlate uniquely with each
other over a wide range of the treatment conditions. The
speciÀc energy of ultrasound consumed per unit mass of the
rubber was found to be the operating parameter correlating
with the properties of the devulcanised rubber. The
mechanical properties of the revulcanised samples reached
a maximum with an increasing degree of devulcanisation
and then dropped as a result of excessive degradation.
Even without optimisation of cure formulations, TS and
ultimate elongation of revulcanised tyre rubber as high as
10.5 MPa and 250%, respectively, were achieved. 6 refs.
USA
Accession no.589979
Item 330
Polyurethanes ‘95. Conference Proceedings.
Chicago, Il., 26th-29th Sept.1995, p.275-8. 43C6
ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY TYRE RECYCLING
SYSTEM FOR IMPROVED, COST EFFECTIVE
POLYURETHANE PARTS
McNeill J D
Urethane Technologies Inc.
(SPI,Polyurethane Div.)
Details are given of technology developed by Urethane
Technologies and Champion Recycling for the use of
crumb rubber from tyre recycling as a Àller in microcellular
PU bicycle tyres. The crumb, trade named Stermic, is
surface modiÀed for this application, and the microcellular
PU is produced using the Ariser non-ozone depleting
blowing technology. Tests showed that non-pneumatic
PU bicycle tyres containing this crumb had mechanical
properties similar to, and in some respects better than,
those of a pneumatic rubber bicycle tyre. 2 refs.
CHAMPION RECYCLING INC.
USA
Accession no.588961
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Item 331
Waste News
1, No.28, 11th March 1996, p.21
PILE OF TROUBLE
Wiley W
It is brieÁy reported that California’s Àrst application for
a permit to operate a major tyre pile has been approved
by the state Integrated Waste Management Board. It was
exactly what the pile’s owners said they did not want.
Oxford Tire Recycling had sought a 30-day extension to
give it time to propose alternative ways to meet deposit
requirements. The pile is the fuel supply for a 14 megawatt
electrical generating plant built next to the pile speciÀcally
to use the tyres. Modesto Energy owns and operates the
power plant and charges Oxford a 16 US dollars/ton
tipping fee to dispose of its tyres.
OXFORD TIRE RECYCLING
USA
Accession no.588493
Item 332
IRC ‘95 Kobe International Rubber Conference.
Conference proceedings.
Kobe, 23rd-27th Oct.1995, p.373-6. 012
RECYCLING OF VULCANISED RUBBER
WASTES INCLUDING TYRE
Nakao K; Sakamoto Y; Endo H; Mito M
Gifu,University; Osaka Prefectural Industrial Research
Inst.
(Japan,Society of Rubber Industry)
Vulcanised pure gum compound stocks of NR and
SBR as a model of rubber wastes, and SBR tyre wastes
for automotive applications are decomposed by use
of dipentene/Co or Mn naphthenate systems at low
temperatures. These decompositions are accelerated by the
addition of alloocimene. Reclaimed rubber and adhesives
are then prepared from these decomposition products.
JAPAN
Accession no.586100
Item 333
IRC ‘95 Kobe International Rubber Conference.
Conference proceedings.
Kobe, 23rd-27th Oct.1995, p.366-72. 012
PROPERTIES OF VULCANISED, REINFORCED
RUBBER COMPOUND WITH 50 PPHR
REGENERATED RUBBER POWDER
Li X
Guangzhou,Res.Inst.for Utilization of Reclaimed
Resources
(Japan,Society of Rubber Industry)
Regenerated (activated) rubber powder can be used to
manufacture new tyres with improved static and dynamic
properties. Aspects covered include the application of
activated rubber powder to rubber tyre testing, dynamic
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
mechanics of activated rubber penetration and economic
beneÀts. 5 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.586099
Item 334
IRC ‘95 Kobe International Rubber Conference.
Conference proceedings.
Kobe, 23rd-27th Oct.1995, p.361-65. 012
REVOLUTIONARY RUBBER RECYCLING
TECHNOLOGY
Li X
Guangzhou,Res.Inst.for Utilization of Reclaimed
Resources
(Japan,Society of Rubber Industry)
Vulcanised rubber from waste tyres can now be recycled
into usable raw material for making new tyres. Details of
this new technology are presented. 5 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.586098
Item 335
Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe
49, No.3, March 1996, p.194-9
PLASTICISING PROPERTIES OF HEAVY OILS
OBTAINED FROM VACUUM PYROLYSIS OF
USED TYRES
Leblanc J L; Roy C; Mirmiran S; Benallal B;
Schwerdtfeger A E
Paris,Universite Pierre et Marie Curie; Laval,University
The heavy oil obtained from the distillation of the pyrolysis
oil obtained from the vacuum pyrolysis of used tyres
was incorporated into different rubber formulations to
investigate the possibility of using the oil as a plasticiser.
Heavy pyrolytic oil was demonstrated to have good
mechanical and lubricating properties, very similar to the
commercial oil. 27 refs.
CANADA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.586044
Item 336
Patent Number: WO 9514562 A1 19950601
Russian
METHOD OF REPROCESSING USED TYRE
CASINGS AND FACILITY FOR CARRYING OUT
SAID PROCESS
Nogradov L M; Drozdov V M; Grebenkov A Z;
Zhuravsky G I
The used car tyre casings are loaded into a reactor through
a loading device. The reactor is heated to a desired
temperature of between 400 and 700C, the jets being
ignited and a circulation Áow around the workpiece being
started with the aid of a pump. Once the temperature
in the reactor has reached 400C, the high molec.wt.
97
 References and Abstracts
compounds undergo conversion by the removal of the
volatile hydrocarbons, which, together with the steam,
enter the cooler. On leaving the cooler, the steam and
gas mixture enters the condenser, where the steam and
heavy hydrocarbon fractions condense. The liquid stands
and separates into layers in the condensate separator. The
gas mixture is led back into the system to a consumer,
some of it to the jets. Once the liquid has settled into
layers, it is removed from the condensate separator.
The hydrocarbons enter a vessel and are directed to a
consumer or sent on for further reprocessing. Water from
the condensate separator is fed back into the circuit by a
pump to produce superheated steam. Water is heated and
boils in the cooler for the gases produced in pyrolysis and
the resulting steam is superheated in the unit to a desired
temperature of between 400 and 700C. A solid residue
is left in the reactor in the form of a porous pyrocarbon
and metal cord. The reactor is cooled and depressurised
with the aid of the unloading device. The solid residue is
conveyed by a conveyor to a magnetic separator, which
separates the metal impurities. The Ànished pyrocarbon
enters the receiving hopper.
BELARUS; BELORUSSIA
Accession no.585535
Item 337
Waste News
1, No.26, 26th Feb.1996, p.11
BURNING UP THE ROAD - LITERALLY
Mikolajczyk S J
A chemical reaction has caused scrap tyre chips used as
inÀll in a section of road outside Pomeroy, Wash., to ignite.
The shredded tyres included nylon cords and steel belts,
and it is thought that following Áash Áooding, the water
started a chemical reaction accelerating rusting of exposed
steel in the chips. The oxidation process generated heat
in the pockets of air between the chips, possibly igniting
them.
USA
Accession no.585530
Item 338
148th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. Fall 1995.
Conference Preprints.
Cleveland, Oh., 17th-20th Oct.1995, Paper 126, pp.17.
012
RUBBER RECYCLING IN INDIA: A REVIEW
Desai P W; Desai W G
Desons International Inc.; Desai Rubber Private Ltd.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Following a general review of the Indian rubber industry,
an examination is made of rubber recycling in India,
including sources of scrap, reclaiming processes and
machinery used, types of reclaimed rubber produced, and
applications and prices of reclaim. Statistics show NR
production, synthetic rubber production and consumption,
98
vehicle and tyre production and reclaimed rubber
consumption in India. 10 refs.
INDIA; USA
Accession no.583047
Item 339
148th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. Fall 1995.
Conference Preprints.
Cleveland, Oh., 17th-20th Oct.1995, Paper 123, pp.39.
012
MODELLING OF ULTRASONIC
DEVULCANISATION OF TYRE RUBBERS AND
COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENTS
Isayev A I; Yushanov S P; Schworm D; Tukachinsky A
Akron,University,Inst.of Polym.Engineering
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
An attempt was made to simulate a continuous ultrasonic
process for the devulcanisation of ground tyre rubber. The
model used was based on a mechanism of rubber network
break-up caused by cavitation created by high intensity
ultrasonic waves in the presence of pressure and heat.
Theoretical results were obtained for the development
of pressure, velocity, shear rate and temperature during
devulcanisation, along with the gel fraction and crosslink
density of the devulcanised rubber. Comparison of
predicted and experimental data on gel fraction, crosslink
density and pressure indicated that the model only
qualitatively described the experimental observations.
DeÀciencies of the modelling are discussed and some
possible ways to improve the model are outlined, with
particular reference to the Áow mechanism of ground
rubber in the die. 18 refs.
USA
Accession no.583045
Item 340
Tyretech ‘95. 21st Century Technology: Evolution or
Revolution? Conference proceedings.
Turin, 16th-17th Oct.1995, paper 8, pp.5. 6T
SOME CURRENT ASPECTS OF TRUCK TYRE
RECYCLING
O’Connell J
Bandvulc Remoulds Ltd.
(Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal)
This paper examines recycling of truck tyres in some
detail. Information is presented on problems encountered
with these casings, in particular those encountered by
Bandvulc Remoulds. Proposed legislation for retreading
is also discussed.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY;
EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.580905
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts

Item 341 A review is presented of the Àndings of various laboratory

148th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. Fall 1995. and pilot production studies of the recycling of tyres
Conference Preprints. and automotive shredder residue by combining thermal
Cleveland, Oh., 17th-20th Oct.1995, Paper 82, pp.23. pyrolysis into raw materials with subsequent processing of
012 the heterogeneous raw pyrolysates into reÀned or upgraded
MACHINES FOR PROCESSING WHOLE TYRES wide speciÀcation products, such as fuels and Àllers with
TO SPECIFICALLY SIZED PIECES TO BE USED properties similar to those of carbon black. Potential
AS FEED MATERIAL IN CRUMB RUBBER markets and economics are discussed. 30 refs.
PROCESSING SYSTEMS USA
Astafan C G Accession no.580241
Columbus McKinnon Corporation
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Item 344
Shredders and screening systems used in the recycling of 148th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. Fall 1995.
whole tyres for crumb rubber production are described. Conference Preprints.
USA Cleveland, Oh., 17th-20th Oct.1995, Paper 56, pp.13.
Accession no.580265 012
MICROBIAL PROCESSING OF WASTE TYRE
RUBBER
Item 342
Romine R A; Romine M F; Snowden-Swan L
148th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. Fall 1995.
PaciÀc Northwest Laboratories
Conference Preprints.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Cleveland, Oh., 17th-20th Oct.1995, Paper 81, pp.13.
012 Microorganisms exhibiting biological activity towards
APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT FOR sulphur were evaluated for use in producing surface
USED TYRE RUBBER RECOVERED BY A modiÀed ground tyre rubber with improved compounding
NOVEL SOLID-STATE SHEAR EXTRUSION characteristics in virgin rubber stocks. The surface chemistry
PULVERISATION PROCESS of the microbially treated rubber was characterised by
Khait K Fourier transform IR spectroscopy and X-ray analysis
Northwestern University of near edge surfaces. The data revealed that sulphur in
(ACS,Rubber Div.) the rubber was oxidised, agreeing with the proposed 4S
biodegradation model. Ion chromatography was used to
Blends were prepared from powdered tyre rubber and
characterise spent processing media, and showed that
polyolefin powders reclaimed by a solid-state shear
bound sulphur was released as sulphate ions when the
extrusion pulverisation process. The tensile properties,
bioreaction was allowed to run to completion, corroborating
tear strength and hardness of different blend compositions
the proposed degradative pathway. Mechanical properties
were investigated. Blends containing Àne rubber particles
were determined for virgin rubber samples compounded
showed higher tensile strength and elongation at break than
with various amounts of the surface modiÀed rubber. In
those containing coarser rubber particles. The mechanical
some cases the elastic modulus was greater than that of
properties depended upon the type of mixing equipment,
the unmodiÀed base rubber compound. 15 refs.
processing conditions, the type of recycled polyoleÀns
USA
and the ratio between components in the mixes, and were
improved when EVA was used as a binder. 3 refs. Accession no.580239
BIRL INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH LABORATORY;
HUMANE MFG.CO.; PACE MAT INC. Item 345
USA 148th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. Fall 1995.
Accession no.580264 Conference Preprints.
Cleveland, Oh., 17th-20th Oct.1995, Paper 35, pp.23.
012
Item 343
CRYOGENIC PROCESSING OF SCRAP
148th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. Fall 1995.
TYRES AND COMPARISON OF SCRAP TYRE
Conference Preprints.
PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES: AMBIENT
Cleveland, Oh., 17th-20th Oct.1995, Paper 58, pp.11.
PROCESSING VERSUS CRYOGENIC
012
PROCESSING
CONVERTING SCRAP AUTOMOTIVE TYRES
Kohler R; Astafan C G
AND AUTOMOTIVE SHREDDER RESIDUE INTO
Praxair Inc.; Columbus McKinnon Corporation
HYDROCARBON FUELS AND FILLERS
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Fader J H
American Tire Reclamation Inc. Processes and machinery used in the cryogenic and ambient
(ACS,Rubber Div.) grinding of scrap tyres are described, and advantages of

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited 99

 References and Abstracts
the cryogenic process are examined. The properties of
crumb rubber obtained by both processes are compared,
and applications of crumb rubber are reviewed.
STI-K POLYMERS AMERICA INC.
USA
Accession no.580222
Item 346
148th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. Fall 1995.
Conference Preprints.
Cleveland, Oh., 17th-20th Oct.1995, Paper 21, pp.19.
012
MODIFICATION OF CRUMB RUBBER TO
ENHANCE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
PRODUCTS MADE FROM RECYCLED RUBBER
Myhre M J; MacKillop D A
Canadian Rubber Testing & Development Ltd.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
A process developed by Rubtec Research & Recycle
Inc. for the devulcanisation of scrap tyre crumb rubber
is described. The crumb is mixed with plasticisers and
a reactive chemical which promotes scission of sulphur-
sulphur crosslinks, accelerated by the addition of a catalyst.
The devulcanised crumb can be milled and compounded
with conventional curatives and cured in 10 minutes
at 142C to give a rebonded vulcanisate with moderate
mechanical properties. Compounds with good tensile
properties and tear strength are obtained by blending the
crumb with NR, and properties can be further improved by
treating the crumb with a liquid polymer. 10 refs.
RUBTEC RESEARCH & RECYCLE INC.
CANADA; USA
Accession no.580208
Item 347
Rubber and Plastics News
25, No.9, 4th Dec.1995, p.6
COLORADO SCRAP-TYRE WALL TO BE
DISMANTLED AFTER FIRE
McCarron K
An experimental tyre wall serving as camouÁage for
scarred terrain along Interstate 70 in Glenwood Canyon
was hit by lighting, it is thought on October 31, and has
smouldered since. The wall was the state’s attempt to use
scrap tyres in a civil engineering capacity, and involved the
recovery of 125,000 scrap tyres from a landÀll. The tyres
were shredded and compressed into blocks for the 300 foot
by 60 foot wall. Brief details are given of the project.
USA
Accession no.579465
Item 348
Tyres and Accessories
No.12, 1995, p.28
SCRAP TYRE DISPOSAL - RAPRA REPORT
100
Details are given of Rapra Technology’s recently-
published 180-page report entitled ‘Scrap Tyres - Disposal
and Recycling Options’. Developments over the past four
years have had an impact on the scrap tyre situation in the
UK, and Rapra estimates that today a maximum of 32%
of annual scrap tyre arisings are added to the scrap pile,
compared with almost two thirds in 1991. Although this is
an encouraging reduction, the problem is still an increasing
one. Details are given.
RAPRA TECHNOLOGY LTD.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.573435
Item 349
Rubber and Plastics News
25, No.5, 9th Oct.1995, p.82
AQUAPORE TURNS SCRAP TYRES INTO
SOAKERS
Goldsberry C
It is reported that, using a patented process, Aquapore
Moisture Systems recycles 850,000 used tyres annually
to produce 180 million feet of hose, comprised of 65%
finely ground recycled rubber, bound with PE. The
manufacturing process takes advantage of the fact that
rubber and PE are incompatible, the plastic encapsulating
the rubber and binding it together. Details are given.
AQUAPORE MOISTURE SYSTEMS INC.
USA
Accession no.569312
Item 350
Rubber and Plastics News
25, No.5, 9th Oct.1995, p.71
ATR ACQUIRES PATENTS FOR REBOUND SOIL
LINE
Pritchard E
American Tire Recyclers is reported to have launched
marketing for Rebound, a patented process that mixes
crumb rubber and compost to create new road surfaces for
sports Àelds and parks. The company has acquired patents
for Rebound products from International Soil Systems,
the company that developed the process. American Tire
Recyclers has been selling Rebound products for almost
two years; details are given.
AMERICAN TIRE RECYCLERS INC.
USA
Accession no.569302
Item 351
Resources, Conservation and Recycling
15, No.2, Nov.1995, p.133-44
TESTING AND EVALUATING COMMERCIAL
APPLICATIONS OF NEW SURFACE-TREATED
RUBBER TECHNOLOGY UTILISING WASTE
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
TYRES
Smith F G; Daniels E J; Teotia A P S
Environmental Technologies Alternatives Inc.; Argonne
National Laboratory
The state of recycling waste rubber products is reviewed
with statistics, including surface treatment of scrap
tyre rubber, development of user interest in product
applications, and a test and evaluation programme.
The two most signiÀcant end-use markets for treated
rubber particles are identiÀed: footwear (shoe soles and
components) and PU foam carpet underlay. 13 refs.
USA
Accession no.568081
Item 352
Patent Number: WO 9504640 A1 19950216
METHOD FOR RECYCLING TYRES
Forlippa W
Movetech Inc.
A process for the separation of metal from a rubber tyre
is described. It comprises cutting the tyre into two pieces,
pressing the pieces between rollers to devulcanise the
rubber, subjecting the devulcanised rubber to a magnetic
Àeld while holding the devulcanised rubber stationary to
draw the larger metal inclusion pieces from the rubber,
and grinding the rubber into pieces for recycling the
same. An apparatus for treating the vulcanised rubber is
also included.
CANADA
Accession no.566370
Item 353
Patent Number: WO 9507146 A1 19950316
METHOD OF RECLAIMING RUBBER FROM
SIDEWALL OF TYRE
Veres G
CMHT Technology (Australia) Pty.Ltd.
The sidewall is rotated about its axis and cutter heads are
operated to reduce the rubber content of the sidewall to a
particle form as the sidewall rotates about its axis thereof.
Each cutting head is arranged to operate across a respective
portion of the radial extent of the sidewall and respective
cutting heads are moved in a cyclic motion across the
respective portion of the sidewall at a respective speed so
that the particles of rubber produced by each cutting head
is substantially the same.
AUSTRALIA
Accession no.563503
Item 354
Industria della Gomma
38, No.10, Oct.1994, p.37
Italian
PRODUCING CONTINUOUS SHEETS FROM
POWDERED RECLAIMED RUBBER
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
Details are given of a process developed by Berstorff
for the manufacture of sheeting from rubber powder or
granules obtained by grinding reclaimed rubber from
scrap tyres or other products. The process makes use of
Berstorff’s Auma continuous vulcanisation equipment.
BERSTORFF H.,MASCHINENBAU GMBH; HULS
AG; VREDESTEIN RUBBER RECYCLING
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.563190
Item 355
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research
34, No.9, Sept.1995, p.3102-11
REPROCESSING OF USED TYRES INTO
ACTIVATED CARBON AND OTHER PRODUCTS
Hsisheng Teng; Serio M A; Wojtowicz M A; Bassilakis
R; Solomon P R
Advanced Fuel Research Inc.
Rather than landfilling, a better approach, from an
environmental and economic standpoint, is to thermally
reprocess scrap tyres into valuable products such as
activated carbon, other solid forms (carbon black, graphite
and carbon Àbres), and liquid fuels. In this study, high
surface area activated carbons were produced in relatively
high yields by pyrolysis of tyres at up to 900 C, followed
by activation in carbon dioxide at the same temperature.
A limited number of runs were carried out using low
temperature, high pressure treatment of tyres under wet
and dry conditions to study the self-liquefaction of tyres
to recover carbon and produce liquid fuels. 28 refs.
USA
Accession no.563111
Item 356
International Polymer Science and Technology
22, No.4, 1995, p.T/35-8
ECONOMIES IN TYRES
Gudkov V A; Tret’yakov O B; Tarnovskii V N; Shiryaev
SA
The necessity of increasing the production output and
service life of tyres is discussed with reference to the
importance of road transport in the Russian national
economy. Studies conducted in recent years are outlined
and the use of large tyre system analysis, covering the
closed chain tyre production/service/retreading/recycling
of rubber, is described. 5 refs. (Full translation of Kauch.i
Rezina, No.6, 1994, p.30)
CIS; COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES; RUSSIA
Accession no.562231
101
 References and Abstracts
Item 357
Rubber and Plastics News
24, No.27, 31st July 1995, p.6
PROCESS DEVULCANISES TYRES WITH
SOUND WAVES
Truini J
The University of Akron and National Feedscrew &
Machining are reported to have developed a process of
devulcanising scrap tyres through the use of ultrasonic
waves. The technology involves blasting 10- to 16-mesh
scrap tyre crumbs with ultrasonic waves to break the
chemical bonds that form during the curing process.
Details are given.
AKRON,UNIVERSITY; NATIONAL FEEDSCREW &
MACHINING INC.
USA
Accession no.561307
Item 358
Rubber and Plastics News
24, No.26, 17th July 1995, p.4
TYRES TO HELP GOLF COURSES
Tire Farms is seeking its Àrst customer for its Rain Trap
System, which involves the use of split scrap tyres in
a subirrigation system for golf courses. The tyres are
embedded under the fairways, and trap and store rain water
which irrigates the root system of the grass. Brief details
are given of the idea, which would use around 1.23 million
scrap tyres on an average 18 hole course.
TIRE FARMS
USA
Accession no.561018
Item 359
Rubbercon ‘95. Conference Preprints.
Gothenburg, 9th-12th May 1995, Paper H1, pp.43. 012
DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW SYNTHETIC
RUBBER BY THE UTILISATION OF
VULCANISED SCRAP RUBBER IN THE
PREPARATION OF SURFACE ACTIVATED
CROSSLINKED PARTICULATE
Stark F J; Wagner D
Rubber Research Elastomerics Inc.
(Nordic Council of Rubber Technology)
An account is given of the Tirecycle technology, developed
by Rubber Research Elastomerics, whereby ground
vulcanised rubber from tyres and other sources is surface
treated with liquid polymers in order to activate the
particles and make them compatible with thermoplastic
and rubber compounds. Details are also given of related
processes, including Fibrecycle for surface treating
recovered Àbres from tyre cords, RREcycle for treating
non-tyre ground scrap, and Tireclaim, a depolymerisation
process for producing tyre reclaim. 20 refs.
TIRECYCLE
102
SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.560470
Item 360
Rubbercon ‘95. Conference Preprints.
Gothenburg, 9th-12th May 1995, Paper F6, pp.9. 012
REINCARNATION OR INCINERATION?
Allen G
Kobe Steel Ltd.
(Nordic Council of Rubber Technology)
Environmental issues affecting the rubber industry are
reviewed, and options for the reuse and disposal of waste
rubber products are examined. These include retreading
of tyres, mechanical recycling to produce crumb rubber,
pyrolysis to monomers and light oils, incorporation in
bitumen road surfacing compositions, devulcanisation
to products which can be revulcanised without further
addition of curing systems, and incineration with energy
recovery. 1 ref.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.560458
Item 361
Rubbercon ‘95. Conference Preprints.
Gothenburg, 9th-12th May 1995, Paper F4, pp.13. 012
WHAT TO DO WITH OLD TYRES?
Jones K; Lawson K
Rubber Consultants
(Nordic Council of Rubber Technology)
Problems involved in the disposal of scrap tyres are
discussed. Solutions examined include retreading, reuse in
applications such as Àsh reefs, fenders and noise barriers,
mechanical recycling by shredding and cryogenic grinding
processes, chemical recycling, pyrolysis, and uses in tyre
derived fuels and rubberised bitumen for road surfaces.
Statistics are presented for scrap tyre generation in selected
West European countries and for the retreaded tyre market
in Western Europe and the USA. 14 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE-
GENERAL; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.560456
Item 362
Rubber Chemistry and Technology
68, No.2, May-June 1995, p.330-41
FRACTAL ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL
AND PYROLYTIC CARBON BLACKS USING
NITROGEN ADSORPTION DATA
Darmstadt H; Roy C; Kaliaguine S; Sahouli B; Blacher
S; Pirard R; Brouers F
Laval,Universite; Liege,University
Surface fractal dimension of commercial rubber-grade
carbon blacks and of pyrolytic carbon blacks was
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
determined using nitrogen sorption data. The pyrolytic
carbon blacks were produced by vacuum pyrolysis of used
tyres at different temperatures and pressures. SIMS and
ESCA investigations showed that the increasing fractal
dimension with increasing pyrolysis pressure is due to the
formation of carbonaceous deposits on the pyrolytic carbon
black from the pyrolysed organic material. 36 refs.
BELGIUM; CANADA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN
UNION; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.559822
Item 363
International Polymer Science and Technology
22, No.3, 1995, p.T/44-5
METHOD FOR BREAKING DOWN THE
ADHESION BETWEEN RUBBER AND METAL
Matyukhin S A
An electrochemical method was developed for removing
rubber from metal, based on breakdown of the interphase
layer through the growth of zinc hydroxides in the high-
sulphide zone of the main components of the brass.
The advantages of the method are described. The
electrochemical method, with the necessary equipment,
can be used, in particular, to extract the bead rings from
spent tyres. Bead rings are currently cut out and dumped
as industrial waste, since they make it difÀcult to process
the tyres. 5 refs. Translation of Kauch.i Rezina, No.5,
1994, p.28
RUSSIA
Accession no.558224
Item 364
Scrap Tire News
9, No.8, Aug.1995, p.10
SCRAP TYRE RECYCLING IN BRITISH
COLUMBIA, CANADA
Levie B M
In July 1990, British Columbia introduced a levy on new
tyre sales and BC Environment was directed to design
and implement a programme to divert more than 90% of
scrap tyres from disposal. BC Environment established
the Financial Incentives for Recycling Scrap Tyres
(FIRST) programme which provides assistance in the
form of transportation credits and end use credits. Over
its 45 months of operation to March 31, 1995, FIRST
has diverted 8.6 million passenger tyre equivalents from
landÀlling and other disposal alternatives. The recycling
sector utilised 44% of these tyres and the remainder have
gone for use as fuel replacement in cement kilns.
BC ENVIRONMENT
CANADA
Accession no.558034
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 365
Scrap Tire News
9, No.8, Aug.1995, p.8
PLAY EQUIPMENT USES RECYCLED TYRE
MATERIALS
It is briefly reported that Landscape Structures has
developed play structures made from recycled materials.
Recycled rubber derived from tyres is used in TuffTurf
protective surfacing. The PU, resin-bound tiles are
composed of shredded tyre rubber and can be used under
and around play structures.
LANDSCAPE STRUCTURES INC.
USA
Accession no.558033
Item 366
Scrap Tire News
9, No.8, Aug.1995, p.8
ENVIROCRETE
It is brieÁy reported that a new material made from tyre
derived recycled rubber and recycled plastic milk jugs
can be used in a variety of applications including highway
posts, fencing, curb stops, pier pads, ecology blocks, noise
barriers and other items, according to product developer
Envirocrete 2000. Typically, an Envirocrete post contains
crumb rubber derived from the equivalent of one passenger
tyre, encased in a plastic sleeve made from 100% recycled
plastic milk containers.
ENVIROCRETE 2000
USA
Accession no.558032
Item 367
Antec ‘94. Conference Proceedings.
San Francisco, Ca., 1st-5th May 1994, Vol.III, p.2927-
34. 012
REACTIVE BLENDING OF CHEMICALLY AND
PHYSICALLY TREATED WASTE RUBBER WITH
POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE
Chidambaram A; Min K
Akron,University,Inst.of Polym.Engineering
(SPE)
Blends of PMMA and surface treated ground waste
tyre rubber were prepared by simultaneous thermal
polymerisation of methyl methacrylate and reactive
blending in a batch reactor. A study was made of mechanical
property improvements resulting from increased adhesion
between the rubber particles and PMMA promoted by
different surface treatments, including immersion in
sodium hydroxide or a mixture of sodium hydroxide and
hydrogen peroxide, and oxygen, hydrogen or ammonia
plasma treatments. 17 refs.
USA
Accession no.557733
103
 References and Abstracts
Item 368
Scrap Tire News
9, No.6, June 1995, p.4
WATER JET SEPARATION TECHNOLOGY
Brief details are given of the use of oscillating water jets for
use in separating components from tyres prior to recycling.
The technology developed by CHMT Technology involves
cutting thread strips from the sidewalls by means of
mechanical cutters and upper and lower surfaces of the
sidewalls are then removed by oscillating water jets. The
process also allows for the removal of both steel wires and
Àbre from the rubber.
CHMT TECHNOLOGY
AUSTRALIA
Accession no.555684
Item 369
Resources, Conservation and Recycling
13, No.1, April 1995, p.1-13
REACTIVE COPROCESSING OF SCRAP TYRES
AND HEAVY OIL
Sarf S; Marsh J A; Cha C Y; Guffey F D
Wyoming,University; Western Research Institute
The reactive coprocessing of waste tyres and oil is
examined as an alternative to pyrolysis as a means
of minimising the disposal of waste tyres and oil
while producing value-added products. The reactive
coprocessing method uses heat at temperatures of 375,
400, 425 and 450 degrees C.in an inert atmosphere to break
down the polymeric structure of the tyre and oil mixture
into smaller molecules. The values of activation energy
showed that the coprocessing of scrap tyres and heavy oil
is a more favourable reaction pathway for decomposition
than the pyrolysis of tyres alone. Distillates produced were
analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy.
USA
Accession no.551393
Item 370
European Rubber Journal
177, No.5, May 1995, p.14
SCRAP TYRE PROBLEM SOLVED?
Shaw D
British Power Industries claims to have solved the scrap
tyre problem once and for all. Its solution is a small-scale
continuous pyrolysis system. The company has been
operating a pilot unit for over nine months and is now
planning eight tyres-to-energy plants in the UK using this
technology. The units are relatively small, generating up to
10MW gross power, for sale to local electricity providers.
In addition, the units will sell low-grade steam to heat
greenhouses. The company also expects to sell the scrap
steel and the carbon char which result from the process.
Each plant will need some 4000 tyres per MW per year. At
the heart of the process is a combustion chamber which is
104
heavily protected by international patents. The process is
said to be inherently clean and emissions will far exceed
the standard set by UK authorities.
BRITISH POWER INDUSTRIES
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.549720
Item 371
Antec ‘94. Conference Proceedings.
San Francisco, Ca., 1st-5th May 1994, Vol.II, p.1865-6.
012
KINETICS OF THE SWELLING OF GROUND
RUBBER TYRE PARTICLES
Joseph T M; Li Z; Beatty C L
Florida,University
(SPE)
A study was made of the kinetics of the swelling of ground
tyre reclaim particles by asphalt distillate and other organic
solvents, including acetone, benzene, cyclohexane, hexane,
methyl methacrylate, styrene, toluene and xylene. The
swollen particles were studied by light microscopy, and
image analysis was performed to obtain curves of percent
swelling versus time. Swelling by asphalt distillate occurred
at a slower rate than swelling caused by other hydrocarbons.
Hydrocarbons such as benzene, cyclohexane and hexane
swelled the particles at a higher rate than other solvents
such as acetone and methyl methacrylate. The swelling was
determined to be a possible source of viscosity increase in
rubber-modiÀed asphalt. 7 refs.
USA
Accession no.546527
Item 372
Scrap Tire News
9, No.3, March 1995, p.1/3
CUTTING THE COSTS OF CRUMB RUBBER
PROCESSING
A blend of technology and equipment has enabled Tyreplex
to produce an energy efÀcient, economical system for
turning large quantities of scrap tyres into crumb rubber. The
Tyreplex Process System is described which produces the
devulcanised crumb rubber called Tyrsolv, which is needed
for the production of Tyreplex’s two main products. These
are a compound for asphalt modiÀcation and a resin for
injection moulding and extrusion of non-critical parts.
TYREPLEX CORP.
USA
Accession no.546122
Item 373
Scrap Tire News
9, No.1, Jan.1995, p.14
TIRE CHIPS ACT AS EFFECTIVE INSULATOR
AND ROAD BASE SUPPORT
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
This describes two projects being conducted at the
University of Maine, as part of a tyre chip research
programme, which is reported to be yielding promising
data on both the cost and performance of tyre chips in road
building applications. In the Àrst project, chips were used
as thermal insulation, and in the second, as a lightweight
Àll material.
MAINE,UNIVERSITY; SCRAP TIRE
MANAGEMENT COUNCIL; CLEAN WASHINGTON
CENTER; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH &
ENGINEERING LABORATORY
USA
Accession no.545292
Item 374
Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe
48, No.2, Feb.1995, p.126-9
German
ECONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF
FEEDSTOCK RECYCLING
Droescher M
Huels AG; Muenster,University
Only 20 kt of the 600 kt of scrap tyres in Germany are
reutilised, but 260 kt are landÀlled. Extension of material
recycling is limited. Feedstock recovery processes as, e.g.
degradation of rubber to products for the petrochemical
industry or the use of Syngas units can absorb large
quantities. Processes under discussion for degradation
are pyrolysis, hydrogenation and gasiÀcation. Frequently,
visbreaking as a prestep has to be conducted. An energy
balance reveals that feedstock recycling is ecologically in
competition with thermal energy recovery and does not
constitute the prime route. Likewise, feedstock methods
do not provide a cost advantage. 16 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.544914
Item 375
Kauchuk i Rezina (USSR)
No.2, 1994, p.29-32
Russian
TYRE RECLAIM MODIFIED WITH
MALEIMIDE C: ITS PROPERTIES, STRUCTURE
AND EFFECT ON RUBBER QUALITY
Goncharuk G P; Drozdovskii V F; Semenova L P
The study relates to the preparation and study of the
properties of tyre reclaim obtained by a thermomechanical
method and modiÀed with 4,4-dithiodiphenyldimaleimid
e (maleimide C). The reclaim was modiÀed at different
stages of preparation in a devulcaniser and in a reÀning
mill, and also as a separate stage in an internal mixer or
in a mill. Data are given on the IR spectra of acetone
and chloroform extracts of the tyre reclaim and on the
mechanical properties of vulcanisates based on SKI-3
polyisoprene rubber containing unmodiÀed and modiÀed
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
reclaim. 6 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested
for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced
International Polymer Science and Technology.
RUSSIA
Accession no.542398
Item 376
Scrap Tire News
8, No.12, Dec.1994, p.6
NEW PRODUCTS FROM BIKE TUBES
This reports on the activities of Resource Revival of the
USA, who recycles used bicycle inner tubes into a diverse
range of products, such as stretchable straps and belts, dog
collars, and picture frames. Brief details are given.
RESOURCE REVIVAL
USA
Accession no.541993
Item 377
Plastics and Rubber and Composites Processing and
Applications
23, No.1, 1995, p.21-30
PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
CARBON BLACKS FROM VACUUM PYROLYSIS
OF USED TYRES
Roy C; Rastegar A; Kaliaguine S; Darmstadt H; Tochev
V
Quebec,Universite Laval; Pyrovac Institute Inc.
Carbon black samples were obtained by vacuum pyrolysis
of used tyres in a batch reactor at temps. from 350 to
700C and total pressures from 0.3 to 20.02 kPa. The aim
was ultimately to recover scrap tyre-derived pyrolytic
carbon blacks with good mechanical properties of the Ànal
vulcanisates. Pyrolytic carbon black physicochemical
properties, such as ultimate and proximate analyses and
bulk and surface composition, were investigated. The
decomposition of rubber parts in the tyres was almost
complete at 420C, but a temp. of 500C was required to
remove all the hydrocarbons from carbon black pores.
At higher temps., deposition of pyrolytic carbon black on
the original carbon black particles took place. The most
signiÀcant difference between pyrolytic carbon blacks and
commercial blacks was the former’s high inorganic material
content. Composition of the inorganics in the pyrolytic
carbon black changed with pyrolysis temp. 48 refs.
CANADA
Accession no.540317
Item 378
Rubber Developments
47, No.3/4, 1994, p.43-4
OLD TYRES HELP TO REPAIR DAMAGED
GARDENS...
The use of a unique solution to the damage and wear of grassy
areas in gardens, using scrap tyres, is discussed. The tyres
105
 References and Abstracts

are mechanically shred into small pieces, then incorporated fuels. A screw conveyor provides the preferred means to
into the top few inches of soil in the worn patches of grass. remove the softened rubber by a shearing action.
The areas are then returfed. Several National Trust properties AUSTRALIA
are carrying out trials to see whether such treatment will Accession no.537789
stop wear damage in their gardens.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Item 382
146th Meeting, Fall 1994, Conference Proceedings.
Accession no.540163 Pittsburgh, Pa., 11th-14th Oct.1994, Paper 69, pp.22.
012
Item 379 NOVEL ULTRASONIC TECHNOLOGY FOR
Park Ridge, NJ, Noyes Publications, 1993, pp.xii, 316. DEVULCANISATION OF WASTE RUBBERS
USD.54. 10ins. 18/3/93. 6T1-8(13) Isayev A I; Chen J; Tukachinsky A
SCRAP TIRE TECHNOLOGY AND MARKETS Akron,University,Inst.of Polym.Engineering
Clark C; Meardon K; Russell D (ACS,Rubber Div.)
US,Environmental Protection Agency; PaciÀc
An ultrasonic technique is described for the devulcanisation
Environmental Services
of rubbers using an extruder with an ultrasonic die
Pollution Technology Review No.211
attachment. Results are presented for experiments in the
The US market for scrap tyres and the technology for use of this technology in recycling SBR and ground tyre
recycling and/or pyrolysing them are discussed in this rubber. (The published paper is incomplete).
two-part book. Part I covers the problems associated with USA
scrap tyres and identiÀes existing and potential source Accession no.535544
reduction and utilisation methods that may be effective in
solving the tyre problem. Barriers to increased utilisation
Item 383
and options for removing the barriers are identiÀed and
146th Meeting, Fall 1994, Conference Proceedings.
evaluated. Part II provides information on the use of whole,
Pittsburgh, Pa., 11th-14th Oct.1994, Paper 67, pp.28.
scrap tyres and tyre-derived-fuel as combustion fuel, and
012
on the pyrolysis of scrap tyres.
TEXACO LIQUEFACTION PROCESS
USA
Volk W P
Accession no.539311 Texaco Inc.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Item 380 Liquefaction and gasiÀcation processes developed by
Reuse/Recycle Texaco are described, with particular reference to their
24, No.11, Nov. 1994, p.86 application in the recycling of scrap tyres.
PUTTING RUBBER BACK ON THE ROAD USA
It is announced that Domal Envirotech Inc. of Canada is Accession no.535542
producing rubber parts for manhole covers for roads in
Ontario and Quebec from scrap tyres. Brief details are
Item 384
provided.
146th Meeting, Fall 1994, Conference Proceedings.
DOMAL ENVIROTECH INC. Pittsburgh, Pa., 11th-14th Oct.1994, Paper 48, pp.12.
CANADA
012
Accession no.539023 RECLAIMED TYRE RUBBER: A USEFUL RAW
MATERIAL IN TPE COMPOUNDS
Item 381 Osborn J D
Patent Number: US 5316224 A 19940531 Texas Encore Corp.
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR RECOVERING (ACS,Rubber Div.)
ELASTOMERIC MATERIAL Surface modiÀed crumb rubber (activated tyre rubber)
Dobozy J obtained by recycling scrap tyres was compounded
A method for recovering elastomeric material such as with Santoprene 203-50 thermoplastic elastomer (TPE).
rubber from tyres is described, involving soaking the tyres The hardness, speciÀc gravity, tensile strength, ultimate
in a mixture of liquids in tanks which soften the rubber, elongation and tear strength of these compounds were
subjecting the softened tyres to shear conditions, and investigated and compared to those of the original TPE,
recovering the rubber and drying it. In this method grinding and the impact on production costs was examined.
of the tyre is not required. The recovered dried rubber can ADVANCED ELASTOMER SYSTEMS LP
be carbonised in a microwave chamber to form a substitute USA
for products such as carbon black formed by burning fossil Accession no.535522

106 © Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

Item 385 improves the thermal resistance and the adhesion to textile
Scrap Tire News cord of vulcanisates based on cis-polyisoprene. 6 refs. (Full
8, No.11, Nov.1994, p.14 translation of Kauch.i Rezina, No.2, 1994, p.29)
CRYOGENICALLY GROUND RUBBER FOR CIS; COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES; RUSSIA
ASPHALT Accession no.532131
It is brieÁy reported that the growing use of tyre rubber in
asphalt applications in recent years has generated an increasing Item 388
number of questions about the performance of cryogenically Scrap Tire News
ground whole tyre rubber versus ambiently ground rubber. 8, No.10, Oct.1994, p.14
The Florida Department of Transportation has prohibited the FOUNDATIONS MANAGE SCRAP TIRE
use of cryogenically ground rubber in its speciÀcations for use PROGRAMS IN TAIWAN
of ground tyre rubber in asphalt pavements in the state. This
decision was taken partly as a result of information contained This article reports in detail on the waste management of
in a University of Florida report “Evaluation of Ground Tyre scrap tyres in Taiwan. Information is included on the Waste
Rubber in Asphalt Concrete”. Tire Processing Foundation, and its plans.
FLORIDA,DEPT.OF TRANSPORTATION TAIWAN,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
USA AGENCY; WASTE TIRE PROCESSING FOUNDATION
TAIWAN
Accession no.534931
Accession no.529603
Item 386
Scrap Tire News Item 389
8, No.11, Nov.1994, p.8 Scrap Tire News
AUTOMAKERS PURSUE RECYCLED RUBBER 8, No.8, Aug.1994, p.14
USE ASTM PLANS GUIDELINES FOR USE OF TIRES
IN CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECTS
It is brieÁy reported that Ford Motor Co. is now equipping
its Aerostar vans with a step-plate that contains up to It is reported that guidelines are to be developed by the
40% post-consumer scrap. The step-plate compound American Society of Testing & Materials, for the use
was developed under a joint programme between of scrap tyres in civil engineering projects. The work is
automotive parts supplier Akro Corp. and custom expected to take about 18 months, and is necessitated by
elastomer compounder Goldsmith & Eggleton. G&E used the recent immense increase in the use of scrap tyres for
30 mesh size ground tyre rubber treated with a reactive civil engineering applications.
surface coating to formulate the compound. The resulting AMERICAN SOCIETY OF TESTING &
product is 25% lighter than previous step-plates used on MATERIALS; SCRAP TIRE MANAGEMENT
the Ford vans. COUNCIL
USA
FORD MOTOR CO.; AKRO CORP.; GOLDSMITH &
EGGLETON INC. Accession no.525617
USA
Accession no.534925 Item 390
Scrap Tire News
Item 387 8, No.8, Aug.1994, p.5
International Polymer Science and Technology RESOURCES FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING
21, No.7, 1994, p.T/56-8 MARKETS - COMPENDIUM OF CIVIL
TYRE RECLAIM MODIFIED WITH ENGINEERING REPORTS AND LEACHATE
MALEIMIDE C: ITS PROPERTIES, STRUCTURE STUDIES
AND EFFECT ON RUBBER QUALITY A compendium of civil engineering reports and leachate
Goncharuk G P; Drozdovskii V F; Semenova L P studies is provided. The list represents reports, research,
A report is presented on the production of tyre reclaim and testing data involving the use of scrap tyres and/or tyre
by the thermomechanical method, using 4,4’-dithiodiphe chips in civil engineering applications. The potential for
nyldimaleimide (maleimide C) as a modiÀer, and on the harmful substances to leach from the tyres/tyre material
properties of the reclaim. It is shown that the modiÀer is a serious concern, and several reports addressing this
adds to the rubber of the vulcanisate and that there is an question are included in the list.
improvement in the processing properties of the reclaim US,NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION
(Mooney viscosity and cohesive strength) at all stages of SERVICE; MARYLAND,DEPT.OF THE
production, while the strength properties of the vulcanisate ENVIRONMENT
of the reclaim improve only at the stage of mixing in an USA
internal mixer or on a mill. The use of modiÀed reclaim Accession no.525612

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited 107

 References and Abstracts

Item 391 It is reported that surface-modiÀed rubber particles can

Scrap Tire News
8, No.8, Aug.1994, p.3
TIRE-TIES WORK ON THE RAILROAD
This reports on the replacement of wooden railway ties in
Texas with scrap tyres Àlled with concrete. The “Tire-Ties”
offer a cost-effective and durable alternative to wood, and
also have environmental advantages, it is explained. The
manufacture of Tire-Ties is described.
GEORGETOWN RAILROAD; TEXAS CRUSHED
STONE
USA
Accession no.525610
Item 392
China Rubber Industry
41, No.7, 1994, p.411-3
Chinese
ACTIVATION OF GROUND SCRAP RUBBER
Zhao J; Zhao S; Sun Y; Yu J; Deng B
Qingdao,Institute of Chemical Technology
The effect of different transition metal salts and organoamines
on the activation of ground tread scrap is described. The
relationship of the crumb size and the temperature and
time of activation was correlated with properties of the
vulcanisate of activated scrap rubber. 2 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.524502
Item 393
New Materials/Japan
Sept.1994, p.15
TYRE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY
A Japanese research team has developed a recycling
method capable of producing 550 kg of fuel oil and
350 kg of carbon black from 1000 kg of waste tyres.
The collaborative project involves the Energy and
Environmental Technology General Research Center of
MITI’s Agency of Industrial Science and Technology,
and Bridgestone. The fuel can be used as it is without
desulphurisation. The new method is expected to be
economically viable and research is continuing. This
abstract includes all the information contained in the
original article.
BRIDGESTONE TYRE KK
JAPAN
Accession no.524353
be readily combined with PU formulations to make
end products with reduced raw material costs and, in
some cases, better physical properties. The new class of
materials promises to open signiÀcant new markets for
PUs by altering their price/performance ratio and making
them more competitive with other materials. Composite
Particles, set up in 1993 to commercialise the surface
modification technology originally developed by Air
Products & Chemicals, intends to increase its current 2,250
tpa capacity for manufacturing treated rubber particles to
more than 9,000 tpa in the next twelve months. Details
are given.
AIR PRODUCTS & CHEMICALS INC.
USA
Accession no.523450
Item 395
Rubber World
210, No.3, June 1994, p.58
THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS
It is brieÁy reported that Syntene’s patented technology
utilises reclaimed rubber from discarded tyres to produce
recycled rubber products. Prolastomer thermoplastic
rubber can be injection moulded, extruded, calendered
and thermoformed using standard thermoplastic
processing equipment. The company also markets a line
of thermoplastic rubber sheet products under the trade
name Promat. Since their introduction, Prolastomer and
Promat products have successfully replaced thermoset
rubbers such as SBR and NR in a variety of end uses, the
company claims. Target markets include automotive, die-
cut parts, anti-fatigue matting, mechanical rubber goods,
sheet, electrical and belting.
SYNTENE
USA
Accession no.522183
Item 396
Scrap Tire News
8, No.7, July 1994, p.4
OLD TIRES RESURFACED
It is announced that a play and recreation surface matting
made from PU and recycled tyres has been developed by
Everplay of Canada. Brief details are given.
EVERPLAY
CANADA
Accession no.521451

Item 394
Item 397
Urethanes Technology
Tire Business
11, No.4, Aug/Sept.1994, p.28-31
12, No.5, 13th June 1994, p.15
NEW ALCHEMISTS’ DREAM? SCRAP RUBBER
SALVAGE WEAR: DESIGNER CONVERTS
BECOMES HIGH VALUE PRODUCTS
TUBES INTO FASHION STATEMENTS
Bauman B
Kennedy G J
Composite Particles Inc.

108 © Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

Rubber tyre inner tubes are being recycled into clothes Item 400
by Extredz Rubber Products, it is reported. Brief details Tire Business
are provided about the process and products, which are 12, No.1, 18th April 1994, p.36
said to be popular with teenagers and environmentalists GAIA’S USE OF TYRES MAKES PIPES WEEP
alike. However, it is reported that some of Extredz biggest McCarron K
customers are tyre dealers!
The article supplies details of a rubber irrigation pipe,
ARA; EXTREDZ RECYCLED RUBBER PRODUCTS developed by Gaia Technologies Inc. The company uses
CANADA; EUROPE-GENERAL; USA
crumb rubber, recovered from tyres, as a major material
Accession no.521003 for its Subsurface Dispersal System - rubber piping which
has numerous small holes that allow water to ‘weep’ out
to irrigate surrounding soil and crops.
Item 398 GAIA TECHNOLOGIES INC.
Patent Number: WO 9407670 A2 19940414 USA
CRYOGENIC PROCESSING OF USED TYRES Accession no.517380
AND OTHER MATERIALS
Zuwala S M; Craig R G; Cass L D Item 401
Sota Environmental Research Group Inc. Scrap Tire News
Old tyres are cut into strips, cryogenically cooled in liquid 8, No.6, June 1994, p.15
nitrogen to make the rubber brittle and the frozen strips LAB SPECIALISES IN RECYCLED RUBBER
are fed through a pair of pinch rollers. One of the rollers MIX DESIGNS
has a grooved and knurled surface. The rollers are pushed A Canadian research laboratory is reported to have
together by hydraulic rams; the pinch force is large enough announced the formulation of a new process for producing
to shatter the surface of the rubber but small enough to high-grade rubber from waste tyre rubber for use in rubber-
leave the bulk of the strip intact and remains the same related industries. Rubtec Research & Recycle claims to
even if the thickness of the strip varies. The strip passes have developed a process in which certain high polymer
progressively through successive pairs of rollers, each time chemicals are added to scrap tyres at various mesh sizes
the surface of the strip is shattered and the fragments fall to produce reclaimed rubber. Brief details are noted.
clear. Using this treatment, the steel wires and textile cords
RUBTEC RESEARCH & RECYCLE INC.
in the tyre separate or delaminate very easily and without CANADA
being crushed or damaged. The rubber crumb is treated
Accession no.517355
with a suitable chemical treatment for breaking down the
molecular crosslinks, mixed with plastic material and then
repolymerised. Item 402
CANADA
Scrap Tire News
8, No.6, June 1994, p.1/2
Accession no.518746 FORD TESTING RECYCLED TYRE RUBBER
BRAKE PADS
Item 399
Ford Motor is reported to have added tyre recycling to its
Plastics Southern Africa
long list of recycling initiatives. The company is using
23, No.9, March 1994, p.36
Prolastomer, a thermoplastic elastomer made from scrap
QUALITY CARBON BLACK FROM TYRE
tyre rubber, in the new brake pedal pads being piloted on
RECYCLING PROCESS
vehicles in Àve states. A Áeet of Ford Taurus police cars,
Tyre Recycling Technologies of South Africa has, in a joint Crown Victoria taxicabs and Lincoln Town car shuttles are
venture with a German multi-national company, designed testing the pads in Alaska, Florida, Michigan, Nebraska
and patented the Àrst commercially viable tyre/rubber and Nevada. Details are given.
recycling process in the world that produces recycled FORD MOTOR CO.
carbon black. The carbon black is said to be of such high USA
quality that it can be used in the manufacture of rubber and Accession no.517347
tyre products, pigments for paints, printing inks, plastics
and cosmetics with favourable cost implications. Details
Item 403
are given.
Rubber and Plastics News
TYRE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGIES; FORMEX 23, No.20, 9th May 1994, p.7
TRADING GMBH SYNTENE, FORD TURN TYRES INTO BRAKE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
SOUTH AFRICA; WESTERN EUROPE
PEDALS
Miller J
Accession no.518361
Syntene Co. has developed a process to convert scrap tyre

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited 109

 References and Abstracts
rubber into Prolastomer, a thermoplastic rubber, which is
already being supplied to Ford Motor Co. for brake pedals.
The technology combines tyre rubber with polymeric
material and compatibilisers, forming an elastomer with at
least 50% recycled rubber content. Prolastomer performs
like vulcanised rubber and can be used anywhere an SBR
is needed. It also weighs less than conventional materials,
reduces production time and is competitively priced. Other
possible automotive applications include carpet backing,
splash guards and window and door seals.
SYNTENE CO.; FORD MOTOR CO.
USA
Accession no.516211
Item 404
European Rubber Journal
176, No.5, May 1994, p.12
SCRAP TYRES CAN JUST MELT AWAY
Shaw D
Texaco Inc. has developed a liquefaction process for
scrap tyres which is claimed to be both effective and
economically viable. Shredded tyres are put in a vat of
hot waste engine oil where a “mild cracking process”
takes place at atmospheric pressure and below 370C. The
system generates light oil, heavy oil and metal. Texaco
began operating a pilot plant in California over a year
ago which has a capacity of 6000 tyres/day. Separately,
Texaco has developed a gasiÀcation process which takes
carbon-based feedstocks and turns them into a synthetic
gas, suitable for burning as fuel. The company believes
this process can deal effectively with some of the products
of the tyre liquefaction plant.
TEXACO INC.
USA
Accession no.512680
Item 405
Chemical Marketing Reporter
245, No.18, 2nd May 1994, p.19
FORD VENTURE RECYCLES TYRES FOR NEW
AUTOMOTIVE PARTS
A joint venture between Ford and Syntene has developed a
process to recycle scrap tyres into a variety of automotive
applications, including brake pedal pads which are
currently being tested on police vehicles and taxis. The
recycling process is brieÁy described which uses magnetic
separation techniques to remove steel belting and other
materials.
FORD MOTOR CO.; SYNTENE CO.
USA
Accession no.512199
Item 406
International Polymer Science and Technology
21, No.1, 1994, p.T/60-8
110
COMBUSTION OF USED TYRES FOR ENERGY
RECOVERY
Ishizawa N
This article outlines the situation as regards the heat utilisation
of used tyres in Japan and some other countries, and discusses
in detail the use of used tyres as fuel in coal cogeneration
plants within tyre factories. 15 refs. (Translation of Nippon
Gomu Kyokaishi, No.3, 1993, p.140)
JAPAN
Accession no.511847
Item 407
145th Meeting, Spring 1994. Conference Proceedings.
Chicago, Il., 19th-22nd April 1994, Paper 26, pp.19. 012
APPLICATION OF CRUMB RUBBER
MODIFIERS (CRM) IN ASPHALTIC MATERIALS
Rouse M W
Rouse Rubber Industries Inc.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
The application of crumb rubber from scrap tyres in
asphalt road surfacing compositions is reviewed. Test
methods for asphalt binders and mixtures are examined,
and the impact of US legislation on future developments
is discussed. 26 refs.
US,FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION
USA
Accession no.511432
Item 408
Scrap Tire News
8, No.4, April 1994, p.3-4
RUBBER BUILDING BLOCKS
This reports on a “Lego”-style interconnecting rubber
block, “Multi-Bloc”, made from recycled tyres, at MB
Rubber Recycling Center Inc., of the USA. Details of
the technology, and of tests being carried out on the
Multi-Blocs are given. Multi-Blocs have been used to
construct erosion-controlling walls, but many other future
applications are considered here.
MB RUBBER RECYCLING CENTER INC.;
AMERICAN RUBBER RECYCLING CENTERS
INC.; MINNESOTA POLLUTION CONTROL
AGENCY; TWIN CITY TESTING CORP.;
AMERICAN ENGINEERING TESTING;
MINNESOTA,UNIVERSITY; OHIO,DEPT.OF
NATURAL RESOURCES; MI-JACK PRODUCTS
USA
Accession no.510169
Item 409
Antec ‘93. Conference Proceedings.
New Orleans, La., 9th-13th May 1993, Vol.I, p.978-80. 012
EFFECTS OF POST-CONSUMER GROUND
RUBBER TYRES AS AN ADDITIVE IN
POLYSTYRENE AND SAN POLYMERS
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Palmateer J
Ferris State,University
(SPE)
Ground rubber from scrap tyres was used as an additive in
PS and SAN, and the effects on mechanical properties were
investigated. Apart from giving a marginal improvement in
the impact strength of PS, the ground rubber reduced the
mechanical properties of both PS and SAN. 3 refs.
USA
Accession no.510077
Item 410
Rubber and Plastics News
23, No. 16, 14th March 1994, p.6
FIRM USING CRUMB RUBBER TO MAKE
MANHOLE COVERS
Newly-formed Modern Recycled Rubber Products is
reported to have recently started making a recycled rubber
product intended for use in street repairs. The company
started manufacturing in late 1993 a product designed to
replace traditional manhole covers and use up to 36 scrap
tyres in the process; details are given.
MODERN RECYCLED RUBBER PRODUCTS INC.
USA
Accession no.509912
Item 411
Rubber India
45, Nos.8/9/10, Aug/Sept/Oct.1993, p.21-2
LONG ROAD FOR RUBBERISED ASPHALT
Cain M E
Malaysian Rubber Producers’ Research Assn.
This discusses the use of rubberised asphalt for road
building in the USA, as dictated by the 1991 International
Surface Transportation EfÀciency Act. Mainly utilising
rubber from scrap tyres, the legislation has environmental
advantages. Rubberised asphalt has many other advantages
over conventional surfacing, relating to its properties,
which are fully described. On-going road engineering
research is also mentioned. 8 refs.
UK,ROAD RESEARCH LABORATORY
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; INDONESIA; NETHERLANDS; UK;
USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.508047
Item 412
Recycle ‘93. Conference Proceedings.
Davos, 22nd-26th March 1993, paper 7/3. 8(13)
RECYCLING APPLICATIONS IN THE TYRE
INDUSTRY
Huinink H
Continental AG
(Maack Business Services)
Problems of recovery and reuse of tyres arise from their
complex composition and crosslinked nature. Environmental
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
and energy conservation aspects of recovery and reuse
are addressed. The chemical structure of rubber is such
that the rubber is not originally recyclable. Retreading is
discussed. The market shares of retreaded passenger car
tyres, light truck tyres and heavy service tyres in Germany
are given. Rubber recovery (the production of rubber
powder and reclaim) is described and applications are
mentioned. Methods for hydrocarbon recovery from rubber
waste, including thermal depolymerisation and biological
decomposition are outlined, but existing capacity is blocked
by the plastics industry and costs for tyre derived products
are too high. Energy recovery by combustion appears to be
technically and economically feasible.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; FRANCE; GERMANY; WESTERN
EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.505758
Item 413
Recycle ‘93. Conference Proceedings.
Davos, 22nd-26th March 1993, paper 7/2. 8(13)
RECYCLING AND REUSE OF
THERMOPLASTIC AND THERMOSET
ELASTOMERS
Dunn J R
JR Consulting
(Maack Business Services)
Figures for the world consumption of rubber are given
for 1990 and 1960. Reduction in the consumption of
elastomers is not likely because they have an important
role in comfort and safety. The environmental problems of
disposing of rubber, particularly scrap tyres, are addressed
and the paper discusses the various ways in which scrap
rubber is being put to good use. The problem is to Ànd
applications for scrap rubber which are both technically
and economically viable. The solution depends on the
elastomer concerned, the form of the product and the
location in which the material is scrapped. True recycling
is possible for thermoplastic elastomers, but not for
thermosets (which must currently be used in tyres and
other goods which retain their dimensions when subjected
to heat and cold). In the short term conversion to energy
has the greatest potential. 32 refs.
CANADA
Accession no.505757
Item 414
IRC ‘93/144th Meeting, Fall 1993. Conference
Proceedings.
Orlando, Fl., 26th-29th Oct.1993, Paper 43, pp.3. 012
CREEP/RECOVERY BEHAVIOUR OF ASPHALT
MODIFIED BY GROUND RUBBER PARTICLES
FROM TYRES
Zaman A A; Beatty C L; Mohseen S; Fricke A L
Florida,University
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
The use of ground rubber reclaimed from tyres for
improving the creep, toughness and Áexural properties of
111
 References and Abstracts

asphalt is examined. (A contents list and summary only ground rubber.

are published). FORD MOTOR CO.; GENERAL MOTORS CORP.;
USA DEJA INC.
Accession no.505635 USA
Accession no.505596
Item 415
IRC ‘93/144th Meeting, Fall 1993. Conference Item 418
Proceedings. IRC ‘93/144th Meeting, Fall 1993. Conference
Orlando, Fl., 26th-29th Oct.1993, Paper 41, pp.10. 012 Proceedings.
COPROCESSING OF USED RUBBER TYRES Orlando, Fl., 26th-29th Oct.1993, Paper 1, pp.20. 012
WITH COAL RECYCLING/REUSE OF ELASTOMERS: AN
Farcasiu M OVERVIEW
US,Dept.of Energy Dunn J R
(ACS,Rubber Div.) J.R.Consulting
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
An account is given of research sponsored by the US
Department of Energy in the liquefaction of coal in Problems associated with rubber recycling are reviewed,
conjunction with waste tyres to obtain high quality with particular reference to tyres, and recycling and waste
liquid products which can be used in the production of disposal techniques and applications of reclaimed rubber
transportation fuels and replacements for the aromatic oil are examined. 44 refs.
used in tyre manufacture. 8 refs. CANADA; USA; WORLD
UTAH,UNIVERSITY; KENTUCKY,UNIVERSITY; Accession no.505594
WEST VIRGINIA,UNIVERSITY;
AUBURN,UNIVERSITY
USA
Item 419
Scrap Tire News
Accession no.505633 8, No.2, Feb.1994, p.14
NEW CRYOGENIC PROCESS INTRODUCED
Item 416 Azur C
IRC ‘93/144th Meeting, Fall 1993. Conference
A cryogenic recycling system for tyres and non-
Proceedings.
biodegradable materials has been developed by a North
Orlando, Fl., 26th-29th Oct.1993, Paper 4, pp.25. 012
Carolina entrepreneur Chris Azur. The process, which
PYROLYSIS CARBON BLACK: AN OVERVIEW
claims to use less nitrogen than conventional cryogenic
Beck M R
systems, is described.
Polymer Valley Chemicals Inc.
USA
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Accession no.505449
Carbon black production by the pyrolysis of scrap tyres is
examined. Barriers to the acceptance of this type of carbon
black are discussed, and it is proposed that pyrolysis black Item 420
can be a viable alternative reinforcing Àller for many Scrap Tire News
rubber applications if properly produced. 8, No.2, Feb.1994, p.4
NORTH AMERICA; USA
TYRES PART OF CO-LIQUEFACTION
RESEARCH
Accession no.505597
Research carried out at West Virginia University and
the University of Utah into the co-liquefaction of tyres
Item 417
with coal is reported. It has been established that higher
IRC ‘93/144th Meeting, Fall 1993. Conference
product conversions have been achieved than is possible
Proceedings.
from their separate liquefaction. This has been attributed
Orlando, Fl., 26th-29th Oct.1993, Paper 3, pp.43. 012
to the higher catalytic activity of carbon black and that
GROUND RUBBER USE: EMERGING NEW
depolymerised rubber has a higher hydrogen content and
MARKET TRENDS
good solvent properties.
Smith F G
Environmental Technologies Alternatives Inc. KENTUCKY,UNIVERSITY; WEST
(ACS,Rubber Div.) VIRGINIA,UNIVERSITY; UTAH,UNIVERSITY
USA
Developments in the use of ground rubber from scrap tyres Accession no.505445
in asphalt road surfacing compositions, tyres, automotive
components and footwear are reviewed. Some statistics
are presented for current and forecast US consumption of

112 © Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

Item 421 It is reported that as the automotive industry expanded in

Scrap Tire News Japan, the production of car tyres also increased to 166
8, No.1, Jan.1994, p.18 million tyres in 1992. With the call for effectual utilisation
ROAD MAT MAKER ON THE ROAD TO of natural resources, full recycling of used tyres, which
EXPANSION amount to approximately 92 million units or 840,000
tonnes in 1992 is desired. Today, some 92% of the used
Terra Mat, the US manufacturer of portable road mats
tyres is recycled, including export and fuel. Aspects
made from recycled scrap truck tyres, is reported to have
described include situation of used tyre generation,
enlarged its market base in 1993 to the north with a licensed
situation of used tyre recycling, recycling methods for used
production facility in British Columbia. The company
tyres, retreading, reclaimed rubber and rubber powder and
operates US production plants in Ohio and Louisiana to
utilisation of recovered energy.
manufacture the mats which are laid on unstable ground
JAPAN
to provide access to construction equipment. Very brief
details are noted. Accession no.501848
TERRA MAT CORP.
USA Item 425
Accession no.504178 Rubber and Plastics News
23, No.9, 6th Dec.1993, p.17-20
IDENTIFYING COMPOSITION OF TYRE
Item 422
RUBBER
International Polymer Science and Technology
Holland G W; Hu B; Smith M A
20, No.10, 1993, p.T/56-63
Baker Rubber Inc.
RECYCLING OF USED TYRES
Komatsu T The recycling of discarded tyre rubber is of increasing
importance. There are at least two advantages of using
Methods of dealing with old tyres are summarised with
recycled tyre rubber. First, the recycling of tyre rubber
data on the amounts involved and future potential. They
helps solve the tyre disposal problem, which is of great
include retreading (recappping), undersea applications
environmental concern; secondly, some forms of recycled
(Àsh habitats and sand guards), production of reclaim, use
tyre rubber have found wide applications based on their
of powdered rubber in asphalt (roads and sports surfaces),
unique economic and performance advantages. In the
use in heat production (particularly for cement works),
process of recycling tyre rubber and in the application of
and destructive distillation (usually in conjunction with a
recycled tyre rubber, a general knowledge of the rubber
combustion process). Examples have Japanese bias and
composition is necessary. The chemical analysis of tyre
emphasise use as fuel for cement production. 5 refs. (Transl.
rubber can be used both as an effective means of quality
from Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi,No.3,1993,p.174).
control for recycled rubber products as well as improving
JAPAN
the compound formulation. A general discussion of tyre
Accession no.502720 rubber compounds is presented. ASTM test methods
for chemical identiÀcation of recycled tyre rubber are
Item 423 described, as are results from such testing of typically
Materials Reclamation Weekly available recycled tyre rubber materials. 11 refs.
162, No.20, 15th Jan.1994, p.12 USA
MICROWAVE TREATMENT TURNS SCRAP Accession no.501343
TYRES INTO FUEL
Brian Foster of Fosters Tyre & General has patented Item 426
a technology for converting scrap tyres to energy, it is Recycling Ground Rubber Tyres into Plastic Products.
reported. The process, which is brieÁy described, involves Workshop Papers.
the steaming of fragmented rubber in the presence of Mississauga, Ont., 26th Oct.1993, Paper 7, pp.22. 8(13)
potassium nitrate. A chemical analysis of the fuel in RECYCLED THERMOPLASTIC TYRE RUBBER
powder form is included. FOR EXTRUSION AND INJECTION MOULDING
FOSTERS TYRE & GENERAL LTD. Gunnigle J
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE Promat
Accession no.502262 (Ontario,Centre for Materials Research; Ontario,Queens
University; Ontario,Ministry of Environment and
Energy)
Item 424
Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe A report is presented on the use of scrap tyre rubber
46, No.12, Dec.1993, p.989-91 to produce high quality thermoplastic rubber pellets
RECYCLING OF USED TYRES IN JAPAN (Prolastomer) for the injection moulding industry and
Nishimura K Promat extruded sheet and roll goods. The products are

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited 113

 References and Abstracts
shown to contain a very high percentage of used tyre
rubber and to be designed for processing on conventional
thermoplastics processing equipment.
CANADA
Accession no.499858
Item 427
Recycling Ground Rubber Tyres into Plastic Products.
Workshop Papers.
Mississauga, Ont., 26th Oct.1993, Paper 5, pp.1. 8(13)
MODIFIED SCRAP TYRE RUBBER RECYCLING
TECHNIQUES
Bauman B D
Composite Particles Inc.
(Ontario,Centre for Materials Research; Ontario,Queens
University; Ontario,Ministry of Environment and
Energy)
An abstract is presented of a paper which describes a
surface modiÀcation technique for scrap tyre rubber which
is based on treatment with a reactive gas atmosphere.
The treatment is shown to result in a permanent
chemical change in the outermost molecular layers. Polar
functional groups are created which convert the normally
hydrophobic particles into particles that are readily wetted
by water and other polar liquids. The surface modiÀcation
also markedly improves the adhesion of rubber particles to
other polymers. Some of the applications that have been
developed commercially are described.
USA
Accession no.499856
Item 428
Recycling Ground Rubber Tyres into Plastic Products.
Workshop Papers.
Mississauga, Ont., 26th Oct.1993, Paper 3, pp.15. 8(13)
IMPROVED MATERIALS BASED ON GROUND
RUBBER CRUMB IN PLASTIC. I. EVALUATION
OF GROUND RUBBER TYRES
Baker W
Queen’s University at Kingston
(Ontario,Centre for Materials Research; Ontario,Queens
University; Ontario,Ministry of Environment and
Energy)
A report is presented on a university-based project which
is attempting to prepare useful plastics compounds which
contain signiÀcant fractions of ground rubber crumb from
worn tyres. The blending, compatibilisation, processing
and impact properties are discussed. The overall approach
taken is outlined and studies of different rubber crumbs and
the way in which they affect performance are described.
An oxidative surface treatment is considered.
CANADA
Accession no.499854
114
Item 429
Recycling Ground Rubber Tyres into Plastic Products.
Workshop Papers.
Mississauga, Ont., 26th Oct.1993, Paper 1, pp.13. 8(13)
COMMERCIAL CRYOGENIC TYRE
RECYCLING
Mottershead G G
Recovery Technologies Inc.
(Ontario,Centre for Materials Research; Ontario,Queens
University; Ontario,Ministry of Environment and
Energy)
Recovery Technologies’ Reclaprocessor cryogenic whole
tyre recycling systems are described with reference to
the shredding, freezing, fragmentation, screening and
packaging phases. The beneÀts of cryogenic tyre recycling
are considered and data on operating performance are
given. The North American market for rubber granules is
examined with reference to markets for moulded rubber
products, automotive/tyres, asphalt rubber, sports surfaces,
friction materials, and polymer modiÀers, and future
markets for rubber granules are discussed.
CANADA
Accession no.499852
Item 430
Scrap Tire News
7, No.11, Nov.1993, p.16
SCRAP TYRES IN IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Entire Environmental Systems Inc. is building a patented,
enclosed hydraulic irrigation system which uses large
quantities of shredded scrap tyres under the soil, to create a
reservoir. The Hydro-Culture systems can be used in parks,
nurseries, golf courses, landÀlls and waste management
applications. The article supplies very brief details of the
system.
ENTIRE ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS INC.
USA
Accession no.499665
Item 431
Scrap Tire News
7, No.11, Nov.1993, p.9
TYRE RECYCLING PROCESS SEPARATES
MATERIALS
A new tyre recycling system from Dover Conveyor uses
existing proven technologies to recover steel and graded
rubber products. The article supplies details of the tyre
recycling system, which can process 1,000 tyres per hour.
The article also describes applications for these products,
which include tyre-derived fuel and rubberised asphalt.
DOVER CONVEYOR
USA
Accession no.499664
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Item 432
Rubber and Plastics News
23, No.6, 25th Oct.1993, Environment Suppl., p.T45
AGRICULTURAL PROJECT USES SCRAP
TYRES
Moore M
Shredded scrap tyres are being used in a ‘Hydro-Culture’
application by Entire Environmental Systems Inc. The
shredded or cubed tyres are placed under a geotextile lining
to form a reservoir for use in an experimental waterborne
plant nursery at Hutchins, Texas. Details of the project
are described.
ENTIRE ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS INC.
USA
Accession no.498873
Item 433
Tire Business
11, No.12, 20th Sept.1993, p.5
FIRM CARVES OUT NEW LIFE FOR OLD
AIRCRAFT TYRES
Arnold S
It is reported that Gensco Aircraft Tires Inc. has more
than tripled its business in the last three years, modifying
surplus aircraft tyres for agricultural and industrial use.
Customer testimonials are included and the history of the
company is given. Aircraft tyre composition is explained,
as is Gensco’s method of making them mountable by
standard tyre-changing equipment. Comments are included
from the company’s president, who reports excellent
recycled tyre service life. Gensco obtains most of its tyres
from Goodyear.
GENSCO AIRCRAFT TIRES INC.; GENERAL
SUPPLY & EQUIPMENT CO.INC.; GOODYEAR
TIRE & RUBBER CO.
USA
Accession no.497799
Item 434
Scrap Tire News
7, No.10, Oct.1993, p.5
WASTE TYRES RECYCLED INTO MODULAR
BUILDING BLOCK
Brief details are given of the use of recycled car tyres
for building blocks. Future Cubes are designed for use
in building retaining walls, artiÀcial reefs and in erosion
projects. Hurricane Blocks are also available, which are
claimed to be capable of withstanding winds in excess of
500 mph.
AD TIRE RECYCLING INC.
USA
Accession no.495814
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 435
Scrap Tire News
7, No.10, Oct.1993, p.1-3
DELAWARE CRUMB RUBBER PRODUCER HAS
BRIGHT BEGINNINGS
The operations are described of Tirec Inc., a Delaware tyre
shredder which, in addition to recycling car and truck scrap
tyres, also drains scrap tyres from existing landÀll sites.
The company shreds the tyres to produce Àbre-reinforced
rubber particles which, under the tradename Perma-Turf,
are used as a loose cushioning material for playgrounds
and walking trails etc. The company is expanding into
the rubberised asphalt market with the planned highway
resurfacing legislation. Brief details are also given of
Rebound technology to improve turf growth.
TIREC INC.
USA
Accession no.495812
Item 436
Materials Reclamation Weekly
162, No.9, 16th Oct.1993, p.21
‘CHEAPER’ CRYOGENIC TYRE RECYCLING
A cost efÀcient method of cryogenic reclaiming of scrap
lorry and car tyres has been developed by AGA Group and
Recovery Technologies. Details are given of the process
which uses less nitrogen than conventional cryogenic
processes.
AGA GROUP; RECOVERY TECHNOLOGIES INC.;
ELUDE SA
CANADA; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.495803
Item 437
Scrap Tire News
7, No.9, Sept.1993, p.8
VIRGINIA ROAD PROJECT USES MORE THAN
2 MILLION TYRES
The use is described of shredded scrap tyres in a highway
project in Williamsburg,Va. The 20ft embankments
for an overpass on Route 199 will use over 2 million
shredded tyres. OfÀcials from the Virginia Department of
Transportation hope that using tyre shreds in this way will
provide an alternative to the more costly rubberised asphalt
paving requirements of the ISTEA law. The shredded scrap
tyres contain wire and this project is claimed to represent
the largest single use of wire-containing scrap tyres.
VIRGINIA,DEPT.OF TRANSPORTATION; US,DEPT.
OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
USA
Accession no.495028
115
 References and Abstracts
Item 438
Resources, Conservation and Recycling
9, No.3, Oct.1993, p.191-9
RECYCLING OF DISCARDED TYRES IN
TAIWAN
Yang G C C
Taiwan,National Sun Yat-Sen University
Recycling of discarded tyres in Taiwan started at least 30
years ago. Not until the promulgation of “Regulations for
Recovery and Disposal of Discarded Tyres’ in 1989 did
the Republic of China Government begin to promote scrap
tyre recycling. The current state of scrap tyre generation in
Taiwan is described, followed by a discussion of recycling
activities prior to 1989. The regulations governing waste
tyre recycling and its fundamental concepts are then
described. Recent recycling efforts and the problems
encountered are also indicated. Several recommendations
are made to improve recycling of scrap tyres in Taiwan.
19 refs.
TAIWAN
Accession no.494087
Item 439
Materials Reclamation Weekly
162, No.1, 21st May 1993, p.8
HERE COMES THE TYRE PUMP
Plans to produce pumps and training shoes with soles made
from recycled tyres are very brieÁy discussed. It is reported
that Singapore businessman, William Tan’s company,
intends to produce durable shoes to be called US Roads and
pack them in environmentally-friendly packaging using
mainly recycled paper and board. A report in Singapore’s
The Straits Times is said to claim that an average car
tyre can yield 10 pairs of soles, while 25-30 pairs can be
produced from a large tractor tyre. This abstract includes
all the information contained in the original article.
SINGAPORE
Accession no.491713
Item 440
European Rubber Journal
175, No.8, Sept.1993, p.50
JAPAN RECYCLES TYRES
Japan had to dispose of an estimated 852,000 tonnes of
tyres in 1991, of which, bare statistics say that 86% was
recycled. Calculated on a more normal basis, the Japanese
appear to recycle about 62% of their real scrap tyre
arisings, of which about 70% are burned in one form or
another. Despite this, the Japanese still suffer from illegal
dumping. Consumption of reclaimed rubber in Japan has
declined to around 39,000 tonnes per year in 1991 from a
peak of nearly 60,000 tonnes in 1984.
JAPAN
Accession no.490416
116
Item 441
Reuse/Recycle
23, No.5, May 1993, p.38
USE OF OLD TYRES IN HIGHWAY
CONSTRUCTION JUDGED UNECONOMICAL
A recent evaluation of the current uses of recycled materials
in road construction resulted in 6 out of 7 states that
evaluated the use of scrap tyres as an additive in wearing
and base courses, claiming them to be uneconomical to
use. This was despite the federal law that requires that
asphalt road making materials should contain recycled
rubber. Further brief details are given.
US,NORTHEAST RECYCLING COUNCIL
USA
Accession no.488414
Item 442
Tire Business
11, No.6, 28th June 1993, p.17
MAINE’S RUBBER ROAD TEST DEEMED A
SUCCESS
Maine’s ‘rubber’ road has been deemed a success, it is
claimed. Shredded tyres were buried under the road surface
to protect against frost damage. Brief details are given of
the construction and its properties.
USA
Accession no.488407
Item 443
Bromma, c.1993, pp.6. 12ins. 18/3/93. 6A311
PROCOAT
Procoat Innovation AB
Procoat is a coating based on a urethane elastomer and re-
used rubber powder from car tyres. It has advantages over
traditional rubber coatings and paint. The Procoat coating
is almost impermeable and is a wear resistant elastic Àlm
which is applied using the Seal O’Matic two-component
airless spraying applicator. Details are given of typical
applications.
SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.487408
Item 444
Journal of Materials Science Letters
12, No.13, 1st July 1993, p.967-8
TYRE RUBBER/CEMENT MATRIX
COMPOSITES
Lee B I; Burnett L; Miller T; Postage B; Cuneo J
Clemson,University
Granulated rubber from waste tyres was incorporated
into Portland cement and its inÁuence on compression,
tensile and Áexural strengths under freeze-thaw cycles
was investigated. The results indicated that addition of
the rubber decreased the strength of the cement, and the
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts

properties were not improved by treatment of the rubber TIRES INC.

with nitric acid, silica sols or an aminosilane coupling USA
agent. 3 refs. Accession no.483857
USA
Accession no.486065 Item 448
Plastics and Rubber Weekly
Item 445 No.1489, 12th June 1993, p.2
Tire Business WASTE TYRE RECYCLING SYSTEM USING
11, No.4, 31st May 1993, p.3 CRYOGENICS
RECYCLER TO USE TIRECYCLE TO PRODUCE Brief details are given of a tyre disposal system from
TREAD RUBBER AGA Gas, involving cryogenic fragmentation, which
Moore M helps solve waste disposal and reduces reÀning costs.
Fairly brief information is presented on plans by Tire Basically, the whole tyre is fed into a shredder and reduced
Recycling Solutions of Altamonte Springs, Florida, to to chips. These are cooled to temperatures below -80C
establish a facility to produce tread rubber from recycled and then pounded and separated into steel, textile and
crumb rubber using Tirecycle technology. The company rubber granules.
is aiming to use up to 75% recycled crumb rubber in AGA GAS
the Ànished product by using the polymerisation agent SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE
patented by Rubber Research Elastomerics to ‘reactivate Accession no.483120
the livelihood’ of the crumb rubber.
TIRE RECYCLING SOLUTIONS; RUBBER Item 449
RESEARCH ELASTOMERICS INC. European Rubber Journal
USA
175, No.6, June 1993, p.33
Accession no.485958 ENERGY FROM TYRES
Shaw D
Item 446 Marangoni is reported to be the Àrst group to be involved
Tire Business in every stage of tyre manufacture, recycling and disposal.
11, No.2, 3rd May 1993, p.17 The company is currently reorganising in an effort to take
GERMAN INDUSTRY PURSUES TESTS TO advantage of its vertical strengths. The company, with
RECYCLE CHEMICALS FROM TYRES traditional strengths in tyre retreading, is now making new
Davis B tyres at its Ceat plant in southern Italy, and is also pushing
The German rubber industry’s recycling initiative, GAVS, hard its tyres-to-energy systems through its Energeco
has completed two test projects involving the chemical subsidiary. Some company information is presented.
reuse of scrap rubber. In the Àrst, Vega AG successfully MARANGONI GROUP; CEAT SPA; ENERGECO SPA
processed 50 metric tons of scrap rubber into synthetic oil, EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE
via hydrogenation. The second experiment involved a coal Accession no.479481
gasiÀcation operation where 500 tons of scrap rubber was
substituted for coal to produce synthetic gas. The article Item 450
supplies brief details of the two projects. Tyres and Accessories
VEBA AG; ESPAG No.4, 1993, p.36
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
BRIDGESTONE TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY
Accession no.484126 BY SCRAP TYRES
Bridgestone Corp. has announced that it is to invest 3
Item 447 billion yen to install a large-scale electricity generator
Tire Business at its Tochigi plant in Japan, whose main source of fuel
11, No.1, 19th April 1993, p.1/33 will be from scrap tyres. Brief details are given, including
SCRAP TYRES CUSHION PRESIDENTIAL PATH some statistics.
McCarron K
BRIDGESTONE CORP.
Scrap tyre recyclers are hoping that President Clinton’s JAPAN
new jogging track, currently being installed at the White Accession no.477155
House, will provide welcome publicity for their industry.
The jogging track is made of shredded scrap rubber held
together with polyurethane binders. The article supplies
details of the jogging track and its supplier, Tires Inc.

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited 117

 References and Abstracts

Item 451 of tyre debris on the M4 motorway. The Department of

Tire Business
10, No.23, 8th March 1993, p.9
TYRE-DERIVED LUMBER IN USE
Moore M
Recyc Lumber is a blend of ground scrap tyre rubber and
recycled plastics which is manufactured by Renewed
Materials Industries Inc. It is used to manufacture Áooring
for trailers used in the transportation of livestock. It is
durable, weather resistant and easier to maintain than
wood. Further brief details are given of other applications,
in particular as a rooÀng and building material.
RENEWED MATERIALS INDUSTRIES INC.
USA
Accession no.474802
Item 452
International Polymer Science and Technology
19,No.11,1993,p.T/57-66
CURRENT STATE AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
FOR PROCESSING AND APPLICATION OF
SCRAP TYRES OUTSIDE THE C.I.S.
Drozdovskii V F
Scrap tyres, mainly with metal cord, are continually
accumulating since only about 20% of them are
reprocessed. A detailed review is given of information
about volumes and trends in scrap tyre processing and
applications in countries other than the C.I.S.Translation
of Kauch.i Rezina,No.4,1992,p.23
CIS; COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES; RUSSIA
Accession no.472390
Transport says that it receives correspondence from the
general public concerning tyre debris and many are Àrmly
of the opinion that the rubber littering roads comes from
retreads. Details of a study commissioned to discover the
origins of tyre debris are presented.
UK,TRANSPORT RESEARCH LABORATORY
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.467981
Item 455
European Chemical News
59,No.1552,18th Jan.1993,p.23
METHANOL PRODUCED FROM OLD SCRAP
TYRES
Quantum Tech is planning to scale up a pilot plant
technology to produce methanol from scrap tyres and
hazardous waste. The patented Pyroplasma process
involves the use of plasma technology in the absence
of oxygen, producing temperatures of between 3100
and 16,650C at which organic matter is broken down
to elemental form. The company has demonstrated the
destruction of liquid hazardous waste on a 1 tonne/hour
scale pilot plant and claims the process, with a little
modiÀcation, can be used to treat non-hazardous oilÀeld
waste, solid municipal waste, plastics and used tyres.
QUANTUM TECH
USA
Accession no.466543

Item 453
Rubber and Plastics News
22,No.15,1st.Feb.1993,p.10
RACEY FURNITURE
JMJ Automobilia has taken recycling to an altogether
different level by offering what it terms as genuine
‘raceworn’ Formula-1 and Indy tyres for sale as coffee
tables and planters. The company, based in Princeton
Junction, N.J., cleans, lacquers and re-letters the tyres
before selling them. Prices range from 300 to 500 US
dollars.This abstract includes all the information contained
in the original article.
JMJ AUTOMOBILIA
USA
Accession no.472101

Item 454
Tyres and Accessories
No.1,1993,p.88/90
RUBBER ON THE ROAD - TRL STUDY
The Transport Research Laboratory is reported to have
recently carried out an investigation into the incidence

118 © Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited


A ASPHALT, 15 29 30 31 57 68 75
ABRASION RESISTANCE, 269
283 284 286 330 359 384
ACCELERATOR, 2 346 412
ACCIDENT, 5 29 45 347
ACETONE, 31 159 371 375
ACID TREATMENT, 367 444
ACOUSTIC INSULATION, 35 68
96 361 443 444
ACOUSTIC TREATMENT, 300
ACTIVATED CARBON, 355
ACTIVATION, 212 269 286 344
345 355 384
ADDED VALUE, 100 110
ADDITIVE, 10 16 31 37 60 75 79
87 99 100 137 141 198 200 220
232 239 264 265 266 269 271
276 283 284 286 287 308 330
338 339 343 344 345 346 359
360 361 367 372 375 377 383
384 399 409 415 416 417 418
427 428 441
ADHESION, 30 266 284 286 330
342 363 367 387 427 444
ADHESIVE, 221 230 292 396
ADSORPTION, 36 71 249 251 286
AGEING, 5 9 36 143 179 249 265
268 284 384 413
AGGREGATE, 3 34 49 64 70 82
123 148 150 200 268
AGREEMENT, 4 12 53 167 184
274 307 320
AGRICULTURAL APPLICATION,
38 64 68 74 100 257 285 412
430 432 433
AIR POLLUTION, 19 64 68 99
100 198 232 285 299 369
AIR SEPARATION, 345
AIRCRAFT TYRE, 361 418 433
ALTERNATIVE FUEL, 99 100 299
AMBIENT GRINDING, 159 225
267 268 285 299 341 345
ANALYSIS, 8 39 71 119 210 218
235 242 251 265 266 268 281
284 297 308 339 344 346 355
367 369 371 382 415
ARAMID FIBRE-REINFORCED
RUBBER, 215
ARTIFICIAL GRASS, 135
ARTIFICIAL REEF, 11 285 320
361
ARTISTIC APPLICATION, 324
ASH, 232 299 343 383
ASH CONTENT, 37 87 159 286 425
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
Subject Index
Subject Index
99 100 123 141 176 195 198
230 264 265 268 273 285 287
307 343 345 360 361 371 379
383 407 414 417 418 422 429
ASSOCIATION, 37 68 99 100 136
182 192 207 309 323
ATTRITION, 345
AUTOCLAVE, 338
AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATION,
30 36 93 99 103 141 172 183
217 227 237 285 286 299 338
343 345 386 395 402 403 405
413 417 418 429 436
B 269 286
BACTERIA, 46 344
BALE, 39 59 64 92
BALING, 30 70 92 108 158 254
BALL MILL, 101
BAN, 187
BARRIER, 102
BARRIER PROPERTIES, 20 286
BASKETBALL, 314
BEAD, 7 307 433
BELT, 30 53 168 211 299 395
BENZENE, 89 114 371
BIAS PLY TYRE, 285 413
BICYCLE TYRE, 116 223 302 330
338 376
BINDER, 107 137 143 180 183 205
245 265 268 279 284 285 287
308 328 342 349 354 365 407
414 417 444 447
BIODETERIORATION, 10 19 198
252 344 361 412
BITUMEN, 1 37 44 68 100 141 249
264 265 268 345 360 361 407
BLEND, 9 16 29 30 40 43 45 57
79 88 101 119 172 179 206 221
227 259 264 266 267 269 275
281 283 284 286 287 298 301
308 328 338 339 342 344 346
359 360 367 372 375 382 384
409 418 427 428 451
BLENDING, 1 31 342 367 414
BOND SCISSION, 125 286 300
308 339 382
BONDING, 31 286 330 346 359
BOOT, 284 361
BRAKE LINING, 402
BRAKE PAD, 405
BRAKE PEDAL, 403 405
BRICK, 164
BRIDGE, 228 291
BUFFING, 285 360 407
BUFFING DUST, 285 338 360 361
BUILDING APPLICATION, 30
37 44 49 68 76 77 80 91 99 107
118 141 164 180 184 196 200
230 234 241 249 272 275 277
279 280 281 285 291 292 295
299 303 309 323 343 345 350
366 408 410 421 434 451 452
BUILDING BLOCK, 241 434
BUMPER, 141 343
BURNING, 29 64 222 413
BUS TYRE, 182 412
BUTADIENE RUBBER, 36 41 266
BUTADIENE-ACRYLONITRILE
COPOLYMER, 212 233 264
271 284 338 359 360 382
BUTADIENE-STYRENE
COPOLYMER, 2 31 43 54 62
79 85 125 143 159 177 181 212
264 265 269 284 286 300 332
333 338 339 343 344 346 355
359 360 367 382 395 411 416
425
BUTADIENE-STYRENE
RUBBER, 2 9 41
BUTYL RUBBER, 2 55 120 212
264 286 338 339 359 360 418
425
BY-PRODUCT, 53 97 112 188
C
CALENDER, 181 308
CALENDERING, 33 217 361 395
CALORIFIC VALUE, 37 62 68 99
100 232 285 299 343 360 361
CAPACITY, 6 12 14 34 62 64 72 92
103 118 147 170 171 188 196
202 227 305 338 349 394 430
431
CARBON, 51 60 68 73 99 112 113
213 259 270 370 423
CARBON BLACK, 5 8 31 32 37 53
62 71 84 87 97 99 142 147 185
198 209 213 232 249 260 264
265 269 283 286 310 339 343
346 355 361 362 377 383 393
399 415 416 418 420 455
CARBON DIOXIDE, 19 99 198
214 232 299 330 355 383
119

CARBON MONOXIDE, 73 232
383 418
CARBONACEOUS, 362
CARBONISATION, 147 381 383
CARCASS, 99
CARCINOGENICITY, 99 198
CARPET, 30 68 141 351
CARPET BACKING, 403
CARPET UNDERLAY, 126 219
361
CASTOR, 311
CATALYST, 90 120 125 346 360
415
CEMENT, 49 64 75 191 199 322
343 444 452
CEMENT INDUSTRY, 37 68 99
100 113 141 223
CEMENT KILN, 13 14 27 58 69 72
103 105 109 126 130 159 165
219 231
CHAIN SCISSION, 120 346 367
CHAR, 37 53 97 100 110 204 251
265 286 343 370 416
CHEMICAL MODIFICATION, 19
216 242 264 286 367 375 427
CHEMICAL PLANT, 7 29 57 92
100 113 120 141 170 174 197
CHEMICAL RECYCLING, 41 99
100 114 130 141 182 286 299
338 343 360 361 383 415 418
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE, 20 31
284 286 371
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE, 55 62
101 252 264 284
CHEMICAL TREATMENT, 37 283
367
CHIP, 3 19 20 21 24 30 34 38 45 49
56 63 64 148 149 150 174 267
274 290 308 341 373 417 418
CIVIL ENGINEERING, 11 13 29
30 31 34 37 39 49 50 57 58 59
63 64 66 68 69 72 74 75 82 92
96 99 100 108 117 121 138 139
140 149 153 155 156 165 198
228 238 254 272 273 285 293
303 309 323 345 347 373 389
390 408 437
CLEANING, 39 383
CLOTHING APPLICATION, 397
CO-ROTATING EXTRUDER, 308
342
COAL, 76 204 242 383 415 418
420 441
COASTAL EROSION, 320
COATING, 19 24 30 130 239 302
314 359
COLOUR, 20 24 35 63 194 244
384 399
120
Subject Index
COMBUSTION, 19 37 39 68 95
100 126 130 160 203 232 285
343 361 370 379 383 406 412
422
COMMINUTED, 33
COMMINUTION, 220 246 250
264 452
COMPACTION, 2 264 324 434
COMPACTOR, 324
COMPATIBILISATION, 172 308
428
COMPATIBILISER, 40 88 137 266
308 372 402 403
COMPOSITE, 1 33 40 41 67 77
141 214 220 284 343 354 359
375 444
COMPOST, 299 390
COMPOUND, 29 30 55 93 99 137
229 269 276 283 308 346 384
COMPOUNDING, 1 31 177 181
186 216 266 268 269 342 344
346 354 359 384 425
COMPRESSIBILITY, 86 228
COMPRESSION MOULD, 308
342 367 382
COMPRESSION MOULDING, 43
245 266 287 408
COMPRESSION PROPERTIES, 2
264 322
COMPRESSOR, 35
CONCRETE, 12 29 75 76 141 214
241 268 284 287 322 391
CONSTRUCTION, 4 30 35 38 39
49 50 55 56 196 214 389 447
450
CONSUMPTION, 11 13 23 26 27
35 48 54 58 66 67 69 75 82 95
103 104 105 110 139 147 165
190 201 203 219 225 238 243
314 331 338 358 370 400 404
413 416 417 418 430 431 437
440 450
CONTAMINATION, 6 12 20 38 61
141 159 174 198 285 287 305
341
CONVEYING, 336 370
CONVEYOR, 82 199 319
CONVEYOR BELT, 53 299
COOLING, 3 264 267 296 308 312
327 336 338 345 346 370 382
398 448
COPPER, 6 12 94
CORD, 7 296 387
CORROSION RESISTANT, 443
COUNTER-ROTATING, 43 264
341
CRACK RESISTANCE, 57 225
268
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
CRACKING, 75 265 268 271 407
CRASH RESTRAINT BARRIER,
299
CROSS PLY TYRE, 285 361 413
CROSSLINK, 41 125 339 344 346
382
CROSSLINK DENSITY, 85 101
120 145 178 235 269 300 329
339 346 382 412
CROSSLINKING, 31 54 55 62 120
178 264 266 269 283 412
CRUMB RUBBER, 11 20 21 29 30
35 44 45 48 57 59 62 64 67 75
76 80 86 90 103 107 118 126
127 130 136 139 140 143 158
162 164 167 177 178 181 197
198 200 201 212 216 217 219
227 233 235 236 237 243 244
246 247 264 267 268 269 272
273 279 285 286 287 288 289
294 295 296 304 305 313 322
326 329 330 338 341 343 345
346 348 350 354 359 360 361
366 371 372 379 384 388 392
398 400 407 408 409 411 417
418 419 424 428 435 437 445
452
CRUSHING, 18 127 296 308 311
CRYOGENIC, 62 115 133 167 299
304 327 429 448
CRYOGENIC GRINDING, 15 22
68 99 133 159 244 267 268 269
285 296 299 312 341 345 346
360 361 385 407 417 418
CRYOGENIC RECLAIMING, 102
126 130 133 165 255 267 299
398 417 418 419 436
CULTIVATION, 338
CURE RATE, 36 265 269 346 382
CURE TIME, 9 266 283 287 346
382
CURING, 5 71 79 85 137 221 276
287 335 346 367
CURING AGENT, 16 79 88 264
266 284 344 359 360 367
CURING PRESS, 354
CURING TEMPERATURE, 266
283 346 382
CUSHIONING, 435
CUTTING, 6 7 285 296 308 341
352 353 354
CUTTING EQUIPMENT, 308 341
354
D
DAM, 108 313
DAMPING, 57 282

DASHBOARD, 141
DEAGGLOMERATION, 37
DEBEADING, 435
DEBONDING, 363
DECK, 30 364
DECOMPOSITION, 8 37 89 185
242 286 369
DECROSSLINK, 339
DEFORMATION, 246 264 265 407
DEGRADATION, 5 8 9 10 28 31
36 60 85 88 125 143 145 179
248 249 265 268 284 329 332
357 361 374 382
DEGRADATION PRODUCT, 297
422
DEMAND, 3 23 48 66 67 78 136
147 229 260 285 338
DEPOLYMERISATION, 258 286
320 359 398 420
DESIGN, 6 19 35 38 51 56 94 119
126 130 140 141 168 177 184
234 242 248 268 274 360 411
DESIGN FOR DISASSEMBLY,
141
DESIGN FOR RECYCLING, 141
DESULPHURISATION, 216 344
DETERIORATION, 411
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, 288
DEVULCANISATION, 1 11 41 43
55 68 79 84 85 88 90 101 102
109 120 125 126 130 145 161
165 172 177 189 200 216 217
235 244 246 247 352 264 266
267 268 269 285 286 300 302
306 308 329 338 339 344 345
346 357 360 367 372 375 382
417 418
DICUMYL PEROXIDE, 16 264
367
DIESEL FUEL, 327 383
DIGESTION, 268 418
DIRECTIVE, 6 11 26 52 64 99 147
149 165 219
DISASSEMBLY, 141
DISPOSAL, 331
DISTILLATION, 53 128 258 335
345 371 383 406
DISTORTION, 411
DISTRICT HEATING, 113
DISULFIDE, 125 216
DOCK FENDER, 67 164 285 361
DOOR SEAL, 403
DRAG REDUCTION, 267
DRAINAGE, 30 38 56 58 64 70 82
139 148 150 198 228
DRINKING WATER, 198
DUMPING, 4 92 243
DURABILITY, 5 24 30 39 57 63 75
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
Subject Index
273 283 366 391 439
DUST, 31
DUST EXTRACTION, 310
DYE, 53 168 251
DYNAMIC VULCANISATION, 2
88 205 266
E 360 361 364 370 374 383 393
EARTHMOVER TYRE, 361
EB, 9 31 55 120 159 179 181 221
264 266 287
ECO-PROFILE, 61
ECOTOXICOLOGY, 99 100
EFFLUENT, 73 86 94 338
ELASTIC MODULUS, 266 344
444
ELASTIC PROPERTIES, 107 248
264
ELASTICITY, 62 220 311 339 342
345 382 409 443
ELECTRIC GENERATOR, 450
ELECTRICAL APPLICATION,
141 395
ELECTRICAL ENERGY, 37 68
100 232 296
ELECTRICAL INSULATION, 141
ELECTRICITY, 327 331 370 450
ELECTROHYDRAULIC, 296
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, 2 36
71 218 362 367 415
ELECTRONIC APPLICATION,
324
ELONGATION, 137 252 265 269
283 284 287 308 329 339 344
346 359 384 409
ELONGATION AT BREAK, 9 31
55 120 159 179 181 221 264
266 287 330 342 346 354 382
412
EMBANKMENT, 66 437
EMBRITTLEMENT, 267 296
EMISSION, 19 51 53 58 68 99 100
109 198 232 285 299 360 361
383 418
EMISSION CONTROL, 27 61 72
165 219 370 379 440
ENCAPSULATION, 39
ENERGY APPLICATION, 256 294
ENERGY BALANCE, 343 374 412
ENERGY CONSERVATION, 124
184 194 255 412 413 424
ENERGY CONSUMPTION, 3 7 37
47 99 127 160 163 255 258 267
296 299 300 305 312 329 338
339 341 345 452
ENERGY DISSIPATION, 339 382
ENERGY EFFICIENCY, 3 372
ENERGY GENERATION, 232 316
361 413
ENERGY RECOVERY, 13 37 42
51 58 60 62 64 68 69 72 95 99
100 103 111 113 126 128 130
141 149 155 165 166 170 187
191 207 219 223 231 232 256
258 261 285 299 320 343 348
404 406 412 413 418 423 450
452
ENGINEERING APPLICATION,
29 30 31 34 39 49 50 57 63 64
75 92 106 141 323 373 389 390
408
ENVIRONMENT, 10 25 28 68 80
99 100 115 124 136 141 153
162 198 232 257 261 262 277
278 281 294 299 304 317 318
324 332 334 348 355 360 361
379 383 390 391 397 418 422
430 433
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD,
19 20
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, 20
38 47 50 61 83 99 175 198 243
285 286 360
ENVIRONMENTAL
LEGISLATION, 4 6 12 29 30
39 52 54 64 74 99 100 121 126
190 198
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION, 4 19 50 61 62
78 92 137 194 273 307 324 328
360 412 413
ENVIRONMENTALLY
FRIENDLY, 19 24 53 64 137
185 194 215 381
EPDM, 1 2 79 173 212 264 286 338
339 359 360
EQUIPMENT, 3 6 19 35 51 56 78
82 126 130 168 199 308 363
431
EROSION, 39 408
EROSION CONTROL, 126
EROSION RESISTANCE, 30
ESCA, 71 249 362 367
ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE
COPOLYMER, 284 308 342
382
EXPLOSION, 5
EXPORT, 6 12 64 74 103 111 121
135 207 231 285 288 289 311
338 440 452
EXTRACTION, 6 151 198 339 382
383
EXTRUDER, 16 40 43 54 88 217
264 266 308 329 342 382 384
121

EXTRUSION, 1 16 33 40 43 164
181 214 220 253 264 266 268
285 302 308 342 361 372 382
384 395 426
F FRAGMENTATION, 429 436 448
FABRIC, 5 49 50 56 310 354
FAILURE, 39 255 265 268 284 407
414 454
FATIGUE, 44 265 269 279 407
FEE, 74 108 112 121 129 140 154
190 200 203 225 331
FEEDING, 38 51 267 324 341
FEEDSTOCK, 138 147 159 168
170 202 212 302 343 374 383
404 408
FENCE, 366
FENDER, 67 69 102 164 285 361
FERTILISER, 20
FIBRE, 45 55 221 253 267 299 359
FIBRE-REINFORCED RUBBER,
435
FILLER, 1 10 32 33 36 37 60 62 71
79 84 87 92 97 99 100 141 142
165 181 198 209 214 220 232
239 264 265 269 283 284 285
286 287 310 315 320 326 330
339 343 344 345 346 360 361
362 367 377 383 384 393 409
412 415 416 417 418 427 428
FILLER CONTENT, 265 269 283
284 287 330 344 384 409 416
FILTER, 56 86 310
FINES, 159 267
FIRE, 5 29 154 347
FIRE HAZARD, 11 99 198 298 361
FISH FARMING, 361 422
FIXED-BED, 242
FLAKE, 342
FLAMMABILITY, 99 295 317 322
323
FLEXIBILITY, 93 172 284 314
FLOOD BARRIER, 30 196
FLOOR, 30 37 62 118 126 141 158
159 223 239 285 291 292 299
302 314 328 345 350 440 451
FLUE GAS, 343
FLUIDISED BED, 126 130 166
210 286 324
FOAM, 62 141 214 284 330 351
359 394 418
FOOTWEAR, 30 116 283 284 314
315 338 351 359 361 417 439
FORECAST, 149 183 338 417
FORK LIFT TRUCK TYRE, 26
197
FORMULATION, 31 33 36 43 71
122
Subject Index
93 137 177 179 180 181 186
248 276 329 333 334
FOURIER TRANSFORM
INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY,
43 178 218 235 252 355
FRACTIONATION, 178 286 298
FREEZE-THAW STABILITY, 75
442 444
FREEZING, 34 45 169 345 429
436
FRICTION MATERIAL, 183 285
429
FROST RESISTANCE, 34
FUEL, 11 14 27 37 51 58 64 66 68
69 73 74 76 89 95 99 100 103
104 105 109 110 113 121 139
141 147 170 198 210 223 231
238 246 253 259 265 267 285
286 299 341 343 345 355 383
406 412 413 415 420 422
FUEL OIL, 265 320 393
FUNDING, 5 6 12 29 34 38 50 57
75 92 108 112 113 121 129 140
146 154 170 187 190 200 225
226 243 244 290 313 364 370
408 411
FURNACE, 3 51 95 126
FURNITURE, 309 324 453
G
GAS, 3 19 37 68 73 99 100 112 113
147 160 232 284 286 336 343
383 427
GAS OIL, 383
GAS PIPE, 156
GAS RECOVERY, 299
GAS-PHASE, 3 19 37 68 99 100
112 113 147 160 232 284 286
GASIFICATION, 11 37 68 99 103
126 130 166 170 202 232 286
299 374 383 404 412 415 446
GASKET, 19
GENERAL RUBBER GOODS,
285 338
GENERATOR, 7 35
GEOTEXTILE, 34 432
GEOTHERMAL APPLICATION, 3
GIANT TYRE, 324
GLOBAL WARMING, 19
GLYCOLYSIS, 418
GOLF COURSE, 358
GOVERNMENT AID, 83 198 394
GRANT, 140 146 234 372 408
GRANULATE, 7 12 20 171 195
412 431
GRANULATING, 18 24 207 223
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
231
GRANULATION, 30 41 103 160
195 267 314 324 345 361 440
GRANULATOR, 6 130 324 345
408
GRANULE, 12 37 55 57 68 69 99
100 223 224 287 299 324 354
396 418 429 444 448
GRAPHITE FIBRE, 355
GREEN TYRE, 99
GREENHOUSE, 203 370
GRINDER, 267 296 299 324 345
GRINDING, 5 6 12 15 22 31 46 48
54 55 57 68 99 123 133 141 142
157 159 167 172 177 200 205
225 229 230 232 239 243 244
267 268 269 283 285 296 299
302 310 312 324 338 341 343
345 346 352 354 359 360 361
388 405 407 409 412 416 417
418 419 452
GROUND RUBBER, 1 2 16 43 58
68 74 79 85 88 101 121 137 145
146 159 175 198 266 267 268
269 285 300 306 308 329 330
338 339 342 344 345 354 359
361 367 371 382 384 385 392
407 409 412 414 417 427 428
451
GROWTH RATE, 58 66 139 183
198 285 338
H
HAMMER MILL, 267 299 345
HARDNESS, 36 54 55 85 143 265
269 284 308 314 330 342 346
359 384 395
HAZARDOUS MATERIAL, 19 20
194 390 455
HAZARDOUS WASTE, 99 198
383
HEALTH HAZARD, 47 99 100 109
153 160 198 257 261 298 361
HEAT AGEING, 268 384
HEAT BUILD-UP, 5 36 286 330
382
HEAT DEGRADATION, 28 110
HEAT EXCHANGER, 203 222 296
345 370
HEAT GENERATION, 286 299
382
HEAT INSULATION, 3 34 49 50
70 184 228 234
HEAT RECOVERY, 383 406
HEAT RESISTANCE, 172 266 283
286 387
HEAT TREATMENT, 36 71 455

HEATED, 3 36 53 163 169 203 213
222 226 230 232 258 267 270
HEATING, 3 36 53 163 169 203
213 222 226 230 232 258 267
270 338 354 383
HEATING APPLICATION, 113
327
HEAVY METAL, 99 198
HEAVY VEHICLE TYRE, 5 12
15 41 54 55 64 67 68 72 82 109
131 135 144 182 193 194 217
229 236 269 285 288 289 291
HEAVY-DUTY TYRE, 30 302
HIGH PRESSURE, 296 308 338
355 383
HORSE RACING, 192
HORTICULTURAL
APPLICATION, 24 203 290
378 430
HOSE, 164 282 349
HYDRAULIC, 92 160 398 430
HYDRO-CULTURE, 432
HYDROCARBON, 198 202 210
232 242 250 286 298 336 343
371 383
HYDROGEN, 73 232 242 367 383
418 420
HYDROGENATION, 242 374 412
446
HYDROPONIC, 432
I 435
IIR, 2 55 120 212 264 286
IMMERSION, 222 345 346 367
IMPACT, 267 296
IMPACT PROPERTIES, 16 30 88
93 168 221 266 267 296 314
322 428
IMPACT STRENGTH, 16 88 93
221 266 330 384 409
IMPERMEABLE, 443
INCINERATION, 13 27 30 37 47
51 54 64 69 72 99 100 126 130
141 144 148 149 165 198 203
219 232 285 299 320 324 343
360 361 406 412 413 418 440
446 452
INCINERATOR, 103 147 324 360
INDUSTRIAL TYRE, 26 299
INDUSTRIAL WASTE, 68 264 285
299
INFRARED SPECTRA, 8 101 218
297 344 367 371 375
INJECTION MOULDING, 54 88
172 181 253 266 372 395 426
INJECTION MOULDING
MACHINE, 54 408
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
Subject Index
INK, 37 53
INNER TUBE, 30 55 116 302 376
397 418
INSECT, 198 361
INSTRUMENT PANEL, 141
INSULATION, 3 34 35 49 50 68
70 96 141 165 184 228 234 239
296 299 303 390
INTERFACIAL ADHESION, 16
266 367 444
INTERNAL MIXER, 85 88 220
INTERNAL MIXING, 266 269 367
IRRIGATION, 358 400 430 432
IRRIGATION PIPE, 364
K MACHINERY, 18 35 54 92 135
KILN, 13 14 27 58 64 69 72 103
105 109 126 130 159 165 219
231 232 265 286 379
L MAGNETIC SEPARATION, 163
LANDFILL, 6 10 11 12 13 14 17
19 20 26 28 30 42 47 54 57 62
64 66 68 69 72 82 89 92 99 100
103 106 111 121 130 134 139
141 147 148 149 153 162 165
182 187 206 219 228 243 262
274 285 287 293 298 317 320
328 341 343 355 361 369 374
379 383 389 403 413 417 418
LATEX, 198 213 239 270 360 411
LEACHING, 19 20 38 56 94 153
159 174 198 274 343 383 390
LEAKAGE, 185
LEGISLATION, 4 6 12 14 25 28 29
30 39 48 52 54 64 72 74 89 99
100 103 121 126 129 130 136
137 148 149 154 155 187 190
198 200 207 287 313 340 341
361 379 388 407 411 412 413
418 438 441
LEVY, 29 112 121 290 364
LICENCE, 4 51 53 59 191 217 244
247 372
LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS, 4 52 61
62 68 99 197 225 356
LIGHT OIL, 232 360
LIGHTWEIGHT, 20 34 50 63 92
117 123 148 215 228 303
LIMONENE, 112 114
LINER, 55 139
LINING, 30 301 345 432
LIQUEFACTION, 76 126 130 355
383 404 415 420
LIQUID NITROGEN, 15 267 296
299 345 398
LIQUID RUBBER, 46 242 271 346
LITIGATION, 167
LOAD BEARING, 30 92 234
LOADING, 7 31 268 414 444
LOOSE FILL, 244 287
LORRY TYRE, 5 12 54 55 64 193
229
LOW DENSITY
POLYETHYLENE, 1 33 79 157
299 308 342
LOW TEMPERATURE, 250 268
286 355 407
M
152 158 160 166 167 199 217
222 238 244 248 258 264 265
266 267 296 299 305 308 324
336 338 339 341 342 345 354
372 381 382 384 398 433
296 299 341 343 345 405
MANHOLE COVER, 164 380 410
MARINE APPLICATION, 11 68 77
102 126 130 413
MARKET, 20 75 78 81 115 147
150 168 184 196 198 260 285
290 302 338 343 351 361 379
416 417 429 433
MARKET GROWTH, 183 198 285
MASTICATION, 264 269 346
MAT, 63 141 158 164 217 285 287
291 299 301 308 325 342 364
395 396 421
MATERIALS SUBSTITUTION, 10
31 38 39 51 86 92 138 141 148
150 168 174 381 391 395 418
MATTRESS, 64
MECHANICAL RECYCLING, 12
68 99 126 141 165 172 232 267
268 269 283 285 286 287 296
299 308 324 338 341 342 343
345 346 354 359 360 361
MECHANOCHEMICAL
DEGRADATION, 85 101 264
308
MESH, 5 159
METAL, 7 50 53 141 169 198 230
270 286 287 299 319 363
METAL CORD, 163 296 319 336
METAL REMOVAL, 104 131
METHANE, 19 232 383 416
METHANOL, 202 383 455
MICROBIAL DEGRADATION,
216 344
MICROORGANISM, 344
123

MICROWAVE, 60 62 102 126 320
412 423
MILL, 118 167 267 299 324 345
MILLING, 16 51 101 181 269 283
345 346 360 375 387 448
MIXED WASTE, 308 339 383
MIXER, 41 54 62 248 264 342
MIXING, 1 2 33 36 40 57 137 186
201 220 242 264 266 268 269
308 314 342 344 345 346 354
360 367 372 375 384 386 387
MORTAR, 322
MOSQUITO, 298
MOULDING, 30 31 43 55 78 169
214 221 230 245 266 268 283
284 287 330 359 380
MOUSE MAT, 30
MUD FLAP, 287
MUDGUARD, 141
MULCH, 24 164 290
MUNICIPAL WASTE, 19 68 99
185 274
N PERFORMANCE, 3 5 19 20 24 29
NATURAL RUBBER, 9 10 31 36
41 43 44 54 55 62 79 99 120
159 177 212 221 233 244 247
264 284 286 287 302 332 333
338 339 346 359 360 367 382
395 411 412 413 416 418 425
NBR, 212 233 271
NEOPRENE, 212 221 264
NITRIC ACID, 31 151 211 444
NITRILE RUBBER, 264 284 338
359 360 382
NITROGEN, 19 53 62 71 94 100
232 251 264 362 383 419 436
NOISE REDUCTION, 29 35 57 68
75 282 366
NYLON, 56 141 168 253 412
O PLAYGROUND, 12 45 64 123 146
ODOUR, 338 397
OFF-THE-ROAD TYRE, 30 131
359
OIL, 3 31 37 60 62 68 100 112 113
147 185 213 232 242 265 270
286 298 335 343 360 369 383
412 415 416 420
OIL RECOVERY, 210 310 404 420
OUTDOOR APPLICATION, 291
292
OUTDOOR FURNITURE, 324
OXIDATION, 8 19 101 120 218
337 367 428
OXYGEN, 53 94 264 367 383
124
Subject Index
OXYGEN PLASMA
TREATMENT, 367
OZONE DEPLETION, 61 99 330
OZONE RESISTANCE, 286
OZONE TREATMENT, 171 305
P 384 409 417 428
PASSENGER TYRE, 2 5 30 38 64
92 131 269 285 286 289 330
341 343 359 360 361 368 412
413 435 436
PATENT, 31 35 51 56 77 78 95 98
128 158 161 162 168 171 172
184 185 189 202 208 244 247
253 258 267 274 301 305 320
327 349 350 395 400 408
PAVEMENT, 49 50 75 279 280
PAVING, 31 72 364
PELLET, 15 221 239 342 403 426
PELLETISATION, 172
PELLETISING, 15 338 416
PENCIL, 78
PENETRATION, 265 345
38 45 75 92 194 273 373 412
PERMEABILITY, 179 228 328
PERMIT, 103
PEROXIDE, 79 264 284 367
PESTICIDE, 20 63 198
PH, 36 71 94 198 343 344
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, 55 71
81 88 119 137 186 205 276 394
PHYSICOCHEMICAL
PROPERTIES, 178 235 377
PIGMENT, 53 286 399
PIN MILL, 267 345
PIPE, 38 156 168 200 299 345 400
PLANT CAPACITY, 113 128 372
404 435 450
PLAY SURFACE, 30 58 66 72 99
139 158 200 219 244 361 365
412 413 435
149 238 244 287 311 328 345
435
PNEUMATIC TYRE, 289 330
POLLUTANT, 19 20
POLLUTION, 11 19 51 64 68 99
100 153 198 232 243 285 299
361 383 418
POLLUTION CONTROL, 19 29
50 109 147 188 262 317 369
POLYAMIDE, 56 141 168 253 412
433
POLYBUTADIENE, 36 266 269
286 333 338 344 346 359 367
POLYCHLOROPRENE, 212 221
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
264 338 359
POLYETHYLENE, 1 40 79 88 141
156 157 172 284 299 308 342
POLYISOPRENE, 133 375 387
POLYMERIC FILLER, 79 99 141
239 269 283 284 285 286 287
330 343 344 345 346 367 375
POLYMETHYL
METHACRYLATE, 133 324
367
POLYPROPYLENE, 2 16 40 54 56
93 141 172 266 342 417
POLYURETHANE, 26 35 54 68
141 143 159 213 244 245 270
284 285 314 326 330 351 365
394 396 417 418 443 447
POLYURETHANE ELASTOMER,
68 284 330 417 418
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE, 33 61
141 299 301 383
POND LINING, 345
POROSITY, 24 37 38 39 75 86 251
412
PORTLAND CEMENT, 75 444
POWDER, 15 31 37 40 54 55 68
69 99 100 141 159 221 224 229
239 246 308 311 324 342 343
354 359 411 412 443
POWDERED RUBBER, 37 68 99
100 101 141 308 324 333 334
342 354 359 384 418 422
POWER STATION, 370
PRESSURE, 7 31 53 228 230 264
267 268 296 298 300 308 327
338 339 354 362 377 382 383
384 415
PROCESSIBILITY, 47 71 179 266
284 286
PROCESSING, 6 7 9 10 12 16 28
31 36 38 50 51 53 54 55 57 60
62 64 76 85 87 93 116 125 147
153 168 170 185 212 216 220
239 242 246 249 250 263 276
280 283 300 312 316 329 356
359 363 375 377 387 388 394
397 408 412 426 427 428 429
431 446 452
PROFITABILITY, 48 112 267 345
PULVERISATION, 152 267 308
342 343 345
PURITY, 6 7 32 141 209 212 265
343
PYROLYSIS, 11 13 25 28 32 36 37
53 62 68 69 71 76 87 89 91 97
98 99 100 102 103 110 112 113
114 115 122 124 126 130 142
147 160 165 188 191 204 209

210 232 240 242 249 251 260
265 286 318 320 336 343 355
360 361 369 370 374 377 379
383 388 412 413 416 418 452
455
PYROLYTIC CARBON, 251
PYROLYTIC GRAPHITE, 362
R 250 256 276 280 289 298 351
RADIAL PLY TYRE, 5 232 269
338 343 361 413 418
RAILWAY APPLICATION, 64 68
391
RAYON, 412
REACTOR, 53 114 145 242 265
286 299 327 379 382 383 455
REBONDING, 346
RECLAIMING AGENT, 1 9 338
RECOVERY, 4 6 12 128 147 195
221 232 381 412
RECREATIONAL APPLICATION,
328 435
RECYCLED CONTENT, 5 30 31
74 93 121 141 172 201 227 264
269 283 287 302 314 320 344
359 366 386 403
RECYCLING RATE, 11 13 17 23
42 58 66 69 103 111 137 161
165 187 189 190 200 219 227
289 320 364
REFINING, 299 338
REGRIND, 296 417
REGROOVING, 361
REINFORCED ASPHALT, 44
REINFORCED PLASTIC, 1 67
141 214 343
REINFORCED RUBBER, 354 359
REINFORCEMENT, 12 196 284
354
REINFORCING FILLER, 37 97
214 265
REMOULD, 194
REMOULDING, 194 199
REPAIR, 4 34 39 243
REPLACEMENT TYRE, 126 361
REPROCESSING, 10 30 355 452
RESERVOIR, 432
RESIDUAL METAL, 215
RESIDUE, 12 100 160 336
RESILIENCE, 283 284 286 314
345 359
RETREAD, 177 182 187 193 343
412 413 418 424 440 454
RETREADING, 4 11 13 17 30 37
42 58 64 67 68 69 72 91 99 100
103 111 121 126 130 144 149
165 191 199 207 215 217 219
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
Subject Index
285 289 316 320 338 340 348
354 356 360 361 379 412 413
422
REUSABLE, 152 412 413
REUSE, 3 4 28 42 52 60 64 68 87
99 100 111 130 141 147 219
246 289 324 360 361 379 390
REVIEW, 61 74 76 121 122 126
130 154 176 190 193 194 215
355 412 418 452
REVULCANISATION, 2 85 88
RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES, 9
16 31 43 55 88 137 145 177 229
265 266 268 269 276 281 283
300 308 335 339 342 345 346
371 382 384 407
ROAD, 3 15 29 30 34 39 49 50 57
63 64 68 69 70 75 92 117 123
159 224 228 249 272 273 277
291 295 303 373 389 390 421
422 437 438 447 452
ROAD BARRIER, 68 366
ROAD SIGN, 164 299
ROAD SURFACE, 37 48 58 68 76
99 100 126 130 140 165 175
198 200 201 219 224 225 238
260 264 265 268 281 285 287
292 299 337 343 345 360 361
364 371 385 407 411 412 413
414 417 418 435 441 442
ROOF, 158 285 343 345
ROOFING, 30 31 64 72 164 364
412 451
ROTARY KILN, 232 265 286
RUBBER CHIP, 23
RUBBER-MODIFIED, 75 126 268
371 409 414 444
RUBBERISED ASPHALT, 11 22
48 58 66 68 69 80 99 100 107
109 140 159 180 195 198 225
238 243 260 264 268 277 279
281 285 287 343 345 360 361
372 379 385 407 411 431 435
437 441
RUBBERISED BITUMEN, 37 44
68 360 361
RUNNING TRACK, 58 287 314
328 345
S SILICA, 284 444
SAFETY, 24 38 39 45 62 100 102
130 160 215 270 314 408
SAFETY APPLICATION, 126 328
SANDAL, 116
SBR, 2 31 43 54 62 79 85 125 143
159 177 181 212 264 265 269
284 286 300 332 333 338 339
343 344 346 355 359 360 367
382 395 411 416 425
SCANNING ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY, 2 36 71 79 143
157 218 221 266 308 355 367
SCRAP CAR, 52 99 141
SCRAP RUBBER, 33 43 55 101
115 119 120 159 195 210 221
227 260 381 392 395 412 413
426 427
SCREENING, 24 123 341 345 360
407 416 429
SCREW SPEED, 40 43 266 308
342 382
SCULPTURE, 324
SEAL, 160 172
SEAT, 141 324
SEPARATION, 110 163 319 336
368 398 419
SEPTIC TANK, 146 200
SERVICE LIFE, 69 99 109 194 288
356 360 433
SHEAR, 55 102 145 264 268 308
341 382
SHEAR EXTRUSION, 43 285 308
342
SHEET, 30 31 62 130 264 324 354
395 426
SHIP, 100
SHOCK ABSORPTION, 20 30
SHOE, 283 284 338 351 359 417
439
SHREDDED, 58 128 203 228 238
308 337
SHREDDER, 82 130 238 310 341
345 372 435 448
SHREDDER FLUFF, 103 227 343
SHREDDING, 6 11 21 24 26 30
37 41 50 53 64 72 83 92 94 117
126 130 131 135 142 147 155
169 170 196 199 200 213 215
243 244 267 270 274 285 327
341 343 345 360 361 379 383
388 390 404 407 429 430 431
432 436 437 442 455
SIDEWALL, 30 269 286 353 361
368 384
SIEVE ANALYSIS, 159 308
SIEVING, 299 308 360
SIGN, 164 299
SIZE REDUCTION, 30 267 285
287 308 324 341 359 360 361
417
SLAB, 269 346
SLAG, 383
SLURRY, 169 222 383
125

SNOW-PLOUGH BLADE, 77
SOAKAWAY, 146
SOFTENING, 264 269 345 346
SOIL, 148 150 198 313 389
SOIL REINFORCEMENT, 200 238
244 440
SOIL STABILISATION, 58 59 72
108 159 228
SOIL TREATMENT, 126
SOLAR PANEL, 184
SOLE, 283 284 338 351 359 417
SOLID STATE SHEAR
PULVERISATION, 308 342
SOLID TYRE, 26 197
SOLID WASTE, 19 34 68 128 274
299 341
SOLVENT, 31 194 248 297 338
346 371 420
SOLVENT EXTRACTION, 339
383
SOLVOLYSIS, 297
SOUND ABSORPTION, 35 330
SOUND DAMPENER, 64
SOUND INSULATION, 35 68 96
SOYABEAN OIL, 213 270
SPEED, 7 49 267 342
SPEED BUMP, 67
SPLASH GUARD, 403
SPORTS APPLICATION, 30 118
135 292 447
SPORTS SHOE, 361 439
SPORTS SURFACE, 6 12 20 30
58 62 64 66 67 68 72 80 99 126
130 135 146 149 159 164 165
192 219 239 285 287 299 302
314 320 328 345 350 361 364
396 413 422 429 436
STANDARD, 5 48 58 61 81 82 104
113 126 130 141 159 194 285
396 425 454
STEAM, 336 338 423
STEAM HEATING, 95 370
STEARIC ACID, 55 266
STEEL, 6 12 19 37 51 55 62 112
113 147 151 160 168 169 185
197 211 213 232 267 270 287
299 319 341 370 383 391 398
412 431 448
STEEL BELTED, 77 131 215 286
299 338 341
STEEL CORD, 37 198 232 285 286
296 299 319 337 341 360 361
404
STOCKPILE, 4 29 58 66 69 78 132
285 287 413
SULFUR, 2 16 37 55 79 84 125
143 147 151 211 232 252 259
264 266 286 311 344 346 383
126
Subject Index
423
SUPERCRITICAL FLUID, 218
298
SURFACE, 12 19 29 30 34 35 38
45 57 93 94 291 292
SURFACE ACTIVITY, 212 269
286 344 345 359
SURFACE AREA, 71 159 251 286
308 342 343 355 407
SURFACE FINISH, 308 354
SURFACE MODIFICATION, 206
233 246 267 284 285 326 330
344 346 367 384 394 412 416
427 444
SURFACE PROPERTIES, 37 157
159 249 286 359 362 367 409
SURFACE REACTIVITY, 265 267
343 344
SURFACE STRUCTURE, 71 377
SURFACE TREATMENT, 180 206
233 246 252 267 283 284 285
286 310 330 338 344 345 351
354 359 367 417 428 444
SWELLING, 2 9 43 84 101 120
130 178 250 339 346 371
SWIMMING POOL, 30
SYNGAS, 383 404
SYNTHETIC FUEL, 286 446
SYNTHETIC GAS, 73 99 100
SYNTHETIC GRASS, 435
SYNTHETIC RUBBER, 30 54 247
302 338 360 412 413 418
T 93 172 266 359 384 395 402
TANK, 141 146 200
TARGET, 4 5 7 20 30 50 78
TEAR STRENGTH, 36 179 221
283 284 308 330 342 346 359
384
TEMPERATURE, 3 15 31 34 37 54
55 62 95 100 203 213 227 242
250 251 264 267 268 273 296
300 327 330 338 339 342 343
345 346 354 355 362 367 370
377 382 383 407 416
TENNIS COURT, 345
TENSILE PROPERTIES, 1 2 9 36
55 62 84 88 137 143 159 179
181 221 227 233 240 252 264
265 266 269 283 284 287 308
329 335 344 416
TENSILE STRENGTH, 1 9 36 55
62 159 221 227 233 264 265
266 269 283 284 287 308 330
342 346 354 359 382 384 409
412 444
TEST, 8 19 31 62 71 84 98 107 119
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
157 162 170 179 186 198 229
252 261 263 265 266 268 269
282 283 284 287 300 308 322
330 333 339 340 342 343 344
346 351 359 367 373 382 383
407 408 409 416 444 454
TESTING, 5 6 7 12 19 20 24 29
38 39 45 50 51 54 55 57 61 63
75 94 137 140 142 185 260 268
274 276 277 281 314 390 391
407 425 443 446
TEXTILE, 282 315 354 448
THERMAL DECOMPOSITION, 8
37 89 286 412
THERMAL DEGRADATION, 28
110 268 422
THERMAL EXPANSION, 34 75
THERMAL INSULATION, 3 34 49
50 70 184 228 234 373 444
THERMAL PROPERTIES, 3 88
235 249 265 266 267 373 382
384
THERMAL RECYCLING, 37 99
100 182 232 265 286 343
THERMAL STABILITY, 172 266
283 286 384 387
THERMAL TREATMENT, 32 181
THERMOCHEMICAL
TREATMENT, 43 79
THERMOMECHANICAL
PROCESSING, 217 227 237
268 319 387
THERMOPLASTIC
ELASTOMER, 1 10 47 54 68
403 411 413 417 418 426
THERMOSET, 35 141 145 161 189
199 213 241 266 271 276 319
321 325 326 328 343 352 372
394 395 396 413
THICKNESS, 45 50 63 168 172
175 329 354
THIOBACILLUS
FERROOXIDANS, 344
THIOBACILUS
PEROMATABOLIS, 216
THROUGHPUT, 82 158 226 267
293 320 345 349
TILE, 30 287 292 364 365
TOLUENE, 89 114 369 371
TONER, 53
TOXICITY, 99 100 153 160 198
TRACK, 447
TRACTION, 5 227 283 284 286
359
TRAFFIC BARRIER, 30
TRAFFIC CONE, 361
TRAILER, 451

TRAM, 68
TRANSPORT APPLICATION, 411
451
TRANSPORTATION, 20 34 63 285
TREAD, 5 7 55 85 186 227 236
241 245 264 269 276 284 285
286 291 308 330 338 341 342
354 359 360 361 384 407 415
TREAD RUBBER, 308 445
TREADWEAR, 227
TRUCK, 301
TRUCK TYRE, 15 41 67 68 72 82
109 131 135 144 182 217 236
269 285 288 289 291 311 324
330 338 340 341 359 360 361
364 368 370 384 412 413 417
418 435 436
TWIN-SCREW EXTRUDER, 16
40 43 88 266 308 342
TYRE BEAD, 152 341 363
TYRE BELT, 77 383
TYRE CARCASS, 37 99 193 199
325 338 361
TYRE CASING, 13 241 285
TYRE CHIP, 27 72 82 131 238
TYRE CONSTRUCTION, 215
TYRE CORD, 37 71 163 169 198
220 232 253 285 286 287 296
299 307 308 310 338 341 359
360 361 383 398
TYRE DERIVED FUEL, 11 14 27
37 51 58 64 66 68 74 76 89 95
99 100 103 104 105 113 121
141 147 170 198 210 231 238
246 253 259 265 267 285 286
327 331 341 343 345 361 369
379 383 388 412 413 415 416
417 418 431 437
TYRE INDUSTRY, 52 223 338 340
412
TYRE INNER LINER, 286
TYRE TREAD, 85 186 227 236
241 245 276 291 335 392 411
454
U 227 310 370
ULTRASONIC, 40 88 145 200 217
266 300 306 329 339 357 382
UNDERGROUND APPLICATION,
3 WATER JET, 158 368
UNDERLAY, 30 126 219 351
UNDERWATER APPLICATION,
50
V WEAR, 5 284 286 361
VACUUM PYROLYSIS, 240 265
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
Subject Index
335 362 284 286 330
VAPOUR EXTRACTOR, 35 WEATHERING, 93 168 286 403
VEHICLE, 3 29 57 93 451
VEHICLE SEAT, 141 WIND RESISTANCE, 434
VEHICLE SHELL, 301 343 WIRE, 7 12 53 151 152 160 433
VIBRATION DAMPING, 57 282 437
VIBRATION INSULATION, 68 WOOD, 24 45 63 214 391
VISCOSITY, 16 31 55 88 177 229 WOOD REPLACEMENT, 77
265 266 269 276 300 339 345
346 371 382
VOLATILE, 214 336 343 X
VOLATILE ORGANIC XYLENE, 89 114 346 371
COMPOUND, 19 20 198
VULCANISATE, 9 40 79 99 178
198 221 250 264 267 339 346 Y
359 360 375 377 387 412 415 YIELD, 48 110 112 113 114 171
VULCANISATION, 2 16 31 62 229 355
264 265 266 269 283 284 287
300 306 311 332 334 339 346
354 359 360 367 382 Z
ZINC, 20 37 55 94 151 211 259 266
W 415
WALL, 30 196 234 347 373 408
434
WASHING, 3 86 243
WASTE COLLECTION, 4 19 30
34 51 67 68 96 99 103 108 121
126 130 141 149 203 232 238
244 285 313 331 338 360 361
370 388 412 418 435
WASTE DERIVED FUEL, 37 68
69 73 99 100 109 110 139 141
198 265 267 285 299 320 341
343 345 361
WASTE EMISSION, 194
WASTE RECOVERY, 4 6 12 128
147 195 221 232 381
WASTE REDUCTION, 126 130
361
WASTE RUBBER POWDER, 9
195 239 329
WASTE SEPARATION, 7 99 299
324 341 360 405
WASTE SORTING, 12 67 99 141
WASTE TREATMENT, 7 12 44 94
176 195 251 252 299 300 351
WASTE-TO-ENERGY, 170
WATER INSULATION, 299 345
WATER JET CUTTING, 364
WATER POLLUTION, 100 198
243 361 418
WATER TREATMENT, 86 124
WAVE IMPACT, 296
WEAR RESISTANCE, 269 283
127
 Subject Index

128 © Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

 Company Index

Company Index
A ENVIRONMENTAL 110
QUALITY, 75 BOISSON & ASSOCIATES, 138
ABF FORMEX, 37 ARIZONA DEPT. OF BONFIGLIOLI SPA, 324
AD TIRE RECYCLING INC., 434 TRANSPORTATION, 75 BRAMBLES INDUSTRY INC.,
ADVANCED ELASTOMER ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY, 293
SYSTEMS LP, 384 75 BRIDGESTONE CORP., 450
ADVANCED ENERGY ARIZONA UNIVERSITY, 313 BRIDGESTONE TYRE KK, 393
RESEARCH CORP., 73 ARKANSAS DEPT. OF BRITISH POWER INDUSTRIES,
ADVANCED FUEL RESEARCH ENVIRONMENTAL 370
INC., 355 QUALITY, 148 150 BRITISH RUBBER
ADVANCED SURFACE LOGIX ARKANSAS DEPT. OF HEALTH, MANUFACTURERS ASSN.,
INC., 35 148 150 149
AEROPULSE INC., 310 ARKANSAS UNIVERSITY, 148 BROWN J., PLASTICS
AFFOLTER, 209 ASSOGOMMA, 68 100 MACHINERY LTD., 324
AGA GAS, 448 ATLANTIC PACIFIC ENERGY BRUSSELS FREE UNIVERSITY,
AGA GROUP, 436 SYSTEMS INC., 95 37 122
AIR PRODUCTS & CHEMICALS ATLANTIC WASTE DISPOSAL BRV, 144
INC., 394 INC., 293 BUFFALO STATE UNIVERSITY
AKRO CORP., 386 AUBURN UNIVERSITY, 218 415 OF NEW YORK, 174
AKRON CONSULTING CO., 177 AUDI, 215 BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DE
276 306 LA RECUPERATION, 42
AKRON UNIVERSITY, 88 145 BURGOYNE ASSOCIATES, 235
205 266 300 329 339 357 367 B
382
BAKER RUBBER INC., 425
ALBERTA TIRE RECYCLING
BANDAG, 194
C
MANAGEMENT
ASSOCIATION, 192 273 BANDVULC REMOULDS LTD., CAIRO NATIONAL RESEARCH
ALCYON SA, 37 340 CENTRE, 9
ALIAPUR, 37 BANDVULE TYRES LTD., 67 CALGARY UNIVERSITY, 273
ALLIED WASTE INDUSTRIES BAS RECYCLING INC., 287 304 CALIFORNIA INTEGRATED
INC., 274 307 WASTE MANAGEMENT
AMAT, 37 60 BC ENVIRONMENT, 364 BOARD, 29 117 129 196 261
AMERICAN ENGINEERING BEIJING UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DEPT. OF
TESTING, 408 CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY, TRANSPORTATION, 29 63 117
AMERICAN RUBBER 221 CALIFORNIA UNIVERSITY, 109
RECYCLING CENTERS INC., BELGIUM CENTRE DE CANADIAN RUBBER TESTING
408 RECHERCHES ROUTIERES, & DEVELOPMENT LTD., 346
AMERICAN RUBBER 309 CARBON PRODUCTS
TECHNOLOGIES INC., 24 175 BERSTORFF H., INTERNATIONAL LTD., 37
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASCHINENBAU GMBH, CARLTON COUNTY,HIGHWAY
TESTING & MATERIALS, 104 308 354 DEPT., 3
389 BETA TECHNOLOGY LTD., 53 CARTER BROS.LTD., 41
AMERICAN TIRE BEVEN ENERGY LTD., 191 CASTLE CEMENT, 149 191
RECLAMATION INC., 265 343 BEVEN RECYCLING (UK) LTD., CBP TECHNOLOGY, 97
AMERICAN TIRE RECYCLERS 112 188 CEAT SPA, 449
INC., 244 350 BIALYSTOK TECHNICAL CHAMPION RECYCLING INC.,
AMERICAN WASTE WATER UNIVERSITY, 107 330
ASSOCIATION, 35 BIRL INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH CHARLES LAWRENCE
AMOCO CORP., 321 LABORATORY, 308 342 ENGINEERING, 6
AQUAPORE MOISTURE BIRMINGHAM UNIVERSITY, CHARLES LAWRENCE
SYSTEMS INC., 349 322 INTERNATIONAL LTD., 6 12
ARA, 397 BLIC, 64 111 CHARLES LAWRENCE
ARGONNE NATIONAL BLUE CIRCLE CEMENT, 105 149 RECYCLING, 6 149
LABORATORY, 351 BLUE CIRCLE INDUSTRIES, 191 CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY DEPT.
ARIZONA DEPT. OF BMH CHRONOS RICHARDSON, OF PUBLIC WORKS, 92

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited 129


CHELSEA CENTER FOR
RECYCLING & ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT, 94
CHEMNITZ UNIVERSITY, 54
CHMT TECHNOLOGY, 368
CHULALONGKORN
UNIVERSITY, 16
CITY ENERGY LTD., 113 191 232
CLEAN WASHINGTON
CENTER, 373
CLEMSON UNIVERSITY, 140
280 444
CMHT TECHNOLOGY
(AUSTRALIA) PTY. LTD., 353
COALITE, 25 97 147
COALITE TYRE SERVICES, 37
COLD REGIONS RESEARCH
& ENGINEERING
LABORATORY, 373
COLORADO ASPHALT
PRODUCERS’ ASSN., 281
COLUMBUS MCKINNON
CORPORATION, 131 341 345
COMPACT POWER, 37
COMPOSITE PARTICLES INC.,
284 394 427
CONNECTICUT DEPT. OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION, 257
CONTINENTAL, 149 223 412
CONTINENTAL TIRE NORTH
AMERICA INC., 5
CONTINENTAL UK LTD., 191
CREANOVA INC., 180
CREATIVE RECYCLING
TECHNOLOGIES INC., 185
CSIC, 204 242 263
CSIRO, 206
CYNTECH TECHNOLOGIES
INC., 202
D ESPAG, 446
D & R RECYCLERS INC., 158
DAEJEON INSTITUTE OF
GEOLOGY, MINING &
MATERIALS, 91
DAMES & MOORE, 261
DEGUSSA-HULS AG, 180
DEJA INC., 417
DELAWARE COUNTY DEPT. OF
PUBLIC WORKS, 34
DENVER UNIVERSITY, 45
DESAI RUBBER PRIVATE LTD.,
338
DESONS INTERNATIONAL
INC., 338
DHARWAD RESEARCH
130
Company Index
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY, 76
DJH DEVELOPMENTS, 275
DOBSON BROS.
CONSTRUCTION CO., 57
DODGE-REGUPOL INC., 118
DOMAL ENVIROTECH INC., 380
DOVER CONVEYOR, 431
DUALCOMP INC., 301
DUNLOP, 215
DURABLE CORP., 168
E FIRESTONE, 78
EARTHFIRST TECHNOLOGIES
INC., 128
ECO-TECH INC., 47
ECO.PNE.US, 68 100
EDGE RUBBER, 5
EFTEK CORP., 185
ELM ENERGY & RECYCLING
(UK) LTD., 191
ELUDE SA, 436
EMERY RECYCLING CORP., 170
EMPIRE STATE
DEVELOPMENT, 174
EN-CORE SYSTEMS, 254
ENCORE SYSTEMS INC., 39
ENEA, 100
ENERGECO SPA, 449
ENERGY POWER ASSOCIATES,
191
ENTIRE ENVIRONMENTAL
SYSTEMS INC., 430 432
ENVIRO-SYSTEM, 37
ENVIROCRETE 2000, 366
ENVIRONMENTAL
TECHNOLOGIES
ALTERNATIVES INC., 351
417
ENVIRONMENTAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT CORP., 320
ETRA, 81 144 165
EURECTEC INC., 247
EUROPEAN ASSN. FOR TYRE
RECYCLING, 207
EUROPEAN COMMISSION, 12
EUROPEAN COMMISSION,
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
INFORMATION EXCHANGE
OFF, 64
EUROPEAN TYRE
ASSOCIATION, 32
EUROPEAN TYRE RECYCLING
ASSOCIATION, 12 37 64 149
309
EVERPLAY, 396
© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited
EXETER ENERGY LP, 257
EXTREDZ RECYCLED RUBBER
PRODUCTS, 397
F
FARU GMBH, 54 247
FERRIS STATE UNIVERSITY,
409
FIELDTURF, 80
FINNISH TYRE RECYCLING
LTD., 155
FIRENZE UNIVERSITA, 68
FIRST STATE TIRE RECYCLING
INC., 3 49
FLORIDA TIRE RECYCLING,
123
FLORIDA DEPT. OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION, 175
FLORIDA DEPT. OF
TRANSPORTATION, 385
FLORIDA UNIVERSITY, 371 414
FLOW POLYMERS INC., 269
FORD MOTOR CO., 80 93 386
402 403 405 417
FORMEX TRADING GMBH, 399
FOSTERS TYRE & GENERAL
LTD., 423
G
GAIA TECHNOLOGIES INC., 400
GENERAL MOTORS CORP., 417
GENERAL SUPPLY &
EQUIPMENT CO. INC., 433
GENSCO AIRCRAFT TIRES
INC., 433
GEORGETOWN RAILROAD, 391
GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY, 125
GEORGIA UNIVERSITY, 290
GIFU UNIVERSITY, 332
GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT, 21
GOLDSMITH & EGGLETON
INC., 276 386
GOODYEAR, 31 78
GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER
CO., 64 161 189 433
GUANGZHOU RES. INST.
FOR UTILIZATION OF
RECLAIMED RESOURCES,
333 334
GUMMI VERWERTUNGS
GMBH, 15
GYEONGSANG NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY, 40 143 216
 Company Index

H K
HAMINAN ENERGIA OY, 156
HARES YOUSSEF HANDELS
GMBH, 127
HARI SHANKAR SINGHANIA
ELASTOMER & TYRE RES.
INST., 36 71
HAUTE-ALSACE UNIVERSITE,
37
HDR ENGINEERING, 50 262
HENAN PUYANG FINE RUBBER
POWDER FACTORY, 221
HERMANN BERSTORFF
MASCHINENBAU GMBH,
239
HUELS AG, 374
HULS AG, 354
HUMANE MFG. CO., 342
HURON RECOVERY INC., 197
HYDRATECS INJECTION
EQUIPMENT LTD., 78
I LAIDLAW WASTE SYSTEMS
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY, 36
INDUSTRIAL DESIGN
CONSULTANTS, 299
INSTITUT PYROVAC INC., 249
INTERLAKE LIVESTOCK &
FORAGE IMPROVEMENT
ASSN., 38
INTERNATIONAL TIRE &
RUBBER ASSN., 323
ISTITUTO PER L’AMBIENTE,
100
ITALY NATIONAL AGENCY
FOR ENVIRONMENT & NEW
TECHNOLOGIES, 101
J LOWELL MASSACHUSETTS
J.R. CONSULTING, 418
JAI TIRE INDUSTRIES INC., 45
JAPAN AUTOMOBILE TIRE
MANUFACTURERS
ASSOCIATION, 316
JAPAN TIRE RECYCLING
ASSOCIATION, 100
JATMA, 182
JERROLD, 258
JMJ AUTOMOBILIA, 453
JONES CONSTRUCTION INC.,
49
JR CONSULTING, 413
KAISERSLAUTERN
UNIVERSITY, 1 79
KANTO GAKUIN UNIVERSITY,
8 MARANGONI GROUP, 449
KARNATAK UNIVERSITY, 76
KAVIR TYRE CO., 87
KENT UNIVERSITY, 264
KENTUCKY UNIVERSITY, 415
420
KHARAGPUR, INDIAN
INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY, 43
KIEV, TARAS SHEVCHENKO
UNIVERSITY, 127 163
KOBE STEEL LTD., 360
KOTOBUKI SANGYO KK, 152
KTH, 84
KYIV UNIVERSITY, 7
L TRANSPORTATION, 3 50
LAFARGE, 27
INC., 274
LANDSCAPE STRUCTURES
INC., 365
LAVAL UNIVERSITY, 335 362
LAWRENCE C., GROUP PLC,
135
LEEDS INNOVATIONS, 114
LEEDS UNIVERSITY, 89 98 110
114
LIEGE UNIVERSITY, 362
LIVERPOOL UNIVERSITY, 44
LODZ POLYTECHNIC, 176 195
LONDON IMPERIAL COLLEGE
OF SCIENCE,TECHNOL.&
MED., 251
LOUGHBOROUGH
UNIVERSITY, 41
UNIVERSITY, 198
LUND UNIVERSITY, 84
M NATIONAL FEEDSCREW &
M.D. TECHNOLOGIES, 167
MAINE TIRE INC., 197
MAINE UNIVERSITY, 228 272
303 373
MALAYSIA UNIVERSITI
TEKNOLOGI, 210
MALAYSIAN RUBBER
PRODUCERS’ RESEARCH
ASSN., 411
MANITOBA AGRICULTURE &
FOOD, 38
MANITOBA CONSERVATION, 38
MANITOBA TIRE
STEWARDSHIP BOARD, 38
MANSOURA UNIVERSITY, 9
MARYLAND DEPT.OF THE
ENVIRONMENT, 390
MASSACHUSETTS
UNIVERSITY, 31 94 153
MB RUBBER RECYCLING
CENTER INC., 408
MCMASTER UNIVERSITY, 178
235
METSO, 37
MI-JACK PRODUCTS, 408
MICHELIN ET CIE, 37
MICHIGAN STATE
UNIVERSITY, 271
MINNESOTA POLLUTION
CONTROL AGENCY, 50 408
MINNESOTA DEPT.OF
MINNESOTA UNIVERSITY, 3
408
MIRA LTD., 28
MM MERTIG
MARKTKOMMUNIKATION,
15
MODERN RECYCLED RUBBER
PRODUCTS INC., 410
MOSCOW LOMONOSOV
UNIVERSITY, 220
MOSCOW ROSPOLIMER
RESEARCH CENTRE, 220
MOSCOW SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF
THE TYRE INDUSTRY, 250
256
MOVETECH INC., 352
MUENSTER UNIVERSITY, 374
N
NAPIER UNIVERSITY, 46
NATHANIEL ENERGY CORP.,
203
MACHINING INC., 357
NATIONAL FEEDSCREW &
MACHINING INDUSTRIES
INC., 306
NEBRASKA DEPT. OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY, 57
NEBRASKA DEPT. OF ROADS,
57
NESA, 37

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited 131

 Company Index

NEW YORK STATE, EMPIRE LABORATORIES, 344 ALLIANCE, 149

STATE DEVELOPMENT, 34 PACIFIC NORTHWEST RECYCLING TECHNOLOGIES
NEW YORK DEPT. OF NATIONAL LABORATORY, INTERNATIONAL LLC, 118
ENVIRONMENTAL 252 REEBOK INTERNATIONAL
CONSERVATION, 51 92 PARIS UNIVERSITE PIERRE ET LTD., 283
NEW YORK DEPT. OF MARIE CURIE, 335 REG (UK) LTD., 149 191
TRANSPORTATION, 34 PAV-TEK USA INC., 292 REIFEN KLAUSMEIER, 193
NEW YORK STATE DEPT. PENN STATE UNIVERSITY, 86 RENEWED MATERIALS
OF ENVIRONMENTAL PENNSYLVANIA DEPT. OF INDUSTRIES INC., 451
CONSERVATION, 34 TRANSPORTATION, 201 RESIDUA, 11
NEW YORK STATE PERGINE, 299 RESOURCE REVIVAL, 376
UNIVERSITY, 174 PHANTOM LANDFILL, 162 RICHARDS DEVELOPMENT
NICHOLS CONSULTING PISA UNIVERSITY, 68 INC., 184 234
ENGINEERS, 279 PNEUDEMONT, 171 RMA, 58
NIZHNEKAMSK TYRE WORKS, POLY VULC, 5 RMD, 37
297 POLYMER PROCESS ROBEO BANDEN BV, 199
NORTH CAROLINA DIV. TECHNOLOGIES INC., 137 ROLL-GOM, 311
OF ENVIRONMENT & POLYMER VALLEY ROMA,UNIVERSITA LA
NATURAL RESOURCES, 5 CHEMICALS INC., 265 416 SAPIENZA, 68
NORTH CAROLINA DIV.OF POLYMERON CONSULTANCY ROSEHILL POLYMERS, 245 328
WASTE MANAGEMENT, 5 NETWORK, 61 ROUSE RUBBER, 5
NORTH CAROLINA STATE PRAXAIR INC., 267 345 ROUSE RUBBER INDUSTRIES
UNIVERSITY, 133 PREVIERO, 18 INC., 407
NORTHERN TYRE DISPOSALS PRO.CO.GEN, 299 ROYAL MELBOURNE
LTD., 70 PROCOAT INNOVATION AB, 443 INSTITUTE OF
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, PROMAT, 426 TECHNOLOGY, 85
308 342 PYROVAC INSTITUTE INC., 37 RTC AMERICA INC., 137
NOTTINGHAM UNIVERSITY, 377 RUBBER CONSULTANTS, 361
149 RUBBER DEVELOPMENT INC.,
NRI INDUSTRIES INC., 93 172 78
178 181 227 235 237 Q RUBBER MANUFACTURERS’
NUCOR STEEL AUBORN, INC., QINGDAO INSTITUTE OF ASSOCIATION, 23 66
51 CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY, RUBBER RESEARCH
392 ELASTOMERICS INC., 359
QUANTUM GROUP INC., 247 445
O QUANTUM POLYMER (M) SDN. RUBBER RESOURCES, 55
OHIO DEPT. OF HEALTH, 83 BHD., 186 RUBBER TOUGH INDUSTRIES
OHIO DEPT. OF NATURAL QUANTUM POLYMER USA LLC, 275
RESOURCES, 408 INC., 186 RUBTEC RESEARCH &
OHIO ENVIRONMENTAL QUANTUM TECH, 455 RECYCLE INC., 346 401
PROTECTION AGENCY, 83 QUEBEC UNIVERSITE LAVAL, RUGBY CEMENT LTD., 25 191
200 249 377 RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF
OKADORA, 37 QUEEN’S UNIVERSITY AT SCIENCES, 2 157
ONTARIO MINISTRY OF KINGSTON, 268 428
TRANSPORTATION, 268 QUIET SKIES, 35
OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY, S
279 SAKKIVALINE OY, 155
OSAKA PREFECTURAL R SAPPHIRE ENERGY RECOVERY
INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH RAD-TEC, 164 LTD., 14 27
INST., 332 RAPID PACIFIC SARCO, 149
OXFORD TIRE RECYCLING, 331 ROLLCOVERING LTD., 85 SATRIND SRL, 324
RAPRA TECHNOLOGY LTD., 62 SCANDINAVIAN RECYCLING
126 130 348 AB, 324
P RECIPNEU RECLAIM SCRAP TIRE MANAGEMENT
PACE MAT INC., 342 INDUSTRIES LTD., 22 COUNCIL, 100 121 136 183
PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL RECOVERY TECHNOLOGIES 285 288 294 303 323 373 389
SERVICES, 379 INC., 429 436 SCRAP TYRE WORKING
PACIFIC NORTHWEST RECYCLING INDUSTRIES GROUP, 219

132 © Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

 Company Index

SEAMLESS ATTENUATING TARANTO UNIVERSITA, 68 25 30 149

TECHNOLOGIES INC., 314 TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES UK GOVERNMENT, 149
SEMENOV N.N., INSTITUTE OF INC., 9 UK HIGHWAYS AGENCY, 149
CHEMICAL PHYSICS, 246 TERRAMAT CORP., 291 421 UK ROAD RESEARCH
SENECA MEADOWS INC., 82 TERRAN CORP., 56 LABORATORY, 411
SHELL CHEMICALS EUROPE, TEXACO INC., 383 404 UK TRANSPORT RESEARCH
328 TEXAS CRUSHED STONE, 391 LABORATORY, 454
SHERBROOKE UNIVERSITY, TEXAS ENCORE CORP., 384 UKRANIAN ACADEMY OF
249 TEXAS TRANSPORTATION SCIENCES, 296
SHRIRAM INSTITUTE OF INSTITUTE, 281 UKRANIAN INSTITUTE OF
INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH, TEXAS DEPT.OF NUCLEAR RESEARCH, 255
253 TRANSPORTATION, 39 ULTRAMER INC., 177 217
SITA, 147 TEXAS NATURAL RESOURCE UNICAMP, 166
SITA TYRE RECYCLING LTD., CONSERVATION URETHANE TECHNOLOGIES
191 COMMISSION, 274 INC., 326 330
SOIL CON INC., 50 TEXAS NATURAL RESOURCES US FILTER CORP., 35
SOLAR SURVIVAL CONSERVATION US ARMY, 56 295
ARCHITECTURE, 184 COMMISSION, 39 US ARMY TANK AUTOMOTIVE
SOLID TIRE RECOVERY INC., TEXAS TRANSPORTATION COMMAND, 217
197 COMMISSION, 39 US DEPT. OF ENERGY, 170 415
SOLUTION LINE INC., 78 THERMEX TECHNOLOGIES US DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL
SOTA ENVIRONMENTAL INC., 226 QUALITY, 437
RESEARCH GROUP INC., 398 TIARGA CORP., 128 US DEPT. OF
SOUTH ALABAMA TIETEK INC., 214 TRANSPORTATION, 260
UNIVERSITY, 298 TIRE CONVERSION US ENVIRONMENTAL
SOUTH CAROLINA TECHNOLOGIES, 77 PROTECTION AGENCY, 24
DEPT. OF HEALTH & TIRE FARMS, 358 51 187 379
ENVIRONMENTAL TIRE RECYCLING SOLUTIONS, US ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTROL, 140 445 RESEARCH AND
SOUTHERN MISSISSIPPI TIRE SOLUTIONS EDUCATION FOUNDATION,
UNIVERSITY, 151 211 259 INTERNATIONAL, 154 19
SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE TIREC INC., 435 US FEDERAL HIGHWAY
UNIVERSITY, 76 TIRECORE LTD.PARTNERSHIP, ADMINISTRATION, 303 407
SP REIFENWERKE GMBH, 215 241 US NATIONAL TECHNICAL
SPLAFF FLOPPS, 116 TIRECYCLE, 359 INFORMATION SERVICE,
STEBBING ENGINEERING, 51 TIRES INC., 447 390
STI-K POLYMERS, 267 345 TIREX CORP., 167 US NORTHEAST RECYCLING
STOMIL RUBBER RESEARCH TITAN TECHNOLOGIES INC., COUNCIL, 441
INSTITUTE, 233 124 US RUBBER MFRS.’ ASSN., 74
STRUKTOL CO., 276 TOUCHE INTERNATIONAL, 39 121
SVEDALA INDUSTRIES, 142 260 TRAIDEC, 37 US SCRAP TIRE MANAGEMENT
265 TRI-RINSE INC., 134 COUNCIL, 289
SVENSK DACKATERVINNING TROITSK TECHNOLOGY USA TACOM, 177
AB, 278 LABORATORY, 305 UTAH UNIVERSITY, 263 415 420
SYNTENE CO., 395 403 405 TUN ABDUL RAZAK
RESEARCH CENTRE, 149
TWIN CITY TESTING CORP., 408 V
T TYRE RECYCLING VALORPNEUS, 96
T.Y.R.E.S. INC., 294 TECHNOLOGIES, 399 VEBA AG, 446
TAG, 286 TYREPLEX CORP., 372 VEHICLE RECYCLING
TAIPEI NATIONAL INSTITUTE PARTNERSHIP, 227
OF TECHNOLOGY, 318 VIRGINIA DEPT. OF
TAIWAN ENVIRONMENTAL
U TRANSPORTATION, 437
PROTECTION AGENCY, 388 UK ATOMIC ENERGY VREDESTEIN RUBBER
TAIWAN NATIONAL SUN YAT- AUTHORITY, 188 RECYCLING, 229 302 354
SEN UNIVERSITY, 438 UK DEPT.OF TRADE & IND., 6 VREDESTEIN RUBBER
TAKAOKA & CO. LTD., 90 12 149 RESOURCES, 120 159 179 212
TAMCO STEEL, 304 307 UK ENVIRONMENT AGENCY, 4 236

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited 133

 Company Index

W
WARSAW INDUSTRIAL
CHEMISTRY RESEARCH
INSTITUTE, 33
WARSAW POLYTECHNIC, 107
WARTSILA, 327
WASHINGTON G., UNIVERSITY,
48
WASTE RECOVERY INC., 294
WASTE TIRE PROCESSING
FOUNDATION, 388
WASTE TYRE SOLUTIONS, 149
WATSON BROWN HSM, 62 119
WATTS INDUSTRIAL TYRES
LTD., 26
WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY,
415 420
WESTERN RESEARCH
INSTITUTE, 369
WISCONSIN-MADISON
UNIVERSITY, 20
WNP LTD., 248
WROCLAWSKA
POLITECHNIKA, 176 195
WYOMING UNIVERSITY, 277
321 369

Y
YONSEI UNIVERSITY, 216

134 © Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

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