EUROPSKA KONFERENCIJA O

ARHITEKTONSKIM POLITIKAMA
EUROPEAN CONFerence on
architectural policies
—
Zagreb, 22.–23. travnja 2021.
Zagreb, 22–23 April 2021
Sadržaj / Contents
7 uvod / introduction

9 Bojan Linardić

12 Rajka Bunjevac

14 Darko Horvat

17 1 OBNOVA / RENEWAL

19 1-1 Nikša Božić

Mogućnosti cjelovite obnove i revitalizacije prostora
— polazišta za unapređenje sustava prostornog uređenja u Hrvatskoj
Possibilities of integral renewal and revitalisation of space
— starting points for the improvement of the Croatian spatial planning system

27 1-2 Alenka Delić/Davor Delić

Aktivno sudjelovanje korisnika kao paradigma obnove stanova
Active Participation of Users as a Paradigm of Housing Recovery

38 1-3 Katurić, Gregar, Simov — Urbanex

Kružni gradovi — mogućnosti urbane obnove
Circular cities — opportunities for urban renewal

47 2 PONOVNO KORIŠTENJE ARHITEKTURE / RE-USE ARCHITECTURE

49 Irena Matković
Ponovno korištenje arhitekture / Re use architecture

51 2-1 Jorge Bonito Santos

Re-use Lisabon: Od napuštenih industrijskih područja do novih četvrti
Re-use Lisabon: From brownfields to your new neighbourhoods.

59 2-2 Marco Casagrande

Grad treće generacije: Od urbane akupunkture do biourbanizma
THIRD GENERATION CITY: From Urban Acupuncture to Biourbanism

67 2-3 Hans Hammink

Kružnost — učenje kroz praksu / Circularity — Learning by Doing

69 2-4 Sunčana Habrun, Martina Vidaković

Registar brownfield područja u Republici Hrvatskoj
Brownfield Register in the Republic of Croatia

79 3 PROMIŠLJANJE ARHITEKTURE / RE-THINK ARCHITECTURE

81 Robert Loher
Promišljanje arhitekture / Re-think Architecture

82 3-1 Veronika Valk-Siska

Visokokvalitetno životno okruženje i Novi europski Bauhaus
High-Quality Living Environment and the New European Bauhaus
 90 3-2 Ivan Blasi
Doživljaj arhitektonskih transformacija. Grand Parc Bordeaux, paradigmatski primjer
Experiencing architectural transformations. Grand Parc Bordeaux, a paradigmatic example

96 3-3 Bettina Götz, Richard Manahl

Prefabrikacija/ Serije/ Standard / Prefabrication / Series / Standard

101 4 REAKTIVIRANJE ARHITEKTURE / RE-ACTIVATE ARCHITECTURE

103 Luka Krstulović

Reaktiviranje arhitekture / Re-activate architecture

104 4-1 Victoria Zinchuk

Pitanja za Victoriju Zinchuk / Questions for Victoria Zinchuk

108 4-2 Dinko Peračić

Muzej u nastajanju / An Emerging Museum
uvod
introduction
Poštovane kolegice i kolege, cijenjeni gosti,
prijatelji arhitekture!
Ova konferencija o europskim politikama nastavak
je uspješne suradnje među državama članicama Eu-
ropske unije, ali i širega europskog prostora, kojom se
arhitekti i prostorni planeri djelovanjem u komorama
i strukovnim udruženjima, uz podršku nadležnih tijela
državne uprave i javnih institucija, zalažu za kontinui-
tet, suradnju te razmjenu znanja, iskustava i primjera
dobre prakse na području arhitekture, urbanizma i
prostornog planiranja.
Živimo u vremenu u kojem rad i djelovanje struke, ali
i život nas kao pojedinaca nimalo nije jednostavan.
Suočeni smo s mnogobrojnim izazovima, ponajprije
pandemijom koja je izazvala društvenu i gospodar-
sku krizu globalnih razmjera, ali i dvama razornim po-
tresima koji su pogodili naš prostor u 2020. godini, s
podrhtavanjem tla koje još traje. Oni su pokazali svu
ranjivost prostora pred snagom prirode, ali i upozorili
na nužnost da djelujemo proaktivno, inovativno i s
pogledom u budućnost. Posljedice potresa su, osim
toga, otkrile da su u najvećoj mjeri stradale građevine
starijeg datuma koje tijekom vremena nisu znatnije
obnovljene u konstruktivnom smislu te zgrade koje su
građene bez potrebnih odobrenja ne poštujući pravila
struke. Svjedoci smo osjetljivosti prostora, posebno
onih naseljenih, na klimatske promjene. Poplave, tuče,
suše i požari najučestalije su pojave koje se povezuju
s klimatskim promjenama. U vremenu smo ubrzanog
razvoja društvene svijesti o štetnosti emisija CO₂ te
nužnosti njihova smanjenja i povećanje energetske
učinkovitosti. Korištenje suvremenih tehnologija, po-
treba nalaženja inovativnih rješenja i digitalizacija
pojavljuju se kao imperativ. Depopulacija, posebice
ruralnih prostora, što je osobito prisutno u mnogim
dijelovima Hrvatske, uz jačanje urbanih područja te
starenje stanovništva u cijelom EU, dodatni su izazovi.
Pogledamo li ovu listu, možemo reći da je Urbana
agenda za Europsku uniju mnoge od izazova s kojima
je suočeno suvremeno društvo prepoznala kao priori-
tetne teme kojima treba posvetiti dodatnu pozornost.
Mogući su odgovori na uočene izazove različiti, svaka
situacija i svaki prostor zahtijeva prilagođeno rješenje.
Ne treba zaboraviti ni brigu o kulturnom nasljeđu, koje
je element identiteta prostora, pri čemu je krajobraz
njegov neodvojiv perceptualni dio. Participacija u krei-
ranju prostornih i arhitektonskih politika horizontalnom
i vertikalnom suradnjom treba biti stvarna, ne formalna.
Aktualni trenutak obilježava velik broj međunarodnih
dokumenata iz kojih proizlaze određene obaveze, pre-
poruke, smjernice, a neki su od njih rezultat dogovora
visokih dužnosnika o zajedničkom pristupu rješavanju
uvod
Distinguished colleagues, distinguished guests,
friends of architecture,
This conference on European policies is a continuation
of successful cooperation among the Member States of
the European Union but also the wider European area,
through which architects and spatial planners, in cham-
bers and professional associations, with the support of
competent state administrative bodies and public insti-
tutions, advocate for continuous cooperation and the
exchange of knowledge, experience, and examples of
good practice in the field of architecture, urbanism, and
spatial planning.
We live in a time when professional work and activities,
but also our lives as individuals, is not easy. The chal-
lenges we face are numerous. From the pandemic that
caused a social and economic crisis of global proportions
to two devastating earthquakes during 2020, with the
ground still shaking on occasion. They showed just how
vulnerable space is to the power of nature, but also
demonstrated the need to act proactively, innovatively,
and with a view to the future. The aftermath of the
earthquakes also revealed that the buildings that suf-
fered the most were older buildings, whose structures
underwent no significant renovation over time, and
buildings built without the necessary permits and with-
out compliance with professional rules. We are witnesses
to the sensitivity of space, especially inhabited space,
to climate change. Floods, hail, droughts, and fires are
the most common phenomena associated with climate
change. We are in a time of accelerated development of
social awareness on the harmfulness of CO₂ emissions,
the necessity of their reduction, and the increase of
energy efficiency. The emerging imperatives are the use
of modern technologies, the need to find innovative
solutions, and digitisation. Additional challenges arise
from depopulation, especially of rural areas as is evident
in many parts of Croatia, strengthening of urban areas,
and ageing of the population throughout the EU.
If we take a look of this list, we can say that the Urban
Agenda for the European Union has identified many of
the challenges facing modern society as priority topics
that need additional attention. There are various possi-
ble answers to the identified challenges, as each situa-
tion and each space requires a customised solution. We
should not disregard care for cultural heritage, which is
an element of the identity of space, with landscape being
an inseparable perceptual part. Participation in creating
spatial and architectural policies through horizontal and
vertical cooperation should be real, not formal.
Currently, a large number of international documents
gives rise to certain obligations, recommendations, guide-
lines, and some of them are the result of agreements
introduction 9
pojedinih pitanja. Među najvažnijim su dokumentima
svakako UN-ov Program za održivi razvoj do 2030. i
ostvarenje ciljeva održivog razvoja na kojima ustraje i
Europska unija jer je promicanje održivog razvoja jedan
od njezinih temeljnih ciljeva.
Početak novog financijskog razdoblja EU-a sa sobom
donosi nove europske politike: Europski zeleni plan te
znatan zaokret prema zelenoj ekonomiji i pravednom
pristupu razvoju za sva područja i sve građane. U tom
se smjeru, kao novi provedbeni mehanizam, razvija
i Novi europski Bauhaus, kao ekološki, gospodarski i
kulturni projekt koji će dovesti do zajedničkog osmišlja-
vanja atraktivnijih, održivijih i uključivijih načina suži-
vota. Na razini EU-a u tijeku su pregovori o valu obnove
(Renovation Wave), europskoj inicijativi koja je važan
element u planu djelovanja za Europski zeleni plan radi
poboljšanja energetske učinkovitosti stambenog fonda
Unije. Nedavno donesene Nova Leipziška povelja i Teri-
torijalna agenda 2030. više nego ikad stavljaju naglasak
na kvalitetu života ljudi, kako u gradovima tako i na
ukupnom prostoru Europske unije, nastojeći potaknuti
ravnomjeran rast koji će na načelima pravednosti osi-
gurati svim stanovnicima jednake mogućnosti. Jasno
je da je ovo ambiciozan i često teško ostvariv plan, no
na njemu trebamo ustrajati.
Za našu struku, pri tome mislim na arhitekte, prostorne
planere i sve stručnjake povezanih struka, iznimno su
važne Deklaracija iz Davosa i Leeuwardenska deklara-
cija (Declaration-Adaptive Reuse of the Built Heritage).
Deklaracija iz Corka posebno je važna za ruralna pod-
ručja, a tu su i Protokol iz Kyota i Pariški sporazum o
klimatskim promjenama, Direktiva o uspostavi okvira
za prostorno planiranje morskog područja te mnogi
drugi. Svi ti dokumenti postavljaju ciljeve i potiču nas
da ih, planiranjem budućih aktivnosti, nastojimo ostva-
riti za dobrobit svih ljudi.
No, kakva je u tome uloga arhitekata i planera? Što je s
arhitekturom i urbanizmom u širemu društvenom kon-
tekstu? Suočeni s borbom za egzistenciju, u utrci s ro-
kovima, često zaboravljamo svoju širu društvenu ulogu,
onu pokretačku, afirmativnu, inovativnu, provokativnu.
Politika, tržište, pritisak kapitala (dobit ispred kvalitete),
javna nabava i mnogi drugi čimbenici okolnosti su u
kojima nije lako poslovati, a osobito nije jednostavno
postaviti kriterije kvalitete arhitekture i izgrađenog pro-
stora kao prioritet te prepoznati arhitekte kao važne
dionike u procesima stvaranja u prostoru.
Godine 2020. završeno je razdoblje provedbe Arhitek-
tonskih politika od 2013. do 2020. Pogled unatrag bio je
nužan kako bismo kritički sagledali postavljene i ostva-
rene ciljeve te Izvješćem o provedbi postavili temelje
za arhitektonske politike za iduće razdoblje. Dodatno
se postavlja pitanje kako ih osnažiti kao strateški alat
za suočavanjem sa spomenutim izazovima, odnosno
10
between high-ranking officials on a common approach
to resolving individual issues. Among the most important
documents are certainly the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustain-
able Development, and the achievement of sustainable
development goals pursued by the European Union, as
the promotion of sustainable development is one of its
fundamental goals.
The beginning of the new EU financial period brings along
new European policies: the European Green Plan and a
significant shift towards green economy and a fair ap-
proach to development for all areas and all citizens. The
New European Bauhaus is being developed as a new
implementation mechanism in this direction, as an eco-
logical, economic, and cultural project that will lead to
the common development of more attractive, sustain-
able, and inclusive ways of coexistence. At the EU level,
negotiations are under way on the Renovation Wave, a
European initiative which is an important element of
the action plan for the European Green Plan, aiming at
enhanced energy efficiency of the EU’s housing stock. The
recently adopted New Leipzig Charter and the Territorial
Agenda 2030 place emphasis, more than ever, on the
quality of life of people, both in cities and in the entire
space of the European Union, in an effort to foster bal-
anced growth that will ensure equal opportunities for all
residents on the basis of the fairness principle. It is clear
that this is an ambitious plan, often difficult to achieve,
but one we need to pursue nonetheless.
The Davos Declaration and the Leeuwarden Declaration
on Adaptive Reuse of the Built Heritage bear extreme
importance for our field — architects, spatial planners,
and all associated professions. The Cork Declaration is es-
pecially significant for rural areas. There are also the Kyoto
Protocol and the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, the
Maritime Spatial Planning Directive, and many others. All
these documents set goals and encourage us to strive,
by planning future activities, to achieve them for the
benefit of all.
But what about the role of architects and planners in this?
What about architecture and urbanism in a broader social
context? Faced with the struggle for subsistence and
with racing deadlines, we often forget our broader social
role, the one which drives things forward, is affirmative,
innovative, provocative. Politics, the market, pressure of
capital (profit before quality), public procurement, and
many other factors are the circumstances not making
it easy to do business, especially not making it easy to
define the priority of quality criteria for architecture and
built space, and to recognise architects as important
stakeholders in the processes of creation in space.
The year 2020 marks the completion of the implementa-
tion period of Architectural Policies 2013–2020. A retro-
spect was necessary for a critical review of the goals set
and achieved, and to lay the foundations for architectural
postaviti zadaću pred kreatore arhitektonskih politika
da ih učine suvremenima i snažnije povežu, ne samo
sa svim djelatnostima koje su od njih neodvojive već i
s financijskim mehanizmima koji im moraju osigurati
podršku u provedbi te nužno političkoj i široj društve-
noj podršci i, što je još važnije, partnerskoj suradnji.
Prošlogodišnje predsjedanje RH Vijećem EU-a obilje-
žio je lockdown, koji je onemogućio većinu planiranih
događanja, no tema koja je bila među prioritetnima u
djelokrugu ovog ministarstva bilo je održivo korištenje
prostora, odnosno kružno gospodarenje zgradama i
prostorom. Iako planirana konferencija o arhitekton-
skim politikama tada nije održana, tema je još aktu-
alna, a Ministarstvo i dalje radi na razvoju programa
usmjerenog na kružno gospodarenje u graditeljstvu,
prostornom planiranju i uređenju.
Budući da su, osim obnove potresom ugroženih pod-
ručja, teme održivog korištenja prostora, sprečavanje
urbanog širenja, urbana obnova i urbana regeneracija za
nas gotovo jednako važne, u nastavku rada, uz iznimne
predavače i primjere dobrih praksi u različitim mjerilima,
pokušat ćemo naći odgovore na neka od pitanja kao što
su: koji su izazovi pred obnovom potresom razrušenih
područja, možemo li naći optimalna rješenja i koji su
za to preduvjeti; kako iskoristiti prostorne potencijale
degradiranih, zapuštenih ili preskočenih područja; kako
nam financijske institucije u tome mogu pomoći; što
dobre realizacije znače za širu zajednicu?
Predavanja su grupirana u tematske cjeline koje sve
imaju, uz arhitekturu, predznak RE: RE-NEWAL — obno-
va, RE-USE — ponovno korištenje, RE-THINK — ponovno
promišljanje i RE-ACTIVATE — ponovno aktiviranje, što
nikako nije slučajno.
Vjerujem da je ova konferencija u tom smislu sjajna pri-
lika za retrospekciju kojoj je cilj buduće proaktivno dje-
lovanje i stvaranje nove kvalitete naših prostora, a po-
sljedično i kvalitete života pojedinca te društva u cjelini.
Bojan Linardić
ravnatelj Zavoda za prostorni razvoj
MINISTARSTVO PROSTORNOGA UREĐENJA,
GRADITELJSTVA I DRŽAVNE IMOVINE
uvod
policies for the coming period through the prepared Im-
plementation Report. In addition, a question arises on
how to empower them as a strategic tool for facing these
challenges, or how to set the task before the creators of
architectural policies so as to make them modern and
more strongly connected, not only with their insepara-
ble activities, but also with financial mechanisms that
must provide them support in the implementation and
necessary political and wider social support, but above
all, partnership and cooperation.
Last year’s Croatian Presidency of the Council of the EU was
marked by a lock-down which prevented most planned
events, but the topic that was one of the priorities in the
scope of this Ministry was sustainable use of space, or
circular management of buildings and space. Although the
planned conference on architectural policies was not held
at the time, the topic remains relevant, and the Ministry
is still working on the development of a program directed
toward circular management in construction, spatial, and
physical planning.
In addition to the renovation of earthquake struck areas,
the topics of sustainable use of space, prevention of ur-
ban expansion, urban renewal, and urban regeneration
have almost equal importance to us. Given that, with
the help of exceptional lecturers and examples of good
practice at various scales, we will try to find the answer
to questions such as: what are the challenges for the
renovation of earthquake-ravaged areas; can we find
optimal solutions and what are their preconditions; how
to use spatial potentials of degraded, neglected, or cir-
cumvented areas; how can financial institutions help us
in doing that; what do good realisations mean for the
wider community?
Lectures are grouped into thematic units that all have,
in addition to architecture, the prefix RE-: RE-NEWAL, RE-
USE, RE-THINK, and RE-ACTIVATE, which is by no means
accidental.
In this sense, I believe that this conference is a great
opportunity for retrospection aimed at future proactive
activities and the creation of a new quality of our space,
and consequently of the quality of life of the individual,
and society as a whole.
Bojan Linardić
Director of the Institute for Spatial Development
MINISTRY OF PHYSICAL PLANNING, CONSTRUCTION
AND STATE ASSETS
introduction 11
Poštovane dame i gospodo, dragi gosti!
Entuzijazam koji nas je vodio prošle godine tijekom
organizacije Europske konferencije o arhitektonskim
politikama, koju smo zbog pandemije morali odgoditi,
nije nas napustio, već nas je samo učvrstio u želji da se,
kao i cijeli svijet, prilagodimo novim uvjetima i ponov-
no okupimo, pa makar i na virtualan način.
Brojnost sudionika konferencije pokazuje da je tema
koju smo još prošle godine osmislili i dalje aktualna, a
da su predavači koje smo pozvali zanimljivi ne samo
našem arhitektonskom krugu već i širokoj javnosti koja
osjeća i podržava teme održivog razvoja, očuvanja i
unapređenja naslijeđene graditeljske baštine i potica-
nja vrsnoće građenja.
Želja nam je da, na temelju promišljanja našega gradi-
teljskog nasljeđa, kako povijesnog tako i suvremenoga,
odgovorimo na pitanja kako se odnositi prema našim
povijesnim gradovima i zgradama, kako ih osuvreme-
niti, unaprijediti i očuvati za iduće generacije.
Hrvatsku su u posljednjih godinu dana, osim globalne
pandemije, pogodile još dvije velike prirodne katastro-
fe. Potres u ožujku 2020. godine u Zagrebu i okolici
i novi potresi u prosincu 2020. godine s epicentrom
60-ak kilometara južno od Zagreba. Sve su te katastro-
fe pokazale neprilagođenost naših urbanih struktura
prirodnim katastrofama i ranjivost naše graditeljske
baštine. Pokazale su neujednačenost stupnja razvoja
dijelova naše zemlje, višedesetljetni izostanak sustav-
nog pristupa urbanoj obnovi gradova, ogolile posljedice
iseljavanja iz ruralnih dijelova zemlje te kvalitetu grad-
nje neprihvatljivu u 21. stoljeću. Za mnoge koji su ostali
bez svojih kuća i stanova otkrile su važnost doma kao
osnovne stanice iz koje kreće naš osobni život.
S druge strane, katastrofe su nam otkrile vrijednost i
ljepotu slobodnih javnih prostora naših gradova i neta-
knute prirode u njihovoj okolici te našu ljudsku potrebu
da živimo i izvan svojih domova.
Upravo nam ti događaji otvaraju nove perspektive u
odnosu prema povijesnim gradovima, njihovoj strukturi,
javnim prostorima i arhitekturi koju u njima nalazimo.
Slojevitost naše baštine i otisci života naših preda-
ka obvezuju nas na oprezan ali aktivan odnos prema
obnovi i reinterpretaciju njihovih obilježja, funkcije,
oblikovanja i strukture, sukladno suvremenim dosti-
gnućima i ljudskim potrebama. Odnos prema nasli-
jeđenome nije krpanje pukotina vremena, već sagle-
davanje cjeline, valorizacija, redefinicija i, konačno,
arhitektonska kreacija.
12
Esteemed Ladies and gentlemen, dear guests,
The enthusiasm that guided us during last year’s organi-
sation of the European Conference on Architectural Poli-
cies, which we had to postpone due to the pandemic, not
only has not abandoned us, it has strengthened us in the
desire to, like the whole world, adapt to new conditions
and reunite, at least in this virtual way.
The conference attendance shows that the topic we
picked last year continues to be relevant, and that the
lecturers we invited are interesting not only for our ar-
chitectural circle, but also for the general public that feels
and supports the topics of sustainable development,
preservation and enhancement of inherited architectur-
al heritage, and promotion of excellence in construction.
It is our desire, based on reflection upon our architectural
heritage, both historical and contemporary, to answer
the questions of how to address our historical cities and
buildings, how to modernise, improve, and preserve them
for future generations.
In addition to the global pandemic, Croatia was struck
by two other major natural disasters last year: the earth-
quake in Zagreb and its surroundings in March 2020, and
new earthquakes in December 2020 epicentred about
60 kilometres to the South of Zagreb. All these disasters
have shown the lack of adaptation of our urban struc-
tures to natural disasters and the vulnerability of our
architectural heritage. They have shown uneven devel-
opment of different parts of our country, a decades-long
absence of a systematic tackling of urban renovation, the
consequences of emigration from rural parts of the coun-
try and a quality of construction unacceptable for the 21st
century. The many who lost their houses and apartments
were shown the importance of home as a basic cell, the
base station of the beginning of our personal lives.
On the other hand, the disasters have revealed the value
and the beauty of free public spaces in our cities and
the unspoilt nature in their surroundings, as well as our
human need to also live outside our homes.
It is events such as these that open up new perspectives in
our attitude towards historic cities, their structure, public
spaces, and the architecture we find in them.
The complexity of our heritage and the imprints of our
forbearers’ lives oblige us to have an attentive yet ac-
tive attitude towards renovation and to reinterpret their
characteristics, use, design and structure, in accordance
with modern achievements and human needs. Attitude
towards heritage is not about patching the cracks of time,
but about perceiving the whole, valorisation, redefinition
and, finally, architectural creation.
Bez kreativnog pristupa obnovi, bez uključivanja naj-
novijih znanstvenih i umjetničkih dostignuća nema ni
dodane vrijednosti, a ni dugotrajne održivosti građe-
vinske baštine.
Gradovi budućnosti, temeljeni na osuvremenjenoj ba-
štini, imaju dodatnu vrijednost i osnovu za bogat i kva-
litetniji život svakog pojedinca. Za to su nam potrebne
nove agende, multidisciplinarni pristup kreiranju pro-
stora i nacionalni konsenzus o kulturi i vrsnoći građenja.
Trebaju nam nove arhitektonske politike.
Stoga smo danas, na kraju primjene osnovnih načela
arhitektonskih politika i provođenja aktivnosti koje smo
zacrtali u dokumentu ApolitikA 2013.–2020. godine,
na temelju iskustva iz te provedbe, započeli proces
donošenja novih nacionalnih arhitektonskih politika.
Obveze koje smo kao država članica Europske unije
preuzeli na temelju Deklaracije iz Davosa nalažu nam
da, uz novi, prilagodljivi pristup oblikovanju izgrađenog
okoliša, ukorijenjen u kulturi,umjetnosti i baštini, aktiv-
no gradimo socijalnu koheziju, osiguravamo održivost
okoliša i doprinosimo zdravlju i dobrobiti svih. To je
kultura građenja visoke kvalitete.
A na nama je, prostornim planerima, arhitektima i kraj-
obraznim arhitektima kao stručnjacima, kreatorima i
graditeljima prostora koji nas okružuje, da na iskustvi-
ma drugih zemalja učimo i unapređujemo svoja stručna
znanja. Pred svima nama su kapitalni koraci, nužni za
obnovu i unapređenje naše zemlje.
Kreativan odnos prema obnovi, reinterpretacija urba-
nog i graditeljskog nasljeđa, vrsnoća izgrađenog okoliša
i održivi razvoj nužne su pretpostavke za razvoj društva,
a na politici je da kreiranjem kvalitetnoga zakonskog
okvira i pametnim upravljanjem svim segmentima
društva te premise omogući provesti u djelo.
Rajka Bunjevac
Predsjednica Hrvatske komore arhitekata
uvod
Without a creative approach to renovation, without in-
corporating the latest scientific and artistic achievements,
there is neither added value nor long-term sustainability
of built heritage.
Cities of the future, founded on modernised heritage,
have an added value and a basis for a rich and better
life of each individual. For that we need new agendas,
a multidisciplinary approach to creating space, and a
national consensus on the culture and excellence of con-
struction. We need new architectural policies.
Therefore, today, at the end of the implementation of the
basic principles of architectural policies and the implemen-
tation of the activities that we outlined in the document
ApolitikA 2013–2020, based on the experience from that
implementation, we have started the process of adopting
new national architectural policies.
The commitments we have made as a Member State of
the European Union under the Davos Declaration impose
on us to actively build social cohesion, ensure environmen-
tal sustainability, and contribute to the health and well-be-
ing of all through a new, flexible approach to shaping up
the built environment, an approach rooted in culture, art,
and heritage. It is a culture of high quality construction.
It is up to us, as spatial planners, architects, and landscape
architects, as experts, as creators and builders of the
space that surrounds us, to learn from the experiences of
other countries and enhance our professional knowledge.
Major steps are ahead of us all, and they are necessary for
the renovation and enhancement of our country.
A creative attitude towards renovation, reinterpretation
of urban and architectural heritage, excellence of built
environment, and sustainable development are necessary
preconditions for the development of a society, and it is up
to politics to enable that these premises are implemented
through the creation of a quality legal framework and
through smart management of all segments of society.
Rajka Bunjevac
President of the Croatian Chamber of Architects
introduction 13
Poštovani predavači, cijenjeni sudionici, drage kolegice
i kolege,
čast mi je i zadovoljstvo obratiti vam se s međunarod-
ne konferencije posvećene arhitektonskim politikama
posebice zato što je Hrvatska pred izradom novih ar-
hitektonskih politika — novih nacionalnih smjernica
za kulturu i vrsnoću građenja za razdoblje od 2021. do
2030. godine.
Ne manje važnom smatram činjenicu što su teme ovog
skupa urbana obnova, urbana regeneracija, stavljanje
u funkciju degradiranih, zapuštenih ili preskočenih
područja, aktiviranje brownfield zona i kružno gos-
podarenje prostorom i zgradama, riječju — održivo
korištenje prostora.
Kao što znate, osim pandemije COVID-19 kao globalnog
izazova, Hrvatsku su u protekloj godini pogodila dva
snažna potresa s epicentrom u Gradu Zagrebu u ožujku
i na području Petrinje u prosincu prošle godine. Ta dva
potresa bila su različita po intenzitetu i prirodi prostora
na kojem je šteta nastala te njenim razmjerima, a time
i po mogućim modelima obnove.
Posljedice su potresa pred sve nas, a posebno pred ovo
ministarstvo, stavile ozbiljne i složene zadaće, ponaj-
prije procjenu stanja i nastalih šteta, a nakon toga i
uspostave sustava njihove sanacije. U tu je svrhu stvo-
ren zakonski i programski okvir te su osigurana znatna
financijska sredstva. Osim sredstava iz državnog prora-
čuna, pomoć smo dobili i iz Fonda solidarnosti EU-a za
saniranje štete nakon potresa iz ožujka 2020. godine,
ugovoren je zajam Svjetske banke te preusmjeren dio
sredstava iz europskih fondova. Financiranje daljnje
obnove planira se iz posebne inicijative u sklopu Na-
cionalnog plana za oporavak i otpornost usmjerene
na obnovu, iz višegodišnjeg financijskog okvira EU-a
te drugih izvora.
Novoosnovani Fond za obnovu područja pogođenih
potresom uskoro bi trebao dosegnuti puni kapacitet
i dinamiku, čime bi se važan dio procesa uspostave
sustava priveo kraju.
Moram naglasiti da je u posljednjih godinu dana, sva-
kodnevnim radom na terenu, uspostavljena odlična
suradnja sa svim resorima, akademskom zajednicom,
strukovnim komorama i udruženjima te, naravno, lo-
kalnom samoupravom.
Uloga arhitekata u daljnjim procesima bit će i nadalje
važna, kako u odnosu na pojedinačne zahvate tako i
u razmatranju obnove svakoga pojedinog naselja ili
njegova dijela sagledavajući širu sliku, u prostornom,
gospodarskom i društvenom kontekstu.
14
Distinguished lecturers, esteemed participants, dear col-
leagues,
I am honoured and pleased to address you from the in-
ternational conference dedicated to architectural policies,
especially because Croatia is facing the development of
new architectural policies — new national guidelines for
culture and excellence of construction for the period of
2021 to 2030.
No less important do I consider the fact that the event’s
topics are urban renovation, urban regeneration, reuse of
degraded, neglected, or circumvented areas, activation
of brownfield zones, and circular management of space
and buildings, in one word — sustainable use of space.
As you know, in addition to the COVID-19 pandemic be-
ing a global challenge, Croatia was struck last year by
two strong earthquakes, with the epicentre in the City
of Zagreb, in March, and in the Petrinja area in December.
These two earthquakes differed in intensity and the na-
ture of the space where the damage occurred as well as
scale, and thus in possible models of renovation.
The consequences of the earthquake have placed be-
fore us all, and especially before this Ministry, serious
and complex tasks, first of all, in assessing the state of
the damage, and afterwards establishing a system for
their rehabilitation. To this end, a legal and programmatic
framework has been created and significant financial
resources have been secured. In addition to the state
budget, assistance was received from the EU Solidarity
Fund to rehabilitate the damage after the March 2020
earthquake, World Bank loan funds were agreed upon,
and a part of the funds from European funds was reallo-
cated. Funding activities of further renovation is planned
through a special initiative within the National Recovery
and Resilience Plan aimed at renovation, from the EU
multiannual financial framework and other sources.
The newly established Fund for the Renovation of Earth-
quake-Affected Areas should soon reach its full capacity
and dynamism, thus ending an important part of the
system establishment process.
Here I must emphasize that in the last year, through daily
work in the field, excellent cooperation has been estab-
lished with all departments, the academic community,
professional chambers and associations, and, of course,
local self-government.
The role of architects in further processes will continue to
be important both in relation to individual interventions
and in considering the renewal of a particular settlement
or its part, looking at the broader picture, in a spatial,
economic, and social context.
No, uz događanja koja su trenutačno u žarištu našeg
djelovanja, ne smijemo zaboraviti ni na sve ostale iza-
zove s kojima je suvremeno društvo suočeno.
Sudjelujući potkraj prošle godine u procesima dono-
šenja Nove Leipziške povelje usmjerene na suvremene
gradove i njihovu budućnost te Teritorijalne agende
za razdoblje do 2030. godine, postao sam svjestan da
izazove s kojima je suočena Hrvatska (depopulacija,
starenje stanovništva, odumiranje rurala, klimatske
promjene, okolišni izazovi, nedostupnost javnih usluga,
urbano siromaštvo i dr.) dijelimo s mnogim europskim
zemljama. Razlika je samo u pojavnostima i razmjerima
njihova pozitivnog ili negativnog trenda.
Provedba tih dvaju dokumenata, ali i Europskoga zele-
nog plana te kreiranje višegodišnjeg financijskog okvira
EU-a, realizacija NPOO-a i ostali aktualni procesi za-
htijevaju i vaš doprinos. Poseban izazov bit će Novi
europski Bauhaus kao novi provedbeni mehanizam
EU-a, za koji bi Hrvatska, u određenim okolnostima,
mogla biti područje provedbe pilot-projekta. Naravno,
za to će biti nužna odgovarajuća priprema i prolazak
kandidacijskog postupka.
Ministarstvo je, u suradnji s Arhitektonskim fakultetom
Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, izradilo Program razvoja kruž-
noga gospodarenja prostorom i zgradama za razdoblje
od 2021. do 2030. godine kojim će se poticati, među
ostalim, ponovna upotreba napuštenih ili zapuštenih
prostora i zgrada. Program je u visokoj, finalnoj fazi te
će uskoro biti upućen u javno savjetovanje.
Pozivam vas stoga da budete proaktivni i da prepozna-
te svoju ulogu u razvojnim procesima koji zahtijevaju
znanja i vještine koje izlaze izvan okvira arhitekture te
doprinesete stvaranju kvalitetnijega životnog prostora
za ove, ali i buduće generacije.
Osobno, mogu obećati da ću se zalagati za provedbu
aktivnosti usmjerenih na postizanje ciljeva koje ćemo
si zadati, a u tome očekujem najširu potporu svih po-
vezanih resora i struka, ali i najšire javnosti, jer bez toga
rezultati neće biti ostvarivi.
Darko Horvat
Ministar prostornoga uređenja,
graditeljstva i državne imovine
uvod
However, in addition to the events that are currently the
focus of our activities, we must not forget all the other
challenges that modern society is facing.
Having participated at the end of last year in the pro-
cesses of adopting the New Leipzig Charter focused on
modern cities and their future and the Territorial Agenda
for the period until 2030, I have become aware that
the challenges facing Croatia (depopulation, population
ageing, rural extinction, climate change, environmental
challenges, unavailability of public services, urban pover-
ty, etc.) are shared with many European countries. The
difference is only in the appearances and scales of their
positive or negative trend.
Your contribution is required for the implementation of
these two documents, including the European Green Plan,
the creation of the multiannual financial framework of the
EU, the implementation of the National Plan for Recovery
and Resilience, and other current processes. A particular
challenge will be the New European Bauhaus as a new
EU implementation mechanism, for which Croatia could,
under certain circumstances, be an area for the implemen-
tation of a pilot project. Of course, this will require proper
preparation and passing of the candidacy procedure.
The Ministry, in cooperation with the Faculty of Architec-
ture of the University of Zagreb, has developed a Program
for the Development of Circular Management of Space
and Buildings for the period of 2021 to 2030, which will
promote, among other things, the reuse of abandoned
or neglected spaces and buildings. The program is in a
high stage of development and will soon be sent for
public consultation.
Therefore, I invite you to be proactive and to recognise
your role in development processes that require knowl-
edge and skills that go beyond architecture, and to con-
tribute to creating a better living space for these and
future generations.
On my behalf, I can promise to advocate the implementa-
tion of the activities aimed at achieving the goals we will
set for ourselves, and in that I expect the widest possible
support from all related departments and professions,
but also the general public, without which the results
will not be achievable.
Darko Horvat
Minister of Physical Planning,
Construction and State Property
introduction 15
 1
OBNOVA
RENEWAL
uvod introduction 17
1-1
Mogućnosti cjelovite
obnove i revitalizacije
prostora — polazišta
za unapređenje sustava
prostornog uređenja u
Hrvatskoj
NIKŠA BOŽIĆ, dipl. ing. arh.
PREDSJEDNIK ODBORA ZA URBANIZAM
HRVATSKA KOMORA ARHITEKATA
Ključne riječi
prostorno planiranje, urbanističko planiranje, urbani-
zam, zakonodavstvo, ApolitikA
Sažetak
Iako Hrvatska ima dugu tradiciju planiranja uređenja
prostora, uloga prostornog planiranja znatno je izmi-
jenjena nakon osamostaljenja države i promjene druš-
tvenog uređenja početkom 1990-ih godina te kontinui-
rano slabi. To utječe na stanje u prostoru te znatan dio
prostora izgrađenih u posljednja tri desetljeća nema
obilježja održivosti, sklada, funkcionalnosti ni elemen-
tarne ljepote. Svi su ti konflikti u prostoru postali tako
izraženi da se u javnom diskursu traži promjena para-
digme planiranja. Stručne institucije i udruženja kon-
tinuirano promišljaju i predlažu mogućnosti promjena
sustava prostornog planiranja.
Dokument Arhitektonske politike RH, usvojen 2012.
godine, nacionalne su smjernice za vrsnoću i kulturu
građenja te dobro polazište za postizanje kvalitete
izgrađenog prostora. Međutim, načela i smjernice ar-
hitektonskih politika potrebno je uključiti u zakonski
okvir iz područja prostornog uređenja i gradnje.
U radu se mogućnosti obnove i revitalizacije prosto-
ra razmatraju predlaganjem konkretnih mjera za iz-
mjenu zakonodavnog okvira iz područja prostornog
planiranja.
Uvod
Hrvatska ima tradiciju planiranja uređenja prostora i
okoliša te povijest planiranih urbanih prostora, o čemu
svjedoče brojni gradovi čiji je razvoj bio planski osmi-
šljen, a nastali su u različitim povijesnim razdobljima.
Druga polovica dvadesetog stoljeća obilježena je ra-
zvojem sustava prostornog planiranja, planskim usmje-
ravanjem prostornog razvoja te planiranjem razvoja
urbaniziranih predjela.
OBNOVA
Possibilities of integral
renewal and revitalisation
of space — starting points
for the improvement
of the Croatian spatial
planning system
NIKŠA BOŽIĆ, Dipl. Eng. Arch.
CHAIR OF THE URBAN PLANNING COMMITTEE
CROATIAN CHAMBER OF ARCHITECTS
Keywords
spatial planning, urban planning, urbanism, legislation,
ApolitikA
Abstract
Although Croatia has a long tradition of detailed planning
of space, the role of spatial planning has changed signifi-
cantly since the country’s independence and the change
in social order in the early 1990s, and it is continuously
weakening. This is reflected in the state of space; a signif-
icant portion of the space built in the last three decades
has no features of sustainability, harmony, functionality, or
elemental beauty. All these conflicts in space have become
so pronounced that public discourse requires a change in
the planning paradigm. Professional institutions and asso-
ciations are continuously thinking through and proposing
possibilities for changes in the spatial planning system.
The document Architectural Policies of the Republic of
Croatia, adopted in 2012, represents national guidelines
for excellence and culture of construction and it is a good
starting point for achieving quality of the built space.
However, the principles and guidelines of architectural
policies need to be included in the legal framework in the
field of spatial planning and construction.
The paper discusses the possibilities of renewal and re-
vitalisation of space by proposing concrete measures for
amendments to the legislative framework in the field of
spatial planning.
Introduction
Croatia has a tradition of detailed planning of space and
environment, as well as a history of planned urban spaces,
as evidenced by the numerous cities whose development
was designed through planning, created in different his-
torical periods. The second half of the twentieth century
featured the development of the spatial planning system,
the planned directing of spatial development, and the
planning of the development of urbanised areas.
RENEWAL 19
1-1
Uloga prostornog planiranja znatno je izmijenjena u
vremenu koje je slijedilo nakon osamostaljenja države
i promjene društvenog uređenja početkom 1990-ih
godina. Naime, dogodile su se promjene paradigme
planiranja društvenog razvoja, izmjene u sustavu
upravljanja prostorom i uređenjem građevinskog
zemljišta te izmjene u sustavu prostornog planira-
nja. Kako Europska unija nema zajednički regulirano
područje prostornog planiranja, ova disciplina nije
se posebno razvijala tijekom velike zakonodavne
prilagodbe koja je prethodila pristupanju Hrvatske
Europskoj uniji. Nakon pridruživanja Europskoj uniji,
u planiranju prostora pojavili su se i novi akteri koji
utječu na prostor, a posljedica su primjene europskih
propisa iz drugih sektora (sustav regionalnoga ra-
zvojnog planiranja, ruralnog razvoja, zaštite okoliša).
Paralelno s jačanjem tih sektora, uloga prostornog
planiranja kontinuirano slabi.
Izazovi u prostoru
Slabljenje uloge prostornog planiranja vidljivo je i u pro-
storu pa znatan dio prostora izgrađenih u posljednja tri
desetljeća nema obilježja održivosti, sklada, funkcio-
nalnosti ni elementarne ljepote. Ovo je prepoznato i u
Strategiji prostornog razvoja RH usvojenoj 2017. godine,
u kojoj se među slabostima prostornog uređenja spo-
minju ugroženost prostora nezakonitom ili neprimje-
renom gradnjom, nepostojanje cjelovitog promišljanja
razvoja urbanih aglomeracija, disperzno naseljen i de-
populacijom ugrožen ruralni prostor, neravnomjeran
raspored društvene infrastrukture i nedostatak središ-
njih funkcija u područjima niže razvijenosti. Navodi se
dalje kako se stambena područja planiraju bez osnovne
infrastrukture (uključujući javne/društvene), a nezako-
nita gradnja narušava identitet i stvara brojne konflikte
u prostoru. Izdvajaju se problemi neusklađenosti sek-
torskih politika i nedostatak instrumenata kojima se
osigurava javni interes u uređenju prostora. Posebno
se navodi nekonzistentnost sustava prostornih stan-
darda u prostornom planiranju te nedostatak svijesti
o prostornom planiranju kao sredstvu za ostvarenje
općeg dobra umjesto ispunjenja parcijalnih interesa
(Strategija prostornog razvoja RH, 2017).
Svi su ti konflikti u prostoru postali tako izraženi da se
u javnom diskursu traži promjena paradigme planira-
nja. Javljaju se sve utjecajnije građanske inicijative koje
postaju sve snažniji korektor zahvata u prostoru, a i
stručne institucije i udruženja kontinuirano promišljaju
mogućnosti za promjene.
ApolitikA i zakonodavni okvir
Jedno od nastojanja za unapređenje kvalitete izgra-
đenih prostora jest i dokument Arhitektonske politike
Republike Hrvatske 2013–2020 — ApolitikA (*2012.),
koji je izradila stručna skupina sastavljena od pred-
stavnika stručnih udruženja i institucija te tadašnjeg
tijela državne uprave nadležnog za prostorno uređenje.
20
The role of spatial planning changed significantly in the
period following the country’s independence and the
change in social order in the early 1990s. There was a
change in the paradigm of planning social development,
changes in the system of spatial management and phys-
ical planning of construction land, changes in the system
of spatial planning. As the European Union does not have
a commonly regulated area of spatial planning, this dis-
cipline did not develop much during the major legislative
adjustment that preceded Croatia’s accession to the Eu-
ropean Union. With the accession to the European Union,
new actors affecting space have emerged in spatial plan-
ning, resulting from the application of European regula-
tions from other sectors (system of regional development
planning, rural development, environmental protection).
Parallel to the strengthening of these sectors, the role of
spatial planning is continuously weakening.
Challenges in space
The weakening of the role of spatial planning is also visible
in space, so that a significant portion of the space built
in the last three decades has no features of sustainability,
harmony, functionality, or elemental beauty. This is also
recognised in the Spatial Development Strategy of the
Republic of Croatia adopted in 2017, which mentions
among the weaknesses of spatial planning also the risks
posed to space by illegal or inappropriate construction,
a lack of comprehensive consideration of urban agglom-
erations, dispersedly populated rural areas threatened by
depopulation, uneven distribution of social infrastructure,
and a lack of central functions in less developed areas. It
is further stated that residential areas are planned with-
out basic infrastructure (including public/social infra-
structure), while illegal construction disrupts identity and
creates numerous conflicts in space. Standing out are the
problems of inconsistency of sectoral policies and a lack
of instruments that ensure the public interest in spatial
planning. Particularly mentioned is the inconsistency of
the system of spatial standards in spatial planning and
the lack of awareness of spatial planning as a means of
achieving the common good, instead of meeting partial
interests. (Spatial Development Strategy of the Republic
of Croatia, 2017).
All these conflicts in space have become so pronounced
that public discourse requires a change in the planning
paradigm. There is an increasing number of ever stronger
civic initiatives, becoming an increasingly stronger cor-
rector of interventions in space, and professional institu-
tions and associations are continuously considering the
possibilities of change.
ApolitikA and the legislative framework
One of the efforts to enhance the quality of built spaces
is the document “Architectural Policies of the Republic
of Croatia 2013–2020 — ApolitikA” (*2012) drafted by
an expert group composed of representatives of profes-
sional associations and institutions and the then national
1-1
Ovaj je dokument 2012. godine usvojila Vlada Repu-
blike Hrvatske te on predstavlja nacionalne smjernice
za vrsnoću i kulturu građenja. ApolitikA je usmjerena
na ostvarivanje triju osnovnih ciljeva, a to su: kultura
građenja koja je preduvjet za kvalitetu izgrađenog pro-
stora; kvaliteta izgrađenog prostora kao osnove za do-
bar život svakog pojedinca; kvalitetna arhitektura koja
treba postati poticaj nacionalnom razvoju i napretku.
Predviđeno je da arhitektonske politike koordinirano
provode, neposredno ili posredno, svi dionici prostor-
nog razvoja: zakonodavac, tijela javne uprave na svim
razinama, akademska zajednica, znanstvene institucije,
strukovne organizacije i udruge, arhitekti i inženjeri,
kulturne institucije, organizacije i udruge, udruge gra-
đana, pojedinci i mediji.
Donošenjem arhitektonskih politika Republike Hrvat-
ske potvrđena je svijest o ulozi izgrađenog prostora u
ostvarivanju kvalitete života te nacionalnog razvoja
i napretka. Međutim, za uspješnu provedbu arhitek-
tonskih politika potrebno je usvojene ciljeve sustavno
primijeniti u zakonodavni okvir na svim razinama (od
strateških dokumenata do provedbenih akata) te osi-
gurati uvjete za njihovu učinkovitu provedbu. To je
naglašeno i u dokumentu Arhitektonske politike Re-
publike Hrvatske 2013.–2020. — Izvješće o provedbi
(*2020.) koje je izradilo Ministarstvo prostornoga ure-
đenja, graditeljstva i državne imovine RH. U tom se iz-
vješću problematizira izostanak implementacije pojedi-
nih aktivnosti ApolitikA te se zaključuje da to proizlazi
“iz nedovoljnog interesa različitih resora za postavljene
ciljeve, nedostatka političke volje za ulaganje dodatnog
napora ili sredstava za provedbu određenih aktivnosti,
nedovoljne osviještenosti pojedinih tijela i institucija
o vlastitoj ulozi u tom procesu te nedostatku kritične
mase dovoljno stručnih ljudi koji bi pokretali određene
inicijative u vlastitom resoru i pribavili za to potrebnu
podršku donositelja odluka” (*2020.a).
Nadalje se naglašava kako izostanak implementaci-
je djelomično proizlazi iz “činjenice da arhitektonske
politike kao javne politike nisu unutar zakonskog
okvira prepoznate kao politike koje donosi Hrvatski
sabor” te se predlaže da ih u idućem razdoblju “treba
uključiti u zakonski okvir na području prostornog ure-
đenja i gradnje kao strateški dokument, praćen akcij-
skim planom, koje donosi nacionalno predstavničko
tijelo, a njihovu provedbu učiniti obavezujućom”.
U Izvješću se nadalje navodi kako je u odnosu na
unapređenje zakonskog okvira sustava prostornog
planiranja “nužno pojednostavljenje procedura pripre-
me, izrade i donošenja prostornih planova, edukacija
i jačanje participacije građana, izrada standarda za
planiranje i projektiranje zgrada stambene, poslovne,
proizvodne, ugostiteljsko-turističke i drugih namje-
na, izrada metodološke osnove za planiranje, zaštitu
OBNOVA
agency responsible for spatial planning. This document
was adopted by the Government of the Republic of
Croatia in 2012 and it represents national guidelines for
the excellence and culture of construction. The goal of
ApolitikA is the achieving of three basic goals: a culture
of construction as a prerequisite for the quality of built
space, then the quality of built space as a basis for the
good life of each individual, and quality architecture that
should become an impetus for national development
and progress.
It is planned that architectural policies are implement-
ed in a coordinated manner, directly or indirectly, by all
stakeholders in spatial development: legislators, public
administration bodies at all levels, the academic com-
munity, scientific institutions, professional organisations
and associations, architects and engineers, cultural insti-
tutions, organisations and associations, citizens’ associ-
ations, individuals, and the media.
The adoption of the architectural policies of the Republic
of Croatia affirmed the awareness of the role of built
space in achieving quality of life, as well as national de-
velopment and progress. However, for successful imple-
mentation of architectural policies, it is necessary to sys-
tematically apply the adopted objectives in the legislative
framework at all levels (from strategic to implementing
documents), and to ensure the conditions for their ef-
fective implementation. This was also emphasised in the
document “Architectural Policies of the Republic of Cro-
atia 2013–2020 — Report on Implementation” (*2020)
prepared by the Ministry of Physical Planning, Construc-
tion and State Property of the Republic of Croatia. The
Report elaborates on the absence of implementation of
certain activities of ApolitikA and concludes that it “stems
from insufficient interest of various departments for the
set goals, lack of political will to invest additional effort or
funds to implement certain activities, insufficient aware-
ness of certain bodies and institutions about their role in
this process, and the lack of a critical mass of sufficiently
professional people who would launch certain initiatives
in their own department and obtain the necessary sup-
port from decision-makers.” (*2020a).
It further emphasises that the absence of implemen-
tation stems in part from “the fact that architectural
policies as public policies are not recognised within the
legal framework as policies adopted by the Croatian Par-
liament,” and proposes that in the forthcoming period
“they should be included in the legal framework of the
field of spatial planning and construction as a strategic
document, accompanied by an action plan adopted by
the national representative body, and their implemen-
tation should be made binding.”
The report further states that the improvement of the
legal framework of the spatial planning system requires
“simplification of the procedures of preparation, devel-
RENEWAL 21
1-1
i upravljanje krajobrazom te planiranje i uspostava
zelene infrastrukture, edukacija svih dionika (admini-
strativna razina, stručna, akademska, gospodarstvo i
najšira javnost), uspostavljanje instrumenta urbane
komasacije na zakonodavnoj i praktičnoj razini, una-
prjeđenje kontrole procesa građenja u dijelu koji se
odnosi na vrsnoću, sprečavanje bespravne izgradnje,
poticanje provedbe urbane sanacije i urbane obnove
donošenje smjernica s kriterijima za određivanje vr-
snoće građenja te ocjenjivanje arhitektonske uspješ-
nosti, uspostava sustava gospodarenja javnim gra-
đevinama itd.”
Stav planerske struke
Hrvatska komora arhitekata kontinuirano prati stanje
u području arhitektonske djelatnosti i prostornog pla-
niranja te promiče arhitekturu, oblikovanje prostora
i kulturu građenja kao izraz nacionalnog identiteta.
Kontinuirano se nastoji i unapređivati arhitektonsku
djelatnost radi zaštite javnog interesa.
Odbor za urbanizam1 Hrvatske komore arhitekata
kontinuirano prati stanje u području prostornog pla-
niranja te je tako sudjelovao i u izradi Teza za izmjenu
zakonodavnog okvira iz područja prostornog planiranja,
koje su predstavljene na Danima arhitekata 4.0. odr-
žanima 2020. godine u Šibeniku (*2020.b). U tezama
je naglašeno da je prostorno planiranje ključni alat za
zaštitu prostora, ostvarenje skladnog okoliša i proved-
bu strateških odrednica društvenog i gospodarskog
razvoja s bitnim naglaskom na zaštitu okoliša, prirode
i cjelokupnoga prostornog identiteta. Ponovljeno je
kako bi procesi intenzivnih promjena u prostoru trebali
imati odliku održivosti, što danas nije slučaj, osobito
u dijelovima izgrađenih prostora. Zaključeno je kako
su zbog toga nužne znatne promjene u pristupu pro-
stornom uređenju te stvaranje učinkovitih mjera za
provedbu planova kao preduvjetima kvalitetne gradnje.
Nužno je i razvijati učinkovite mehanizme za proved-
bu prostornih planova kao što je urbana komasacija.
Upozoreno je kako je potrebno stvoriti komunikacijsku
kulturu i suradnju među svim dionicima prostornog
planiranja, ali i ustrajati na poštovanju integriteta su-
stava prostornog planiranja, koje mora ostati osnova
koja jamči održivi razvoj prostora i njegovu zaštitu kao
temeljnoga nacionalnog dobra.
Polazišta za unapređenje sustava
prostornog planiranja
U sustavu prostornog uređenja države osjeća se nuž-
nost za izradu potpuno nove generacije prostornih
planova koja bi odgovarala današnjemu društvenom
trenutku i novim razvojnim projekcijama za sljedeće
plansko razdoblje. U nastavku se mogućnosti cjelovite
1 Od srpnja 2020. godine Odbor za urbanizam djeluje u sastavu:
Jelena Borota, Nikša Božić (predsjednik), Romana di Giusto,
Gorana Ljubičić, Margita Malnar, Mara Matijašić Paladin, Iva
Rechner Dika, Marina Oreb i Miroslav Štimac.
22
opment and adoption of spatial plans, education and
strengthening of citizen participation, development of
standards for planning and design of residential, com-
mercial, industrial, catering-tourism and other uses, de-
velopment of methodological basis for planning, protec-
tion and management of landscape and planning and
establishment of green infrastructure, education of all
stakeholders (administrative level, professional, academic,
economy and the general public), establishment of urban
reparceling instruments at the legislative and practical
level, enhancement of construction process control in the
part related to excellence, prevention of illegal construc-
tion, promotion of the implementation of urban rehabili-
tation and urban renovation, adoption of guidelines with
criteria for determining the excellence of construction and
evaluation of architectural performance, establishment of
a system for management of public buildings, etc.”
The attitude of the planning profession
The Croatian Chamber of Architects continuously moni-
tors the state of architectural activity and spatial planning
and promotes architecture, spatial design, and the cul-
ture of construction as an expression of national identity.
There is a continuous effort also to enhance architectural
activity for the purpose of protecting public interest.
The Committee on Urbanism1 of the Croatian Chamber
of Architects continuously monitors the situation in the
field of spatial planning, and thus participated in the de-
velopment of the Theses for Amending the Legislative
Framework in the Field of Spatial Planning which were
presented at the Days of Architects 4.0. held in 2020 in
Šibenik (* 2020b) The Theses emphasised that spatial
planning is a key tool for the protection of space, the
achievement of a harmonious environment, and the
implementation of strategic determinants of social and
economic development with essential emphasis on the
protection of the environment, nature, and overall spatial
identity. It was reiterated that sustainability should be
featured in the processes of intensive changes in space,
which is not the case today, particularly in some parts
of built spaces. It was therefore concluded that signifi-
cant changes in the approach to spatial planning and the
creation of effective measures for the implementation
of plans, as prerequisites for quality construction, are
necessary. It is also necessary to develop effective mech-
anisms for the implementation of spatial plans such as
urban reparcelling. It was warned that it is necessary to
create a communication culture and cooperation among
all stakeholders in spatial planning, but also to persist in
respecting the integrity of the spatial planning system
which must remain the basis that guarantees sustainable
spatial development, and its protection as a fundamental
national good.
1 From July 2020, the members of the Committee on Urbanism are:
Jelena Borota, Nikša Božić (president), Romana di Giusto, Gorana
Ljubičić, Margita Malnar, Mara Matijašić Paladin, Iva Rechner Dika,
Marina Oreb, and Miroslav Štimac.
1-1
obnove i revitalizacije prostora promatraju kroz prizmu
zagovaranja unapređenja sustava prostornog planira-
nja na temelju Teza za izmjenu zakonodavnog okvira
iz područja prostornog planiranja. Stanje u prostoru i
kulturološki okvir pokazuju da je najvažnija mjera pro-
vedbe načela i ciljeva arhitektonskih politika njihova
ugradnja u zakonodavni okvir.
Izazovi urbanističkog planiranja
Obnova i revitalizacija prostora provode se uglavnom
na lokalnoj razini u usitnjenom urbanom (ili ruralnom)
kontekstu. Dok sustav prostornog planiranja, uz brojne
probleme, još donekle funkcionira — posebno u dijelu
propisivanja općih planskih kriterija i zaštite prostora
— to se ne može reći za razinu urbanističkog planiranja.
Ova provedbena razina planiranja svedena je na samo
jedan tip plana — urbanistički plan uređenja (UPU) —
kojim se pokušava riješiti cijeli spektar različitih planer-
skih zadataka koji se ne mogu kvalitetno riješiti samo
jednim tipom plana.
Na provedbenoj razini planiranja potrebno je metodo-
loški razviti i stručno standardizirati izradu nekoliko
različitih tipova planova provedbene razine, a mini-
malno: (1) urbanistički plan naselja, (2) urbanistički
plan neizgrađenog dijela naselja, (3) urbanistički plan
izdvojenoga građevinskog područja izvan naselja, (4)
urbanističko-konzervatorski plan povijesne cjeline, (5)
urbanistički plan područja urbane obnove/preobrazbe.
Potrebno je razmotriti i mogućnost uvođenja jed-
nostavnijih planova (osnovna regulacija prostora) te
mehanizme prostornih provjera na projektnoj razini
(urbanističko-arhitektonska studija).
U postojećem sustavu prostornog planiranja za većinu
središnjih naselja gradskog karaktera ne postoji obveza
izrade detaljnijeg plana od prostornog plana uređenja
općine/grada. S iznimkom malog broja naselja koja
imaju zakonsku obvezu izrade GUP-a te naselja za koja
su izrađeni urbanistički planovi uređenja, velik broj ma-
lih i srednjih gradova nema detaljniji plan za središnje
naselje iako je upravo u njihovim središnjim naseljima
koncentrirana većina njihovih prostornih problema.
Stoga je za središnja naselja potrebno propisati obvezu
detaljnijeg planiranja središnjeg naselja.
Urbanistički planovi uređenja danas se uglavnom ne
rade za funkcionalne cjeline prostora, nego za mini-
malne dijelove za koje postoji njihova zakonska obveza
izrade. Propisima je potrebno omogućiti plansku mo-
gućnost utvrđivanja obuhvata s obvezom izrade UPU-a
sa zabranom izdavanja dozvola do donošenja plana, i
to na temelju stručnih prostornoplanskih kriterija.
Današnji planovi provedbene razine substandardni
su i nedovoljno planski normirani. Provedbena razina
planiranja svedena je na planiranje osnovnog razgrani-
OBNOVA
Starting points for improving
the spatial planning system
In the system of spatial planning of the state, there is a
feeling of necessity to develop a completely new gener-
ation of spatial plans that would correspond to today’s
social moment and new development projections for
the next planning period. The paper further discusses
the possibilities of integral renewal and revitalisation of
space through advocating enhancement of the system of
spatial planning based on the Theses for Amendment of
the Legislative Framework in the Field of Spatial Planning.
The state of space and the cultural framework show that
the most important measure for the implementation of
the principles and goals of architectural policies is their
incorporation into the legislative framework.
Challenges of urban planning
Renovation and revitalisation of space is carried out main-
ly at the local level in a fragmented urban (or rural) con-
text. While the system of spatial planning, with numerous
problems, still functions to some extent — especially in
the part of prescribing general planning criteria and pro-
tection of space — the same cannot be said for the level
of urban planning. The implementing level of planning
has been reduced to only one type of plan — the urban
development plan (UPU) — which is used in an attempt to
resolve a spectrum of various planning tasks that cannot
be resolved with just one plan type.
At the implementation level of planning, it is necessary to
methodologically develop and professionally standardise
the development of several different types of plans at the
implementation level, and at the minimum: (1) Urban plan
for the settlement, (2) Urban plan of the unbuilt part of
the settlement, (3) Urban plan of the separated construc-
tion area outside the settlement, (4) Urban-Conservation
plan of the historical ensemble, (5) Urban plan of the
urban renovation/transformation area.
It is also necessary to analyse the possibility of intro-
ducing simpler plans (basic regulation of space) and
mechanisms of spatial verifications at the design level
(urban-architectural study).
In the existing system of spatial planning, the majority
of central settlements of urban character are not sub-
ject to mandatory plans that are more detailed than the
spatial plan of the municipality/city. With the exception
of a small number of settlements that have a legal obli-
gation to develop a masterplan and the settlements for
which urban development plans have been prepared,
a large number of small and medium-sized cities have
no detailed plan for the central settlement, although
it is the central settlements that house the majority of
spatial problems. Therefore, for central settlements, it is
necessary to prescribe the obligation of more detailed
planning of the central settlement.
RENEWAL 23
1-1
čenja javnih od privatnih površina, utvrđivanje osnovne
namjene površina (zoning) te propisivanje općih koefi-
cijenata na razini pojedine zone. U provedbenoj razini
prostornog planiranja, osobito onoj koja se bavi ob-
novom ili revitalizacijom izgrađenih prostora, potreb-
no se vratiti osnovama planiranja te planski definirati
parametre kao što su odnosi izgrađenosti, volumeni
izgradnje, visine, građevinske crte, visine izgradnje i
drugi elementi urbane kompozicije.
Usmjerena integralna obnova
Prilagodbom zakonodavstva pri ulasku u EU stvoreni
su novi dionici koji utječu na planiranje prostora, kao
što su sustavi regionalnog i ruralnog razvoja. Stvoren
je u velikoj mjeri paralelni sustav u kojem dolazi do
preklapanja nadležnosti kada je posrijedi prostorni ra-
zvoj i korištenje prostora (Arbutina, Alfirević Arbutina
2017.; Dobrinić, Lukić, Hajduković 2017.). U provedbi se
događaju neusklađenosti s prostornim planovima, što
rezultira pritiscima na sustav prostornog planiranja.
Potrebno je stvoriti komunikacijsku kulturu i surad-
nju među svim dionicima, ali i ustrajati na poštovanju
integriteta discipline prostornog planiranja koja mora
ostati osnova koja jamči održivi razvoj prostora i nje-
govu zaštitu.
Obnova povijesnih središta
Mali povijesni gradovi važni su zato što u njima živi
znatan dio ukupne populacije pojedine regije ili države,
zbog njihove uloge u očuvanju lokalnih identiteta te
zbog važne uloge koju mali gradovi sa svojim funkci-
jama i sadržajima imaju u odnosu na ruralne prostore
koji ih okružuju. Oni imaju brojne specifičnosti koje je
potrebno poznavati i poštovati pri intervenciji u ta-
kvome krhkom urbanom okruženju (Božić, Dumbović
Bilušić, Kranjčević 2019.; Obad 2015). Postojeći sustav
urbanističkih planova neprilagođen je povijesnim sre-
dinama. Potrebno je razmotriti uvođenje novog tipa
plana za obnovu povijesnih središta (urbanističko-kon-
zervatorski plan).
Sanacija područja bespravne gradnje
Urbana sanacija područja nezakonite gradnje podrazu-
mijeva izradu planova sanacije i utvrđivanje detaljnih
mjera sanacije ozakonjene gradnje radi postizanja za-
dovoljavajućeg standarda infrastrukture, društvenog
standarda i kvalitetnijeg doprinosa doživljaju urbanog
krajobraza. Nakon prvih koraka uspostave metodologi-
je izrade planova sanacije područja bespravne gradnje
(Pilot-projekti izrade metodologije sanacije nezakonite
gradnje, *2018.) potrebno ih je standardizirati i uvesti
u zakonski okvir, ali i u planersku praksu.
Arhitektonski natječaji i važni zahvati u tkivu grada
Pojedini zahvati u prostoru imaju velik utjecaj na sliku
izgrađenih prostora, a provedba natječaja metodološki
je ispravan način da bi se našlo najkvalitetnije rješenje.
Potrebno je omogućiti plansko propisivanje obveze pro-
24
Today, urban development plans are generally not made
for functional spatial units, but for the minimum parts
that are subject to legally prescribed obligation for plan
development. The regulations need to enable the plans
to determine their scope together with the obligation to
develop urban development plans containing a ban on
issuing permits until the adoption of the plan, based on
professional spatial planning criteria.
Today’s plans at the implementation level are substand-
ard and insufficiently standardised. The implementation
level of planning is reduced to planning the basic demar-
cation of public from private areas, determining the basic
use of areas (zoning) and prescribing general building
coefficients at the level of each zone. At the implemen-
tation level of spatial planning, especially the one dealing
with the renovation or revitalisation of built spaces, it is
necessary to return to the basics of planning and define
parameters such as floor area ratios, building volumes,
heights, construction setback lines, construction heights,
and other elements of urban composition.
Guided integral renovation
Legislation’s harmonisation upon accession to the EU has
created new stakeholders that impact spatial planning,
such as the systems of regional and rural development.
An extensive parallel system has been created in which
competencies overlap when it comes to spatial develop-
ment and use of space (Arbutina, Alfirević Arbutina, 2017;
Dobrinić, Lukić, Hajduković, 2017). There is non-compli-
ance with spatial plans in implementation, which results
in pressures on the spatial planning system. It is neces-
sary to create a communication culture and cooperation
among all stakeholders in spatial planning, but also to
persist in respecting the integrity of the spatial planning
discipline, which must remain the basis that guarantees
sustainable spatial development and its protection.
Renovation of historic centres
Small historic towns are important because a significant
part of the overall population of a region or country lives
there, because of their role in preserving local identi-
ties, as well as because of the important role that small
towns with their functions and facilities have in relation
to the surrounding rural areas. They boast many particu-
larities that need to be well known and respected when
intervening in such a fragile urban environment (Božić,
Dumbović Bilušić, Kranjčević, 2019; Obad Šćitaroci, 2015).
The existing system of urban plans is not adapted to
historical environments. It is necessary to consider the
introduction of a new type of plan for the restoration of
historic centres (urban-conservation plan).
Rehabilitation of the areas of illegal buildings
Urban rehabilitation of the areas of illegal buildings im-
plies the development of rehabilitation plans and the
establishment of detailed measures of rehabilitation for
legalised buildings, aimed at achieving a satisfactory level
1-1
vedbe arhitektonsko-urbanističkih natječaja na temelju
stručnih kriterija, a u odnosu na moguću izmjenu urba-
nog tkiva planiranim zahvatom i utjecajem zahvata na
izgrađeni okoliš. Sadašnje ograničenje za mogućnost
propisivanja obveze provedbe natječaja samo za javne
prostore i građevine javne namjene nije dovoljno.
Obnova nakon velikih prirodnih katastrofa
Zakon o obnovi kao paralelan (poseban) zakon za ob-
novu (rekonstrukciju) nakon velikih katastrofa načelno
nije neprihvatljiv ako može osigurati bržu stručnu in-
tervenciju kojoj je cilj sanacija šteta, obnova i regene-
racija ugroženog prostora. Međutim, sadašnju praksu
da se nakon svake pojedinačne prirodne katastrofe
donose posebni zakoni trebalo bi zamijeniti općim za-
konom, a provedbene mjere propisivati podzakonskim
aktom. Pri provođenju obnove stručni kriteriji obnove
ne bi se smjeli zanemarivati.
Literatura
1. Arbutina, D., Alfirević Arbutina, H. (2017.), Kontro-
verze pri objektivizaciji valorizacije krajobraznih vri-
jednosti ruralnog prostora, u: Urbano-ruralne veze
(ur. Korlaet, A.), pp. 306–313, Hrvatski zavod za
prostorni razvoj, Zagreb
2. Božić, N., Dumbović Bilušić, B., Kranjčević, J. (2019.),
Urban Transformation and Sustainable Development
of Small Historic Towns, in: Cultural Urban Heritage
— Development, Learning and Landscape Strategies
(ed. Obad Šćitaroci, M., Bojanić Obad Šćitaroci, B.,
Mrđa, A.), pp.113–126, Springer Nature, Switzerland
3. Dobrinić, D., Lukić, A., Hajduković, D. (2017.), Ur-
bano-ruralne veze u kontekstu sustava prostornog
uređenja, regionalnog i ruralnog razvoja, u: Urba-
no-ruralne veze (ur. Korlaet, A.), pp. 32–43, Hrvatski
zavod za prostorni razvoj, Zagreb
4. Obad Šćitaroci, M. (2015.), Znanstveni projekt Heri-
tage Urbanism — uvod, u: Prostorne i razvojne mo-
gućnosti kulturnog naslijeđa (ur. Obad Šćitaroci, M.),
Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Arhitektonski fakultet, Zagreb
5. *(2012.), ApolitikA — Arhitektonske politike Repu-
blike Hrvatske 2013–2020. — Nacionalne smjernice
za vrsnoću i kulturu građenja, online izdanje, URL:
https://www.arhitekti-hka.hr/hr/komora/apoliti-
ka/ (pristupljeno 3. svibnja 2021.)
6. *(2017.), Strategija prostornog razvoja Republike
Hrvatske (ur. Marohnić-Kuzmanović, V., Matković,
I., Korlaet, A.), Hrvatski zavod za prostorni razvoj,
Zagreb
7. *(2018.) Pilot-projekti izrade metodologije sanacije
nezakonite gradnje, zbornik radova stručnog skupa
Urbana sanacija (ur. Korlaet, A.), Hrvatski zavod za
prostorni razvoj, Zagreb
8. *(2020.a), Arhitektonske politike Republike Hrvatske
2013.–2020. — Nacionalne smjernice za kulturu i
vrsnoću građenja — Izvješće o provedbi, Ministar-
stvo prostornoga uređenja, graditeljstva i državne
imovine, Zagreb
OBNOVA
of infrastructure, social standard and better contribution
to the experience of the urban landscape. After the first
steps of establishing a methodology for the development
of rehabilitation plans for the areas of illegal buildings (Pi-
lot projects for the development of rehabilitation meth-
odology for illegal buildings, * 2018), it is necessary to
standardise and introduce them into the legal framework,
but also planning practice.
Architectural competitions
and important interventions in urban tissue
Individual interventions in the space greatly impact the
image of built spaces, and the implementation of tenders
is the most proper methodology to reach the best solu-
tion. It is necessary to enable that urban plans prescribe
the obligation to conduct architectural-urbanism ten-
ders on the basis of professional criteria, and in relation
to the possible change of urban tissue by the planned
intervention and its impact on the built environment.
The current restriction of the possibility to prescribe the
obligation to conduct tenders only for public spaces and
public buildings is not sufficient.
Renovation after major natural disasters
The Law on Renovation as a parallel (special) law for ren-
ovation (recovery) after major disasters is in principle
unacceptable if a faster professional intervention can be
provided with the aim of repairing damage, renovation,
and regeneration of the endangered area. However, the
current practice of enacting special laws after each and
every natural disaster should be replaced by a general
law, and implementing measures prescribed by a by-law.
When conducting a renovation, its professional criteria
should not be neglected.
Bibliography
1. Arbutina, D., Alfirević Arbutina, H. (2017), Kontroverze
pri objektivizaciji valorizacije krajobraznih vrijednosti ru-
ralnog prostora, u: Urbano-ruralne veze (ur. Korlaet, A.),
pp. 306–313, Hrvatski zavod za prostorni razvoj, Zagreb
2. Božić, N., Dumbović Bilušić, B., Kranjčević, J. (2019),
Urban Transformation and Sustainable Development
of Small Historic Towns, in: Cultural Urban Heritage —
Development, Learning and Landscape Strategies (ed.
Obad Šćitaroci, M., Bojanić Obad Šćitaroci, B., Mrđa,
A.), pp.113–126, Springer Nature, Switzerland
3. Dobrinić, D., Lukić, A., Hajduković, D. (2017), Urba-
no-ruralne veze u kontekstu sustava prostornog uređe-
nja, regionalnog i ruralnog razvoja, u: Urbano-ruralne
veze (ur. Korlaet, A.), pp. 32–43, Hrvatski zavod za
prostorni razvoj, Zagreb
4. Obad Šćitaroci, M. (2015), Znanstveni projekt Heritage
Urbanism — uvod, u: Prostorne i razvojne mogućnosti
kulturnog naslijeđa (ur. Obad Šćitaroci, M.), Sveučilište
u Zagrebu, Arhitektonski fakultet, Zagreb
5. *(2012), ApolitikA — Arhitektonske politike Republike Hr-
vatske 2013–2020. — Nacionalne smjernice za vrsnoću
i kulturu građenja, online izdanje, URL: https://www.
RENEWAL 25
1-1
9. *(2020.b), Teze za izmjenu zakonodavnog okvira
iz područja prostornog planiranja, zaključci Dana
arhitekata 4.0. održanih u Šibeniku, online, URL:
https://www.arhitekti-hka.hr/files/file/dani-arhi-
tekata/DANI_04_PROSTORNO_TEZE.pdf (pristupljeno
3. svibnja 2021.)
26
arhitekti-hka.hr/hr/komora/apolitika/, (pristupljeno 3.
svibnja 2021.)
6. *(2017), Strategija prostornog razvoja Republike Hrvatske
(ur. Marohnić-Kuzmanović, V., Matković, I., Korlaet, A.),
Hrvatski zavod za prostorni razvoj, Zagreb
7. *(2018) Pilot-projekti izrade metodologije sanacije
nezakonite gradnje, zbornik radova stručnog skupa
Urbana sanacija (ur. Korlaet, A.), Hrvatski zavod za
prostorni razvoj, Zagreb
8. *(2020a), Arhitektonske politike Republike Hrvatske
2013–2020 — Nacionalne smjernice za kulturu i vr-
snoću građenja — Izvješće o provedbi, Ministarstvo
prostornoga uređenja, graditeljstva i državne imovine,
Zagreb
9. *(2020b), Teze za izmjenu zakonodavnog okvira iz po-
dručja prostornog planiranja, zaključci Dana arhitekata
4.0. održanih u Šibeniku, online, URL: https://www.
arhitekti-hka.hr/files/file/dani-arhitekata/DANI_04_
PROSTORNO_TEZE.pdf (pristupljeno 3. svibnja 2021.)
1-2
Aktivno sudjelovanje
korisnika kao paradigma
obnove stanova
prof. dr. sc. Alenka Delić
Arhitektonski fakultet, Sveučilište u Zagrebu
mr. sc. Davor Delić
Građevinski fakultet, Sveučilište u Zagrebu
Ključne riječi
stanovanje, sudjelovanje, fleksibilnost, održivost, pre-
fabrikacija
Sažetak
Promjene i napredak zahtijevaju visok stupanj promje-
njivosti. Evolucija društvenog ponašanja vodi nas pre-
ma novim konceptima pristupa modernom stanovanju,
prema novim konceptima rješavanja pitanja stambenih
jedinica i okoliša.
Opisan je pristup masovnoj gradnji za obnovu stano-
va nakon prirodnih katastrofa poput potresa. Obnova
može početi najmanje s osnovnim modulima za privre-
meni smještaj koji s vremenom, po potrebi, dodava-
njem modula postaju cjelovito rješenje za stanovanje.
Cilj je postaviti nove standarde za društveno prihvatljiv,
ekološki održiv razvoj, sa strategijom očuvanja okoliša.
Uvod
Velike promjene koje se događaju u suvremenom nači-
nu života nameću promjene u konceptu projektiranja
modernog stanovanja, ali i novim konceptima u odno-
sima između stanovanja i okoliša.  living impose changes in the concept of designing mod-
Sve je prisutnija veća svijest o ekološkoj međuovisnosti
čovjeka i okoliša u kojem živi. Sve ljudske aktivnosti, uk-
ljučujući arhitekturu, sudjeluju u narušavanju prirodne
ravnoteže. Pitanja poput klimatskih promjena, ener-
getske sigurnosti, ekonomske neizvjesnosti i siromaš-
tva dosegnula su vrhunac te postigla globalni status.
Prirodne katastrofe koje postaju sve češće zahtijevaju
trenutne, primjerene i sveobuhvatne odgovore.
Stanovnici pogođeni katastrofom trebaju rješenja koja
su održiva, kvalitetna, učinkovita, priuštiva, fleksibil-
na, ali istodobno im je potreban prostor koji se može
prilagoditi promjenjivim obiteljskim strukturama i pro-
stornim zahtjevima tijekom životnog ciklusa.
Energetska učinkovitost
Stambeni sektor jedno je od prioritetnih područja za
energetsku učinkovitost, troši veliku količinu energije
(do 50 posto ukupne konačne potrošnje posljednjih
OBNOVA
Active Participation of
Users as a Paradigm of
Housing Recovery
Prof.dr.sc. Alenka Delić
Faculty of Architecture, University in Zagreb
Mr.sc. Davor Delić
Civil Engineering Faculty, University in Zagreb
Key words
housing, participation, flexibility, sustainability, prefab-
rication
Summary
Changes and progress require a high degree of change-
ability. The evolution of social behaviour is leading us
towards new concepts of attitude to modern housing,
towards new concepts of resolving the issue of housing
units and the environment.
The paper describes the attitude to mass construction
for dwelling renovation after natural disasters, such as
earthquakes. Renovation can begin with a minimum of
basic modules for temporary accommodation, which
over time, as needed, become a complete housing solu-
tion by adding modules.
The goal is to set new standards for socially acceptable,
environmentally sustainable development, with the strat-
egy of preserving the environment.
Introduction
The major changes taking place in the modern way of
ern housing, but also in new concepts in the relations
between housing and the environment. 
There has been growing awareness of the environmental
dependence between the human and their living environ-
ment. All human activities, including architecture, partake
in disturbing the natural balance. Issues such as climate
change, energy security, economic uncertainty, and pover-
ty have all reached their peaks and achieved global status.
The natural disasters becoming more frequent require
immediate, adequate, and comprehensive responses.
The residents affected by a disaster need solutions that are
sustainable, good, efficient, affordable, flexible, but at the
same time they need space that can adapt to changing fam-
ily structures and spatial requirements during the life cycle.
Energy efficiency
The housing sector is a priority area for energy efficiency, it
consumes a great amount of energy (up to 50 per cent of
RENEWAL 27
1-2
godina), a stanovi pripadaju najstarijim dijelovima
gradskih infrastruktura.
Održiva arhitektura slavi vezu između naših izgrađenih
i prirodnih okoliša, unapređuje zajednice, na najmanju
moguću mjeru smanjuje utjecaj projektiranja i gradnje
na ograničene prirodne resurse te podržava naše dobro
fizičko i emocionalno stanje. Ekološka ovisnost i održivi
razvoj temelj su naših napora za stvaranje dinamičke
ravnoteže okoliša.  to create a dynamic balance of the environment.
Evolucija društvenog ponašanja
Promjene i napredak neizostavan su dio modernog
života i odražavaju sve veći stupanj obrazovanja, sve
viši životni standard i bogatstvo te zahtijevaju visok
stupanj promjenjivosti.
Obitelj prolazi kroz stalnu preobrazbu — parovi bez
djece, samci itd. — pri čemu neovisnost unutar obitelji
raste, a pojedinačne se potrebe mijenjaju.
Prema Mjerenju novonastalih oblika obitelji i kućan-
stava koje je provela Gospodarska komisija Ujedinjenih
naroda za Europu (UNECE), obitelji, kućanstva i način
života doživjeli su velike promjene u Europi i Sjever-
noj Americi posljednjih desetljeća. Osobito su obrasci
stvaranja, raspada i ponovnog spajanja obitelji postali
heterogeniji, a obiteljske granice nejasne. Brak je izgu-
bio središnje značenje u oblikovanju promjena tijekom
životnog vijeka. Porast razdvojenosti i razvoda doveo
je do novih vrsta obitelji i načina života. Povećavanje
prostorne pokretljivosti omogućava pojedincima da
život provedu u različitim stanovima, a povećao se
broj onih koji se svakodnevno kreću među različitim
kućanstvima. Želja pojedinaca za očuvanjem vlastite
neovisnosti, kao i nestabilnost zajednice te dulji očeki-
vani životni vijek potaknuli su nove načine upravljanja
partnerskim odnosima, poput odvojenoga zajedničkog
života. Najčešći tip kućanstva u EU-27 u 2011. godini bio
je samac koji je živio sam, 31,4 %. U kućanstvima s više
od jednog odraslog najčešći tip kućanstva bilo je kućan-
stvo s dvoje odraslih bez uzdržavane djece, odnosno
24,7 % ukupnih privatnih kućanstava. Sljedeći je najče-
šći tip kućanstva bio “dvoje odraslih” s uzdržavanom
djecom, kojih je 2011. bilo 44 milijuna, odnosno 21,0 %
svih privatnih kućanstava. Nadalje, starenje stanovniš-
tva dugoročan je trend koji je započeo prije nekoliko
desetljeća u Europi. Starenje je vidljivo u povećanju
dobne strukture stanovništva, a ogleda se u sve većem
udjelu starijih osoba i smanjenju udjela mlađih i radno
sposobnih osoba u ukupnom stanovništvu.
Koncepti suvremenog stanovanja
Evolucija u socijalnom ponašanju vodi nas prema
novim konceptima pristupa modernom stanovanju,
odnosno novim konceptima rješavanja pitanja stam-
benih jedinica i okoliša.
28
total final consumption in some recent years), and apart-
ments belong to the oldest parts of urban infrastructures.
Sustainable architecture celebrates the connection be-
tween our built and natural environments, enhances
communities, minimizes the impact of design and con-
struction on finite natural resources, and fosters our phys-
ical and emotional well being. Environmental dependence
and sustainable development are the basis for our efforts
 
Evolution in social behaviour
Changes and progress are an inseparable part of modern
living, and they reflect a growing degree of education,
an ever-rising living standard and wealth. They require a
high degree of changeability.
Family is being transformed — childless couples, singles,
etc. — with independence within families growing, and
individual needs changing.
According to the Measurement of Emerging Forms of
Families and Households by the United Nations Economic
Commission for Europe (UNECE), families, households, and
living arrangements have gone through major changes in
Europe and North America in recent decades. In particular,
the patterns of family formation, dissolution, and recon-
stitution have become more heterogeneous and family
boundaries more ambiguous. Marriage has become less
central in shaping life-course transitions. An increase in
separation and divorce rates has brought about new types
of families and living arrangements. An increasing spatial
mobility allows individuals to spend their lives in different
dwellings, while the number of those who regularly com-
mute between households also increased. The desire of
individuals to preserve their independence, as well as un-
ion instability and longer life expectancies, have promoted
new ways of managing partnership relations, such as living
apart together. The most common household type in the
EU-27 in 2011 was single person living alone, at 31.4%. In
households with more than one adult, the most common
household type was a ‘two adults’ household without
dependent children — these accounted for 24.7% of total
private households. The next most common household
type was a ‘two adults’ with dependent children, or 44
million such families in 2011 making up 21.0% of all private
households. Furthermore, population ageing has been a
long-term trend that began several decades ago in Eu-
rope. Ageing is reflected in the increasing age structure of
the population, in an increasing share of the elderly, and
a declining share of younger and working age persons in
the total population.
Concepts of modern housing
The evolution of social behaviour is leading us towards
new concepts of attitude to modern housing, towards
new concepts of resolving the issue of housing units and
the environment.
1-2
Heterogenost, polifunkcionalnost i polivalentnost
odlike su novog načina stanovanja. Različitost, otvo-
renost, fleksibilnost, industrijalizacija i individualnost
zamjenjuju homogenost, specijalizaciju, manufakturni
rad i kolektivizam.
Arhitekturu obilježavaju stalne promjene, ljudi koji zna-
ju što žele i koji donose odluke. Ljudi žele vlastiti dom,
ne samo da bi zadovoljili svoje primarne potrebe, poput
osnovne zaštite, već žele i “dom” koji će izraziti njihov
identitet, prostor s kojim se mogu poistovjetiti. Kada
se obitelj preseli u stan, preuređuje ga prema svojem
ukusu i praktičnim potrebama.
Mogućnost odabira postaje vrijednosni kriterij. Velika
ponuda kvalitetnih rješenja s visokim stupnjem sudje-
lovanja korisnika uvjet je za ostvarenje pojedinačnih
zahtjeva.
U tom smislu možemo napraviti jednadžbu:
kvaliteta života/stanovanja = višestruka funkcional-
nost = sloboda/demokratsko stanovanje.
U tom je procesu sudjelovanje (poznatih) korisnika u
stvaranju stambenih prostora posredovanjem insti-
tucija civilnog društva koje potiču rješenja putem ne-
profitnih odnosa jedno od osnovnih načela osiguranja
bogatstva rješenja. To bogatstvo možemo okarakte-
rizirati kao kvalitetu života, humanost, demokraciju i
slobodu življenja.
SAR metoda
Predloženo rješenje temelji se na SAR metodi nizozem-
skog arhitekta Johna Habrakena.
U svojoj knjizi De dragersen de mensen iz 1961. godine
(naknadno objavljenoj na engleskom kao Supports: An
Alternative to Mass Housing) Habraken predlaže korje-
nitu alternativu postojećem masovnom stanovanju u
Nizozemskoj. U pokušaju da stanarima masovne sta-
nogradnje ponudi priliku da se osobnije izraze, uveo
je koncept razdvajanja nosive konstrukcije i ispune.
Nosiva konstrukcija predstavlja odgovornost zajednice
u proizvodnji masovno proizvedenih stanova, dok ispu-
na predstavlja individualnu kontrolu. Rezultat je toga
ostvarenje varijacija i osobnog autoriteta u milijunima
domova. Ovu je alternativu u praksi trebala primijeniti
Zaklada za arhitektonsko istraživanje (SAR).
Fleksibilnost, varijabilnost i prilagodljivost
S inženjersko-tehničkog aspekta trebali bismo razviti
dovoljno otvorene, promjenjive sustave koji mogu za-
dovoljiti sve kriterije putem objektivne varijabilnosti
rješenja. Fleksibilnost, varijabilnost i prilagodljivost
stoga su istaknute kao glavne vrijednosne kategorije
inženjersko-tehničkog pristupa problemu suvremenih
stambenih rješenja.
OBNOVA
Heterogeneity, multi-functionality, polyvalence — these
are the features of new housing, with difference, open-
ness, flexibility, industrialisation, and individuality re-
placing homogeneity, specialisation, manufacture work,
and collectivism.
Architecture is marked by constant changes, by people
who know what they want and make decisions. People
want their own home, not only to satisfy their primary
needs, such as basic protection, but a ‘home’ which will
express their identity, a space with which they can iden-
tify. When a family moves into an apartment, they fit it
out according to their taste and practical needs.
The possibility to choose becomes a value criterion. A
large offer of quality solutions with a high degree of user
participation is a condition for the realisation of individual
requirements.
In that sense, we can make an equation:
Quality of life/housing = multiple functionality = liberty/
democratic housing.
In that process, the participation of (known) users in
creating housing spaces by way of the institutions of
civil society that promote solutions through non-profit
relations is one of the basic precepts of ensuring a wealth
of solutions. That wealth can be characterised as quality
of life, as humanity, democracy, and freedom of living. 
SAR method
The proposed solution is based on the SAR method by
Dutch architect John Habraken.
In his 1961 book De dragers en de mensen (later published
in English as Supports: an Alternative to Mass Housing),
Habraken proposed a radical alternative to existing mass
housing in the Netherlands. In an effort to offer the oc-
cupant of a mass-produced dwelling the opportunity to
make a personal statement, he introduced the concept of
a separation of support and infill. The support structure
represents communal responsibility in the production of
mass-produced housing, while the infill stands for individ-
ual control. The result is the realisation of variation and
personal authority in millions of homes. This alternative
was to be put into practice by the Foundation for Archi-
tects’ Research (SAR).
Flexibility, variability, and adaptability
From the engineering-technical aspect, we should de-
velop sufficiently open, transformable systems that can
meet all criteria through objective variability of solutions.
Flexibility, variability, and adaptability are therefore high-
lighted as the main value categories of the engineering/
technical aspect of approaching the problem of contem-
porary housing solutions.
RENEWAL 29
1-2
Fleksibilnost kao oblikovni i inženjersko-tehnički pro-
ces projektira se i izvodi na temelju nosivih konstrukcija
uz upotrebu modularne koordinacije (modul Europa).
Promatramo je u vidu transformabilnosti oblika, flek-
sibilnosti umjesto specijalizacije. Zasniva se na tradi-
cionalnoj, jasnoj podjeli prostora.
Varijabilnost je povezana s nenosivim konstrukcijama,
a ogleda se u upotrebi pregradnih zidova kao kliznih
stijena koje osiguravaju jednostavnu transformaciju
prostora. Sustav pregradnih zidova mora transforma-
cijom udovoljiti akustičkim zahtjevima.
Prilagodljivost se definira putem instalacijskih čvo-
rova i tehnološke opremljenosti (instalacijski blokovi,
ugradbeni ormari, kuhinje). Moderne zgrade moraju
biti promjenjive da bi mogle udovoljiti promjenjivim
zahtjevima svojih korisnika. Ta prilagodljivost mora
biti planirana.
U tom smislu prefabricirana ili modularna gradnja sma-
tra se osnovnom tehnologijom za premošćivanje jaza
između potražnje i ponude stanovanja, smanjuje vrije-
me potrebno za izgradnju kuće te istodobno smanjuje
troškove gradnje.
Kuća koja “raste” zajedno s obitelji — u skladu s
potrebama i financijskim mogućnostima
Opisan je pristup masovnoj gradnji za obnovu stambe-
nih jedinica nakon prirodnih katastrofa poput potresa.
Obnova može početi najmanje s osnovnim modulima za
privremeni smještaj, koji s vremenom, po potrebi, doda-
vanjem modula postaju cjelovito rješenje za stanovanje.
Sustav je namijenjen prefabriciranim obiteljskim kuća-
ma, ali je primjenjiv i na prijelazne oblike poput dvojnih
objekata ili nizova te na višestambenu izgradnju. Pri-
kazan je detaljan koncept koji se temelji na primjeru
obiteljske kuće te opći pristup koji je primjenjiv i na
višestambenim zgradama.
Obiteljska je kuća prilagodljiva, prefabricirana, modu-
larna, ujednačena projekta koji se zbog specifičnosti
modularnog projektiranja i tehnologije predgotovlje-
nog građenja može izvoditi u etapama i prilagoditi se
različitim uvjetima na terenu, uz primjenu elemenata
održive gradnje i ekoloških koncepata te visokog stup-
nja participacije korisnika — budućih stanara.
Predgotovljeni su moduli, a ne kuće, što je velika pred-
nost u prilagodbi potrebama korisnika i prilagođavanju
zahtjevima parcele. U klasičnom modularnom pristupu
moduli su određeni dimenzijama, dok su u ovom kon-
ceptu modularne funkcionalne stambene zone određe-
ne skupnim obilježjima. Prostor je podijeljen na zone, a
unutar svake zone dijeli se na servisne i glavne prostorije:
• zona servisa: ulaz, kupaonica, WC, garderoba, vje-
trobran, gospodarstvo, garaža...
30
Flexibility as a formative and engineering/technical
process is designed and realised on the basis of bearing
structures with the use of modular coordination (Europe
module).  We view it through transformability of shape,
flexibility in lieu of specialisation. It is based on a conven-
tional, clean division of space.
Variability is linked to non-bearing construction. It is
seen in the use of partition walls as sliding partitions
that ensure simple transformation of space. The system
of partition walls must meet acoustic demands through
transformation.
Adaptability is defined through installation nodes and
technological equipment (installation blocks, in-built
wardrobes, kitchens…). Modern buildings must be change-
able in order to be able to meet the changeable demands
of their users. That adaptability must be planned.
In that sense, prefabrication or modular construction is
considered an essential technology to bridge the housing
demand-supply gap, it reduces the time required to build
a house, while lowering the cost of construction.
A house that ‘grows’ with the family — in accordance
with needs and financial possibilities
The paper describes the attitude to mass construction
for dwelling renovation after natural disasters, such as
earthquakes. Renovation can begin with a minimum of
basic modules for temporary accommodation, which
over time, as needed, become a complete housing solu-
tion by adding modules.
The system is intended for prefabricated family houses,
but is also applicable to the transitional form, such as
semi-detached buildings or row houses, and to apart-
ment buildings. Presented here is a detailed concept
based on the example of a family house as well as a
general approach applicable to apartment buildings.
The family house is adaptable, prefabricated, modular, of
a universal design which, due to the specifics of modular
design and prefabricated construction technology, can
be performed in stages and adapt to different field con-
ditions, using elements of sustainable construction and
environmental concepts, and having a high degree of the
participation of users — future tenants.
It is the modules that are prefabricated, not the houses,
which is a great advantage in adapting to the needs of
users, and adapting to the requirements of the lot. In
the classical modular approach, modules are determined
by dimensions, while in this concept modular functional
residential zones are determined by group characteristic.
Space is divided into zones, and within each zone, the
space is divided into service and main rooms:
• service zone: entrance, bathroom, toilet, closet, porch,
utility, garage...
1-2
PREDGOTOVLJENA / ali i IN SITU MODULARNA (SAMO) ODRŽIVA
TOČKASTO TEMELJENJE FLEKSIBILNA + ADAPTABILNA + VARIJABILNA PASIVNO GRIJANJE / ZAŠTITA OD SUNCA
PREDGOTOVLJENA TEMELJNA PLOČA VISOKI STUPANJ PARTICIPACIJE KORISNIKA U KREIRANJU POPREČNA VENTILACIJA
DRVENI SKELETNI MODULARNI PANELI VLASTITOG DOMA SAKUPLJANJE KIŠNICE
…ali i druge tehnologije SOLARNI KOLEKTORI
DOSTATNA OTPORNOST NA FOTOVOLTAŽNI PANELI
HORIZONTALNA SEIZMIČKA OTEREĆENJA

promjene u obitelji
family changes

dopremi sastavi koristi dogradi rastavi recikliraj

deliver compose use UPGRADE DISASSEMBLE REUSE /
RECYCLE
prilagodba doma nZEB _
home changes Neary Zero
Energy
Building

PREFABRICATED / IN SITU home changes MODULAR (SELF) SUSTAINING

POINT FOUNDATION FLEXIBLE + ADAPTABLE + VARIABLE PASSIV HEATING/ SUN PROTECTION
PREFABRICATED BASE PLATE HIGH LEVEL OF USER PARTICIPATION IN CREATING OWN HOME NATURAL VENTILATION
WOODEN FRAME MODULAR PANELS RAINWATER HARVESTING
…other technologies SOLAR COLLECTORS
RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL SEISMIC LOADS PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS

Ilustracija 1 Koncept, shematski prikaz — Alenka Delić

Illustration 1 Concept, shematic view — Alenka Delić

• zona komunikacija • communication zone

• zona glavnih prostorija: kuhinja, blagovaonica, dnev-
ni boravak, spavaće sobe, uredski prostor…
• zona vanjskih prostora: trijem, terasa, garaža, bal-
kon, lođa.
Modularne funkcionalne zone grupiraju se u:
• sociointegrativna zona koju čine kuhinja, blagovao-
nica, dnevni boravak s pripadajućim servisima
• intimna zona — spavaće sobe s pripadajućim ser-
visima.
• main room area: kitchen, dining, living, bedroom, office
space…
• outdoor area: porch, terrace, balcony, loggia
Modular functional zones are grouped into:
• socio-integrative zone consisting of kitchen, dining,
living room with associated services
• intimate zone — bedrooms with associated services
The modules consist of the main rooms with associated
services, and the layout of the modules and the rooms

OBNOVA RENEWAL 31
1-2
Module čine glavne prostorije s pripadajućim servisima,
a raspored modula i prostorija unutar njih određuje
orijentacija zgrade, oblik parcele, nagib terena, pristu-
pne prometnice i niz specifičnih zahtjeva korisnika ili
prirodnih uvjeta.
Aktivna participacija korisnika znači da se estetika,
veličina kuće i tlocrtni raspored kuće prilagođavaju
njihovim željama i potrebama tako da korisnik odabi-
re ponuđene elemente iz unaprijed definiranog skupa
osnovnih modula — servisnih i glavnih prostorija —
te bira koliko kojih modula želi, broj i veličinu otvora,
oblik krova i završnu oblogu pročelja. Konačni oblik
prilagođava se parceli — obliku, nagibu i orijentaciji.
Modularni predgotovljeni stambeni elementi proizvo-
de se u tvornici, po mogućnosti kao paneli s ugrađe-
nom stolarijom i pripremom za ugradnju, a monti-
raju se na unaprijed pripremljenu betonsku ploču. U
slučaju otežanog pristupa predviđena je mogućnost
gradnje in situ svih gradivnih elemenata standardnih
stambenih modula.
S obzirom na modularnu gradnju, i pročelja se prila-
gođavaju potrebama i željama korisnika: puni panel,
prozor s parapetom ili staklena stijena. Završna obloga
fasade može biti žbuka, drvo ili neka druga obloga.
Kod drvene obloge preporučuje se ventilirana fasada.
Zgrada može biti prizemnica ili katnica. Sustav se može
prilagoditi i ravnim terenima i terenima u nagibu.
Krovište može biti izvedeno kao ravno, jednostreš-
no, dvostrešno ili složeno. Izvedba zelenih krovova
preporučljiva je zbog rastućeg trenda ozelenjavanja
stambenih naselja radi smanjenja ekološkog otiska kao
dijela trenda samoodržive ekološke gradnje. Također
poboljšava toplinsku izolaciju.
Faznost gradnje omogućava priuštivo stanovanje u
smislu da se u prvoj fazi cjelovito izgrađena kuća s vre-
menom modularno nadograđuje gotovim stambenim
jedinicama prema potrebama korisnika, udovoljavajući
potrebama različitih struktura kućanstava: samaca, pa-
rova, roditelja s djecom i višegeneracijskih kućanstava.
Primjerice, mladom paru treba minimalno priuštiva kva-
dratura stambenog prostora, tj. modula. S povećanjem
broja djece raste i potreba za dodatnim stambenim pro-
storom, tj. modulima, a s njihovim odrastanjem raste i
potreba za dodatnim stambenim prostorom. Kada djeca
odrastu i odu iz roditeljskog doma, određeni se moduli
mogu rastaviti i, u konačnici, ugraditi u novu kuću mlade
osobe koja započinje svoj samostalni život. Ili pak kuća
nastavlja rasti za potrebe višegeneracijskih kućanstava.
Ova se faznost bitno razlikuje od faznosti gradnje
klasičnim pristupom (cigla, beton), pri čemu se kuća
32
within them is determined by building orientation, the
plot’s shape, the terrain’s slope, access roads, and a num-
ber of specific user requirements or natural conditions.
Active user participation means that the aesthetics, the
size of the house, and the floorplan are adjusted to their
wishes and needs so that the user chooses among of-
fered elements from a predefined set of basic modules
— services and main rooms — and chooses how many
modules they want. The final shape adapts to the plot
— its shape, slope, and orientation.
Modular prefabricated housing elements are produced in
the factory, preferably as panels with built-in doors and
windows, prepared for installation, and are mounted on a
prepared concrete slab. In the case of difficult access, the
possibility of in situ construction of all building elements
of standard housing modules is envisaged.
Due to the modular construction, the façades are adapted
to the users’ needs and wishes: a full panel, a window
with a parapet or a glass wall. The final façade cladding
can be plaster, wood, or some other type of cladding,
and a ventilated façade is recommended.
The building can be single-storey or multi-storey, adapt-
able to both flat and sloping terrains.
The roof can be single-pitched, double-pitched, or stacked.
The construction of green roofs is recommended due to
the growing trend of greening residential areas in order
to reduce the ecological footprint as part of the trend of
self-sustainable ecological construction. It also improves
thermal insulation.
Phased construction enables affordable housing in the
sense that a house fully built in the first phase is then
modularly upgraded over time with ready-made hous-
ing units according to user needs, meeting the needs of
different household structures: singles, couples, parents
with children ,and multigenerational households.
For example, a young couple needs a minimum of af-
fordable area of living space. As the number of children
increases and as the children grow, the need for addition-
al space, i.e. modules, grows. When children grow up and
leave parental home, certain modules can be dismantled,
and, ultimately, installed in a new home of the young
person starting his or her own independent life. Or, the
house continues to grow for the needs of multigenera-
tional households.
This phasing differs significantly from the phasing of con-
ventional construction (brick, concrete) where a house is
built in full size, all the while final finishes (façades, floors)
are left for better times. At the same time, it enables phas-
ing for the construction of industrially produced finished
houses that need to be built in full and paid for at once.
 AC / PAR
1-2
AC / PAR
AC / PAR
STAMBENI
PROSTOR

AC / PAR
m² 58,5

STAMBENI
STAMBENI
PROSTOR
PROSTOR
m² 58,5

R
m² 58,5

pojedinac / par
SINGLE / COUPLE
STAMBENI
PROSTOR
m² 58,5

PM1
STAMBENI
PROSTOR

AC / PAR
m² 58,5

stambeni prostor 58,5 m2

PM1
PM1
STAMBENI

Living area 58,5 m2 PROSTOR

AC / PAR
PM2 m² 58,5

PM1

PM2
PM2

AC / PAR
PM2 PARKING STAMBENI
+ PROSTOR
PM1
TRIJEM m² 64,0
m² 35,0

AC / PAR pojedinac / par

SINGLE / COUPLE PM1
PARKING
PARKING
+
+
TRIJEM
TRIJEM
m² 35,0
m² 35,0
STAMBENI
STAMBENI
PROSTOR
PROSTOR
m² 64,0
m² 64,0

R
PM2

PARKING STAMBENI
+ PROSTOR
TRIJEM m² 64,0
m² 35,0
PM2

parking + trijem 35 m2
PARKING
stambeni prostor 64 m2
STAMBENI

Parking + porch 35m2

PM1
+
TRIJEM
m² 35,0
Living area 64 m2
PROSTOR
m² 64,0

PARKING STAMBENI
+ PROSTOR
TRIJEM m² 64,0
m² 35,0 PM1
PM1

PM2

PM1

PM2
PM2

obitelj
FAMILY
PM2 PARKING STAMBENI
+ PROSTOR
PM1
TRIJEM m² 64,0
m² 35,0

PARKING STAMBENI
PARKING STAMBENI
+ PROSTOR
PM1 + PROSTOR
TRIJEM m² 64,0
TRIJEM m² 64,0
m² 35,0
m² 35,0
PM2

parking+trijem 35 m2
PARKING
stambeni prostor 64 m2
STAMBENI
spavanje 43 m2
PM2
Parking + porch 35m2
+
TRIJEM
m² 35,0
Living area 64 m2
PROSTOR
m² 64,0
Sleeping area 43 m2

PM1 PARKING STAMBENI

+ PROSTOR
TRIJEM m² 64,0
m² 35,0

PM1
PARKING PM1 STAMBENI
+ PROSTOR
TRIJEM m² 64,0
m² 35,0 PM2

obitelj
NA OBITELJ proširena obitelj
FAMILY
PM1

PM2
PM2

NA OBITELJ EXTENDED FAMILY

PM2
PM1
PARKING
+
TRIJEM
STAMBENI
PROSTOR
m² 64,0
SPAVANJE
m² 43,0

m² 35,0

NA OBITELJ PM1
parking+trijem 35 m2
PARKING
PARKING

Parking + porch 35m2

+
+
TRIJEM
TRIJEM
m² 35,0
stambeni prostor 64 m2
STAMBENI
STAMBENI

Living area 64 m2
PROSTOR
PROSTOR
m² 64,0
m² 64,0
spavanje 43 m2
SPAVANJE
SPAVANJE

Sleeping area 43 m2
m² 43,0
m² 43,0

m² 35,0
PM2

NA OBITELJ
PARKING STAMBENI SPAVANJE
+ PROSTOR m² 43,0
TRIJEM m² 64,0
m² 35,0
PM2

NA
ELJ OBITELJproširena obitelj PM1 PARKING STAMBENI SPAVANJE

NERACIJA
NA OBITELJviše
+ PROSTOR m² 43,0

generacija
TRIJEM m² 64,0
m² 35,0

EXTENDED FAMILY PARKING PM1

PM1 STAMBENI SPAVANJE

NERACIJA MULTI-GENERATIONAL
+ PROSTOR m² 43,0
TRIJEM m² 64,0

NA OBITELJ
m² 35,0 PM2

PM1

NERACIJA
PM2
PM2

NA OBITELJ parking+trijem 35 m2
PM2

Parking + porch 35m2

PM1
PARKING
+
TRIJEM
stambeni prostor 64 m2
STAMBENI

Living area 64 m2
PROSTOR
m² 64,0
spavanje 43 m2
SPAVANJE

Sleeping area 43 m2
m² 46,0

NERACIJA
ELJ
m² 35,0

PARKING STAMBENI SPAVANJE

PARKING STAMBENI SPAVANJE
+ PROSTOR m² 46,0
PM1 + PROSTOR m² 46,0
TRIJEM m² 64,0

A
TRIJEM m² 64,0
m² 35,0
m² 35,0
PM2

Ilustracija 2 Cjeloživotni dom — Alenka Delić PARKING

+
STAMBENI
PROSTOR
SPAVANJE
m² 46,0
TRIJEM m² 64,0

Illustration 2 House for life — Alenka Delić

m² 35,0
PM2

PM1

OBNOVA PARKING
+
TRIJEM
RENEWALSTAMBENI
PROSTOR
m² 64,0
SPAVANJE
m² 46,0 33
m² 35,0

PM1
PM1
 PM2

1-2
PARKING STAMBENI SPAVANJE
+ PROSTOR m² 46,0
TRIJEM m² 64,0
PARKING
PARKING
m² 35,0 STAMBENI
STAMBENI SPAVANJE
SPAVANJE
+
+ PROSTOR
PROSTOR m²
m² 46,0
46,0
TRIJEM
TRIJEM m²
m² 64,0
64,0
m²
m² 35,0
35,0
PARKING STAMBENI SPAVANJE
+ PROSTOR m² 46,0
TRIJEM m² 64,0
m² 35,0

proširena obitelj PM1

više generacija PM1

PM1

EXTENDED FAMILY PM1

PROŠIRENA
MULTI-GENERATIONAL PROŠIRENA
PROŠIRENA
VIŠE GENER
PM2

VIŠE GENER
PM2
PM2

VIŠE GENER
PM2

PARKING STAMBENI SPAVANJE

parking+trijem 35 m2
+
TRIJEM
PARKING
PARKING
m² 35,0
stambeni prostor 75 m2
PROSTOR
m² 75,0
STAMBENI
STAMBENI
spavanje 18 m2
m² 18,0

SPAVANJE
SPAVANJE

Parking + porch 35m2

+
+
TRIJEM
TRIJEM
m²
m² 35,0
35,0
Living area 75 m2
PROSTOR
PROSTOR
m²
m² 75,0
75,0 Sleeping area 18 m2
m² 18,0
m² 18,0

PARKING STAMBENI SPAVANJE

+ PROSTOR m² 18,0
TRIJEM m² 75,0
m² 35,0

SPAVANJE
m² 50,0

spavanje 50 m2
SPAVANJE
SPAVANJE
m²
m² 50,0
50,0

Sleeping area 50 m2
SPAVANJE
m² 50,0

proširena obitelj
PM1
više generacija
PROŠIRENA
PM1
PM1
EXTENDED FAMILY
MULTI-GENERATIONAL PM1

PROŠIRENA
PM2
PROŠIRENA
VIŠE GENER
PM2
PM2
VIŠE GENER
PM2
VIŠE GENER
parking+trijem 35 m2
PARKING
stambeni prostor 65,5 m2
STAMBENI
spavanje 18 m2
SPAVANJE

Parking + porch 35m2

+
TRIJEM
PARKING
PARKING
m² 35,0
Living area 65,5 m2
PROSTOR
m² 65,5
STAMBENI
STAMBENI
Sleeping area 18 m2
m² 18,0

SPAVANJE
SPAVANJE
+
+ PROSTOR
PROSTOR m²
m² 18,0
18,0
TRIJEM
TRIJEM m²
m² 65,5
65,5
m²
m² 35,0
35,0
PARKING STAMBENI SPAVANJE
+ PROSTOR m² 18,0
TRIJEM m² 65,5
m² 35,0

SPAVANJE
spavanje 77 m2 m² 77,0

SPAVANJE
SPAVANJE
Sleeping area 77 m2 m² 77,0
m² 77,0

SPAVANJE
m² 77,0

Ilustracija 2 Cjeloživotni dom — Alenka Delić

Illustration 2 House for life — Alenka Delić

34
1-2

Ilustracija 3 Cjeloživotni dom, perspektiva — Alenka Delić

Illustration 3 House for life, perspective view — Alenka Delić

OBNOVA RENEWAL 35
1-2
izgradi u punom gabaritu, a konačno zgotovljenje
(fasade, etaže) ostavi za bolja vremena. Istodobno
omogućuje faznost u gradnji industrijski proizvedenih
gotovih kuća koje je potrebno u cijelosti izgraditi i
odjednom platiti.
Projektiranje u skladu s klimatskim uvjetima
Pravilnom se orijentacijom, zoniranjem i izvedbom
kvalitetne stolarije (po mogućnosti većih staklenih
stijena južne orijentacije) postiže pasivno grijanje sun-
cem, dok se hlađenje izvodi elementima zasjenjivanja
i prirodnim prozračivanjem, što ne isključuje upotrebu
aktivnog hlađenja i grijanja putem sustava na temelju
dizalica topline.
Tlocrtno “plitka” kuća omogućava kvalitetnu insolaciju
i poprečno prozračivanje svih prostorija.
Na južnoj se strani izvodi zasjenjivanje: streha koja zimi
omogućava najveću moguću insolaciju, a ljeti štiti od
sunca. Istočno i zapadno pročelje imaju vertikalnu za-
štitu od sunca.
Debljina zidova određena je debljinom toplinske izo-
lacije, odnosno energetskim razredom (niskoenerget-
ska ili pasivna), pri čemu je danas minimalni standard
izvedbe niskoenergetske kuće definiran i zakonom. Isto
vrijedi i za kvalitetu staklenih stijena.
U trendovima ekološki samoodržive gradnje, odno-
sno smanjenja ekološkog otiska, preporučuju se daljnji
podsustavi:
• prikupljanje i upotreba kišnice
• fotonaponska proizvodnja električne energije (im-
plicira isplativost aktivnoga električnoga podnog
grijanja)
• solarni kolektori u kombinaciji s fotonaponskom
elektranom za grijanje tople vode (implicira isplati-
vost aktivnoga vodenoga podnog grijanja)
• ugradnja kamina kao primarnog ili sekundarnog
aktivnog grijanja: osim što je najugodnije, vrlo je
ekonomski isplativo u niskoenergetskim i pasivnim
kućama, a predstavlja i dio iskonske društvene tra-
dicije (okupljanje oko vatre).
Gradnja prijelaznih oblika stanovanja, dvojnih objekata
i nizova te višestambenih zgrada temelji se na istim
načelima projektiranja i izvedbe, uz uvijek prisutan vi-
soki stupanj sudjelovanja korisnika, pri čemu se konačni
izgled stambenog prostora definira nakon što do tada
nepoznati korisnik postane poznat.
Zaključak
Eksperimenti sa stanovanjem su rijetki, ali istraživa-
nje novih (eksperimentalnih) prostornih sustava u
skladu s potrebama i željama njihovih stanara mora
biti obveza arhitekta u svrhu prilagodbe budućih ne-
poznatih promjena.
36
Designing in accordance with climate conditions
Proper orientation, zoning, and performance of qual-
ity doors and windows (preferably larger glazed walls
of southern orientation) achieves passive solar heating,
while cooling is performed by shading elements and nat-
ural ventilation (which does not preclude the use of the
active cooling and heating system based on heat pumps).
The floor plan of a ‘shallow’ house enables quality inso-
lation and transverse ventilation of all rooms.
Shading is performed on the south side — the eaves
allow for maximum insolation in winter and protection
during summer. The east and west façades have vertical
sun protection.
Thickness of walls is determined by the thickness of ther-
mal insulation, i.e. energy class (low-energy or passive),
wherein today’s minimum construction standards for
low-energy houses are defined by law. The same refers
to glazed wall quality.
In the trends of ecologically self-sustainable construction,
i.e. reduction of ecological footprint, there are further
recommended subsystems:
• collection and use of rainwater
• photovoltaic generation of power (implies cost-effec-
tiveness of active electric underfloor heating)
• solar collectors in combination with a photovoltaic
power plant for hot water heating (implies cost-ef-
fectiveness of active water floor heating)
• installation of a fireplace as primary or secondary ac-
tive heating; in addition to being the most comfort-
able, it is very economically viable in low-energy and
passive houses, while also belonging to the ancient
sociological tradition (gathering around the fire).
The construction of transitional forms of housing, semi-de-
tached and row houses, and apartment buildings, is based
on the same principles of design and construction, with
the ever present high degree of user participation with
the final appearance of living space being defined after
an unknown user becomes a known one.
Conclusion
Experiments in housing are rare, but research of new (ex-
perimental) spatial systems in accordance with the needs
and wishes of their inhabitants must be the architect’s ob-
ligation in order to accommodate unknown future change.
As John Habraken said: ‘We should not forecast what will
happen, but try to make provisions for the unforeseen’
(Habraken, 196I).
Bibliography
1. Gausa M. (1998.), Housing: new alternatives — new
systems, Birkhauser Publishers, Basel, Boston, Berlin,
Actar, Barcelona, 1998.
1-2
Kao što je rekao John Habraken: “Ne bismo trebali pred-
viđati što će se dogoditi, već se pokušati pripremiti na
nepredviđeno” (Habraken, 1961.).
Bibliografija
1. Gausa, M. (1998.), Housing: newalternatives —
newsystems, Birkhauser Publishers, Basel, Boston,
Berlin, Actar, Barcelona, 1998.
2. Migayrou, F., Brayer, M. (2001.), ArchiLab — Radical
Experimentsin Global Architecture, Thames&Hud-
son, London, 2001.
3. Eberle, D. (2002.), Convenience and Context in Ho-
using, An Interview with Dietmar Eberle, Detail 3
4. Delić, A. (2002.), Differences within the same, Indi-
viduality in togetherness (Housing for modern man),
XXX IAHS, World Congress on Housing, Housing Con-
struction — An Interdisciplinary Task, September
9–13, 2002., Coimbra, Portugal, zbornik radova: str.
207–214
5. Kincl, B., Delić, A.: Development of architectural en-
vironment (architectural whole)
6. XXX IAHS, World Congress on Housing, Housing Con-
struction — An Interdisciplinary Task, September
9–13, 2002., Coimbra, Portugal, zbornik radova: str.
215–222
7. Habraken, N. J. (1961.), Supportsan alternative to
mass housing, London 1972., Amsterdam, 1961 (Dut-
ch version)
OBNOVA
2. Migayrou F., Brayer M. (2001.), ArchiLab — Radical
Experiments in Global Architecture, Thames&Hudson,
London, 2001.
3. Eberle D. (2002.), Convience and Context in Housing,
An Interview with Dietmar Eberle, Detail 3
4. Delić A. (2002.), Differences within the same, Individu-
ality in togetherness (Housing for modern man), XXX
IAHS, World Congress on Housing, Housing Constructi-
on — An Interdisciplinary Task, September 9–13, 2002,
Coimbra, Portugal, collection of papers: pp.207–214
5. Kincl B., Delić A.: Development of architectural envi-
ronment (architectural whole)
6. XXX IAHS, World Congress on Housing, Housing Con-
struction — An Interdisciplinary Task, September
9–13, 2002., Coimbra, Portugal, collection of papers:
pp.215–222
7. Habraken, N.J. (1961), Supports an alternative to mass
housing, London 1972, Amsterdam, 1961 (Dutch ver-
sion)
RENEWAL 37
1-3
Kružni gradovi
— mogućnosti urbane
obnove
dr. sc. Ivana Katurić Urbanex, Zagreb
Mario Gregar, mag. geogr. Urbanex, Zagreb
Sven Simov, mag. geogr. Urbanex, Zagreb
Sažetak
Posljednjih je godina stvoren i sustavno razrađen
novi pristup urbanom razvoju u sklopu ideje kružnih
gradova. Označilo je to prijelaz s korištenja kružnosti
kao poslovnog modela prema preoblikovanju urbanih
sustava korištenjem kružnog pristupa. Takav pristup
nadilazi ciljeve, motive i učinke fizičke obnove zahva-
ljujući sveobuhvatnim i integriranim aktivnostima
koje doprinose održivom razvoju prostora s aspekta
društva, gospodarstva i okoliša. Pristup kružnim gra-
dovima preporučuje Europska komisija u kontekstu
regeneracije gradova nakon pandemije COVID-19 suklad-
no Europskom zelenom planu. U Republici Hrvatskoj
potreba za urbanom regeneracijom postala je dijelom
šire javne rasprave i zbog skorašnjeg procesa obnove
nakon razornih potresa 2020. godine koji su pogodili
prostor središnje Hrvatske. Rad istražuje mogućnosti
integriranja strateških odrednica te identificiranje fi-
nancijskih mehanizama provedbe Europskog zelenog
plana. Razvoj pristupa kružnim gradovima moguć je
ostvarenjem održivije razine urbanizacije i korištenja
zemljišta urbanih područja. Poseban je naglasak pri-
tom potrebno staviti na koncept kružnog gospodarenja
prostorom i zgradama kao važnog elementa u posti-
zanju europskog cilja do 2050. godine definiranog kao
zero net landtake. Rad upućuje na mogućnosti razvoja
kružnih gradova u procesu urbane regeneracije i ob-
nove nakon potresa.
Ključne riječi
kružni gradovi, urbana obnova, urbana regeneracija,
Europski zeleni plan
Koncept kružnih gradova
U konceptu kružnosti dogodila se promjena paradi-
gme — nekoć uglavnom povezana s poslovnim mo-
delima, kružnost je primijenjena u složenim urbanim
sustavima kako bi se potaknuli i vodili transformativni
procesi. Williams (2021.) ističe da će kružni pristup
razvoju omogućiti resursno učinkovitu, bez otpada,
ekološki regenerativnu i kontinuiranu obnovu grada.
Kontinuirana obnova pomaknula se s klasičnih ideja
urbane regeneracije, a načini na koje su različiti gradovi
istraživali razvojne smjerove pružaju uvid u primjenjive
pouke za slične procese u Hrvatskoj. Kružnost gradova
može se naglasiti putem modela integrirane urba-
38
Circular cities
— opportunities for urban
renewal
Ivana Katurić, PhD Urbanex, Zagreb
Mario Gregar, Master of Geography Urbanex, Zagreb
Sven Simov, Master of Geography Urbanex, Zagreb
Abstract
Over the last years, a new approach to urban develop-
ment under the idea of circular cities has been outlined
and systematically examined. It marked the transition
from using the circular concept as the business model
towards the reinvention of the urban systems using the
circular approach. It is an approach which transcends the
objectives, motives and effects of physical reconstruction
by integrating comprehensive and integrated activities
that contribute to the sustainable development of space
from the aspect of society, economy and environment.
The circular cities approach has been recommended by
the European Commission for the post-COVID-19 regen-
eration of the cities in the light of the European Green
Deal. In the Republic of Croatia, the need for urban re-
generation became the part of the wider public debate
due to the envisaged reconstruction process after the
earthquakes that damaged central Croatia during 2020.
The article explores the possibilities of integrating the
strategic directions and identifying financial mechanisms
for implementation of European Green Deal It is pos-
sible to ensure the development of circular cities ap-
proach, achieving more sustainable level of urbanisation
and land-use in urban areas. Special emphasis should be
on the concept of circular management of spaces and
buildings as an important element in achieving EU ob-
jective by 2050, defined as ‘zero net land take’. The paper
points to the possibilities of developing circular cities in
the process of urban regeneration and post-earthquake
reconstruction.
Keywords
circular cities, urban renewal, urban regeneration, European
Green Deal
The Concept of Circular Cities
The paradigm shift happened in relation to the concept
of circularity — previously mainly related to the busi-
ness models it has been adopted to the complex urban
systems to indicate and guide the transformative pro-
cesses. As Williams (2021) points out, taking a circular
approach to development will enable the resource-effi-
cient, waste-free, ecologically regenerative and continual
renewal of the city. The continual renewal has shifted
from the classical urban regeneration ideas and the ways
in which different cities explored these pathways provide
1-3
ne revitalizacije (Katurić i dr., 2021.). Ideja o fizičkoj
promjeni kao jedinome nužnom koraku za pokretanje
procesa regeneracije napuštena je u prethodnim de-
setljećima. Literatura o urbanoj obnovi nadilazi fizič-
ku promjenu upozoravajući time na potrebu sveobu-
hvatnog pristupa urbanoj revitalizaciji. Pristup urbanoj
regeneraciji upotpunjen integriranim ekonomskim,
društvenim i okolišnim politikama osigurava sveobu-
hvatnu urbanu obnovu omogućujući time ostvarenje
ciljeva održivog razvoja urbanih područja (Moulaert,
2009.). Ginelli i dr. 2020. opisuju urbanu regeneraci-
ju kao kombinirani skup urbanističkih/građevinskih
projekata i društvenih inicijativa koji uključuju rege-
neraciju izgrađenog prostora i reorganizaciju urbanih
objekata istodobno tražeći urbanu okolišnu, socijal-
nu i ekonomsku kvalitetu. Kružnost gradova time se
znatno upotpunjuje elementima urbane regeneracije
koji doprinose okolišnim ciljevima poticanjem razvoja
zelene infrastrukture te kružnoga gospodarenja pro-
storom i zgradama, no valjda obratiti pozornost i na
sve druge aspekte kružnosti.
Urbana obnova koja nadilazi fizičku regeneraciju opi-
sana je u brojnim radovima poput Can neighbourhoods
save the city (Moulaert et al., 2010.) Ideja je raditi s po-
stojećim društvenim akterima i razvijati mreže dionika
uzimajući u obzir nefizičke aspekte procesa urbane
regeneracije, u pojedinim slučajevima omogućujući
razvoj socijalnih inovacija (Moulaert, 2009.). Rezultat
je takvog pristupa participativni model u kojem se ra-
zvoj usklađuje sa socioekonomskim potrebama razvoja
lokalne zajednice. Time se smanjuju nedostaci sustava
putem teritorijalne decentralizacije, veće transparen-
tnosti javne administracije, demokratizacije odlučiva-
nja i smanjenja birokratizacije (Vicari Haddock, 2010.;
Vicari Haddock i Moulaert, 2009.). Također je važno
razjasniti razliku između termina ponovne upotrebe i
regeneracije, koja se ističe u smislu opsega intervencije.
Prvo predstavlja razinu pojedinačnih zgrada ili urbanog
bloka, a drugo veću i složeniju urbanu razinu — no
oba termina usmjerena su na povećanje kapaciteta
za prilagodbu i razvoj otpornosti suvremenih gradova
(Cattaneo i dr., 2020.).
Problematika provedbe urbane obnove u Republici
Hrvatskoj očituje se u nemogućnosti provođenja slo-
ženih gradskih projekata, što je specifična tema već
desetljećima. Djelomično proizlazi iz prirode sustava
planiranja utemeljenog na namjeni (land-use), a koji
još mora prevladati sva tradicionalna ograničenja pla-
niranja korištenja zemljišta. Naime, ono može reći što
ne želi, ali ne može reći što želi (Albrechts, 2002.). Uz
poticaj kohezijskih fondova, razvijen je paralelni sustav
regionalnog planiranja. Takvom razdiobom, umjesto da
se omogući daljnji razvoj, blokiraju se implementacijski
potencijali, što umanjuje mogućnosti za integrirani pri-
stup urbanoj obnovi. Uz navedeno, brojni projekti zaka-
zuju u fazi implementacije jer im nedostaju provedbeni
OBNOVA
an important insight and the possible lessons for the
important processes in Croatia. The circularity of cities
can be emphasised through the models of integrated
urban revitalisation (Katurić et al, 2021). The idea of the
physical change as the only necessary step to initiate
the regeneration processes has been disintegrated in the
previous decades. The literature on urban renewal moves
beyond a physical change, thus indicating the need for
a comprehensive approach to urban revitalisation. The
approach to the urban regeneration complemented by
integrated economic, social and environmental policies
ensures comprehensive urban renewal, thus enabling
the achievement of the objectives of sustainable de-
velopment of urban areas (Moulaert, 2009). Ginelli et
al (2020) describe urban regeneration as a combined
set of urban/building projects and social initiatives that
include the redevelopment of the built environment and
the reorganisation of urban assets, while searching for
urban, environmental, social and economic quality. The
circularity of cities is thus significantly complemented
by elements of urban regeneration that contribute to
environmental objectives by encouraging the develop-
ment of green infrastructure and encouraging the circular
management of spaces and buildings, but also all other
aspects of circularity should be addressed.
Urban renewal moving beyond the physical regenera-
tion has been outlined in numerous works such as ‘Can
neighbourhoods save the city’ (Moulaert et al, 2010). The
idea is to work with the existing social actors and to
build upon the networks of stakeholders, taking into ac-
count soft aspects of the urban regeneration process, in
some cases enabling the development of social innova-
tion (Moulaert, 2009). The result of such an approach is
a participatory model in which development is aligned
with the socio-economic needs of local community de-
velopment. This reduces system shortcomings through
territorial decentralisation, greater transparency of public
administration, democratisation of decision-making and
reduction of bureaucratisation (Vicari Haddock, 2010,
Vicari Haddock and Moulaert, 2009). It is also important
to develop a distinction between reuse and regenera-
tion which are different approaches in terms of scale of
intervention. The first is the punctual scale of the single
building or urban block, and the second at the larger and
more complex urban scale—but both aimed at raising the
capacity for adaptation and resistance of contemporary
cities (Cattaneo et al, 2020).
The problem of implementing urban renewal in the Re-
public of Croatia is evident in the impossibility to im-
plement complex city projects, which is a specific topic
already for decades. It partly evolves from the nature of
land-use planning system, which still has to overcome
all the traditional limitations of the land-use planning.
Namely, it can say what it does not want, but it cannot
say wat it wants (Albrechts, 2002). With the impulse of
the cohesion funds, the parallel system of regional plan-
RENEWAL 39
1-3
instrumenti i modeli kombiniranog financiranja iz više
izvora. Nedostatak suradnje prostornog i strateškog
segmenta planiranja umanjuje implementacijsku snagu
projekata urbane obnove, što upozorava na potrebu
integriranog pristupa koji nadilazi problematiku prav-
nih okvira.
Iako je u razvojni diskurs i dokumente već desetljeći-
ma integriran koncept urbane regeneracije, do većeg
izražaja došao je u posljednje vrijeme, tijekom rasprava
o obnovi nakon potresa. Razlog je tome potreba za
sveobuhvatnim pristupom obnovi, koji bi se nadogra-
dio na elemente obnove utvrđene Zakonom o obnovi
zgrada oštećenih potresom na području Grada Zagre-
ba, Krapinsko-zagorske županije, Zagrebačke županije,
Sisačko-moslavačke županije i Karlovačke županije (NN
102/20, 10/21). Urbana regeneracija dio je rasprave iz
prvog nacrta Zakona, međutim, koncept kružnih gra-
dova nije istinski ušao u daljnju raspravu.
Kružni gradovi u kontekstu regeneracije
i održivog korištenja zemljišta
Kao što je prethodno istaknuto, kao jedan od aspekata
kružnih gradova, kontinuirana obnova izražena je u
različitim istraživanjima.
Tijekom 2020. godine, u sklopu ESPON programa, prove-
den je projekt SUPER, kojem je cilj optimizacija održivog
načina korištenja zemljišta i održive urbanizacije. A
Guide to Sustainable Urbanisation and Land-use ⁽²⁰²⁰⁾.
razvijen je kao set uputa namijenjenih planerima u kon-
tekstu usmjeravanja prostornog razvoja radi ostvarenja
ciljeva održivoga prostornog razvoja.
Među brojnim preporukama istraživača SUPER-a od
posebnog je interesa ideja regeneracije koja ima po-
tencijal unaprijediti neiskorištene i problematične
urbane prostore kao što su brownfield lokacije. Cilj je
regeneracije poboljšati ekonomske, okolišne i soci-
jalne kvalitete prostora i lokalne zajednice promičući
dugoročan održivi razvoj. Uspješne intervencije koje
podupiru regeneraciju uglavnom su one koje imaju
integrirane koncepte ponovnog korištenja i dugoročno
održivog razvoja. Uspjeh intervencija u kontekstu re-
generacije potiču određene uspješne karakteristike kao
što su: (i) usvajanje dugoročne vizije (npr. unaprijediti
ekonomsku, okolišnu ili društvenu kvalitetu prostora
i lokalne zajednice); (ii) primjena koncepata ponovnog
korištenja i integriranoga održivog razvoja; (iii) isto-
dobno rješavanje ekoloških, ekonomskih i društvenih
izazova. Nasuprot tome, slaba uključenosti dionika te
nedostatak financijskih mehanizama vode prema ne-
uspjehu (ESPON SUPER, 2020).
Paralelno s provedbom partnerstva jednog od ključnih
strateških dokumenata, Urbana agenda Europske unije
izradila je važan dokument Handbook on Sustainable &
Circular Re-use of Spaces & Buildings ⁽²⁰¹⁹⁾. kako bi adre-
40
ning has been developed. This divisions instead of ena-
bling further development, blocked the implementation
potentials. It diminishes the possibilities of an integrated
approach to urban renewal. In addition, many projects
fail in the implementation phase because they lack im-
plementation instruments and combined multi-source
funding models. The lack of cooperation between the
physical and strategic segments of planning reduces
the implementation strength of urban renewal projects,
which indicates the need for an integrated approach that
goes beyond the issues of legal framework.
Although the concept of urban regeneration has been
integrated in the policy discourse and documents for
decades, it has become more prominent during the
post-earthquakes reconstruction debate. The reason for
this is the need for a more comprehensive approach to
reconstruction that will upgrade the elements of recon-
struction determined by the Act on the Reconstruction
of Earthquake-damaged Buildings in the Territory of the
City of Zagreb (OG 102/20, 10/21). The urban regenera-
tion is part of the debate from the first draft of the Act,
however the circular cities concept did not enter truly
into the discussion.
Circular cities in terms of regeneration
and sustainable land-use
As outlined previously as one of the aspects of circular cit-
ies — the continual renewal was explored through differ-
ent researches, projects and implementation guidelines.
The SUPER project was implemented within the ESPON
program in 2020, aiming to optimise sustainable land-
use and sustainable urbanisation. ‘A Guide to Sustainable
Urbanisation and Land-use’ ⁽²⁰²⁰⁾ was developed as a set
of instructions for planners regarding the direction of
spatial development in order to achieve objectives of
sustainable spatial development.
Of the many recommendations made by SUPER research-
ers, of particular interest is the idea of regeneration, which
has the potential to improve unused and problematic ur-
ban spaces such as brownfields. The aim of regeneration
is to improve the economic, environmental and social
quality of the area and the local community, promoting
long-term sustainable development. Successful interven-
tions that support regeneration are mainly those that in-
tegrate the concepts of ‘reuse’ and ‘long-term sustainable
development’. Certain successful characteristics seem to
promote regeneration types of interventions, such as: (i)
the adoption of a long-term vision (e.g. enhance the eco-
nomic, environmental and social quality of the area and of
the local community); (ii) the assumption of the concept
of reuse and of integrated sustainable development; (iii)
addressing environmental, economic and social issues at
the same time. On the contrary, a scarcity of stakeholder
involvement, as well a lack of financial mechanisms seems
to lead to unsuccessful outcomes (ESPON SUPER, 2020).
1-3
sirala potencijale ponovne uporabe zgrada i prostora
koji su napušteni ili nedovoljno korišteni. Priručnik je
ponudio moguća rješenja za upravljačke modele na pro-
jektima ponovne uporabe zgrada i prostora, tj. kružnog
gospodarenja zgradama i prostorom, a primjer su mo-
deli privremenog korištenja prostora u Ghentu (model
upravljanja s pomoću javne agencije koja daje prostor
udrugama na korištenje) i Leipzigu (davanje mogućnosti
korištenja prostora obrtnicima). Priručnikom se nagla-
šava kako kružno gospodarenje prostorom predstavlja
izvanrednu priliku za stvaranje okruženja u kojem gra-
dovi mogu razviti i primijeniti rješenja za prilagodljivu
ponovnu uporabu i urbanu regeneraciju prostora i zgra-
da promovirajući pritom održivo korištenje zemljišta.
Prije razmatranja gradnje bilo kakvih novih građevina
ponajprije je potrebno prepoznati ono što je već iz-
građeno pokušavajući pritom utvrditi kako postojećim
prostorima vratiti prostornu efikasnost. U priručniku je
naglašena i važnost participativnog sudjelovanja građa-
na i dionika jer je to jedini način za održivo usklađivanje
svih potreba u prostoru (Urban Agenda, 2019.).
Radi poticanja razvoja kružnog gospodarenja, Mini-
starstvo prostornoga uređenja, graditeljstva i državne
imovine u procesu je izrade Programa razvoja kružno-
ga gospodarenja prostorom i zgradama za razdoblje
od 2021. do 2030. godine, čiji je cilj razviti održive, in-
kluzivne, sigurne i otporne gradove potičući ponovnu
uporabu zgrada i prostora uz istodobno zadržavanje
postojećih elemenata. Jedan od najvažnijih proved-
benih elemenata jest razvoj metodologije potreba i
mogućnosti obnove, koja će u konačnici osigurati bolje
preduvjete za provedbu i financiranje projekata kruž-
noga gospodarenja prostorom i zgradama.
Primjena Europskoga zelenog plana
Europska je unija do 2050. godine postavila čvrst cilj
— postizanje nulte stope emisije stakleničkih plinova
i nulte stope zauzimanja prirodnog zemljišta (engl.
zero net landtake) uz stvaranje modernoga, resursno
učinkovita i konkurentnoga gospodarstva. Kako bi
se uokvirile težnje za postizanje vizije, definiran je
Europski zeleni plan (2019.) kao strategija koja teži
pretvaranju klimatskih i ekoloških izazova u prilike u
svim područjima razvojnih politika, odnosno koja teži
postizanju zelene tranzicije EU-a. U kontekstu razvoja
kružnih gradova, Europski zeleni plan posebno nagla-
šava ciljeve razvoja kružnoga gospodarenja, zelene
infrastrukture te povećanja energetske učinkovitosti
zgrada. Unutar akcijskog plana za kružno gospodar-
stvo posebice je istaknuta tema izgradnje, upotrebe
i obnove zgrada jer taj proces zahtijeva znatne ko-
ličine energije i resursa. Današnja je godišnja stopa
obnove zgrada od 0,4 do 1,2 % u državama članicama.
Ta će se stopa trebati barem udvostručiti kako bi se
ostvarili ciljevi EU-a u području energetske učinko-
vitosti i klime, što otvara vrata brojnim projektima
urbane regeneracije. Kako bi se pristupilo problemu
OBNOVA
In parallels implementing partnership of one of the key
strategic document, the Urban Agenda of the European
Union drafted an important ‘Handbook on Sustainable &
Circular Re-use of Spaces & Buildings’ ⁽²⁰¹⁹⁾ in order to ad-
dress the potential for re-use of buildings and spaces that
are abandoned or underused. The Handbook offered pos-
sible solutions for management models on building and
space re-use projects, ie. circular management of buildings
and spaces, such as examples of temporary use models in
Ghent (public agency management model that provides
space for associations to use) and Leipzig (possibility of
using space by craftsmen). The Handbook emphasises
how circular management represents an extraordinary
opportunity to create an environment in which cities can
develop and implement solutions for adaptive re-use and
urban regeneration of spaces and buildings, thus promot-
ing sustainable use of land. Before considering building
any new constructions, it should first be identified what
is already built, trying to figure out how can existing built
areas return to be efficient. The Handbook also emphasised
the importance of participation of citizens and stakehold-
ers because it is the only way to sustainably harmonize all
needs in space (Urban Agenda, 2019).
With the aim of encouraging the development of circular
management, the Ministry of Physical Planning, Con-
struction and state assets is in the process of drafting the
Program for the development of circular management
of space and buildings for the period 2021–2030, which
aims to develop sustainable, inclusive, safe and resilient
cities by encouraging the reuse of buildings and spaces,
while containing pre-defined elements. One of the most
important implementation elements is the development
of a methodology of needs and possibilities for regener-
ation, which will ultimately provide better preconditions
for the implementation and financing for projects of cir-
cular management of spaces and buildings.
Implementation of European Green Deal
The European Union has set a firm objective of achieving
a zero-greenhouse gas (GHG) emission rate and zero net
land take by 2050, while creating a modern, resource-effi-
cient and competitive economy. To frame the aspirations
to achieve the vision, the European Green Deal (2019) has
been defined as a strategy that seeks to turn climate and
environmental challenges into opportunities in all areas of
development policy, e.g. which strives to achieve a green
transition in the EU. In the context of the development of
circular cities, the European Green Deal emphasises the
objectives of circular management, green infrastructure
and increasing the energy efficiency of buildings.
Within the action plan for the circular economy, the top-
ic of construction, re-use and renovation of buildings
is particularly highlighted because this process requires
significant amounts of energy and resources. Today the
annual renovation rate of the building stock varies from
0.4 to 1.2% in the Member States. This rate will need at
RENEWAL 41
1-3
energetske učinkovitosti, Europski zeleni plan poziva
zemlje članice EU-a da se uključe u val obnove javnih
i privatnih zgrada, čime bi se povećala stopa urbane
obnove, smanjilo energetsko siromaštvo i osigurale
uštede u sektoru zgradarstva.
Europski zeleni plan i vezana zelena tranzicija provodit
će se zahvaljujući novom višegodišnjem financijskom
okviru 2021.–2027. (VFO) i Mehanizmu za oporavak i ot-
pornost (MOO), a svaka će država članica EU-a pripremiti
vlastite modele pristupa zelenoj tranziciji. Od poseb-
noga je nacionalnog interesa za Republiku Hrvatsku
financiranje obnove nakon potresa iz Fonda solidarno-
sti Europske unije (FSEU; kao pomoć EU-a područjima
pogođenima prirodnim katastrofama), MOO-a i VFO-a.
Republika Hrvatska na temelju provedenog RDNA1 pro-
cesa procijenila je štetu i prijavila zahtjev za pomoć iz
FSEU-a na osnovi kojeg joj je osigurano 683,7 milijuna
eura (Odluka o načinu raspodjele bespovratnih finan-
cijskih sredstava iz Fonda solidarnosti EUNN 125/20) za
prvi potres u Zagrebu, dok je za obnovu nakon potresa
u Petrinji proces još u tijeku.
Međutim, problem je financiranja obnove nakon po-
tresa u tome što FSEU financira samo visinu troškova
obnove koja obuhvaća aktivnosti vraćanja objekata
u stanje prije potresa, no potiče države članice da
osiguraju sredstva iz drugih izvora kako bi se osigu-
rao build back better koncept. Zbog toga su na osno-
vi Nacionalnog plana oporavka i otpornosti, koji se
izrađuje u sklopu MOO-a, predviđena sredstva koja će
biti namijenjena obnovi zgrada oštećenih u potresu s
energetskom obnovom (integriran build back better
model). Obnova nakon oba potresa financirat će se
iz Fonda za solidarnost i MOO-a tako da se vraćanje
zgrada u prvotno stanje, prije oštećenja, financira iz
Fonda za solidarnost, a razlika iznosa do cjelovite ob-
nove, uključujući povećanje energetske učinkovitosti
objekata, iz MOO-a. Vraćanje u ispravno radno stanje
prepoznaje se kao postotni udio u projektu cjelovi-
te obnove. Ostatak projekta, uključujući poboljšanje
energetske učinkovitosti, financira se iz MOO-a. Osim
navedenog izvora, obnova nakon potresa i vezane
aktivnosti financirat će se i iz dodatnih izvora VFO-a,
kao što su: Operativni program konkurentnost i kohe-
zija 2021.–2027., Operativni program učinkoviti ljudski
potencijali 2021.–2027. te Integrirani teritorijalni pro-
gram 2021.–2027.
Međutim, potrebni su ambiciozniji pomaci u obrisu
sustava planiranja i tri glavna aspekta tranzicije pre-
ma kružnim gradovima. Oni idu iznad standardne re-
konstrukcije zgrada prema integriranom planiranju u
smislu programa, dizajna i izvedbenih alata. Pomak bi
se trebao izvesti i u formatu razmišljanja. Kao što je
istaknuto u najnovijim istraživanjima na temu kružnih
1 RDNA — eng. Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment — Brza
procjena štete i potreba.
42
least to double to reach the EU’s energy efficiency and
climate objectives, which opens the door to numerous
urban regeneration projects.
To address the problem of energy efficiency, the European
Green Deal calls on EU Member States to join the ‘reno-
vation wave’ of public and private buildings in order to
increase the rate of urban renewal and to reduce energy
poverty and ensure savings in the building sector.
The European Green Deal and related green transition
will be implemented through the new Multiannual Fi-
nancial Framework 2021–2027 (MFF) and through the
Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF), through which each
EU Member State will prepare its own models of access
to green transition. Of special national interest for the
Republic of Croatia is the funding of post-earthquake re-
construction process, which will be financed through the
European Union Solidarity Fund (EUSF; as an assistance
to EU areas affected by natural disasters), MFF and RRF.
Based on the conducted RDNA1 process, the Republic of
Croatia assessed the damage and reported the request
for assistance from EUSF, on the basis of which 683.7
million € was secured (Decision on the grants distribution
outline from the EU Solidarity Fund, OG 125/20) for the
first Zagreb earthquake, while for the Petrinja earthquake
the process is still ongoing.
However, the problem of financing post-earthquake re-
construction lies in the fact that the EUSF only finances
reconstruction costs that include returning of object in
state before the earthquake event, but encourages Mem-
ber States to provide funding from other sources to en-
sure a build back better concept. For this reason, through
the National Recovery and Resilience Plan, which is being
drafted within the RRF, funds are provided for reconstruc-
tion of buildings damaged in the earthquake with energy
renovation (integrated build back better model). Recon-
struction after both earthquakes will be financed by the
EUSF and the RRF in such a way that the reconstruction
cost of buildings to their original state before the dam-
ages will be financed by the EUSF, while the difference be-
tween reconstruction and complete renovation with en-
ergy efficiency will be financed through RRF. Restoration
cost is recognised as a percentage within the complete
renovation project. The rest of the project, including the
improvement of the energy efficiency is financed through
RRF. In addition to these sources, post-earthquake recon-
struction and related activities will be financed through
additional MFF sources, such as: Operational Program
Competitiveness and Cohesion 2021–2027, Operational
Program Effective Human Resources 2021–2027 and the
Integrated Territorial Program 2021–2027.
However, the more ambitious shifts in the outline of the
planning system and three main aspects of circular city
1 RDNA — Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment
1-3
gradova — ekološka regeneracija omogućuje stvaranje
kružnosti protoka resursa, podupire prirodne cikluse
i omogućuje gradu da se obnavlja (Williams, 2021.).
Pomak prema kružnim gradovima
Održivost rezultata ključ je uspješnih intervencija ur-
bane obnove koje doprinose razvoju kružnih gradova,
no njih nije moguće ostvariti bez proaktivnih lokalnih
partnerstava i participativnog pristupa, pri čemu javni
sektor ima presudnu ulogu zbog implementacijske
snage. Međutim, djelovanje javnog sektora treba biti
strukturirano u proaktivnim partnerstvima s privat-
nim i civilnim sektorom, a trebali bi biti uvedeni i testi-
rani novi instrumenti. Primjenom specifičnih pristupa
urbanoj regeneraciji, a ponajviše putem kružnog gos-
podarenja prostorom i zgradama, zelene infrastruk-
ture i energetske učinkovitosti, ostvaruju se temelji
za razvoj kružnih gradova. Dostupnošću financijskih
mehanizama koji se nadovezuju na Europski zeleni
plan, ta je ideja ostvariva. Uspješnost projekata urba-
ne obnove uvelike ovisi o modelu korištenja financij-
skih instrumenata i planskog pristupa kombiniranju
različitih izvora financiranja.
Tijekom urbane obnove i regeneracije u funkciji kružnih
gradova ponajviše se ističe potreba za razvoj partici-
pativne, strukturirane i organizirane dugoročne vizije i
strategije. Ona je nužna kako bi se osiguralo postizanje
potrebnih ekonomskih, okolišnih, društvenih i vremen-
skih ciljeva. Regeneracija može biti vrlo uspješna ako
se koncepti ponovne uporabe i integriranoga održivog
razvoja uključe u intervencije. To podrazumijeva ne
samo integraciju kružnoga gospodarenja prostorom i
zgradama, zelene infrastrukture, energetsku učinko-
vitost te različite socioekonomske mjere već i resur-
sno učinkovit okvir u svim aspektima planiranja. Još
je jedno važno pitanje krhka i privremena ravnoteža
ekoloških, ekonomskih i društvenih izazova za eko-
loški regenerativnu i kontinuiranu obnovu gradova.
Kombinacijom tih triju stupova održivosti, donositelji
odluka i politika mogu postići ujednačen razvoj. Takav
bi razvoj potaknuo sve aspekte razvoja izbjegavajući
stvaranje monofunkcionalnih blokova, koji u konačnici
imaju manju otpornost na vanjske promjene.
Kao zaključak u kontekstu pristupa kružnim gradovi-
ma najvažniji su pozitivni faktori uspjeha razvoj jasne
dugoročne strategije pristupa regeneraciji, integra-
cija koncepata kružnoga gospodarenja prostorom i
zgradama u procese urbane regeneracije i obnove
(uključujući obnovu nakon potresa) te sveobuhvatan
pristup koji će osigurati održivost rezultata. Izraziti
pomak prema resursno učinkovitim i ekološki otpor-
nim urbanim sustavima ne smije se dogoditi samo u
odabranim dijelovima grada, već mora biti dio integri-
rane strukturne promjene.
OBNOVA
transition are needed. They go above the standard build-
ing reconstruction towards the integrated planning in the
terms of programme, design and implementation tools.
The shift should be made in the format of thinking. As
outlined in the most recent researches on circular cities
— ecological regeneration enables the creation of the
circular resources flow, support natural cycles and enable
the city to renew itself. (Williams, 2021).
The shift towards the circular cities
Sustainability of results are the key to successful urban
renewal interventions which contribute to the devel-
opment of circular cities, but they cannot be achieved
without proactive local partnerships and a participatory
approach, with public sector leading a key role due to its
implementing strength. However, public sector actions
should be structured in the proactive partnerships with
private and civil sectors, and new instruments should be
introduced and tested. By applying specific approaches
to urban regeneration, and mostly through circular man-
agement of space and buildings, green infrastructure and
energy efficiency, the foundations for the development of
circular cities are being achieved. With the availability of
financial mechanisms that build on the European Green
Deal, this idea is achievable. The success of urban renewal
projects largely depends on the model of using financial
instruments and the planned approach in combining dif-
ferent sources of funding.
During the urban renewal and regeneration in the func-
tion of circular cities, the need to develop a participative,
structured and long-term vision and strategy is most
emphasised. This is important to assure the achievement
of needed economic, environmental, social and temporal
objectives. Regeneration seems to be very successful
when the concepts of reuse and of integrated sustaina-
ble development are included in interventions. This im-
plies that not only integration of circular management
of buildings and spaces, green infrastructure, energy
efficiency and different socioeconomic measures, but
also resource efficient framework in all planning aspects.
Another major issue is fragile and temporary balance of
environmental, economic and social issues for ecologi-
cally regenerative and continual renewal of the cities. By
combining all three pillars of sustainability, policymakers
and decision-makers can achieve balanced development.
Such development would encourage all aspects of devel-
opment, avoiding the creation of monofunctional blocks,
which ultimately have less resilience to external changes.
As a conclusion in the context of the approach to circular
cities, the most important positive success factors are the
development of a clear long-term regeneration approach
strategy, integration of circular management of spaces
and buildings concept in process of urban regeneration
and renewal (including post-earthquake reconstruction)
and a comprehensive approach that will ensure sustain-
ability of results. The marked shift towards the resource
RENEWAL 43
1-3
Bibliografija
1. Albrechts, L., 2002.: Strategic (Spatial) Planning
Reexamined., In: In: J. Van den Broeck, F. Moulaert, S.
Oosterlynck, (Eds.), Empowering the planning fields
(pp. 227–248). Leuven: Acco.
2. Cattaneo, S., Lenzi, C., Zanelli, A., 2020.: Reuse and
Regeneration of Urban Spaces From a Resilient Per-
spective, u: Regeneration of the Built Environment
from a Circular Economy Perspective (ur. Della Torre,
S., Cattaneo, S., Lenzi, C., Zanelli, A.), Fondazione
Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italija
3. Europski zeleni plan, COM (2019.) 640, Europska
komisija, 2019.
4. Ginelli, E., Pozzi, G., Lazzati, G., Pirillo, D., Vignati,
G., 2020.: Regenerative Urban Space: A Box for Public
Space Use, u: Regeneration of the Built Environment
from a Circular Economy Perspective (ur. Della Torre,
S., Cattaneo, S., Lenzi, C., Zanelli, A.), Fondazione
Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italija
5. Handbook on Sustainable & Circular Re-use of Spaces
& Buildings, Urban Agenda Partnership on Circular
Economy, Urban Agenda Partnership on Sustainable
Use of Land and Nature-based Solutions, 2019.
6. Katurić, I., Gregar, M., Simov, S., 2021.: Approach to
the Integrated Urban Revitalisation of the Zagreb
Urban Agglomeration after the 2020 Earthquake, 1st
Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering —
CroCEE, Zagreb, Croatia
7. Moulaert, F., 2009.: Social Innovation: Institutionally
Embedded, Territorialy (Re)Produced, u: MacCallum,
D., Moulaert, F., Hillier, J., Vicari Haddock, S., Social In-
novation and Territorial Development, 2009., Ashgate
8. Moulaert, F., Swyngedouw, E., Martinelli, F., Gon-
zalez, S., 2010.: Can Neighbourhoods Save the City?:
Community Development and Social Innovation (Re-
gions and Cities), Routledge, London
9. Odluka o načinu raspodjele bespovratnih financij-
skih sredstava iz Fonda solidarnosti EU-a odobrenih
za financiranje sanacije šteta od potresa na područ-
ju Grada Zagreba, Krapinsko-zagorske županije i
Zagrebačke županije, imenovanju i određivanju za-
duženja nacionalnog koordinacijskog tijela, tijela
odgovornih za provedbu financijskog doprinosa i
neovisnog revizorskog tijela, NN 125/20
10. Program razvoja kružnog gospodarenja prostorom
i zgradama za razdoblje 2021.–2030., Ministarstvo
prostornoga uređenja, graditeljstva i državne imo-
vine, Arhitektonski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagreb,
2020. (nacrt)
11. SUPER — A Guide to Sustainable Urbanisation and
Land-use, ESPON SUPER Project, 2020.
12. Vicari Haddock, S., 2010.: Challenges to Social Cohe-
sion in Cities and Social Innovation Responses: The
Contribution of social innovation to social cohesion,
8th European Week of Regions and Cities in Brussels.
13. Vicari Haddock, S., Moulaert, F., 2009.: Rigenerare
la citta — Pratiche di innovazione sociale nelle citta
europee, Societa editrice il Mulino, Bologna, Italija
44
efficient and ecologically resilient urban systems should
cannot happen in the selected parts of the city, but be
part of the integrated structural change.
References
1. Albrechts, L., 2002: Strategic (Spatial) Planning
Reexamined., In: In: J. Van den Broeck, F. Moulaert, S.
Oosterlynck, (Eds.), Empowering the planning fields
(pp. 227–248). Leuven: Acco.
2. Cattaneo, S., Lenzi, C., Zanelli, A., 2020: Reuse and
Regeneration of Urban Spaces from a Resilient Per-
spective, in: Regeneration of the Built Environment
from a Circular Economy Perspective (ed. Della Torre,
S., Cattaneo, S., Lenzi, C., Zanelli, A.), Fondazione Po-
litecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
3. European Green Deal, COM (2019) 640, European
Commission, 2019
4. Ginelli, E., Pozzi, G., Lazzati, G., Pirillo, D., Vignati, G.,
2020: Regenerative Urban Space: A Box for Public
Space Use, in: Regeneration of the Built Environment
from a Circular Economy Perspective (ed. Della Torre,
S., Cattaneo, S., Lenzi, C., Zanelli, A.), Fondazione Po-
litecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
5. Handbook on Sustainable & Circular Re-use of Spaces
& Buildings, Urban Agenda Partnership on Circular
Economy, Urban Agenda Partnership on Sustainable
Use of Land and Nature-based Solutions, 2019
6. Katurić, I., Gregar, M., Simov, S., 2021: Approach to the
Integrated Urban Revitalisation of the Zagreb Urban
Agglomeration after the 2020 Earthquake, 1st Croatian
Conference on Earthquake Engineering — CroCEE,
Zagreb, Croatia
7. Moulaert, F., 2009: Social Innovation: Institutionally
Embedded, Territorially (Re)Produced, in: MacCallum,
D., Moulaert, F., Hillier, J., Vicari Haddock, S., Social In-
novation and Territorial Development, 2009., Ashgate
8. Moulaert, F., Swyngedouw, E., Martinelli, F., Gonzalez,
S., 2010: Can Neighbourhoods Save the City?: Com-
munity Development and Social Innovation (Regions
and Cities), Routledge, London
9. Decision on the manner of grants distribution from the
EU Solidarity Fund approved for financing earthquake
damage in the City of Zagreb, Krapina-Zagorje County
and Zagreb County, appointment and determination of
responsibilities of the national coordinating body, body
responsible for implementing financial contributions
and independent audit body, OG 125/20
10. Program for the development of circular management
of space and buildings for the period 2021–2030, Mi-
nistry of Physical Planning, Construction and State
Assets, Faculty of Architecture of the University of
Zagreb, 2020 (draft)
11. SUPER — A Guide to Sustainable Urbanisation and
Land-use, ESPON SUPER Project, 2020
12. Vicari Haddock, S., 2010.: Challenges to Social Cohe-
sion in Cities and Social Innovation Responses: The
Contribution of social innovation to social cohesion,
8th European Week of Regions and Cities in Brussels.
1-3
14. Williams, J., 2021.: Circular Cities — A Revolution in
Urban Sustainability, Routledge, London, UK.
15. Zakon o obnovi zgrada oštećenih potresom na po-
dručju Grada Zagreba, Krapinsko-zagorske županije,
Zagrebačke županije, Sisačko-moslavačke županije
i Karlovačke županije, NN 102/20, 10/21
OBNOVA
13. Vicari Haddock, S., Moulaert, F., 2009: Rigenerare la
citta — Pratiche di innovazione sociale nelle citta eu-
ropee, Societa editrice il Mulino, Bologna, Italy.
14. Williams, J., 2021: Circular Cities — A Revolution in
Urban Sustainability, Routledge, London, UK.
15. Act on the Reconstruction of Earthquake-damaged
Buildings in the Territory of the City of Zagreb, Kra-
pina-Zagorje County, Zagreb County, Sisak-Moslavina
County and Karlovac County, OG 102/20, 10/21
RENEWAL 45
 2
PONOVNO KORIŠTENJE
ARHITEKTURE
RE-USE ARCHITECTURE
uvod introduction 47
Ponovno korištenje
arhitekture
dr.sc. Irena Matković
RE USE ARCHITECTURE / Većina europskih gradova danas
producira svoje razvojne strategije i programe u koji-
ma iskazuje slične aspiracije za postizanje održivijih,
zelenijih, pametnijih, zdravijih, otpornijih i povezanijih
gradova, koji uključuju, a ne isključuju, i koji uspješno
integriraju sektorske politike. Europska unija dijelom
osigurava financijsku potporu za ta nastojanja.
Ono što se razlikuje jesu pristupi i metode koje va-
riraju u rasponu od malih društveno-arhitektonskih
inicijativa koje proizlaze uglavnom iz civilnog društva
do velikih i financijski zahtjevnih gradskih projekata. I
dok oba pristupa imaju svoje prednosti i mane, svijest
o nužnosti uključivanja zainteresirane javnosti i o vla-
sništvu građana nad projektima sve više raste.
Generacija smo na čije su profesionalno djelovanje
utjecale ključne krize: gospodarska, koja je stigla prva
zaustavljajući projekte i investicije, potom migrantska,
koja je testirala humanost i mogućnosti integracije,
zatim kriza povezana s terorističkim aktivnostima u
europskim gradovima, koja je u prvi plan stavila pitanje
sigurnosti, ali i s njim povezano pitanje jačega društve-
nog nadzora, te posljednja, zdravstvena kriza, koja je
u pitanje dovela gotovo sve što smo smatrali svojim
načinom života i korištenja urbanog prostora. Sve te
izravne krize dodatno su popraćene puzajućom krizom
klimatskih promjena, čije posljedice polako počinje-
mo primjećivati, prije svega u obliku urbanih poplava
i toplinskih valova. Profesionalno djelovanje u ovim
okolnostima obilježeno je “stani i kreni” pristupom,
diskontinuitetom u financiranju, nedovršenim projek-
tima i projektima koji nikad nisu zaživjeli.
Planiranje razvoja grada kakvo smo poznavali u 20. sto-
ljeću u okolnostima konstantne promjene postaje sve
teže i sve više na značenju dobivaju adaptabilni pristu-
pi, urbanizam malih koraka i malih promjena. Bez obzi-
ra na to zovemo li novi pristup taktičkim urbanizmom,
sporim urbanizmom, adaptabilnim ili biourbanizmom,
fokus je na skupu pojedinačnih i ostvarivih aktivnosti
manjeg rizika, koje se mogu realizirati u kraćem vre-
menu, uz dobro poznavanje potreba krajnjih korisnika
te, u konačnici, jačanje zajednice i društvenog kapitala.
Osoba s praktičnim iskustvom urbanog planiranja u
posljednjih deset godina sklona je izraziti skepsu pre-
ma obećanjima teško ostvarivih megaprojekata koja
obično dolaze iz političke sfere.
PONOVNO KORIŠTENJE ARHITEKTURE
Re-use
architecture
Irena Matković, PhD
Most European cities today produce their own devel-
opment strategies and programs in which they express
similar aspirations to achieve more sustainable, greener,
smarter, healthier, more resilient and connected cities,
which include, and not exclude, and which successfully
integrate sectoral policies. The European Union is partly
providing financial support for these efforts.
The differences lie in the approaches and methods, which
range from small socio-architectural initiatives stemming
mainly from civil society, to large and financially demand-
ing urban projects. And while both approaches have their
advantages and disadvantages, there is a growing aware-
ness of the need to involve the interested public and of
citizens’ ownership over projects.
We are a generation whose professional activities have
been affected by key crises: the economic crisis, which
came first, which halted projects and investments, then
the migrant crisis, which tested humanity and possible
integrations, then the crisis related to terrorist activities
in European cities, which brought to a forefront the issue
of security, but also therewith related issue of stronger
social oversight, and the last one, the health crisis, that
brought into question almost everything we considered
to be our way of life and the use of urban space. All these
direct crises have been accompanied additionally by a
crawling crisis of climate change, the consequences of
which we are slowly beginning to notice, primarily in the
form of urban floods and heat waves. Under these cir-
cumstances, professional activities are marked by a ‘stop
and go’ approach, discontinuity in funding, unfinished
projects, and projects that never came to life.
In the circumstances of constant change, city develop-
ment planning as we knew it in the 20th century is be-
coming increasingly difficult, while adaptable approach-
es, the urbanism of small steps, and small changes are
gaining in importance. Whether we call the new approach
tactical urbanism, slow urbanism, adaptive or bio-urban-
ism, the focus is on the sum of individual and achievable
lower-risk activities achievable in a shorter time, along
with a good knowledge of end-user needs and, ultimate-
ly, strengthening of the community and social capital. A
person with practical experience in the urban planning of
the last ten years will often express scepticism towards
the promises of hard-to-achieve mega-projects that usu-
ally arise from the political domain.
RE-USE ARCHITECTURE 49
Buduća promišljanja prostora i arhitekture sve
će više podržavati adaptabilni pristup i pristup
ponovnog korištenja prostora, zgrada i mate-
rijala, uz jačanje prakse i osmišljavanje novih i
inovativnih modela uključivanja zajednice kako
u male tako i u velike gradske projekte.
50
Future deliberations on space and architecture will in-
creasingly support an adaptive approach and an ap-
proach of reuse of space, buildings, and materials, while
strengthening practices and creating new and innovative
models of community involvement in both small and
large urban projects.
2-1
Re-use Lisabon
Od napuštenih
industrijskih područja do
novih četvrti
Jorge Bonito Santos, arhitekt i urbanist
Voditelj odjela, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Lisabon
SAŽETAK
Tijekom posljednjih trideset godina, riječne obale Li-
sabona doživjele su niz dubinskih promjena koje su
značajno obilježile njegovu urbanu strukturu, kako u
definiranju njegovih urbanih namjena tako i u dinamici
aktivnosti. Ta preobrazba započela je s Expom ’98., a
rezultat je deindustrijalizacije i provedbe novih proje-
kata koji su definirali novu paradigmu u strukturira-
nju teritorija grada, od njegovih urbanih praznina, tzv.
“terrain vague”, do njegova odnosa s rijekom.
Ključne riječi
Lisabon, Expo ’98., brownfield područja, urbana obnova,
riječne obale
1. ‘Terrain vague’ (1) (2)
Ignasi Solà-Morales (1942.–2001.) je 1994. godine razvio
koncept terrain vague”, koji je povezao s posebnom vr-
stom iščekujućih urbanih prostora kojima je odsutnost
namjene davala evokativnu snagu, neobičnost, koja
se može očitati kao kritična alternativa produktivnoj
racionalnosti uobičajene urbanizacije.
Možemo ga prevesti kao ‘urbane praznine’, ali “treba
razjasniti (...) da se izraz ‘praznina’ ne upotrebljava za
opisivanje nečega što ne sadrži ništa. (…) On uvijek
podrazumijeva nešto (određenu podršku) što sadrži.
Ili, drugim riječima, praznina nije toliko povezana s
tim nečim (određenom podrškom), već s onim što je
u njemu sadržano.” (3)
“Upravo se taj sadržaj na kraju ignorira, jer je prazan,
lišen sadržaja ili osiromašen, u usporedbi s onim što je
srž grada. Urbane praznine označavaju zaostale prosto-
re ‘tradicionalnog’ ili ‘povijesnog’ grada, unutar njego-
vog definiranog perimetra, ili rubne prostore ‘prošire-
nog’grada, koji predstavljaju okruženje metropolisa.” (3)
Neproduktivno i neformalno ozračje ovih mjesta ne
dovodi u pitanje samo pragmatičnu prirodu gradnje,
već također nadahnjuje umjetnike, arhitekte i urbani-
ste da istraže alternativne načine urbanog stanovanja.
Brownfield prostori, nekadašnja industrijska područja
shvaćena kao terrain vague’ ili urbane praznine, danas
PONOVNO KORIŠTENJE ARHITEKTURE
Re-use Lisabon
From brownfields
to your new
neighbourhoods.
Jorge Bonito Santos, Architect and Urban Planner
Head of Division, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Lisbon
ABSTRACT
Over the past thirty years, the riverside area of Lisbon has
undergone a series of profound changes that significantly
marked its urban structure, both in the definition of its
urban uses and in the dynamics of the activities within
it. This transformation started with Expo ’98, a result
of deindustrialisation and the implementation of new
projects that came to define a novel paradigm for the
structuring of the city’s territory, from its urban voids, its
‘terrain vague’, and its relationship with the river.
Keywords
Lisbon, Expo ’98, brownfields, urban renewal, riverside
1. ‘Terrain vague’ (1) (2)
Ignasi Solà-Morales (1942–2001) developed the concept
of ‘terrain vague’ in 1994, associating it with a particular
kind of expectant urban space, where the absence of
functional use gave it an evocative power, a strangeness,
which could be read as a critical alternative to the pro-
ductive rationality of common urbanisation.
We can translate it as ‘urban voids’, but “it should be
made clear (…) that the term void is not used to describe
something that contains nothing. (…) It always implies
something (some support) that it contains. Or rather, the
void is not so much associated with this something (some
support), but with what is contained in it.” (3)
“It is this content that ends up being ignored, because it is
vacant, deprived, or destitute, compared to the stuff and
matter of the city. Urban voids denote residual spaces of
the ‘traditional’ or ‘historical’ city, with its defined perim-
eter, or marginal spaces of the ‘diffuse’ city, consisting of
metropolitan surroundings.” (3)
The non-productive and non-formal ambiance of these
places not only questions the pragmatic nature of con-
struction, but it also inspires artists, architects, and urban
planners to explore alternative ways of urban dwelling.
Brownfields, former industrial sites understood as ‘terrain
vague’ or urban voids, are nowadays precious areas, due
to their obvious scarcity and the implicit opportunity
they present.
RE-USE ARCHITECTURE 51
2-1
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5.1
Ilustracija 1 Lisabon 1991./2021. | 30 godina — 10 primjera.
Jorge Bonito Santos
Illustration 1 Lisbon 1991/2021 | 30 years — 10 examples.
Jorge Bonito Santos
su dragocjena područja zbog njihove očite rijetkosti i
implicitne mogućnosti koju predstavljaju.
Konteksti stvaranja, prisvajanja i transformacije pod-
ručja terrain vague, kao i društveni i stručni odgovori
na obećanja o slobodi, često predstavljaju posljednju
priliku za etičko i estetsko prostorno planiranje grado-
va, krajobraza i teritorija.
Oni su jedan od posljednjih resursa koji su danas dostu-
pni za izgradnju grada i postizanje građanstva.
2. Re-Use Lisabon | 1991./2021. (5)
Tijekom posljednjih trideset godina, riječne obale Li-
sabona doživjele su niz dubinskih promjena koje su
značajno obilježile njegovu urbanu strukturu, kako u
definiranju njegove urbane namjene tako i u dinamici
njegovih aktivnosti. Ta je preobrazba počela s Expom
’98., a rezultat je deindustrijalizacije i provedbe novih
projekata koji su definirali novu paradigmu za struk-
turiranje teritorija grada.
Da bismo predočili ovu preobrazbu, odabrali smo de-
set primjera iz posljednjih trideset godina, ne samo u
gradu Lisabonu već i na južnoj obali rijeke Tajo.
52
2.1
2.5.3
2.5.2
The contexts of creation, appropriation, and transforma-
tion of ‘terrain vague’, as well as social and disciplinary
responses to the promises of freedom, often represent
the last opportunity for ethical and aesthetic spatial plan-
ning of cities, landscapes. and territories.
They are one of the last resources available today for
the construction of the city and to achieve citizenship.
2. Re-Use Lisbon | 1991/2021 (5)
During the past thirty years, the riverside area of Lisbon
underwent a series of profound changes that significantly
marked its urban structure, both in the definition of its
urban uses and in the dynamics of the activities within
it. This transformation started with Expo ’98, a result
of deindustrialisation and the implementation of new
projects that came to define a novel paradigm for the
structuring of the city’s territory.
To illustrate this transformation, we have chosen ten
examples from the last 30 years, not only in the City of
Lisbon, but also on the South Bank of the Tagus River.
2.1. Expo ’98 / Parque das Nações (6) (7)
A global exposition, like the Olympic Games, is an oppor-
tunity to which many cities aspire in order to bring about
profound urban transformation. (4)
2-1
Ilustracija 2 Lokacija izložbe Expo ’98., 1991. Parque EXPO
Illustration 2 Expo’98 site, 1991. Parque EXPO
2.1. Expo ’98 / Parque das Nações (6) (7)
Baš poput Olimpijskih igara, Svjetska izložba je prilika
kojoj mnogi gradovi teže da bi postigli temeljitu urbanu
preobrazbu. (4)
Upravo je to bio slučaj s Lisabonom 1998. godine.
U istočnom dijelu Lisabona nalazilo se veliko zapušte-
no i zagađeno područje s napuštenim industrijskim
postrojenjima, skladištima nafte, starim vojnim skladi-
štima, klaonicom izvan funkcije, pa čak i kontejnerom
za smeće na otvorenom. Sve je to ustupilo mjesto no-
vom konceptu prostornog uređenja koji je omogućio
Lisabonu da povrati važan pojas svog teritorija duline
oko 5 km, smješten uz rijeku Tajo.
Godine 1992. je Portugal proglašen organizatorom Svjet-
ske izložbe 1998. Godine, što je bila jedinstvena prilika za
obnovu i prenamjenu područja istočnog Lisabona koje se
tada upotrebljavalo za razne vrste neprikladnih namjena.
Urbanistički plan uređenja Expo ’98. obuhvaćao je uku-
pno više od 300 hektara. Sama Svjetska izložba odvijala
se u njegovom središnjem dijelu, oko doka Olivais, na
oko 70 hektara.
Na području gdje je donedavno bila zapuštena indu-
strijska platforma stvoreno je urbano područje koje
je omogućilo usvajanje suvremenih urbanih koncepa-
ta, utemeljenih na nužnoj ljudskoj dimenziji života u
PONOVNO KORIŠTENJE ARHITEKTURE
That was the case of Lisbon in 1998.
The eastern part of Lisbon housed a vast degraded and
polluted area, with abandoned industrial installations, oil
depots, old military warehouses, an obsolete slaughter-
house, and even a trash can in the open, which have given
way to a new concept of space occupation that allowed
Lisbon to reclaim an important strip of its territory, about
5 km in length, situated beside the Tagus River.
In 1992, Portugal was given the organisation of the 1998
Universal Exposition — a unique opportunity to regener-
ate and requalify an area of eastern Lisbon that was then
being put to all kinds of inappropriate uses.
The Expo ’98 Urban Development Plan covered a total of
more than 300 hectares. Its very central part, around the
Olivais Dock, with about 70 hectares, was the location of
the Universal Exposition.
In an area where, until recently, there was an obsolete
industrial platform, an urban area was created that al-
lowed the adoption of modern urban concepts, based
on the necessary human dimension of life in the city, in
a new qualified relationship between its inhabitants and
the surrounding environment.
The objective of the design process was to create an
urban space that could subsequently be appropriated by
the city, rather than just serving the one-off Exposition.
RE-USE ARCHITECTURE 53
2-1
Ilustracija 3 / Illustration 3 Parque das Nações, 2021. António
Azevedo, Junta de Freguesia do Parque das Nações
gradu, u novouspostavljenom međuodnosu njegovih
stanovnika i okoliša.
Cilj procesa projektiranja bio je stvoriti urbani prostor
koji bi grad poslije mogao prisvojiti, umjesto da služi
samo za jednokratnu izložbu.
To je bio urbanistički izazov izložbe Expo ’98., čiji je
prostor od početka zamišljen kao dio grada koji je isto-
dobno odgovarao kratkotrajnom kontekstu velikog
svjetskog festivala i koji bi se mogao odmah pretvoriti
u stvarni život.
Izložbe su jedinstveni trenuci za afirmaciju urbanog di-
zajna, arhitekture i urbane umjetnosti. Expo ’98. ostavio
je portugalskoj prijestolnici u nasljeđe čitav niz arhitek-
tonskih obilježja — znamenitosti — što je grad poput
Lisabona već bio zaslužio, ali, iznad svega, ostavio je
novu gradsku četvrt koja je pokrenula početak urbane
obnove koja je Lisabonu u to doba bila prijeko potrebna.
2.2. Prata Riverside Village (8) (9)
Projekt uređenja lokacije Braço de Prata, nekadašnjeg
industrijskog posjeda na obalama rijeke Tajo, nadah-
nut je industrijskom prošlošću mjesta, osobito gustim
tlocrtnim rasterom koji su pratile izvorne tvorničke
zgrade, okomito na obližnju rijeku Tajo.
Novi tlocrt zadržava gustoću rastera, ali prekida ujed-
načenost uvođenjem niza poprečnih cesta. Kralježnica
54
This was the urbanistic challenge of Expo ’98, having
conceived this area from the beginning as a part of the
city, which simultaneously fitted the ephemeral context
of a major world festival and which could be immediately
converted into real life.
Expositions are unique moments for the affirmation of
urban design, architecture, and urban art. Expo ’98 be-
queathed the Portuguese capital with a whole group of
architectonic marks — landmarks — which a city such
as Lisbon already deserved, including, above all, a new
neighbourhood in the city that drove the beginning of the
urban renewal that Lisbon so badly needed at the time.
2.2. Prata Riverside Village (8) (9)
The project to redevelop the Braço de Prata site, a former
industrial estate on the banks of the Tagus River, draws
inspiration from the site’s industrial past, in particular
the dense grid layout of the original factory buildings,
perpendicular to the adjacent Tagus River.
The new scheme keeps the density of the grid, but dis-
rupts uniformity by introducing a series of transversal
roads. The spine of the scheme will be a new pedestrian
street running parallel to the river, for shops, pedestrians,
and bicycles.
2.3. Matinha Detail Plan (10)
The planned intervention zone is located to the South
of the Parque das Nações, between the railway and the
2-1
tlocrta postaje nova pješačka ulica koja se prostire
usporedno s rijekom, za trgovine, pješake i bicikle.
2.3. Detaljni plan Matinha (10)
Planirana zona zahvata smještena je južno od Parque
das Nações, između željezničke pruge i rijeke Tajo.
Tijekom prošlog stoljeća je Matinha bila mjesto vrlo
heterogene urbane namjene, zajedno s mještovitom
teškom industrijom, od koje su još ostala četiri velika
plinomjera, skladišta i stanovanje.
Jedan od ključnih ciljeva plana je bio osigurati kontinui-
tet između grada i ušća rijeke Tajo. Glavne cestovne osi
su sjever — jug (nova avenija koja će povezati Parque
das Nações s mjestom uz rijeku Prata) i istok — zapad
(koja će prelaziti željezničku prugu i povezivati se s
ulicom Avenida Marechal António de Spínola). Zajedno
će povezati Matinhu s ostatkom grada.
Glavne elemente nadogradnje okoliša i prenamjene
javnih površina čine park i šetalište uz rijeku. Park je
istinsko srce prijedloga i bit će povezan s ušćem, a
također će pružiti okvir i nove namjene za tri posto-
jeća plinomjera.
Šetalište uz rijeku produžit će prema jugu javne površine
koje se nalaze u Parque das Nações. Moguće je i da će
neke od postojećih lučkih zgrada biti prenamijenjene
za rekreaciju, što bi oživjelo to područje.
2.4. Urbanistički plan za Gare do Oriente (11) (12)
S parkom Parque das Nações započeo je nepovratni
proces prenamjene zapuštenih područja u istočnom
dijelu Lisabona. U tom je kontekstu razrada ovog
urbanističkog plana izravna posljedica ovog procesa
preobrazbe nastalog urbanog tkiva, s ciljem defini-
ranja kompatibilnijih i primjerenijih namjena s novim
centrom područja metropolisa i novim teritorijalnim
središtem.
Strateške opcije koje utječu na područje obuhvata te-
melje se na projektu strukturiranja teritorija koji razvija
model prostorne organizacije koji je koherentan i dobro
artikuliran u odnosu na okolne teritorije. Projekt eko-
nomske revitalizacije ovog područja mora omogućiti
definiciju urbane strukture koja se lako može prilagodi-
ti stalnim promjenama u društvenom, gospodarskom
i tehnološkom kontekstu.
2.5. Lisbon South Bay | Lisbon’s
South Riverside Arch (13) (14)
Usredotočen na prenamjenu triju područja uz rijeku
— Almada (Margueira), Seixal (Siderugia), Barreiro (Qu-
imiparque) — cilj lisabonskog projekta South Riverside
Arch je povećati konkurentnost gradskog područja Li-
sabona kroz jačanje gospodarskih aktivnosti, stvaranje
novih urbanih područja, poboljšanje pristupačnosti i
prirodnog krajobraza.
PONOVNO KORIŠTENJE ARHITEKTURE
Tagus River. Throughout the last century, Matinha was
home to a very heterogeneous urban occupation, with a
mixture of heavy industry — of which four large gasom-
eters still remain, warehouses, and residential housing.
One of the key objectives of the plan is to ensure that
there is continuity between the city and the Tagus Es-
tuary. The main road axes are the North/South route
(a new avenue that will connect Parque das Nações to
Prata Riverside Village), and the East/West route (which
will cross the railway and connect with Avenida Marechal
António de Spínola). Together they will link Matinha to
the rest of the city.
The main elements of the environmental upgrade, which
give character to the public areas, are the park and the
waterfront walk. The park is the real heart of the proposal
and will have a relationship with the estuary, additionally
providing a framework and new functions to three of the
existing gasometers.
The waterfront walk will create a southern extension to
the existing public areas in Parque das Nações. It is also
possible for some of the existing harbour buildings to be
converted for leisure use, thus bringing new life to the area.
2.4. Gare do Oriente Urban Plan (11) (12)
With Parque das Nações began an irreversible process of
reconverting degraded areas in the eastern part of Lisbon.
In this context, the elaboration of this urban plan is a
direct consequence of this process of transformation of
the resulting urban fabric, with the objective of defining
more compatible and adequate uses with the new centre
of metropolitan and territorial centrality.
Strategic options with a territorial impact on the plan area
are based on a project for structuring the territory, that
develops a model of spatial organization that is coherent
and well-articulated with the surrounding territories. The
project for the economic revitalisation of this area must
allow the definition of an urban structure that is easily
adaptable to the ever-changing social, economic, and
technological contexts.
2.5. Lisbon South Bay | Lisbon’s
South Riverside Arch (13) (14)
Focused on the requalification of three riverside are-
as, Almada (Margueira), Seixal (Siderugia), and Barreiro
(Quimiparque), Lisbon’s South Riverside Arch project
aims to make the Lisbon Metropolitan area more com-
petitive through strengthening economic activity, cre-
ating new urban areas, and improving accessibility and
natural landscape.
By empowering this area with an urban requalification
plan and improving the actual infrastructures to develop
business, this territory will stand as a synonym of eco-
nomic activity and development.
RE-USE ARCHITECTURE 55
2-1
Osnažujući ovo područje urbanističkim planom prena-
mjene i unaprjeđujući postojeću infrastrukturu u svrhu
razvoja poslovanja, ovaj će teritorij postati sinonim
gospodarske aktivnosti i razvoja.
2.5.1. Almada | Margueira Water City (15)
Generalni urbanistički plan obuhvaća opsežno područ-
je bivših brodogradilišta i dio okruženja Almade, duž 2
km riječne obale. Ta je lokacija izvanredna topografska
značajka ušća rijeke Tajo, važno u zemljopisnom, po-
vijesnom, gospodarskom i okolišnom pogledu. Povi-
jesno središte Lisabona smješteno je sjeverno od ove
lokacije, s druge strane ušća, dok je južno od nje veliki
prirodni rezervat.
Imajući Lisabon i rijeku Tajo kao kulisu, to je jedinstve-
no mjesto u prostoru Lisabona, čije su prednosti izvrsni
uvjeti okoliša, te razvoj uzbudljivog novog urbanog
središta pod nazivom Water City, koje uključuje stam-
bene objekte, urede, poslovne sadržaje i sadržaje za
razonodu, a bit će i privlačna turistička atrakcija.
2.5.2. Seixal | Poslovni park Siderugia
Obnova Siuderugije u Seixalu, koja je sastavni dio pro-
jekta Lisbon South Bay, usmjerena je na preobrazbu
velikih industrijskih područja koja uključuju metaluršku
industriju.
Obuhvaćajući ukupno 537 hektara, poslovni park Se-
ixal jedno je od najvećih industrijskih područja u grad-
skom području Lisabona, a opslužuje ga izvrsna mreža
javnog prijevoza koja uključuje cestovnu i željezničku
povezanost.
2.5.3. Barreiro | Poslovni park Quimiparque (16)
Barreiro ima golem potencijal za industrijske i poslov-
ne aktivnosti. Prednost mu je središnja geografska
lokacija, prvoklasna infrastruktura, prometne veze s
glavnim portugalskim željezničkim, cestovnim i lučkim
mrežama, a ima i dugu industrijsku tradiciju te je me-
đunarodna referentna točka industrijske arheologije.
Poslovni park Barreiro prostire se na površini od 300
hektara, a smješten je uz rijeku Tajo; područje plana,
oko 500 hektara, uključuje lokaciju bivšeg kemijsko-in-
dustrijskog kompleksa Companhia União Fabril i okolna
područja, potrebna za asimilaciju nove urbane zone u
postojeći grad, konkretno željeznički manevarski kom-
pleks i kompleks radionica koji trenutačno dijeli Barreiro
na dva dijela.
Prijedlog sadrži ispunjen sustav javnih prostora koji
čine okosnicu novog grada, ali i postojećeg grada, gdje
su rijetki urbani koridori i prostori u mjerilu koje bi
odgovaralo njegovoj gustoći.
Namjera preobrazbe postojećih elemenata je odvažna a
kolektivno su je prihvatili stanovnici Barreira, koji zahti-
56
2.5.1. Almada | Margueira Water City (15)
The masterplan encompasses extensive former dockyards
and a part of Almada’s conurbation, along 2 km of river-
side. The location is an outstanding topographic feature
of the Tagus Estuary, important for its geography, history,
economy, and environment. The historic centre of Lisbon
lies to the north of the site across the estuary, while to
the South lies an extensive nature reserve.
Having Lisbon and the River Tagus as its backdrop, this
is a unique location in the Lisbon area, benefiting from
excellent environmental conditions. With an exciting new
urban centre, Water City, being developed, incorporating
housing, offices, business facilities, and leisure amenities,
it will also be an appealing tourist attraction.
2.5.2. Seixal | Siderugia Business Park
The regeneration of Siuderugia in Seixal, which is an in-
tegral part of the Lisbon South Bay project, is focused
on the transformation of large-scale industrial areas that
integrated the metallurgic industry.
Covering a total of 537 hectares, Seixal Business Park is
one of the largest industrial areas in Lisbon Metropolitan
area and is served by an excellent public transport net-
work, which includes road and rail links.
2.5.3. Barreiro | Quimiparque Business Park (16)
Barreiro has huge potential for undertaking industrial and
business activities. Benefiting from a central geographical
location, first-class infrastructure, transport links con-
nected to Portugal’s main rail, road and port networks, it
also has a long industrial tradition and is an international
reference point in terms of industrial archaeology.
Barreiro Business Park covers an area of 300 hectares and
is located besides the Tagus River; the plan area of around
500 hectares includes the site of the former chemical/
industrial complex of Companhia União Fabril and the sur-
rounding areas, needed to assimilate the new urban zone
into the existing city, namely the railway manoeuvring and
workshop complex that currently divide Barreiro in two.
The proposal contains a solid system of public spaces
that form the backbone of the new city as well as the
existing city, where urban corridors and spaces on a scale
appropriate to its density are a scarcity.
The intention to transform existing elements is bold, but
collectively accepted by Barreiro residents, who demand
great realism in implementing this historical turnaround.
The proposed new city is organised around three central
spaces: the new station, the existing Atlantic port, and
the site of the current river ferry terminal.
Recommended for this area is the preservation and de-
velopment of the already existing industrial/logistics
component, thus taking advantage of the municipality’s
2-1
jevaju veliki realizam u provedbi ovog povijesnog preo-
kreta. Predloženi novi grad organiziran je oko triju sre-
dišnjih prostora: novog kolodvora, postojeće atlantske
luke i lokacije trenutačnog riječnog trajektnog terminala.
Za ovo područje preporučuje se očuvanje i razvoj po-
stojeće industrijske/logističke komponente, uz iskori-
štavanje općinske industrijske tradicije i nove promet-
ne infrastrukture planirane za to područje.
2.6. Village Underground Lisboa (17)
Village Underground Lisboa je međunarodna platforma
za kreativnost, umjetnost i kulturu. Ovdje je studio za
snimanje zvuka, a ugošćuje glazbena, kazališna, film-
ska i plesna događanja s naglaskom na uličnu kulturu.
Ima originalnu arhitektonsku strukturu s ugrađena
dva autobusa i četrnaest transportnih kontejnera, koji
su pretvoreni u multidisciplinarne kreativne prostore
u kojima boravi umjetnička zajednica. Kontejneri se
prilagođavaju potrebama i snovima stanovnika. To su
radna područja, radionice, laboratoriji ili trgovine, a
svaki od njih se oblikuje sukladno njihovim ciljevima.
2.7. LX Factory | Alcântara XXI (18) (19)
Nekadašnja riječna luka Alcântara postala je dinamič-
no i kozmopolitsko središte s vlastitim jedinstvenim
kulturnim ambijentom. Nekadašnji industrijski pogoni,
poput tvornice šećera SIDUL, godinama su postupno
napuštani, ustupajući mjesto opsežnoj urbanoj obno-
vi i privlačeći novoosnovana poduzeća i prostore za
zajednički rad (co-working).
Nakon godina skrivanja od očiju javnosti, ovaj je dje-
lić grada sada otkriven i vraćen zajednici u obliku LX
Factory. Ovo kreativno čvorište pokreću tvrtke i in-
dustrijski stručnajci, ali ga je oživio i niz različitih do-
gađanja iz područja mode, oglašavanja, komunikacije,
multimedije, umjetnosti, arhitekture i glazbe.
2.8. Hub Criativo do Beato (20)
Hub Criativo do Beato je inovacijski centar za kreativne
i tehnološke tvrtke koji izrasta iz kompleksa zatvorenih
tvornica na riječnoj obali istočnog dijela Lisabona.
Ovo nekadašnje industrijsko područje portugalske voj-
ske sada se priprema za smještaj više od tri tisuće ljudi
iz cijelog svijeta koji žele stvarati inovacije.
U okolnim četvrtima je dom kreativne i zanatske zajed-
nice Lisabona, a projekt je usredotočen na povezivanje
lokalne četvrti s međunarodnom tehnološkom scenom,
s ciljem revitalizacije okruga uz zadržavanje povijesne
važnosti i karaktera njegovih zgrada.
Reference
1. Solà-Morales, I. (1995.) Nejasni teren. In: Anyplace.
Canadian Centre for Architecture, Montreal, Que-
PONOVNO KORIŠTENJE ARHITEKTURE
industrial tradition and the new transport infrastructures
planned for the area.
2.6. Village Underground Lisboa (17)
Village Underground Lisboa is an international platform
for creativity, art and culture. It has a sound recording stu-
dio, and hosts music, theatre, cinema and dance events,
with a focus on street culture.
It has an original architectural structure, built with two bus-
es and fourteen shipping containers converted into multi-
disciplinary creative spaces, where the artistic community
resides. Containers are adapted to the residents’ needs and
dreams. They are working areas, workshops, labs, or stores,
each taking shape in accordance to their goals.
2.7. LX Factory | Alcântara XXI (18) (19)
Once a river port, Alcântara has become a dynamic and
cosmopolitan centre with its own unique cultural vibe.
Former industrial facilities, like the SIDUL sugar factory,
were progressively abandoned over the years, giving way
to extensive urban renewal and attracting start-ups and
co-working spaces.
After years of being hidden from the public eye, this little
fraction of the city has now been unveiled and returned
to the community in the form of the LX Factory. It is a
creative hub fuelled by companies and industry profes-
sionals, but it has also been brought to life by an array
of different events in fields such as fashion, advertising,
communication, multimedia, art, architecture, and music.
2.8. Hub Criativo do Beato (20)
Hub Criativo do Beato is an innovation centre for creative
and technological companies which is emerging within
a complex of decommissioned factories, on the eastern
riverside front of Lisbon.
This former industrial area of the Portuguese Army is
now getting ready to host over three thousand people
from around the world who want to produce innovation.
The surrounding neighbourhood is home to Lisbon’s cre-
ative and artisan community, and the project focuses on
bringing the local district together with the international
technology scene, with the goal of revitalising the district
while maintaining the historic relevance and character
of its buildings.
References
1. Solà-Morales, I. (1995) Terrain Vague. In: Anyplace.
Canadian Centre for Architecture, Montreal, Quebec,
Canada, June 1994. Anyone Corporation / The MIT
Press, New York / Cambridge (Massachusetts). 118–123
2. Pinto, P. et al (2021) Terrain vague redevelopment. In:
P. T. Pinto et al (eds). Grand Projects — Urban legacies
of the 20th century. Lisbon, Portugal, February 2021.
Grand Projects, Lisbon. 48
RE-USE ARCHITECTURE 57
2-1
bec, Canada, June 1994. Anyone Corporation / The
MIT Press, New York / Cambridge (Massachusetts).
118–123
2. Pinto, P. et al (2021.) Terrain vague redevelopment.
In: P. T. Pinto et al (eds). Grand Projects — Urban
legacies of the 20th century. Lisbon, Portugal, Fe-
bruary 2021. Grand Projects, Lisbon. 48
3. Rodeia, J. B. (2007.) Some (very) brief thoughts.
In: A. David (ed). Urban Voids, Lisbon Architecture
Triennale. Caleidoscópio, Lisbon. 21–23
4. Cunha, A. C. (1996.). A unique opportunity. In: L.
Trigueiros et al (eds). Lisbon Expo’98 — Projects.
Editorial Blau, Lisbon. flaps
5. https://www.lisboa.pt/
6. http://arquivomunicipal.cm-lisboa.pt/pt/acervo/
arquivos-institucionais/parque-expo-98-sa/
7. https://www.jf-parquedasnacoes.pt/
8. https://www.pratariversidevillage.com/en/
9. http://www.rpbw.com/project/braco-de-prata-ho-
using-complex
10. https://www.risco.org/projects/plano-de-porme-
nor-da-matinha_38
11. https://www.lisboa.pt/cidade/urbanismo/plane-
amento-urbano/planos-de-urbanizacao/detalhe/
area-envolvente-a-estacao-do-oriente
12. https://bau-barcelona.com/studio/projects/deta-
il/idS-100000005-34-Esta%C3%A7ao%20do%20
Oriente%20-%20Lisboa
13. http://www.lisbonsouthbay.com/en/
14. http://www.baiadotejo.pt/en
15. https://www.rsh-p.com/projects/almada-ea-
stern-riverside/
16. https://www.risco.org/projects/quimiparque_36
17. https://www.vulisboa.com/en/
18. https://lxfactory.com/en/lx-factory/
19. https://www.rivart.pt/en/
20. https://hubcriativobeato.com
58
3. Rodeia, J. B. (2007) Some (very) brief thoughts. In: A.
David (ed). Urban Voids, Lisbon Architecture Triennale.
Caleidoscópio, Lisbon. 21–23
4. Cunha, A. C. (1996). A unique opportunity. In: L. Tri-
gueiros et al (eds). Lisbon Expo’98 — Projects. Editorial
Blau, Lisbon. flaps
5. https://www.lisboa.pt/
6. http://arquivomunicipal.cm-lisboa.pt/pt/acervo/arqu-
ivos-institucionais/parque-expo-98-sa/
7. https://www.jf-parquedasnacoes.pt/
8. https://www.pratariversidevillage.com/en/
9. http://www.rpbw.com/project/braco-de-prata-ho-
using-complex
10. https://www.risco.org/projects/plano-de-porme-
nor-da-matinha_38
11. https://www.lisboa.pt/cidade/urbanismo/planea-
mento-urbano/planos-de-urbanizacao/detalhe/area-
envolvente-a-estacao-do-oriente
12. https://bau-barcelona.com/studio/projects/detail/
idS-100000005-34-Esta%C3%A7ao%20do%20Orien-
te%20-%20Lisboa
13. http://www.lisbonsouthbay.com/en/
14. http://www.baiadotejo.pt/en
15. https://www.rsh-p.com/projects/almada-eastern-ri-
verside/
16. https://www.risco.org/projects/quimiparque_36
17. https://www.vulisboa.com/en/
18. https://lxfactory.com/en/lx-factory/
19. https://www.rivart.pt/en/
20. https://hubcriativobeato.com
2-2
Grad treće generacije
Od urbane akupunkture
do biourbanizma
Marco Casagrande, Ruin Academy, Laboratorij
Casagrande, Bergen School of Architecture
i Međunarodno društvo za biourbanizam, Finska
Sažetak
Kriza urbanizma analizira se kao vitalna pojava koja
priprema Grad treće generacije — njegovu poveza-
nost s prirodom i njezinom srži. Industrijski grad je,
naprotiv, fiktivan. Naveden je primjer naselja Treasure
Hill, blizu Taipeija. Kao organska ruševina industrijskog
grada, Treasure Hill je biourbano mjesto otpora i aku-
punkturna točka Taipeija, s vlastitom metodologijom
projektiranja zasnovanom na Lokalnom znanju. Ta je
ruševina tvar iz koje parazitski urbanizam kompostira
moderni grad. Urbana akupunktura, Grad treće gene-
racije i idejni model Paragrada (Paracity) obraćaju se
zajednici koja počiva u rukama vlastitih ljudi.
Ključne riječi
urbana akupunktura; biourbanizam; Grad treće genera-
cije; ruševine; parazitski urbanizam; Paragrad; Lokalno
znanje
1. Treasure Hill
Gradska vlada Taipeija 2003. godine odlučila je uništi-
ti neslužbeno naselje Treasure Hill (Kang, 2006.). Do
tada se ova zajednica sastojala od oko 200 kućansta-
va uglavnom starijih veterana Kuomintanga i radnika
ilegalnih migranata. Buldožeri su srušili prva dva sloja
kuća terasastog naselja na padini brda. Nakon toga,
preostale su kuće bile previsoko da bi ih buldožeri
dohvatili, a u organski izgrađenom naselju nije bilo
prometnica. Tada je službeni grad uništio farme i op-
ćinske vrtove naselja Treasure Hill uz poplavne obale
rijeke Xindian. Zatim su presjekli komunikacije između
pojedinih kuća — male mostove, stube, stubišta i sta-
ze. Nakon toga je Treasure Hill ostavljen da trune, da
polako umire, odsječen od izvora svojeg života.
Počinjem obilaziti lokalna sveučilišta držeći govore o
situaciji i pokušavam pridobiti studente za građevinske
radove. Naposljetku imamo 200 studenata. Tim stu-
dentica uspijeva se dogovoriti s radnicima na susjed-
nom gradilištu mosta koji nam započinju istovarivati
određenu količinu građevinskog materijala iz kamio-
na koji prolaze pored nas. Uglavnom dobivamo drvo i
bambus; za betonske kalupe upotrebljavaju mahagonij.
S radnom snagom i jednostavnim građevinskim ma-
terijalom započinjemo obnovu veza između kuća u
PONOVNO KORIŠTENJE ARHITEKTURE
THIRD GENERATION CITY
From Urban Acupuncture
to Biourbanism
Marco Casagrande, Ruin Academy, Casagrande
Laboratory, Bergen School of Architecture,
and International Society of Bio-urbanism, Finland
Abstract
The crisis of urbanism is analysed as a vital phenomenon
that prepares the Third Generation City— its connection
with nature and its flesh. The industrial city is, on the con-
trary, fictitious. The example of the settlement of Treasure
Hill, near Taipei, is given. As an organic ruin of the industrial
city, Treasure Hill is a bio-urban site of resistance and an
acupuncture point of Taipei, with its own design method-
ology based on Local Knowledge. This ruin is the matter
from which parasite urbanism composts the modern city.
Urban acupuncture, the Third Generation City, and the
conceptual model of Paracity speak to the community
that rests in the hands of its own people.
Keywords
urban acupuncture; bio-urbanism; Third Generation City;
ruins; parasite urbanism; Paracity; Local Knowledge
1. Treasure Hill
In 2003, the Taipei City Government decided to destroy
the unofficial settlement of Treasure Hill (Kang, 2006). By
that time, the community consisted of some 200 house-
holds of mainly elderly Kuomintang veterans and illegal
migrant workers. The bulldozers had knocked down the
first two layers of the houses of the terraced settlement
on the hillside. After that, the houses were standing too
high for the bulldozers to reach, and there were no driv-
able roads leading into the organically built settlement.
Then the official city destroyed the farms and community
Ilustracija 1 Treasure Hill (fotografija Stephena Wildea)
Illustration 1 Treasure Hill (Photograph by Stephen Wilde)
RE-USE ARCHITECTURE 59
2-2
naselju, ali što je najvažnije, ponovno pokrećemo i far-
me. Glasine se počinju širiti u Taipeiju: nešto se kuha u
naselju Treasure Hill. Javlja se još dobrovoljaca za rad, a
nakon dovoljno gradskih glasina, iznenada stižu mediji.
Nakon medija slijede političari. Gradske vlasti službeno
se slažu da su me upravo zbog toga pozvali iz Finske
da radim na pitanju naselja Treasure Hill.
“Moguće je projektirati čitave gradove samo na temelju
glasina”
Rad u Treasure Hillu pritisnuo je akupunkturnu točku
industrijskog grada Taipeija. Naše skromno građevin-
sko djelo bila je igla koja je probila tanki sloj službene
kontrole i dotaknula izvorno tlo Taipeija — kolektivni
gornji sloj tla u kojemu se ukorjenjuje Lokalno znanje.
Treasure Hill je urbani kompost, koji se smatrao smrd-
ljivim kutom grada, ali nakon određenih promjena sada
pruža najplodniju gornju površinu tla za budući razvoj.
2. Urbana akupunktura
Nakon ovog početnog otkrića u Treasure Hillu, istraživa-
nje Urbane akupunkture nastavilo se na Odjelu za arhi-
tekturu Sveučilišta Tamkang. Godine 2009. Istraživački
centar za održive globalne tehnologije finskog Sveuči-
lišta Aalto s profesorom Ollijem Varisom (Casagrande,
2009.) pridružio se radi daljnjeg razvoja multidiscipli-
narnih metoda rada Urbane akupunkture u Taipeiju, s
naglaskom na urbanu ekološku obnovu kroz točkaste
zahvate (Casagrande 2011.a). Akademija ruševina (Ruin
Academy) pokrenuta je u Taipeiju 2010. godine uz po-
moć Zaklade JUT za umjetnost i arhitekturu (Harrison,
2012.). Akademija je djelovala kao neovisan multidisci-
plinarni istraživački centar, slobodno se krećući među
različitim disciplinama umjetnosti i znanosti unutar op-
ćeg okvira izgrađenog ljudskog okruženja. Fokus je bio
na Urbanoj akupunkturi i teoriji Grada treće generacije.
Urbana akupunktura je biourbana teorija (Casagran-
de, 2013.), koja objedinjava sociologiju i urbanističko
projektiranje s tradicionalnom kineskom medicinskom
teorijom akupunkture. Kao metodologija projektiranja
usredotočena je na taktičke zahvate malog mjerila na
urbanom tkivu, imajući za cilj efekt koncentričnog šire-
nja i preobrazbe na veći urbani organizam (Kaye, 2011.).
Putem akupunkturnih točaka Urbana akupunktura
nastoji biti u kontaktu sa specifičnim Lokalnim zna-
njem. Po svojoj je prirodi Urbana akupunktura podatna,
organska te ublažava stres i industrijske napetosti u
urbanom okruženju, time usmjeravajući grad prema
organsko-urbanoj prirodi kao dijelu prirode. Urbana
akupunktura na izgrađenom ljudskom okolišu proi-
zvodi razvoj malog mjerila koji je ekološki i socijalno
katalitičan (Kim, 2010.).
Urbana akupunktura nije akademska inovacija. Odnosi
se na uobičajene kolektivne prakse Lokalnog znanja
koje već postoje u Taipeiju i drugim gradovima, na sa-
60
gardens of Treasure Hill down by the Xindian River flood
banks. They then cut the circulation between the individ-
ual houses— small bridges, steps, stairs, and pathways.
After that, Treasure Hill was left to rot, to die slowly, cut
off from its life sources.
I start touring at local universities giving speeches about
the situation and trying to recruit students for construc-
tion work. In the end, we have 200 students. A team of
female students manage to make a deal with the neigh-
bouring bridge construction site workers, and they start
offloading some of the construction material cargo to us
from the trucks passing by. Mainly we receive timber and
bamboo; they use mahogany for the concrete moulds.
With the manpower and simple construction material, we
start reconstructing the connections between the houses
of the settlement, but most importantly, we also restart
the farms. Rumours start spreading in Taipei: things are
cooking in Treasure Hill. More people volunteer for the
work, and after enough urban rumours, suddenly the
media arrives. After the media, the politicians follow. The
City Government officially agrees that this is exactly why
they had invited me from Finland to work on the issue
of Treasure Hill.
‘One can design whole cities simply with rumours’
Working in Treasure Hill had pressed an acupuncture
point of the industrial Taipei City. Our humble construc-
tion work was the needle that had penetrated through
the thin layer of official control and touched the original
ground of Taipei—collective topsoil where Local Knowl-
edge is rooting. Treasure Hill is an urban compost, which
was considered a smelly corner of the city, but after some
turning is now providing the most fertile topsoil for future
development.
2. Urban acupuncture
After this initial discovery in Treasure Hill, the research
of Urban Acupuncture continued at the Tamkang Uni-
versity Department of Architecture. In 2009, the Finnish
Aalto University’s Sustainable Global Technologies re-
search centre with Professor Olli Varis (Casagrande, 2009)
joined in to further develop the multidisciplinary working
methods of Urban Acupuncture in Taipei, with focus on
urban ecological restoration through punctual interven-
tions (Casagrande 2011a). In 2010, the Ruin Academy was
launched in Taipei with the help of the JUT Foundation for
Arts & Architecture (Harrison, 2012). The Academy oper-
ated as an independent multidisciplinary research centre
moving freely in between the different disciplines of art
and science within the general framework of built human
environment. The focus was on Urban Acupuncture and
the theory of the Third Generation City.
Urban Acupuncture is a bio-urban theory (Casagrande,
2013) which combines sociology and urban design with
2-2
moorganizirajuće prakse koje industrijski grad prila-
gođavaju organskom stroju — Gradu treće generacije.
Urbana akupunktura je oblik biourbanog zacjeljivanja
i razvojni proces koji povezuje suvremenog čovjeka s
prirodom.
3. Grad treće generacije
Grad prve generacije je grad u kojem su ljudska naselja
u izravnoj vezi s prirodom i ovisna su o prirodi. Plodni
i bogati Taipejski bazen pružio je plodno okruženje za
takvo naselje (Casagrande, 2011.b). Rijeke su bile pune
ribe i pogodne za prijevoz, a planine su štitile obrađene
ravnice od izravnog udara čestih tajfuna.
Grad druge generacije je industrijski grad. Industrija-
lizam je građanima omogućio neovisnost o prirodi —
mehaničko okruženje moglo je pružiti sve što je ljudima
potrebno. Priroda je smatrana nečim nepotrebnim ili
neprijateljskim — odijeljena je od mehaničke stvarno-
sti (Casagrande, 2011.b).
Grad treće generacije je organska ruševina industrij-
skog grada, otvoreni oblik, organski stroj vezan za Lo-
kalno znanje i samoorganizirane akcije zajednice.
To je grad pukotina (Casagrande, 2016.). Tanka me-
hanička površina industrijskog grada je razbijena, a iz
tih pukotina izbija novi biourbani rast, koji će uništiti
grad druge generacije. Ljudsko-industrijska kontrola
rastvara se da bi priroda mogla uskočiti. Ruševina je
kad ono što je stvorio čovjek postane dijelom pri-
rode. U Gradu treće generacije težimo projektiranju
ruševina (Mik, 2018.). Grad treće generacije istinit je
ako grad prepozna svoje lokalno znanje i dopusti si
da bude dio prirode.
“Pronaći oblik koji odgovara neredu, to je sada zadatak
umjetnika”
(Samuel Beckett)
4. Paragrad
Paragrad je biourbani organizam koji raste na načelima
Otvorenog oblika (Casagrande, 2015.b): pojedinačne
akcije projektiranja-gradnje koje generiraju spontane
komunikativne reakcije na izgrađeni ljudski okoliš. Ovaj
organski konstruktivistički dijalog vodi prema samoor-
ganiziranim strukturama zajednice, održivom razvoju
i stvaranju znanja. Otvoreni oblik je blizak izvornim
tajvanskim načinima razvoja samoorganiziranih i često
“ilegalnih” zajednica. Ova mikrourbana naselja sadrže
veliku količinu Lokalnog znanja, za koje vjerujemo da
će se početi kompostirati u Paragradu kada razvoj za-
jednice bude u rukama građana.
Agritektonski organizam Paragrada temelji se na pri-
marnoj drvenoj trodimenzionalnoj konstrukciji, or-
ganskom rasteru s prostornim modulima od 6 x 6 x 6
PONOVNO KORIŠTENJE ARHITEKTURE
the traditional Chinese medical theory of acupuncture.
As a design methodology, it is focused on tactical, small-
scale interventions of the urban fabric, aiming at ripple
effects and transformation on the larger urban organism
(Kaye, 2011). Through the acupuncture points, Urban Ac-
upuncture seeks to be in contact with site-specific Local
Knowledge. By its nature, Urban Acupuncture is pliant,
organic, and relieves stress and industrial tension in the
urban environment, thus directing the city towards the
organic—urban nature as part of nature. Urban Acupunc-
ture produces small-scale, but ecologically and socially
catalytic development on the built human environment
(Kim, 2010).
Urban Acupuncture is not an academic innovation. It
refers to common collective Local Knowledge practices
that already exist in Taipei and other cities, self-organizing
practices that are tuning the industrial city towards the
organic machine—the Third Generation City.
Urban Acupuncture is a form of bio-urban healing and a de-
velopment process connecting modern man with nature.
3. Third generation city
The first-generation city is the one where the human
settlements are in a direct connection with nature and
dependent on nature. The fertile and rich Taipei Basin
provided a fruitful environment for such a settlement
(Casagrande, 2011b). The rivers were full of fish and good
for transportation, with the mountains protecting the
farmed plains from the straightest hits of the frequent
typhoons.
The second-generation city is the industrial city. Industri-
alism granted the citizens independence from nature—a
mechanical environment could provide everything hu-
mans need. Nature was seen as something unnecessary
or as something hostile—it was walled away from the
mechanical reality (Casagrande, 2011b).
The Third Generation City is the organic ruin of the in-
dustrial city, an open form, an organic machine tied with
Local Knowledge and self-organized community actions.
It is a city of cracks (Casagrande, 2016). The thin mechan-
ical surface of the industrial city is shattered, and from
these cracks the new bio-urban growth emerges, which
will ruin the second generation city. Human-industrial
control is opened up in order for nature to step in. A ruin
is when the manmade has become part of nature. In the
Third Generation City, we aim to design ruins (Mik, 2018).
The Third Generation City is true when the city recognizes
its local knowledge and allows itself to be part of nature.
“To find a form that accommodates the mess, that is the
task of the artist now”
(Samuel Beckett)
RE-USE ARCHITECTURE 61
2-2
metara, izgrađenoj od CLT greda i stupova (od poprečno
laminiranog drva).
Ovu jednostavnu konstrukciju članovi zajednice mogu
modificirati i razvijati. Primarna konstrukcija može ra-
sti čak i u zapuštenim urbanim područjima kao što su
poplavne ravnice, obronci brežuljaka, napuštena indu-
strijska područja, kanali za oborinske vode i slamovi.
Paragrad je savršeno pogodan za područja s rizikom od
poplava i tsunamija, a primarna konstrukcija od CLT-a
iznimno je vatrootporna i sposobna izdržati potrese
(HolzBuild, 2009.).
Paragrad pruža kostur, ali građani stvaraju meso. Pa-
ragrađani će svojoj primarnoj konstrukciji dodati in-
dividualna arhitektonska rješenja koja su sami izradili,
vrtove i farme, a koji će biti trodimenzionalni raster
za arhitekturu po načelu “uradi sam”. Primarna kon-
strukcija također pruža glavne žile cirkulacije vode i
ljudi, ali stanari će istkati profinjenije živčane mreže
Lokalnog znanja. Velike dijelove Paragrada zauzima
divlja i pripitomljena priroda po uzoru na Treasure Hill
i ostale neslužbene četvrti u Taipeiju.
Ilustracija 2 Model Paragrada (fotografija autora)
Illustration 2 Paracity model (Photograph by the Author)
Samoodrživi biourbani rast Paragrada oslanja se na
ekološka modularna tehnološka rješenja izvan mreže
koja pružaju metode za pročišćavanje vode, proizvod-
nju energije, obradu organskog otpada, pročišćavanje
otpadne vode i recikliranje mulja. Te se modularne pri-
ključne komponente mogu prilagoditi rastu Paragrada,
a uz to je cijeli Paragrad projektiran ne samo za obradu
i cirkulaciju vlastitih tokova materijala, već za započi-
njanje izvlačenja otpada iz grada domaćina i na taj način
postaje pozitivan urbani parazit koji prati slične vrste
simbioze poput one između slamova i okolnog grada. U
izvjesnom smislu Paragrad je visokotehnološki slam koji
može početi prilagođavati industrijski grad u ekološki
održivijem smjeru. Paragrad je Grad treće generacije,
62
4. Paracity
Paracity is a bio-urban organism that is growing on the
principles of Open Form (Casagrande, 2015b): individ-
ual design-built actions generating spontaneous com-
municative reactions on the surrounding built human
environment. This organic constructivist dialogue leads
to self-organized community structures, sustainable
development, and knowledge building. Open Form
is close to the original Taiwanese ways of developing
self-organized and often “illegal” communities. These
micro-urban settlements contain a high volume of Local
Knowledge, which we believe will start composting in
Paracity, once the development of the community is in
the hands of the citizens.
The agritectural organism of the Paracity is based on a
primary wooden three-dimensional structure, an organic
grid with spatial modules of 6 x 6 x 6 meters, constructed
out of CLT (cross-laminated timber) beams, and columns.
This simple structure can be modified and developed by
community members. The primary structure can grow
even in neglected urban areas such as flood plains, hill-
sides, abandoned industrial areas, storm water channels,
and slums. Paracity is perfectly suited for flooding and
tsunami risk areas and the CLT primary structure is highly
fire-resistant and capable of withstanding earthquakes
(HolzBuild, 2009).
Paracity provides the skeleton, but the citizens create
the flesh. Paracitizens will attach their individual, self-
made architectural solutions, gardens, and farms onto the
primary structure, which will offer a three-dimensional
building grid for Do-It- Yourself (DIY) architecture. The
primary structure also provides the main arteries of water
and human circulation, but the finer Local Knowledge
nervous networks are weaved in by the inhabitants. Large
parts of Paracity are occupied by wild and cultivated na-
ture, following in the example of Treasure Hill and other
unofficial communities in Taipei.
Paracity’s self-sustainable bio-urban growth is backed
up by off-the-grid modular environmental technological
solutions, providing methods for water purification, en-
ergy production, organic waste treatment, wastewater
purification, and sludge recycling. These modular plug-in
components can be adjusted according to the growth
of the Paracity, and moreover, the whole of Paracity is
designed not only to treat and circulate its own mate-
rial streams, but to start leeching waste from its host
city, thus becoming a positive urban parasite following
the similar kinds of symbiosis as in-between slums and
the surrounding city. In a sense, Paracity is a high-tech
slum, which can start tuning the industrial city towards
an ecologically more sustainable direction. Paracity is a
Third Generation City, an organic machine urban com-
post, which assists the industrial city to transform itself
into being part of nature.
2-2
urbani kompost s organskim strojevima, koji pomaže
industrijskom gradu da se preobrazi u dio prirode.
Pilot-projekt Paragrad izrasta na urbanom poljopri-
vrednom otoku rijeke Danshui u Taipeiju.
Otok se nalazi između mostova Zhongxing i Zhonxiao,
a dug je oko 1000 metara i širok 300 metara. Paragrad
Taipei slavi izvorni taipejski urbanizam prve generacije
s visokom razinom “ilegalne” arhitekture, samoorga-
niziranim zajednicama, urbanim farmama, zajednič-
kim vrtovima, urbanim nomadima i konstruktivnom
anarhijom.
Nakon što Paragrad dosegne kritičnu masu, sustav za
osiguravanje života CLT-konstrukcije počet će eskalirati.
Prijeći će rijeku i početi puštati korijene na poplavnim
ravnicama. Zatim će prijeći 12 metara visok protupo-
plavni zid u Taipeiu i postupno izrasti u grad. Paragrad
je posrednik između modernog grada i prirode.
Paragrad ima mnogo razmaka, praznina i prirode iz-
među kuća.
Različite temperature krovišta, vrtova, vodenih povr-
šina i zasjenjenih platformi stvarat će male vjetrove
Ilustracija 3 Taipei prve generacije
(crtež: Niilo Tenkanen / Laboratorij Casagrande)
Illustration 3 First-generation Taipei
(Drawing by Niilo Tenkanen / Casagrande Laboratory)
PONOVNO KORIŠTENJE ARHITEKTURE
The pilot project of the Paracity grows on an urban farm-
ing island of Danshui River, Taipei City.
The island is located between the Zhongxing and Zhonxiao
bridges and is around 1,000 meters long and 300 meters
wide. Paracity Taipei celebrates the original first-genera-
tion Taipei urbanism with a high level of “illegal” architec-
ture, self-organized communities, urban farms, commu-
nity gardens, urban nomads, and constructive anarchy.
After the Paracity has reached critical mass, the life-pro-
viding system of the CLT-structure will start escalating.
It will cross the river and start taking root on the flood
plains. It will then cross the 12- meter high Taipei flood
wall and gradually grow into the city. Paracity is a medi-
ator between the modern city and nature.
Paracity has a lot of holes, gaps, and nature between
houses.
The different temperatures of the roofs, gardens, bod-
ies of water, and shaded platforms will generate small
winds between them, and the hot roofs will start sucking
in breeze from the cooler river. The individual houses
should also follow the traditional principles of bioclimatic
architecture and not rely on mechanical air-conditioning.
RE-USE ARCHITECTURE 63
2-2
između njih, a vrući krovovi počet će uvlačiti povjetarac
iz hladnije rijeke. Pojedinačne kuće također bi trebale
slijediti tradicionalna načela bioklimatske arhitekture
umjesto oslanjanja na mehaničku klimatizaciju.
Biourbanizam Paragrada podjednako je krajolik koli-
ko i arhitektura (Fredrickson, 2014.). Paragrad Taipei
izgradit će sam sebe utjecajima kolektivne svijesti, a
procjenjuje se da ima 15 000–25 000 stanovnika.
Drvena primarna konstrukcija i tehnološka rješenja za
zaštitu okoliša ostat će uglavnom jednaka, bez obzi-
ra na kulturu u kojoj kulturi Paragrad počne rasti, ali
stvarni ljudski sloj arhitekture i farmi “uradi sam” pratit
će Lokalno znanje o odgovarajućoj kulturi i lokaciji. Pa-
ragrad je uvijek specifičan za lokaciju i uvijek je lokalan.
5. Zaključak
Put prema Gradu treće generacije proces je nastajanja
kolektivnog organizma učenja i zacjeljivanja te ponov-
nog povezivanja urbanizirane kolektivne svijesti s priro-
dom. On zahtijeva potpunu preobrazbu gradske infra-
strukture i centralizirane kontrole moći. U suprotnom
će stvaran razvoj biti neslužben. Građani su spremni i
već sami rastavljaju industrijski grad. Lokalno znanje
djeluje neovisno o službenom gradu i pruža točkasto
okruženje treće generacije unutar industrijskog grada:
urbana akupunktura za ukočen službeni mehanizam.
Slabe signale neslužbene kolektivne svijesti treba pre-
poznati kao buduće teme u nastajanju; budućnosti koje
su već prisutne u Taipeiju. Službeni grad treba naučiti
kako uživati u akupunkturi, kako otpustiti industrijsku
kontrolu radi propuštanja prirode.
Transformacijski sloj utemeljen na Lokalnom znanju
Taipeija proizlazi iz unutrašnjosti grada, a događa se
putem samoorganiziranih točkastih zahvata. Te zahva-
te pokreću mala poduzeća i alternativna gospodarstva
koja imaju koristi od plodne zemlje Taipejskog bazena i
od izvlačenja materijalnih i energetskih tokova službe-
nog grada. Ova akupunktura čini grad slabijim, mekšim
i spremnijim na veće promjene.
U gradu se ogledaju humanocentrični sustavi — gos-
podarske, industrijske, filozofske, političke i vjerske
strukture moći. Biourbanizam je animistički sustav
koji regulira priroda. Ljudska priroda kao dio prirode,
također unutar urbanih uvjeta. Doba zagađenja je doba
industrijskog urbanizma — grada druge generacije.
Sljedeće doba uvijek će opstajati unutar industrijskog
grada, poput pozitivnog raka. Grad prve generacije
nikada nije zamro, otišao je pod zemlju, ali biourbani
procesi i dalje opstaju. Prisutan je zametak Grada treće
generacije. Arhitektura nije umjetnost ljudske kontrole;
to je umjetnost stvarnosti. Ne postoji druga stvarnost
osim prirode.
64
The bio-urbanism of the Paracity is as much landscape
as it is architecture (Fredrickson, 2014). Paracity Taipei
will construct itself through impacts of collective con-
sciousness, and it is estimated to have 15,000–25,000
inhabitants.
Ilustracija 4 CLT modul Paragrada, 6 x 6 x 6 m
(fotografija: Jan Feichtinger / Laboratorij Casagrande)
Illustration 4 Paracity CLT-module, 6 x 6 x 6m
(Photograph by Jan Feichtinger / Casagrande Laboratory)
The wooden primary structure and the environmental
technology solutions will remain mostly the same, re-
gardless of the culture in which the Paracity starts to
grow, but the real human layer of self-made architecture
and farming will follow the Local Knowledge of the re-
spective culture and site. Paracity is always site-specific
and it is always local.
5. Conclusion
The way towards the Third Generation City is a process of
becoming a collective learning and healing organism, and
of reconnecting the urbanized collective consciousness
with nature. This requires a total transformation from
the city infrastructure and from the centralized power
control. Otherwise, the real development will be unof-
ficial. Citizens on their behalf are ready, and are already
breaking the industrial city apart by themselves. Local
knowledge is operating independently from the official
city and providing punctual third-generation surround-
ings within the industrial city: urban acupuncture for the
stiff official mechanism.
The weak signals of the unofficial collective consciousness
should be recognized as the futures’ emerging issues;
futures that are already present in Taipei. The official city
should learn how to enjoy acupuncture, how to give up
industrial control in order to let nature step in.
2-2
Reference
1. Adorno, T. W., & Horkheimer, M. (2002.). Dialectic of
enlightenment. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
2. Bauwens, M. (2010.) The community gardens of
Taipei. Taipei Organic Acupuncture, P2P Foundation.
3. Campbell-Dollagham, K. (2011.). Illegal architectu-
re in Taipei. Architizer, (3). Casagrande Laboratory.
(2010.). Anarchist gardener. Taipei: Ruin Academy.
4. Casagrande, M. and Ross, M. (2004) Trojan Rocking
Horse Taipei.
5. Casagrande, M. (2006.) Can’t Push a River. Taiwan
Architect Issue 4/2006.
6. Casagrande, M. (2009.) Guandu: River Urbanism,
Taiwan Architect Issue 10/2009.
7. Casagrande, M. (2011b) Urban Ecopuncture. La Vie
Issue 90
8. Casagrande, M. (2011b) Taipei from the river. Inter-
national Society of Biourbanism.
9. Casagrande, M. (2013.). Biourban acupuncture—
from Treasure Hill of Taipei to Artena. Rome: In-
ternational Society of Biourbanism.
10. Casagrande, M. (2015a). Paracity: urban acupunctu-
re. Netherlands: Oil Forest League.
11. Casagrande, M. (2015b) De l’acupuncture urbain á la
ville de 3ieme gènèration. In: Revedin, J. (Ed.) La Vi-
lle Rebelle. Democratiser le Projet Urbain. Pp. 38–49
12. Casagrande, M. (2016.) From Urban Acupuncture to
the Third Generation City. Urbanista 3.
13. Coulson, N. (2011.). Returning humans to nature
and reality. Taipei: eRenlai.
14. Demidova, A. (Producer), & Tarkovsky, A. (Director).
(1979.). Stalker [Motion picture]. Soviet Union: Mos-
film.
15. Epifanio 3 (2005.) Tulevikupaviljon, Taivani Disaini
Expo 2005.
16. Fredirckson, T. (2014.) Marco Casagrande presents
modular paracity for habitare in Helsinki. designbo-
om.
17. Habermas, J. (1985.). The theory of communicative
action. Boston: Beacon Press.
18. Harrison, A. L. (2012). Architectural theories of the
environment: Post human territory. New York: Ro-
utledge.
19. HolzBuild (2009) X-Lam Earthquake Test.
20. Inayatullah, S. (2005.). Questioning the future:
Methods and tools for organizational and societal
transformation. Taipei: Tamkang University Press.
21. Kajamaa V., Kangur K., Koponen R., Saramäki N.,
Sedlerova K., & Söderlind S. (2012.) Sustainable
synergies—The Leo Kong Canal. Aalto University
Sustainable Global Technologies.
22. Kang, M. J. (2005.). Con-fronting the edge of mo-
dern urbanity—GAPP (Global Artivists Participation
Project) at Treasure Hill, Taipei. Asian Modernity
and the Role of Culture Cities. Asian Culture Sym-
posium, Gwangju, Korea.
23. Kang, M.J. (2006.) Altered Space: Squatting and Le-
gitimizing Treasure Hill, Taipei. Cultural
PONOVNO KORIŠTENJE ARHITEKTURE
The Local Knowledge-based transformation layer of Tai-
pei is happening from inside the city, and it is happening
through self-organized punctual interventions. These
interventions are driven by small-scale businesses and
alternative economies benefiting from the fertile land of
the Taipei Basin, and of leeching the material and energy
streams of the official city. This acupuncture makes the
city weaker, softer, and readier for larger change.
The city is a manifest of human-centred systems—eco-
nomical, industrial, philosophical, political, and religious
power structures. Bio-urbanism is an animist system reg-
ulated by nature. Human nature as part of nature, also
within the urban conditions. The era of pollution is the era
of industrial urbanism — the second generation city. The
next era has always been surviving within the industrial
city, like a positive cancer. The first-generation city never
died, it went underground, but the bio-urban processes
are still surviving. The seeds of the Third Generation City
are present. Architecture is not an art of human control;
it is an art of reality. There is no other reality than nature.
References
1. Adorno, T. W., & Horkheimer, M. (2002). Dialectic of
enlightenment. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
2. Bauwens, M. (2010) The community gardens of Taipei.
Taipei Organic Acupuncture, P2P Foundation.
3. Campbell-Dollagham, K. (2011). Illegal architecture in
Taipei. Architizer, (3). Casagrande Laboratory. (2010).
Anarchist gardener. Taipei: Ruin Academy.
4. Casagrande, M. and Ross, M. (2004) Trojan Rocking
Horse Taipei.
5. Casagrande, M. (2006) Can’t Push a River. Taiwan
Architect Issue 4/2006
6. Casagrande, M. (2009) Guandu: River Urbanism, Ta-
iwan Architect Issue 10/2009.
7. Casagrande, M. (2011b) Urban Ecopuncture. La Vie
Issue 90
8. Casagrande, M. (2011b) Taipei from the river. Interna-
tional Society of Biourbanism.
9. Casagrande, M. (2013). Biourban acupuncture—from
Treasure Hill of Taipei to Artena. Rome: International
Society of Biourbanism.
10. Casagrande, M. (2015a). Paracity: urban acupuncture.
Netherlands: Oil Forest League.
11. Casagrande, M. (2015b) De l’acupuncture urbain á la
ville de 3ieme gènèration. In: Revedin, J. (Ed.) La Ville
Rebelle. Democratiser le Projet Urbain. Pp. 38–49
12. Casagrande, M. (2016) From Urban Acupuncture to
the Third Generation City. Urbanista 3.
13. Coulson, N. (2011). Returning humans to nature and
reality. Taipei: eRenlai.
14. Demidova, A. (Producer), & Tarkovsky, A. (Director).
(1979). Stalker [Motion picture]. Soviet Union: Mosfilm.
15. Epifanio 3 (2005) Tulevikupaviljon, Taivani Disaini Expo
2005.
16. Fredirckson, T. (2014) Marco Casagrande presents mo-
dular paracity for habitare in Helsinki. designboom.
RE-USE ARCHITECTURE 65
2-2
24. Development Network’s Forum ‘Activism: the role
of arts in regeneration’, 23 June 2006.
25. Kaye, L. (2011, July 21). Could cities’ problems be
solved by urban acupuncture? The Guardian.
26. Kim, J. (2010) An anarchitect and an archetist have
a talk. Ar2com.de: 1 March 2010.
27. Lévi-Strauss, C. (1955). Tristes tropiques. New York:
Atheneum.
28. Mik, E. (2018). If you are not connected with nature,
you produce pollution. Archidea, 57.
29. Pajunen, M. (2012, August 24). A man from the wo-
ods. Wastelands Magazine.
30. Pommer, E. (Producer), & Lang, F. (Director). (1927).
Metropolis [Motion picture]. Germany: Universum
Film AG.
31. Richardson, P. (2011). From the ruins, Taipei to De-
troit. Archetcetera.
32. Shen, S. (2014). AW Architectural Worlds, 29(156).
Shenzhen: Haijian Printing Co.
33. Stevens, P. (2014, October 14). Interview with Marco
Casagrande, principal of C-LAB. Designboom.
34. Strugatsky, A., & Strugatsky, B. (1971). Roadside pi-
cnic. London: McMillan.
35. White, R. (1995). The organic machine: The rema-
king of the Columbia River. New York: Hill and Wang.
36. xDxD.vs.xDxD (2013) The Third Infoscape: Michel
De Certeau, Gilles Clément, Marco Casagrande and
the re-creation of our cities. ART[is]OPENSOURCE.
37. Yudina, A. it’s anarchical it’s acupunctural, well it’s
both / marco casagrande. Monitor, 68.
38. Yudina, A. (2018). Marco Casagrande: Who Cares,
Wins the Third Generation City. Taipei: JUT Foun-
dation for Arts & Architecture.
66
17. Habermas, J. (1985). The theory of communicative
action. Boston: Beacon Press.
18. Harrison, A. L. (2012). Architectural theories of the envi-
ronment: Post human territory. New York: Routledge.
19. HolzBuild (2009) X-Lam Earthquake Test.
20. Inayatullah, S. (2005). Questioning the future: Met-
hods and tools for organizational and societal tran-
sformation. Taipei: Tamkang University Press.
21. Kajamaa V., Kangur K., Koponen R., Saramäki N., Sed-
lerova K., & Söderlind S. (2012) Sustainable syner-
gies—The Leo Kong Canal. Aalto University Sustai-
nable Global Technologies.
22. Kang, M. J. (2005). Con-fronting the edge of modern
urbanity—GAPP (Global Artivists Participation Project) at
Treasure Hill, Taipei. Asian Modernity and the Role of Cul-
ture Cities. Asian Culture Symposium, Gwangju, Korea.
23. Kang, M.J. (2006) Altered Space: Squatting and Legi-
timizing Treasure Hill, Taipei. Cultural
24. Development Network’s Forum ‘Activism: the role of
arts in regeneration’, 23 June 2006.
25. Kaye, L. (2011, July 21). Could cities’ problems be solved
by urban acupuncture? The Guardian.
26. Kim, J. (2010) An anarchitect and an archetist have a
talk. Ar2com.de: 1 March 2010.
27. Lévi-Strauss, C. (1955). Tristes tropiques. New York:
Atheneum.
28. Mik, E. (2018). If you are not connected with nature,
you produce pollution. Archidea, 57.
29. Pajunen, M. (2012, August 24). A man from the woods.
Wastelands Magazine.
30. Pommer, E. (Producer), & Lang, F. (Director). (1927). Me-
tropolis [Motion picture]. Germany: Universum Film AG.
31. Richardson, P. (2011). From the ruins, Taipei to Detroit.
Archetcetera.
32. Shen, S. (2014). AW Architectural Worlds, 29(156).
Shenzhen: Haijian Printing Co.
33. Stevens, P. (2014, October 14). Interview with Marco
Casagrande, principal of C-LAB. Designboom.
34. Strugatsky, A., & Strugatsky, B. (1971). Roadside picnic.
London: McMillan.
35. White, R. (1995). The organic machine: The remaking
of the Columbia River. New York: Hill and Wang.
36. xDxD.vs.xDxD (2013) The Third Infoscape: Michel De
Certeau, Gilles Clément, Marco Casagrande and the
re-creation of our cities. ART[is]OPENSOURCE.
37. Yudina, A. it’s anarchical it’s acupunctural, well it’s
both / marco casagrande. Monitor, 68.
38. Yudina, A. (2018). Marco Casagrande: Who Cares, Wins
the Third Generation City. Taipei: JUT Foundation for
Arts & Architecture.
2-3
Kružnost
— učenje kroz praksu
Hans Hammink, DE ARHITEKTEN CiE. B. V.
Amsterdam, Nizozemska
Kružnost nije moda — dugo će se zadržati. Prije je bila
prisutna u izrazima “energetska osviještenost”, “održi-
vost” ili “od kolijevke do kolijevke”, a vjerojatno će u bu-
dućnosti poprimiti drugi naziv, ali potreba da se gradnji
pristupi na mnogo održiviji način neće uskoro nestati.
Ta će potreba ustrajati i rasti. Budući da se kružnost
može postići samo unutar nekog lanca, kružni pristup
uvijek će zahtijevati blisku suradnju. To započinje zna-
njem, zbog čega bismo htjeli podijeliti svoja iskustva
o kružnosti u praksi. U današnje bi se vrijeme koncept
“kružnosti” mogao činiti nekom vrstom mode. Ona je
postala čarobna riječ koja se u građevinskom sektoru
upotrebljava za sve i svašta. Prilično je nov pojam koji
još nije dobio općeprihvaćenu definiciju. Započet ćemo
definiranjem kružnosti. Zatim ćemo govoriti o onome
što nas pokreće i motivaciji za kružnost, o lekcijama
koje smo naučili u kružnom projektiranju, o prednosti-
ma i manama kružne suradnje, o digitalnom aspektu
kružnosti i, naposljetku, razmotrit ćemo nekoliko pri-
mjera iz prakse. Završit ćemo uz pogled u budućnost
kružnosti. De Architekten Cie. naučili su svoje lekcije
rješavanjem praktičnih izazova. Pokušat ćemo obja-
sniti zašto kružno projektiranje i izgradnja obuhvaćaju
mnogo više od pukog recikliranja materijala ili spajanja
projekata koji uključuju rabljene građevinske elemente.
U usporedbi s tradicionalnim pristupom projektiranju
i gradnji, kružnost je sasvim drukčija — radi se o pro-
mjeni sustava.
PONOVNO KORIŠTENJE ARHITEKTURE
Circularity
— Learning by Doing
Hans Hammink, DE ARHITEKTEN CiE. B. V.
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Circularity is not a hype — it’s here to stay. It used to be
known as ‘energy-conscious’, ‘sustainable’, or‘Cradle to
Cradle’, and it’ll probably take on a different name in the
future, but the need to approach construction in a much
more sustainable way is not going to disappear any time
soon. The need will persist and grow. As circularity can only
be achieved within a chain, a circular approach will always
require close collaboration. This starts with knowledge,
which is why we would like to share our experiences of cir-
cularity in practice. Nowadays, the concept of ‘circularity’
might appear to be something of a hype. It has become
a magic word that, in the construction sector, has come
to be used for anything and everything. As a term, it is
fairly new and hasn’t yet been given a generally accepted
definition. We’ll start by defining what circularity actually
means. We’ll then talk about our drivers and motivation
for circularity, about the lessons that we have learned
in circular design, about the dos and dont’s of circular
collaboration, about the digital aspect of circularity, and
finally, we’ll discuss some practical examples. We’ll finish
by looking to the future of circularity. De Architekten Cie.
has learned lessons by tackling practical challenges. We will
attempt to explain why circular design and construction
involve far more than just recycling materials or putting
together designs that incorporate second-hand construc-
tion elements. Compared with the traditional approach
to design and construction, circularity is entirely different
— it’s a system change.
Ilustracija 1
Illustration 1
RE-USE ARCHITECTURE 67
2-3

Ilustracija 2
Illustration 2

Ilustracija 3
Illustration 3

68
2-4
Registar
brownfield područja u
Republici Hrvatskoj
Sunčana Habrun, dipl. ing. arh.
Martina Vidaković, mag. ing. prosp. arch.
Zavod za prostorni razvoj
Ministarstvo prostornoga uređenja,
graditeljstva i državne imovine
Sažetak
Osim definicije pojma brownfield u međunarodnom i
hrvatskom kontekstu, uzroka, pojavnosti i specifičnosti
pojave brownfielda u Hrvatskoj te stanja evidencija, u
radu se daje prikaz računalnog rješenja Registra brown-
field područja u Republici Hrvatskoj koje je uspostavio
Hrvatski zavod za prostorni razvoj potkraj 2018. godine
slijedom prioriteta i strateških usmjerenja određenih
Strategijom prostornog razvoja Republike Hrvatske iz
2017. godine. Registar je uspostavljen radi inventariza-
cije, vrednovanja i praćenja stanja realizacija brownfield
područja kako bi se javno dostupnima učinile osnovne
informacije o njima, a potencijalno stvorili preduvjeti za
kreiranje poticajnih mjera za ulaganja s krajnjim ciljem
da se napušteni i devastirani bivši industrijski, vojni,
turistički i dr. kompleksi ponovno stave u uporabu kao
višenamjenske moderne gradske strukture, nova indu-
strijska postrojenja ili moderni turistički sadržaji.
KLJUČNE RIJEČI
brownfield, registar, urbana preobrazba, prenamjena,
revitalizacija
Uvod
U literaturi je moguće naći više definicija termina brown-
field koje često sadrže pojmove kao što su: napušteno,
neiskorišteno, zapušteno, djelomično ili neadekvatno
korišteno, bivši vojni, industrijski i trgovački kompleksi,
potencijalna kontaminacija okoliša, urbano, preobrazba,
revitalizacija, regeneracija, vraćanje u funkciju, prena-
mjena, ponovna upotreba i sl. Jedna od češće korište-
nih definicija jest ona grupe EU CLARINET prema kojoj je
brownfield “lokacija, uključujući i pripadajuće zemljište,
koja je bila prethodno upotrijebljena, koja je djelomično
ili u potpunosti neiskorištena, ima stvarne ili potencijalne
probleme zagađenja, nalazi se pretežno ili djelomično u
razvijenim urbanim područjima te zahtijeva intervenciju
za ponovno vraćanje u upotrebu” (citirano prema Đokić,
2011.). Pojam je komplementaran pojmu greenfield, koji
opisuje novo područje koje prethodno nije bilo izgrađe-
no. Posljednjih godina neki autori u pojam brownfield
svrstavaju samo bivše industrijske komplekse, dok se
druge vrste prostornih sklopova, primjerice zapuštene
urbane strukture ili napušteni trgovački centri, nazivaju
greyfield (e. g. Dionisio et al., 2015.; Guimarães, 2018.).
PONOVNO KORIŠTENJE ARHITEKTURE
Brownfield
Register in the
Republic of Croatia
Sunčana Habrun, dipl. eng. arch.
Martina Vidaković, mag. ing. prosp. arch.
Institute for Spatial Development
Ministry of Physical Planning,
Construction and State Assets
Abstract
In addition to defining the term brownfield in the interna-
tional and Croatian context, the causes, occurrences, and
specificity of the brownfield phenomenon in Croatia and
the state of records, the paper provides an overview of a
computerised solution for the Brownfield Register in the
Republic of Croatia established by the Croatian Institute
for Spatial Development at the end of 2018, following the
priorities and strategic directions determined by the 2017
Spatial Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia.
The Register was established for the purpose of listing,
evaluating, and monitoring of the state of realisation
of brownfield areas so as to provide public availability
of their basic information and potentially provide pre-
conditions for creating investment incentives with the
ultimate goal of reusing the abandoned and devastated
former industrial, military, tourist, and other complexes
as multi-use modern urban structures, new industrial
plants, or modern tourist facilities.
KEYWORDS
brownfield, register, urban transformation, conversion,
revitalisation
Introduction
Several definitions of ‘brownfield’ can be found in litera-
ture, and they often contain terms such as: abandoned,
unused, neglected, partially or inadequately used, former
military, industrial, and commercial complex, potential
environmental pollution, urban, transformation, revi-
talisation, regeneration, re-commissioning, conversion,
reuse, etc. One of the more commonly used definitions
is that of the EU CLARINET group, according to which a
brownfield is ‘a site, including the associated land, which
has been previously used, which is partially or completely
unused, has actual or potential pollution issues, is located
mainly or partially in developed urban areas and requires
an intervention to be recommissioned’ (quoted according
to Đokić, 2011). The term is complementary to the term
greenfield, which describes a new, previously unbuilt area.
In recent years, there have been authors including only
former industrial complexes under the term brownfield,
while other types of spatial complexes, such as neglected
urban structures or abandoned shopping malls, are called
greyfields (e.g. Dionisio et al., 2015; Guimarães, 2018).
RE-USE ARCHITECTURE 69
2-4
Najzastupljeniji pojavni oblici brownfielda u Hrvatskoj
bivši su vojni, industrijski i turistički kompleksi, no ima
ih i poslovnih, trgovačkih, sportskih, te poljoprivred-
nih farmi. Neki autori (e. g. Matković i Jakovčić, 2019.)
uočavaju i specifične situacije u hrvatskim okvirima
koje se u smislu gore navedene definicije mogu samo
rubno svrstati u brownfield lokacije jer, kako su projekti
napušteni tijekom gradnje, nikad nisu ni bile u funkciji:
npr. trgovački centri Leclerc i Vrbani (Zagreb, 2017. b)
ili Sveučilišna bolnica Blato, sve u Zagrebu. Nastanak
brownfielda povezuje se s propašću tradicionalnih in-
dustrija osamdesetih godina prošlog stoljeća, priva-
tizacijom, ratnim razaranjima, promjenom državnog
ustroja, reorganizacijom obrambenog sustava, global-
nom gospodarskom krizom i sl.
Inozemna literatura uglavnom navodi zagađenost
okoliša kao jedno od obilježja brownfielda. Međutim,
u Hrvatskoj za velik broj brownfielda komponenta za-
gađenosti nema veliko značenje iako Strategija gos-
podarenja otpadom iz 2005. godine među devet crnih
točaka, odnosno visoko kontaminiranih lokacija, navodi
i neke koje se mogu svrstati u tu kategoriju, npr. bivša
koksara u Bakru i bivša tvornica ferolegura u Dugom
Ratu (prema Oikon, 2019.).
U Hrvatskoj nalazimo sada već znatan broj revitali-
ziranih brownfielda koji pokrivaju širok spektar novih
načina korištenja: neki od njih su sveučilišni kampusi
ili objekti studentskog standarda: vojarna na Trsatu
Rijeci (Ožanić i Hero, 2010.), vojarna u Varaždinu (DAZ,
2012.; Oris+, 2018.); Centar gradskih udruga Rojc: vo-
jarna Karlo Rojc u Puli (Jakovčić et al., 2013.); stambena
naselja: vojarna Prečko na lokaciji Špansko Oranice,
vojno skladište Sopnica jug, svinjogojska farma na
lokaciji Sopnica — Jelkovec (Petrović Krajnik et al,
2017.) itd.
Od realizacija koje su u tijeku spomenimo prenamjenu
vojarne Franka Lisice u Zadru u sveučilišni kampus i
objekte studentskog standarda (DAZ, 2015.; GZD, 2021.).
Investicije u revitalizaciju brownfielda financiraju se iz
državnog, županijskih i lokalnih proračuna, privatnih
izvora i europskih fondova, npr. putem modela Inte-
griranih teritorijalnih ulaganja (tzv. ITU mehanizmi).
Primjer su financiranja ITU mehanizmima sredstva
dodijeljena na temelju Poziva na dostavu projektnih
prijedloga (bespovratna sredstva) Revitalizacija brown-
field-lokacija, referentne oznake: KK.06.2.2.06 iz 2018.
godine, u vrijednosti više od 161 milijun kuna za pro-
vedbu šest projekata u pet gradova na području Urbane
aglomeracije Zagreb, u Dugom Selu, Jastrebarskom,
Velikoj Gorici, Zaboku i Zagrebu (Zagreb, 2018.).
Navedimo i neke primjere aktivnih brownfielda u RH. U
Zagrebu je to, osim vojnih kompleksa, veći broj bivših
industrijskih pogona (Paromlin, Gredelj, Badel itd.), ali
70
The most usual forms that brownfields take in Croatia
are former military, industrial, and tourist complexes, but
there are also business, trade, and sports complexes, as
well as agricultural farms. Some authors (e.g. Matković
and Jakovčić, 2019) also observed situations that are spe-
cific to the Croatian context, which in terms of the above
definition can barely be included as brownfields, because,
since the projects were abandoned during construction,
they were never even commissioned: e.g. the Leclerc
and Vrbani Centar shopping malls (Zagreb, 2017 b) or
the Blato University Hospital, all in Zagreb. The origins of
brownfields are associated with the collapse of traditional
industries in the 1980s, privatisation, war destruction,
changes in the state system, reorganisation of the de-
fence system, the global economic crisis, etc.
Foreign literature generally cites environmental pollution
as being one of brownfields’ characteristics. However, for
a large number of brownfields in Croatia, the pollution
component has not much significance, even though the
2005 Waste Management Strategy cited, among 9 black
spots that were highly polluted locations, some brown-
fields that can be classified under that category, e.g. the
former coking plant in Bakar and former ferroalloy factory
in Dugi Rat (according to Oikon, 2019).
In Croatia, there has been a significant number of revital-
ised brownfields covering a wide range of new uses: some
of them are university campuses or student facilities: the
Trsat army barracks in Rijeka (Ožanić and Hero, 2010), the
army barracks in Varaždin (DAZ, 2012; Oris+, 2018); Rojc
Centre for Municipal Associations: the Karlo Rojc army
barracks in Pula (Jakovčić et al., 2013); housing estates:
the Prečko army barracks at the Špansko Oranice site,
the Sopnica South military warehouse, pig farm at the
Sopnica-Jelkovec site (Petrović Krajnik et al., 2017), etc.
Among ongoing realisations it is worth mentioning the
conversion of the Franko Lisica army barracks in Zadar
into a university campus and student facilities (DAZ, 2015;
GZD, 2021).
Investments in brownfield revitalisation are financed from
the state, county, and local budgets, private sources and
European funds, e.g. through the model of Integrated
Territorial Investments (the so-called ITI mechanisms). An
example of financing through the ITI mechanisms are funds
awarded on the basis of the Call for Proposals (grants) for
Revitalisation of Brownfield Sites, reference: KK.06.2.2.06
from 2018, in the value of more than HRK 161 million for
the implementation of six projects in five cities in the area
of the Zagreb urban agglomeration: in Dugo Selo, Jastre-
barsko, Velika Gorica, Zabok, and Zagreb (Zagreb, 2018).
Here are some examples of active brownfields in Croatia. In
addition to military complexes, Zagreb houses a large num-
ber of former industrial plants (Paromlin, Gredelj, Badel,
etc.), and office buildings (Zagrebačka Banka in Parom-
2-4
i poslovnih zgrada (Zagrebačka banka u Paromlinskoj,
već spomenuti Centar Vrbani). U Varaždinu, gdje je
prenamijenjen veći broj bivših vojnih objekata, među
aktivnim brownfieldima nalazimo vrijedna arhitekton-
ska ostvarenja: robnu kuću VA-MA (arh. Aleksandar Dra-
gomanović, Edo Šmidihen i Radovan Nikšić), kupalište
na Dravi (arh. Stjepan Planić) i dijelovi tvornice Varteks
(razni arhitekti) (DAV, 2018.), a sličnih bi se primjera
moglo naći širom zemlje. Među brojnim turističkim
kompleksima “na čekanju” izdvajamo Haludovo na oto-
ku Krku (arh. Boris Magaš). Širom zemlje, iako izvan
urbanog tkiva, u kategoriju brownfielda treba uvrstiti
i napuštene poljoprivredne farme.
Iako je nedostatak adekvatnih prostornih podataka o
brownfield lokacijama u literaturi prepoznat kao jed-
na od najzamjetnijih prepreka njihovoj obnovi (Špirić,
2015.), a inventarizacija brownfielda se navodi kao te-
meljni preduvjet kategorizacije, prioritizacije i rege-
neracije (Matković i Jakovčić, 2019.), u Hrvatskoj na
državnoj razini ne postoji jedinstvena evidencija brown-
fielda. Na razini županija i lokalne samouprave bilježe
se pojedinačni primjeri uspostave registara, primjerice
Atlas brownfield površina Grada Zagreba koji je javno
dostupan u obliku kataloga 43 lokacije (Zagreb, 2017.a)
te na geoportalu Zagrebačke infrastrukture prostornih
podataka (ZIPP, 2021.). Osim toga, nalazimo razradu
ideja na teorijskoj razini, kao što je prijedlog izrade
Registra za Grad Šibenik (Furčić, 2019.) ili podatke na-
vedene u znanstvenim i stručnim radovima: npr. vra-
ćeni vojni objekti na području Grada Pule (Jakovčić et
al., 2013.) i pregled stanja napuštenih vojnih prostora
na području Urbane aglomeracije Zagreb (Matković i
Jakovčić, 2020.).
Strateška podloga i ciljevi uspostave Registra
Strateški okvir za upravljanje brownfield područjima
definiran je Strategijom prostornog razvoja Republi-
ke Hrvatske iz 2017. godine. Strategija u poglavlju 2.
Stanje i procesi, potpoglavlju Napuštena i preskočena
područja, naglašava problematiku brownfielda, a po-
sebno ističe napuštene industrijske, vojne i ugostitelj-
sko-turističke komplekse. Kao povoljne čimbenike za
njihovu prenamjenu i/ili revitalizaciju navodi: često
atraktivan položaj u urbanom tkivu, veličinu zemljišta,
prometnu dostupnost te visok stupanj zatečene uređe-
nosti zemljišta, a kao ograničenja: neriješene vlasničke
odnose, visinu potrebnih ulaganja, nužnost izrade ili
izmjene postojeće prostornoplanske dokumentacije
te u pojedinim slučajevima režime zaštite.
U poglavlju 4. Prioriteti i strateška usmjerenja prostor-
nog razvoja, potpoglavlju Učinkovita uporaba korište-
nog prostora, definiraju se sljedeći ciljevi: revitalizacija
napuštenih i zapuštenih objekata i prostora uz de-
kontaminaciju prostora na kojem je evidentiran bilo
koji oblik onečišćenja; novi izazov: strateško planira-
nje i prepoznavanje brownfield lokacija kroz priorite-
PONOVNO KORIŠTENJE ARHITEKTURE
linska, the already mentioned Vrbani Center). In Varaždin,
where many former military facilities were repurposed,
among the active brownfields we find valuable architectural
achievements: the VA-MA department store (by arch. Alek-
sandar Dragomanović, Edo Šmidihen, and Radovan Nikšić),
the bathhouse on the Drava River (by arch. Stjepan Planić),
and parts of the Varteks factory (various architects) (DAV,
2018), while similar examples could be found throughout
the country. Among the numerous tourist complexes “on
hold”, we can highlight the Haludovo complex on the island
of Krk (by arch. Boris Magaš). Across the country, though
outside the urban fabric, abandoned agricultural farms
should also be included in the brownfield category.
Although the lack of adequate spatial data on brownfield lo-
cations in literature is recognised as one of the most signif-
icant obstacles to their recovery (Špirić, 2015), and brown-
field inventorisation put forward as a basic precondition for
categorisation, prioritisation, and regeneration (Matković
and Jakovčić, 2019), Croatia has no unified brownfield reg-
ister at the state level. At the level of counties and local
self-government, there have been individual examples of
the establishment of registers, for example Atlas of Brown-
fields of the City of Zagreb, which is publicly available in the
form of a catalogue of 43 locations (Zagreb, 2017 a), and
on the geoportal of the Zagreb Spatial Data Infrastructure
(ZIPP, 2021). In addition, we come across an elaboration
of the ideas at a theoretical level, such as the proposal to
set up the Register for the City of Šibenik (Furčić, 2019),
or the data listed in scientific and professional papers: e.g.
returned military facilities in the area of the City of Pula
(Jakovčić et al, 2013) and the overview of the condition
of abandoned military premises in the area of the Zagreb
urban agglomeration (Matković and Jakovčić, 2020).
Strategic background and goals
of establishing the Register
Strategic framework for brownfield management is de-
fined in the 2017 Spatial Development Strategy of the
Republic of Croatia. In chapter 2 Condition and Processes,
subchapter Abandoned and Skipped Areas, the Strategy
emphasises the issue of brownfields, particularly empha-
sising the abandoned industrial, military, and tourist com-
plexes. The factors it finds favourable for their conversion
and/or revitalisation are: frequently an attractive site within
urban tissue, land size, traffic accessibility, and high degree
of existing land infrastructure, but it cites also restrictions:
unresolved ownership, the amount of required investment,
the need to draft or amend the existing spatial planning
documentation, and in some cases protection regimes.
In chapter 4 Priorities and Strategic Directions of Spatial
Development, subchapter Efficient Use of Used Space, it de-
fines the following objectives: revitalisation of abandoned
and neglected buildings and areas with decontamination
of the area where any form of pollution has been record-
ed; new challenge: strategic planning and recognition of
brownfield sites through development priorities; using
RE-USE ARCHITECTURE 71
2-4
te razvoja; korištenje mehanizma EU-a kojim su se u
razdoblju 2014.–2020. mogle financirati kompleksne
aktivnosti preobrazbe gradskih područja: integrira-
na teritorijalna ulaganja (ITU); vrednovanje potencija-
la postojeće izgrađene strukture uz nužan zaokret u
institucionalnom i pojedinačnom stavu o kulturnom
nasljeđu i memoriji prostora; brownfield kao razvojni
resurs, od nacionalne do lokalne razine: inventarizacija
i vrednovanje (SPRRH, 2017.).
U istom poglavlju navedeni su projekti i aktivnosti,
a jedan od njih je izrada Brownfield registra u sklopu
Informacijskog sustava prostornog uređenja (ISPU)
kao jedinstvene točke pristupa podacima o brown-
field područjima koji omogućuje razmjenu podataka
(interoperabilnost) s drugim sustavima, pretraživanje
i pregledavanje podataka o brownfield područjima za
javnost, stručnu javnost, potencijalne investitore te za
tijela javne vlasti državne, regionalne i lokalne razine, a
usto i unapređuje zajedničke poslovne procese jedinica
lokalne i regionalne samouprave i nadležnih zavoda za
prostorno uređenje.
Tijek uspostave Registra
Uspostava Registra započela je 2017. godine u tadašnje-
mu Hrvatskom zavodu za prostorni razvoj, koji danas
djeluje kao Zavod za prostorni razvoj u Ministarstvu
prostornoga uređenja, graditeljstva i državne imovine.
Prvi korak bila je priprema projektnog zadatka s opi-
som zahtjeva i potrebnih funkcionalnosti na temelju
kojeg je u otvorenom postupku javne nabave odabran
izvoditelj. Tijekom izrade Registra razrađena je detaljna
funkcionalna specifikacija, dakle sustav ovlasti korisnika
i poslovnih procesa s opisom načina unosa i ažuriranja
podataka, sustav navigacije i organizacije potrebnih
podloga i ulaznih skupova podataka, model podataka,
uključujući prostornu i atributnu komponentu te su
napravljene skice korisničkih sučelja (engl. mock-up).
Razvijena je računalna aplikacija Registra i provedeno
njezino testiranje. Uspostavljena je veza s tzv. ISPU lo-
katorom, samostalnim računalnim alatom koji se koristi
unutar ISPU-a kako bi se pojedinačnim zapisima u baza-
ma podataka pridružila prostorna komponenta i omo-
gućio prikaz na interaktivnim kartama unutar web-GIS
komponente Registra i javno na geoportalu ISPU-a. Izra-
đen je priručnik za korisnike, a u listopadu 2018. godine
održane su u Zagrebu, Rijeci, Splitu i Osijeku radionice za
potencijalne korisnike Registra na županijskoj i lokalnoj
razini. Na radionicama je predstavljen cijeli postupak, od
prvog unosa novog brownfielda u Registar do objave, te
mogućnosti svih alata i web-GIS preglednika.
S obzirom na raznolikost obilježja brownfielda u Hrvat-
skoj u pogledu veličine, uže i šire lokacije, prethodnog
načina korištenja i planirane namjene, važnosti za lo-
kalnu zajednicu, mogućeg onečišćenja, ograničenja s
aspekta zaštite kulturne baštine i sl., za unos u Regi-
star nisu određeni detaljni kriteriji, osim minimalnog
72
the EU mechanism which in the period 2014–2020 could
finance complex activities of transformation of urban are-
as: integrated territorial investment (ITI); evaluation of the
potential of the existing built structure, with making the
necessary turn in the institutional and individual attitude
towards cultural heritage and memory of space; brown-
field as a development resource, from the national to the
local level: inventory and evaluation (SPRRH, 2017).
The same chapter lists projects and activities, with one of
them being the development of the Brownfield Registry
within the Spatial Planning Information System (ISPU) as
a single point of access to data on brownfield areas that
allows the exchange of data (interoperability) with other
systems, search and view of the data on brownfield areas
for the public, professional public, potential investors, as
well as for public authorities of the state, regional, and
local level, and enhances the joint business processes of
local and regional administrations and competent insti-
tutes for physical planning.
The course of establishing the Register
The Register’s establishment began in 2017 in the then
Croatian Institute for Spatial Development, which today
operates as the Institute for Spatial Development within
the Ministry of Physical Planning, Construction and State
Assets. The first step was the preparation of the project
task with a description of the requirements and the re-
quired functionalities, which served as the basis to select
a contractor in an open public procurement procedure.
During the Register’s establishment, a detailed functional
specification was developed, featuring the system of user
authorisations and business processes with a description
of data entry and updating, navigation and organisation
system for the required entry data and input data sets,
data model, including spatial and attribute component,
and user interface schemes, the so-called mock-up. The
Register computer application was developed and tested.
A connection has been established with the so-called ISPU
locator, a stand-alone computer tool used within ISPU to
enable spatial components to be associated with individual
records in databases and to enable interactive map display
within the Register’s web GIS component and publicly
on the ISPU geoportal. A user manual was prepared, and
workshops for potential users of the Register at the county
and local level were held in Zagreb, Rijeka, Split, and Osijek
in October 2018. The workshops presented the overall
process from the first entry of a new brownfield into the
Registry until publication, as well as the capabilities of all
tools and web GIS browsers.
Given the variety of features of brownfields in Croatia
in the aspects of their size, more local or wider location,
previous and planned use, importance for the local com-
munity, possible pollution, restrictions from the aspect
of protection of cultural heritage, and similar, no detailed
criteria have been set for entry in the Register except for
the minimum requirement that it is an individual building
2-4
zahtjeva da je riječ o pojedinačnoj zgradi ili čestici, tj.
ne upisuju se dijelovi zgrada ili jedne čestice.
Opis funkcionalnosti i način rada
Registar brownfield područja sastoji se od baze prostor-
nih, atributnih i multimedijskih podataka povezanih
s dodatnim komponentama: web-GIS preglednikom,
komponentom za održavanje izbornika/šifrarnika i
komponentom za upravljanje ovlastima korisnika.
U Registar podatke upisuju ovlašteni korisnici iz Zavo-
da za prostorni razvoj, zavoda za prostorno uređenje
županija i Grada Zagreba te pojedinih jedinica lokalne
samouprave. U budućnosti se krug korisnika može pro-
širiti i na regionalne razvojne agencije, upravne odjele
gradova i općina, ministarstva i druge institucije.
Nakon prijave u Registar, korisniku se otvara pregledno
sučelje za uređivanje korisničkih postavki, pretragu i
pregled unesenih podataka iz kojeg se pristupa obrascu
za unos novog brownfielda ili prije unesenim zapisima
koji se mogu dopunjavati ili im se može promijeniti
status, od unosa i verifikacije do objave (slika 1.). Zapisi
u statusu objave javno su vidljivi na geoportalu ISPU-a.
Podaci koji se upisuju u Registar
strukturirani su u nekoliko grupa:
• opći podaci koji sadrže naziv područja i podatke o
površini i lokaciji te vezu s ISPU lokatorom
• vlasništvo, u kojem se navodi tip vlasništva (privat-
no, javno i dr.) i opis stanja vlasništva, uz mogućnost
dodavanja vlasničke dokumentacije
• prostorno planiranje za podatke o namjeni (prethod-
noj, prema važećem prostornom planu i tzv. INSPIRE
direktivi), privremenom korištenju i obvezi izrade
urbanističkog plana uređenja ili provedbe urbanistič-
ko-arhitektonskog natječaja, također uz mogućnost
dodavanja dokumentacije, u ovom slučaju projektne
ili planske
• infrastruktura, grupa u koju se opisuje komunalna
opremljenost područja i prometne veze
• zaštita okoliša i prirode, s podacima je li riječ o za-
štićenom području prirode ili kulturnom dobru te
mogućoj zagađenosti područja
• nadležnost, s kontaktima koji mogu pružiti detaljnije
informacije o pojedinom brownfieldu koje se razliku-
ju od onih koje su sadržane u Registru.
Zapisima se mogu pridružiti i fotografije ili videosnim-
ke. Gdje god je to bilo moguće, radi standardizacije i
ubrzavanja upisa te prevencije grešaka, podaci se unose
odabirom vrijednosti s unaprijed utvrđenih popisa, tj.
iz službenih evidencija (npr. Registra prostornih jedi-
nica) ili iz šifrarnika ugrađenih u Registar, umjesto kao
slobodni tekst.
Brownfield područja prikazuju se kao poligoni u in-
ternom web-GIS pregledniku (slika 2), s mogućnošću
PONOVNO KORIŠTENJE ARHITEKTURE
or lot, meaning that parts of buildings or single parcels
are not entered.
Description of functionality and mode of operation
The Register of Brownfield Areas consists of a database
of spatial, attribute, and multimedia data associated with
additional components: a web-GIS browser, a menu/en-
coder maintenance component, and a user authority
management component.
The users authorised to enter data into the Register are
from the Institute for Spatial Development, the Institute
for Physical Planning of counties and the City of Zagreb,
as well as individual local self-government units. In the
future, the list of users may extend to regional develop-
ment agencies, administrative departments of cities and
municipalities, ministries, and other institutions.
After logging in to the Registry, a descriptive interface
opens to the user for editing user settings, search and
overview of the entered data, and it is a starting point to
access the form for entering a new brownfield or previ-
ously entered records that can be supplemented or their
status changed, from entry and verification to publication
(Figure 1). Records in the status of publication are publicly
visible on the ISPU geoportal.
The data entered in the Register
are structured into several groups:
• General data containing the name of the area, area and
location data, and a link to the ISPU locator
• Ownership showing the type of ownership (private,
public, etc.) and a description of the state of ownership,
with the possibility to add ownership documentation
• Spatial planning for the data on use (previous, accord-
ing to the valid spatial plan and the so-called INSPIRE
Directive), temporary utilisation and the obligation to
develop an urban development plan or to carry out
an urban-architectural competition, also with the pos-
sibility of adding project or planning documentation
• Infrastructure, where the utility equipment of the area
and traffic connections are described
• Environmental and nature protection, with information
on whether it is a protected area of nature or cultural
property, and possible pollution of the area
• Jurisdiction with contacts who can provide more de-
tailed information about the individual brownfield than
those contained in the Register.
Photos or videos can be attached to the records. Wher-
ever possible, to standardise and speed up registration
and prevent errors, data are entered by selecting values
from predefined lists — from official records (e.g. Register
of Spatial Units) or from codebooks embedded in the
Register — instead of entering free text.
Brownfield areas are displayed as polygons in the internal
web-GIS browser (Figure 2), with the ability to view all en-
RE-USE ARCHITECTURE 73
2-4
Ilustracija 1 Prikaz korisničkih sučelja Registra: pregledna tablica
svih zapisa i dio obrasca za unos podataka (izvor: Registar)
Illustration 1 View of the Register’s user interfaces: an overview
table of all records and part of the data entry form (source: Register)
pregleda svih unesenih podataka i dokumentacije te
korištenja alata za upravljanje prikazom (npr. uključiva-
nje/isključivanje, redoslijed i prozirnost slojeva na karti,
pozicioniranje i sl.) te naprednih funkcija za atributno
i prostorno pretraživanje i izvedbu prostornih analiza
koje traže specijalističke vještine iz geoinformatike,
zbog čega nisu primjerene za javnost. U svrhu ispravne
interpretacije podataka, omogućeno je uključivanje i
pregled prostornih slojeva iz drugih izvora kao što su:
Digitalni katastarski plan, Registar prostornih jedinica,
zaštićena područja prirode, ortofoto podloge, važeći
prostorni planovi i sl., a podržan je i izvoz rezultata
analiza u više formata.
74
tered data and documentation and use display manage-
ment tools (e.g. on/off, order and transparency of layers
on the map, positioning, etc.) and advanced functions for
attribute and spatial search and performance of spatial
analyses that require specialist skills in geoinformatics,
which is why they are not appropriate for the public. For
the purpose of correct interpretation of data, it is possible
to switch on a view of spatial layers from other sources,
such as: Digital Cadastral Plan, Register of Spatial Units,
protected areas of nature, orthophoto maps, applicable
spatial plans, etc., and also supported is the export of
analysis results in several formats.
2-4
Ilustracija 2 Prikaz korisničkog sučelja web-GIS komponente s
uključenim potprozorom za pregled atributa pojedinačnog zapisa
(izvor: Registar)
Illustration 2 View of the web-GIS component user interface with
a sub-window switched on to view the attributes of an individual
record (source: Register)
Verificirani i objavljeni podaci iz Registra prikazuju se
javno na geoportalu ISPU-a kao prostorni sloj za prikaz
na karti s pripadajućim opisom, koji se može pregledati
u potprozoru (slika 3).
Do kraja travnja 2021. godine u Registar je bilo upisa-
no više od 170 brownfield područja, od čega je 45 bilo
objavljeno na geoportalu ISPU-a. Unos i objava nastavit
će se i dalje, kao i evidentiranje promjena u statusu
stavljanja brownfielda u uporabu. U idućem razdoblju
planirane su manje nadogradnje i poboljšanja Registra
te uvođenje mrežnih usluga pregleda (WMS) i preuzima-
nja (WFS) kojima je cilj diseminacija podataka i razmjena
s drugim informacijskim sustavima.
Zaključak
U radu se daje kraći osvrt na definicije pojma brown-
field te na opća obilježja takvih područja u svijetu i
u Hrvatskoj. Navedeni su neki hrvatski primjeri pro-
vedenih projekata prenamjene te primjeri aktivnih
brownfielda, koji još čekaju svoju priliku. Nedostatak
jedinstvene evidencije prepoznat je kao izazov, kako
u znanstvenoj i stručnoj literaturi tako i u Strategiji
prostornog razvoja Republike Hrvatske iz 2017. godine
koja je na snazi te na temelju koje se pristupilo izradi
računalnog rješenja Registra brownfield područja u
Republici Hrvatskoj kao središnje točke za njihovu
inventarizaciju, vrednovanje i praćenje promjena ti-
jekom vremena. Opisan je tijek uspostave Registra,
koncept, način rada i funkcionalnosti glavnih kom-
ponenti, s prikazom korisničkih sučelja i veze s Infor-
PONOVNO KORIŠTENJE ARHITEKTURE
Verified and published data from the Register are dis-
played publicly on the ISPU geoportal as a spatial layer
for display on a map with a corresponding description,
which can be viewed in a sub-window (Figure 3).
By the end of April 2021, more than 170 brownfields were
entered in the Register, of which 45 were published on
the ISPU geoportal. Entry and publication will continue, as
well as recording of changes in the utilisation of brown-
fields. Minor upgrades and improvements to the Registry
are planned for the forthcoming period, including the
introduction of online view (WMS) and download (WFS)
services for the purpose of disseminating data and their
exchange with other information systems.
Conclusion
The paper gives a brief overview of the definition of the
term brownfield and the general features of such areas
in the world and in Croatia. It provides several Croatian
examples of implemented conversion projects, as well
as examples of active brownfields that are still awaiting
their opportunity for revival. The lack of unified records
has been recognised as a challenge both in scientific and
professional literature, as well as in the current 2017 Strat-
egy of Spatial Development of the Republic of Croatia, and
it served as the foundation to start creating a computer
solution for the Register of brownfields in the Republic of
Croatia as a central point for their inventory, evaluation,
and monitoring of changes over time. It describes the
course of establishing the Register, the concept, mode of
operation and functionality of its main components, with
RE-USE ARCHITECTURE 75
2-4
Ilustracija 3 Prikaz lokacije i atributa pojedinačnog zapisa iz
Registra na geoportalu ISPU-a preko digitalne ortofoto podloge i
važećeg prostornog plana (izvor: geoportal ISPU-a)
Illustration 3 View of the location and attributes of an individual
entry from the Register on the ISPU geoportal against a digital ort-
hophoto map and a valid spatial plan (source: ISPU geoportal)
macijskim sustavom prostornog uređenja s pomoću
koje se podaci iz Registra objavljuju kako bi se omogu-
ćilo pretraživanje i pregledavanje za javnost, stručnu
i znanstvenu javnost, potencijalne investitore te za
tijela javne vlasti svih razina.
Literatura
1. Dionisio, M. R.; Kingham, S.; Banwell, K.; Neville, J.
(2015.): The Potential of Geospatial Tools for Enhan-
cing Community Engagement in the Post-disaster
Reconstruction of Christchurch, New Zealand. Pro-
cedia Engineering, br. 118, str. 356–370
2. Društvo arhitekata Varaždin (DAV, 2018.): Arhitektu-
ra 20. stoljeća u Varaždinu, Radna skupina Varaždin
— tekstovi 2017./2018. (Kobzinek, F.) (ur.)
3. Đokić, I. (2011.): Suvremeni modeli prenamjene
brownfield lokacija. Modeli upravljanja procesima
obnove i razvoja povijesnih gradova (Božić, N. i
Dumbović Bilušić, B.) (ur.).Zagreb: Hrvatska sek-
cija ECOVAST-a
4. Furčić, P. (2019.): Izrada registra brownfield lokacija
na prostoru grada Šibenika. Prirodoslovno-mate-
matički fakultet u Zagrebu — Geografski odsjek,
diplomski rad
5. Guimarães, P. (2018.): Shopping centres in decline:
analysis of demalling in Lisbon. Cities, br. 87, str. 21–29
6. Jakovčić, M.; Kajinić, J.; Gašparović, S. (2013.): Pre-
namjena vojnih brownfield lokaliteta: primjer pre-
namjene vojarne Karlo Rojc u Puli. Annales: anali za
istarske in mediteranske študije. Series Historia et
Sociologia, br. 23 (2), str. 487–500
76
a presentation of user interfaces and connections with the
Spatial Planning Information System by which data from
the Register are published to enable search and viewing
for the public, professional and scientific public, potential
investors, as well as for public authorities at all levels.
Bibliography
1. Dionisio, M. R.; Kingham, S.; Banwell, K.; Neville, J.
(2015): The Potential of Geospatial Tools for Enhan-
cing Community Engagement in the Post-disaster
Reconstruction of Christchurch, New Zealand. Pro-
cedia Engineering, issue 118, pp. 356–370
2. Varaždin Association of Architects (DAV, 2018): Arhitek-
tura 20. stoljeća u Varaždinu, Radna skupina Varaždin
— tekstovi 2017/2018 (20th Century Architecture in
Varaždin, Varaždin Working Group — 2017/2018 texts)
(Kobzinek, F.) (edit.)
3. Đokić, I. (2011): Suvremeni modeli prenamjene brownfield
lokacija (Modern models of brownfield conversion). Modeli
upravljanja procesima obnove i razvoja povijesnih gradova
(Management models for the processes of renewal and
development of historical cities) (Božić, N. and Dumbović
Bilušić B.) (edit.). Zagreb: Croatian section of ECOVAST
4. Furčić, P. (2019): Izrada registra brownfield lokacija na pro-
storu grada Šibenika (Development of a register of brown-
field locations in the city of Šibenik). Faculty of Science
in Zagreb — Department of Geography, graduate thesis
5. Guimarães, P. (2018): Shopping centres in decline:
analysis of demalling in Lisbon. Cities, issue 87, pp. 21–29
6. Jakovčić, M.; Kajinić, J.; Gašparović, S. (2013): Prena-
mjena vojnih brownfield lokaliteta: primjer prenamje-
2-4
7. Matković, I.; Jakovčić, M (2019.): Brownfield prostori
i njihova regeneracija; Definicije i pristupi. Prostor:
znanstveni časopis za arhitekturu i urbanizam, br.
27, 2 (58), str. 348–359
8. Matković, I.; Jakovčić, M. (2020.): Prenamjena i odr-
živo korištenje napuštenih vojnih prostora u Urbanoj
aglomeraciji Zagreb. Hrvatski geografski glasnik, br.
82 (2), str. 81–106
9. Oris+ (2018.): Studentski dom i restoran Kampusa
Varaždin, Specijalno izdanje
10. Ožanić, N.; Hero, M. (2010.): Sveučilišni kampus u
Rijeci na Trsatu. Građevinar: časopis Hrvatskog sa-
veza građevinskih inženjera, br. 62 (5),str. 377–388
11. Petrović Krajnik, L.; Mlinar, I.; Krajnik, D. (2017.):
City planning policy: New housing developments in
Zagreb brownfields. Geodetski vestnik, br. 61 (2),
str. 246–262
12. ***Strategija prostornog razvoja Republike Hrvat-
ske (SPRRH, 2017.). Narodne novine 106/2017.
13. Špirić, A. (2015.): Prostorni kriteriji u urbanoj obno-
vi industrijskih braunfild lokacija. Građevinar, br.
67(09.), str. 865–877
Ostali izvori
14. Hrvatski zavod za prostorni razvoj: Projektni za-
datak “Uspostava Registra brownfield područja u
Republici Hrvatskoj” (HZPR, 2017.)
15. http://www.d-a-z.hr/hr/vijesti/rezultati-natjeca-
ja-studentski-restoran-i-prateci-sadrzaji-kampu-
sa-varazdin,1719.html (DAZ, 2012.)
16. http://www.d-a-z.hr/hr/projekti/novi-kampus-u-
zadru---1-nagrada,2752.html (DAZ, 2015.)
17. https://geoportal.zagreb.hr/Karta?tk=6 (ZIPP, 2021.)
18. https://www.gradimozadar.hr/kolumne/2690-sveuci-
lisna-menza-s-dormitorijem-znacajan-zadarski-pro-
jekt (GZD, 2021.)
19. https://www.interreg-central.eu/Content.Node/
ReSites/11.-orgi--Oikon.pdf (Oikon, 2019.)
20. https://geoportal.zagreb.hr/Temp/Atlas%20brown-
field%20povrsina_%20pregledne%20karte.pdf (Za-
greb, 2017. a)
21. https://www.zagreb.hr/UserDocsImages/gu%20
za%20strategijsko%20planiranje/Atlas%20brown-
field%20povr%C5%A1ina.pdf (Zagreb, 2017. b)
22. https://www.zagreb.hr/itu-revitalizacija-brown-
fieldlokacija/157270 (Zagreb, 2018.)
PONOVNO KORIŠTENJE ARHITEKTURE
ne vojarne Karlo Rojc u Puli (Conversion of military
brownfield sites: an example of the conversion of
the Karlo Rojc army barracks in Pula). Annales: anali
za istrske in mediteranske študije (Annales: Annals for
Istrian and Mediterranean Studies). Series Historia et
Sociologia, issue 23 (2), pp. 487–500
7. Matkovic, I .; Jakovcic, M (2019): Brownfield prostori i
njihova regeneracija; Definicije i pristupi (Brownfield
sites and their regeneration; Definitions and approa-
ches). Prostor: a scholarly journal for architecture and
urban planning, issue 27, 2 (58), pp. 348–359
8. Matković, I.; Jakovčić, M. (2020): Prenamjena i održivo
korištenje napuštenih vojnih prostora u Urbanoj aglome-
raciji Zagreb (Conversion and sustainable use of abando-
ned military premises in the Zagreb Urban Agglomerati-
on). Hrvatski geografski glasnik, issue 82 (2), pp. 81–106
9. Oris+ (2018.): Studentski dom i restoran Kampusa
Varaždin, Specijalno izdanje (Student dormitory and
restaurant of the Varaždin Campus, Special edition)
10. Ožanić, N.; Hero, M. (2010): Sveučilišni kampus u Ri-
jeci na Trsatu (University campus in Rijeka on Trsat).
Građevinar: journal of the Croatian Association of Civil
Engineers, issue 62 (5), pp. 377–388
11. Petrović Krajnik, L.; Mlinar, I.; Krajnik, D. (2017): City
planning policy: New housing developments in Zagreb
brownfields. Geodetski vestnik, issue 61 (2), pp. 246–262
12. ***Spatial Development Strategy of the Republic of Cro-
atia, 2017). Official Gazette ‘Narodne Novine’ 106/2017
13. Špirić, A. (2015): Prostorni kriteriji u urbanoj obnovi
industrijskih braunfild lokacija (Spatial criteria in urban
recovery of industrial brownfield sites). Građevinar,
issue 67 (09.), pp. 865–877
Other sources
14. Croatian Institute for Spatial Development: Projektni
zadatak “Uspostava Registra brownfield područja u
Republici Hrvatskoj (Project task “Establishment of
the Register of Brownfield Areas in the Republic of
Croatia) (HZPR, 2017)
15. http://www.d-a-z.hr/hr/vijesti/rezultati-natjeca-
ja-studentski-restoran-i-prateci-sadrzaji-kampu-
sa-varazdin,1719.html (DAZ, 2012.)
16. http://www.d-a-z.hr/hr/projekti/novi-kampus-u-za-
dru---1-nagrada,2752.html (DAZ, 2015.)
17. https://geoportal.zagreb.hr/Karta?tk=6 (ZIPP, 2021.)
18. https://www.gradimozadar.hr/kolumne/2690-sveuci-
lisna-menza-s-dormitorijem-znacajan-zadarski-pro-
jekt (GZD, 2021.)
19. https://www.interreg-central.eu/Content.Node/Re-
Sites/11.-orgi--Oikon.pdf (Oikon, 2019.)
20. https://geoportal.zagreb.hr/Temp/Atlas%20brown-
field%20povrsina_%20pregledne%20karte.pdf (Za-
greb, 2017. a)
21. https://www.zagreb.hr/UserDocsImages/gu%20
za%20strategijsko%20planiranje/Atlas%20brown-
field%20povr%C5%A1ina.pdf (Zagreb, 2017. b)
22. https://www.zagreb.hr/itu-revitalizacija-brownfield-
lokacija/157270 (Zagreb, 2018.)
RE-USE ARCHITECTURE 77
 3
PROMIŠLJANJE
ARHITEKTURE
RE-THINK
ARCHITECTURE
PONOVNO KORIŠTENJE ARHITEKTURE RE-USE ARCHITECTURE 79
Promišljanje arhitekture
Robert Loher, dipl.ing.arh., stručni tajnik
Hrvatska komora arhitekata
Četiri glavne teme konferencije Re-Use su znakoviti
“Renewal”, “Re-Use architecture”, “Re-Think archite-
cture” i “Re-Activate architecture”. Prefiks “Re” pritom
je ključan igrač u poimanju onoga što trebamo činiti.
Svjesni smo da smo zbog raznih nagomilanih problema,
od ekološke, društvene, moralne i drugih naravi, upali u
slijepu ulicu, iz koje moramo izaći. “Re”, bez obzira što
može stajati i za “revoluciju”, ovdje označava kontinu-
itet “reciklaže”. Učinimo ono što imamo kao podlogu
za bolje sutra. Učinimo oruđe od oružja.
Tema “Re-Think” vraća nas na izvorište , po principu
“back to the basics”. Vrijeme je da preispitamo osnovne
oblike, prije svega osnovne životne funkcije, kako bi-
smo mogli postaviti novi smjer stvarima. Razmišljamo
o povratku arhtetipa, ne zbog forme, već zbog gradi-
teljske logike. Razmišljamo o jedinstvenosti prostora
na kojem gradimo, jer kada ga jednom zazidamo, on
će takav ostati duže vrijeme. Naša ostvarenja mogu
biti snažna ako u sebi sadrže refleksiju okoline, ako
preuzmemo ono dobro iz okoline, i ugradimo to u naše
ostvarenje. Naša arhitektura, nadalje, treba težiti da
bude anonimna, bez da želi dokazati sav naš raskošni
talent (čast izuzecima), a da pritom jasno i čisto ocr-
tava ideju prostora, kao što to čini Schwarzova Fron-
leichnamskirche u Aachenu.
PROMIŠLJANJE ARHITEKTURE
Re-think Architecture
Robert Loher, dipl.eng.arch., secretary
Croatian chamber of architects
The four main themes of the Re-Use conference are the
indicative “Renewal”, “Re-Use Architecture”, “Re-Think
Architecture”, and “Re-Activate Architecture”. Therein, the
prefix “Re-” plays a key role in perceiving what we need
to do. We are aware that because of various accumulated
issues of environmental, social, moral, and other natures,
we have fallen into a cul-de-sac, from which we must
egress. While “Re-” could also stand for “revolution”, here
it stands for the continuity of “recycling”. Let’s do what
we have to do as a foundation for a better tomorrow.
Let’s make a tool out of a weapon.
The “Re-Think” theme brings us back to the source, on
the principle “back to the basics”. It is time to rethink basic
forms, above all the basic functions of life, so as to be able
to set a new direction for things. We think about the return
of the archetype, not because of the form, but because
of the construction logic. We think about the uniqueness
of the space we build in, because once we wall it up, it
will stay that way for a long time. Our achievements can
be strong if they contain within them a reflection of the
environment, if we take the good from the environment
and incorporate it into our achievement. Our architecture,
furthermore, should strive towards being anonymous,
devoid of the desire to prove all of our lavish talent (excep-
tions excused), while clearly outlining the idea of space, as
does Schwarz’s Fronleichnamskirche in Aachen.
RE-THINK ARCHITECTURE 81
3-1
Visokokvalitetno životno
okruženje i Novi europski
Bauhaus
Dr.sc. Veronika Valk-Siska
Savjetnica za arhitekturu i dizajn
Ministarstvo kulture Estonije
Pregled rada i izvješća stručne skupine država članica
Prema zajedničkoj kulturi arhitekture — Ulaganje u vi-
sokokvalitetno životno okruženje za sve, u svjetlu Novog
europskog Bauhausa
Sažetak
Osnovana planom rada EU-a za kulturu 2019.–2022.,
radna skupina europskih stručnjaka razmotrila je pre-
vladavajuće trendove i najbolje prakse gospodarenja
suvremenim prostornim dizajnom da bi izradila pre-
poruke na više razina kojima se osigurava visoka kva-
liteta arhitekture i izgrađenog okruženja za svakoga.
Utemeljeno na sustavu kvalitete Davos Baukultur,
njihovo izvješće Prema zajedničkoj kulturi arhitekture
— Ulaganje u visokokvalitetno životno okruženje za sve1
pruža konkretne definicije visokokvalitetne arhitekture
i izgrađenog okoliša. Pruža odgovore na to kako se ti
pojmovi mogu definirati, detaljno opisujući ključne kri-
terije za njihovu ocjenu. Kroz zbirku studija slučajeva iz
prakse prikupljenih iz cijele Europe, koje je ova stručna
skupina koja radi otvorenom metodom koordinacije
(OMK) pregledala u razdoblju 2020.–2021., ovo izvješće
predlaže načine upotrebe tih kriterija kvalitete, čija je
provedba počela na više razina gospodarenja. Aspekte
kvalitete treba uzeti u obzir u svim područjima finan-
ciranja koja se odnose na prostorni razvoj i izgrađeni
okoliš, posebice u područjima koja su integrirana u
postupke javne nabave. Preporuke su usmjerene na
različita mjerila, kao što su politike EU-a, nacionalni
okviri i lokalna razina, uz dionike iz privatnog sektora
i profesiju.
Ključne riječi
Kultura; arhitektura; životno okruženje; sustav kvali-
tete Davos Baukultur; stručna skupina država članica;
Europska komisija
Uvod
U okviru prioriteta “Kohezija i dobrobit”, Vijeće je planom
rada za kulturu 2019.–2022. uspostavilo skupinu struč-
njaka država članica koji rade Otvorenom metodom ko-
ordinacije (OMK), a usredotočeni su na visokokvalitetnu
1 Izvješće je dostupno zajedno s izvršnim sažetkom i alatima na:
https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2766/88649 EN cijelo izvješće u PDF-u
https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2766/98888 EN izvršni sažetak u PDF-u
https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2766/973427 EN alati u PDF-u
82
High-Quality Living
Environment and the New
European Bauhaus
Veronika Valk-Siska, PhD
Counsellor for Architecture and Design
Ministry of Culture of Estonia
An overview of the Member State expert group work
and report Towards a shared culture of architecture —
Investing in a high-quality living environment for everyone,
in light of the New European Bauhaus.
Abstract
Called together for the 2019–2022 EU work plan for cul-
ture, a working group of European experts looked at prev-
alent trends and best practices in the governance of con-
temporary spatial design, to provide recommendations at
multiple levels, ensuring high quality in architecture and
the built environment for everyone. Based on the Davos
Baukultur Quality System, their report Towards a shared
culture of architecture — Investing in a high-quality living
environment for everyone1 provides concrete definitions
of high-quality architecture and built environment. It
provides answers to how these terms can be defined,
detailing key criteria for their assessment. Through a col-
lection of case studies, gathered from across Europe and
examined by this OMC expert group in 2020–2021, the
publication suggests ways to operationalise those qual-
ity criteria, which have been put into action at multiple
governance levels. Quality aspects should be considered
across all funding areas that concern spatial development
and the built environment, in particular those that are
integrated into public procurement procedures. The rec-
ommendations target different scales, such as EU policies,
national frameworks, and the local level, in addition to
private-sector stakeholders and the professional realm.
Key words
Culture; architecture; living environment; Davos Bauku-
ltur Quality System; Member State expert group; Euro-
pean Commission
Introduction
Under the priority ‘Cohesion and Well-being’, the Council’s
2019–2022 work plan for culture established an Open
Method of Coordination (OMC) group of Member State
experts focusing on high-quality architecture and built
environment for everyone. In 2020 and 2021, a group of
39 experts nominated by 23 Member States, plus Norway
1 The report, along with the executive summary and toolkit, is available at:
https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2766/88649 EN full report PDF
https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2766/98888 EN exec summary PDF
https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2766/973427 EN toolkit PDF
3-1
arhitekturu i izgrađeno okruženje za sve. Tijekom 2020. i
2021. godine, skupina od 39 stručnjaka koje su imenovale
23 države članice, uz Norvešku i Švicarsku, blisko je su-
rađivala s ciljem rješavanja trenutačnih izazova i dugo-
ročnih strategija za naše životno okruženje. Tijekom tog
procesa koji je koordinirala Europska komisija, stručnjaci
su razmjenjivali znanja, analizirali slučajeve iz prakse i si-
nergije s postojećim inicijativama i politikama, te izradili
preporuke o mnogim načinima na koje visokokvalitetna
arhitektura može pomoći u poboljšanju i daljnjem ra-
zvoju kvalitete prostora i naselja u Europi za dobrobit
svih. Svojim inkluzivnim i holističkim pristupom, njihovo
izvješće nudi ideje i pristupe različitim dionicima, napose
donositeljima odluka, u područjima arhitekture i izgra-
đenog okoliša, kulture i kulturnog naslijeđa, kao i onima
koji su zaduženi za prostorno planiranje i održivi razvoj
na lokalnoj, regionalnoj, nacionalnoj i europskoj razini.
Ali konačno izvješće Prema zajedničkoj kulturi arhitekture
— Ulaganje u visokokvalitetno životno okruženje za sve
također je zamišljeno kao vrijedan resurs za klijente,
državne službenike i druge relevantne dionike.
Arhitekti i dizajneri
kao dio odgovora na globalne izazove
Protekom vremena mnogo je raznih ljudi uključeno u
oblikovanje izgrađenog okruženja, uključujući donosi-
telje odluka, arhitekte, dizajnere i planere. Velik dio od-
govornosti leži na arhitektima jer oni često imaju glav-
nu ulogu u svim fazama prostornog razvoja, s obzirom
na to da su često voditelji procesa. Arhitekti i dizajneri
dobro su pozicionirani posrednici među različitim stru-
kama, kao što su inženjerstvo, tehnologija, znanosti
o materijalima i društvene znanosti. Arhitekti imaju
potvrđeno iskustvo u propitivanju kvalitete izgrađenog
okoliša, te su stoga dobro opremljeni da koriste svoje
znanje, iskustvo i kapacitete kako bi potaknuli rasprave
o ciljevima kvalitete za izgrađeno okruženje. Osim jasne
vizije i vodeće uloge arhitekata, svi dionici — posebice
javni sektor, ali i privatni sektor — imaju odgovornost
osigurati da se ciljevi kvalitete ispune prema njihovim
najboljim dostupnim znanjima.
Kultura kao ključ
Način na koji oblikujemo svoju okolinu kao cjelinu
izraz je naše kulture ili kulture prostornog razvoja, tzv.
Baukultur. Izgrađeno okruženje zahtijeva sveobuhva-
tan, kulturno orijentiran pristup načinu projektirana
prostora u kojima živimo i osiguravanju da nasljeđe
koje društvo ostavlja za sobom ima vrijednost. Viso-
kokvalitetna dizajnerska rješenja razvijaju zajedničke
vrijednosti jer ne samo da ispunjavaju funkcionalne,
tehničke i ekonomske zahtjeve već i povezuju ljude i
promiču društvenu interakciju. Iskustvo s načinom na
koji smo koristili prostore i mjesta tijekom pandemije
bolesti COVID-19 izvuklo je na površinu iznimnu važnost
pristupa kvalitetnom stanovanju, vanjskom prostoru i
prirodnoj rekreaciji za naše postojanje i našu dobrobit.
Međutim, predugo je bio zanemarivan sveukupni cilj
PROMIŠLJANJE ARHITEKTURE
and Switzerland, closely collaborated with the aim of
addressing current challenges and long-term strategies
for our living environment. Through the process, which
was coordinated by the European Commission, the ex-
perts exchanged knowledge, analysed case studies and
synergies with existing initiatives and policies, and devel-
oped recommendations on the many ways high-quality
architecture can help to improve and further develop
the quality of the spaces and places of Europe for the
benefit of everyone. With its inclusive and holistic ap-
proach, their report provides various stakeholders with
ideas and approaches, in particular decision-makers in
the fields of architecture and the built environment, cul-
ture and cultural heritage, and those tasked with spatial
planning and sustainable development at the local, re-
gional, national, and European levels. But the final report
Towards a Shared Culture of Architecture — Investing in a
high-quality living environment for everyone is also meant
as a valuable resource for clients, civil servants, and other
relevant stakeholders.
Architects and designers
as part of the response to global challenges
Over time, many different people will have shaped the
built environment, including decision-makers, architects,
designers, and planners. Much of the responsibility lies
with architects, as they frequently play a central role in
all spatial development phases, often leading the process.
Architects and designers are well-placed brokers between
different lines of work and expertise, such as engineering,
technology, material sciences, and social studies. Archi-
tects have a solid track record in interrogating the quality
of the built environment, and are therefore well equipped
to use their knowledge, experience, and ability to spark
discussions about quality goals for the built environment.
Besides a clear vision and the leading role of architects,
all stakeholders — especially the public sector, but also
the private sector — have a responsibility to ensure that
quality goals are met to their best available knowledge.
Culture as key
How we shape our environment as a whole is an expres-
sion of our culture, or Baukultur. The built environment
requires a comprehensive, culture-centred approach on
how to design the places in which we live, and to en-
sure the legacy that society leaves behind is of value.
High-quality design solutions develop common values
because they not only fulfil functional, technical, and
economic demands, but also connect people and pro-
mote social interaction. The experience of how we have
used spaces and places during the COVID-19 pandemic
has highlighted that access to quality housing, outdoor
space, and natural recreation is hugely important to our
existence and well-being. For too long, however, the
overall objective of quality architecture and a quality
living environment, with all its key aspects, has been
neglected, and has been limited to functional, technical,
and economic aspects. What is often ignored is that a
RE-THINK ARCHITECTURE 83
3-1
europski zeleni plan
val obnove + novi europski bauhaus +
circular economy action plan
european green deal
renovation wave + new european bauhaus
+ circular economy action plan
european climate law
europski zakon o klimi
obzor europa
klasteri 2, 5 i 6 (eu misije i partnerstva
(b4p, driving urban transitions)
horizon europe
clusters 2, 5 and 6 eu missions and
partnerships (b4p, driving urban transitions)

europska urbana inicijativa (nacionalni) planovi za oo

european urban initiative (national) rrf plans

farska konvencija urbact

faro convention urbact

ciljevi
konferencija o zaštiti održivog razvoja europski okvir
arhitektonskog un-a 2030. i ciljevi za djelovanje u
nasljeđa europe za kvalitetu* području kulturne
convention for the un sdgs 2030 and baštine
protection of the goals for quality* european framework
architectural heritage for action on
of europe cultural heritage

konvencija o nova europska

europskim krajobrazima agenda za kulturu
european landscape new european agenda
convention for culture

europski klimatski pakt zpi urbana europa

european climate pact jpi urban europe
urbana agenda za eu partnerstva za smjernice zic-a (jrc.a):
održivo korištenje zemljišta, stanovanje, razina (razine), priručnici
kulturu i kulturno nasljeđe, javnu nabavu za održiv urbanistički razvoj, itd.
urban agenda for the eu jrc guidelines:
partnership on sustainable land use, level(s), handbooks for sustainable
housnig, culture and cultural heritage, urban development, etc.
public procurement

* određeno procesom u davosu, novom lajpciškom poveljom,

nagradom eu mies i nacionalnim arhitektonskim politikama
* set by davos process, new liepzig charter, eu mies awards and
national architecture policies

Ilustracija 1 Pristup usmjeren na kvalitetu treba utjecati na različita
postojeća i buduća područja politike, inicijative i programe rada.
Aspekti kvalitete u arhitekturi još nisu uključeni u sve relevantne
politike, inicijative i programe, iako su razmatranja koja se odnose
na kulturnu baštinu i kulturu prostornog razvoja, tzv. Baukultur, već
u određenoj mjeri ugrađena u kohezijsku politiku. Od ključnog je
značaja uključiti kriterije kvalitete prilikom izrade relevantnih novih
programa rada i ažuriranja politika, strategija, propisa i smjernica.
Također je važno dijeliti najbolje prakse i provoditi sustave ocjene
kvalitete u mehanizmima financiranja.
Illustration 1 Quality-driven approaches should inform various existing
and future policy areas, initiatives, and work programmes. Quality as-
pects in architecture have not yet been included in all relevant policies,
initiatives, and programmes, although considerations relating to cul-
tural heritage and Baukultur are already, to some extent, embedded
in cohesion policy. It is crucial to include quality criteria when drafting
relevant new work programmes and updating policies, strategies, re-
gulations, and guidelines. It is also important to share best practices
and implement quality-assessment systems in funding mechanisms.

kvalitetne arhitekture i kvalitetnog životnog okoliša, sa
svim svojim ključnim aspektima, te je bio ograničen na
funkcionalne, tehničke i ekonomske aspekte. Ono što
se često zanemaruje jest da kvalitetan životni prostor
ne ispunjava samo funkcionalne, tehničke, ekološke
i ekonomske zahtjeve već i ciljeve dizajna u pogledu
estetskih, socijalnih i psiholoških aspekata i kulturnih
potreba, kao što je osjećaj pripadnosti.
Integrirani pristup — vrijednost dijaloga
Dok je stručna skupina OMK radila, Europska komisija
pokrenula je Novi europski Bauhaus (NEB), čiji je cilj
quality living space not only meets functional, technical,
ecological and economic requirements, but also fulfils
design objectives when it comes to aesthetic, social, and
psychological aspects and cultural needs, such as a sense
of belonging.
An integrated approach — the value of dialogue
While the OMC expert group was at work, the European
Commission launched the New European Bauhaus (NEB),
which aims at transforming the European Green Deal into a
new cultural project, beyond its technological or economic
dimensions. While it goes beyond traditional ideas about

84
3-1
transformacija Europskog zelenog plana u novi kulturni
projekt, koji nadilazi njegove tehnološke ili ekonomske
dimenzije. Iako nadilazi tradicionalne ideje o izgrađenom
okruženju, Novi europski Bauhaus (zajedno s nekoliko
drugih inicijativa navedenih u nastavku) u mnogome se
preklapa sa zaključcima izvješća skupine OMK, jer pozi-
va na kvalitetu arhitekture i promišljanje o dizajnu kao
ključne doprinose transformacijskom kretanju koje želi
potaknuti. Inicijativa NEB ima za cilj stvoriti projektant-
ski pokret koji objedinjava tri dimenzije: održivost, kva-
litetu iskustva (estetika) i inkluziju (koja također pokriva
priuštivost i dostupnost). Izvješće skupine OMK unosi
se u projekte i provedbu NEB-a, a time i Zeleni plan, jer
izgrađeno okruženje zahtijeva sveobuhvatan, kulturno
orijentiran pristup načinu projektiranja prostora u ko-
jima živimo. S obzirom na značajan zamah koji je NEB
postigao, imat će ključnu ulogu kao podrška provedbe
načela i vizija navedenih u izvješću skupine OMK.
Europski razvoj u kreiranju politika
usmjerenih prema visokokvalitetnoj arhitekturi
Europska arhitektonska politika pokrenuta je prije 20-ak
godina. Temelj te politike počiva na dva stupa. S jedne
strane, postoji zahvaljujući političkim dokumentima
koje je usvojilo Vijeće. Već 2001. godine Rezolucija Vijeća
o kvaliteti arhitekture u urbanim je i ruralnim sredina-
ma označila novu arhitekturu kao “nasljeđe sutrašnjice”.
Potaknula je države članice da “promiču kvalitetu arhi-
tekture pomoću uzornih politika javnih zgrada”, uključu-
jući putem strukturnih fondova. Uz to, zaključci Vijeća
o arhitekturi iz prosinca 2008. istaknuli su doprinos
kulture održivom razvoju, uključujući sposobnost arhi-
tekture da pomogne u podizanju svijesti i usmjeravanju
prema “visokokvalitetnom životnom okruženju”.
S druge strane, 2001. godine pokretanje Nagrade EU-a
za suvremenu arhitekturu — Nagrade Mies van der
Rohe odigralo je ključnu ulogu u isticanju jedinstvenih
arhitektonskih djela i najboljih praksi u Europi.
Preporuke u izvješću skupine OMK nadovezuju se na
nedavna međueuropska događanja, kao što su Davoski
proces, Nova Leipziška povelja, Urbana agenda za EU,
Zeleni plan i, kao što je gore navedeno, NEB. U global-
nom smislu, UN-ov Program za održivi razvoj do 2030.
postavlja za cilj uključive, sigurne, otporne i održive
gradove (br. 11).2 Sva ta kretanja i inicijative pridonose
stvaranju zamaha jer postoji osjećaj hitnosti da se naše
promišljanje prenese s ljudi na planet i da djelujemo na
klimatske promjene.
Koncepti i kriteriji kvalitete
U skladu s Deklaracijom iz Davosa iz 2018. godine, ne-
davno je razvijen sustav kvalitete Davos Baukultur
2 https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/cities/
Vidjeti također Arhitektonski vodič za UN-ovih 17 ciljeva održivog
razvoja: https://issuu.com/kadk/docs/aechitecture_guide_
un17_vol.2_web_single_pages
PROMIŠLJANJE ARHITEKTURE
the built environment, the NEB (along with several other
initiatives mentioned below) has a considerable amount
of overlap with the conclusions of the OMC report, as it
calls for architectural quality and design-minded thinking
as key contributors to the transformational movement it
wants to inspire. The NEB initiative aims to create a design
movement that simultaneously integrates three dimen-
sions: sustainability, quality of experience (aesthetics), and
inclusion (which also covers affordability and accessibility).
The OMC report feeds into the design and implementa-
tion of the NEB, and thus the Green Deal, since the built
environment requires a comprehensive, culture-centred
approach on how to design the places in which we live.
Given the significant momentum the NEB has gathered, it
will play a key role in helping to implement the principles
and visions laid out in the OMC report.
European developments in
policymaking for high-quality architecture
The European architectural policy was initiated about
20 years ago. The foundation of this policy rests on two
pillars. It exists, on the one hand, thanks to the political
documents adopted by the Council. As early as 2001, the
Council resolution on architectural quality in urban and
rural environments had already flagged new architec-
ture as ‘the heritage of tomorrow’. It encouraged Mem-
ber States to ‘promote architectural quality by means
of exemplary public building policies’, including through
structural funds. In addition, the Council conclusions on
architecture from December 2008 highlighted culture’s
contribution to sustainable development, including ar-
chitecture’s capacity to help raise awareness and main-
stream a ‘high-quality living environment’.
On the other hand, the launch of the EU Prize for Con-
temporary Architecture — Mies van der Rohe Award in
2001 played a key role in highlighting outstanding works
of architecture and best practices in Europe.
The recommendations in the OMC report build on recent
cross-European developments, such as the Davos Pro-
cess, the New Leipzig Charter, the urban agenda for the
EU, the Green Deal and, as mentioned above, the NEB.
In global terms, the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development sets out a goal on inclusive, safe, resilient,
and sustainable cities (No 11).2 All of these developments
and initiatives build momentum, as there is now a sense
of urgency to shift our thinking from the people to the
planet, and to act on climate change.
Concepts and criteria of quality
In line with the 2018 Davos Declaration, the Davos
Baukultur Quality System (DBQS) was recently devel-
oped to deliver a comprehensive definition of high-qual-
2 https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/cities/
See also An architecture guide to the UN 17 sustainable development
goals: https://issuu.com/kadk/docs/aechitecture_guide_un17_
vol.2_web_single_pages
RE-THINK ARCHITECTURE 85
3-1
fokus na kvaliteti
focus on quality
nagrada europske unije za europski
suvremenu arhitekturu 1988. forum za
> nagrada eu mies 2001. + arhitektonske
arhitektonska nagrada ytaa politike efap
za mlade talente 2016. 1997.–2017.,
The european union prize for od tada kao
contemporary architecture 1988 konferencije
> eu mies award 2001 + young talent ecap
architecture awardd ytaa 2016 european
forum for
archiitectural
policies efap
1997–2017,
continues
since as ecap
conferences
1988 1997
Ilustracija 2 Od 2015. nadalje politički okvir počeo je posvećivati
sve veću pozornost aspektima kvalitete
Illustration 2 From 2015 onwards the policy framework has started
to pay more and more attention to quality aspects
(Davos Baukultur Quality System ili DBQS) da bi se njime
pružila sveobuhvatna definicija visokokvalitetne kultu-
re prostornog razvoja. Ovaj sustav omogućava njezi-
nu procjenu, pregled postojećih sustava, istraživanja i
opažanja. DBQS nudi osam temeljnih kriterija kvalitete,
a svaki opisuje neki od aspekata visokokvalitetne kul-
ture prostornog razvoja: gospodarenje, funkcionalnost,
okoliš, ekonomiju, različitost, kontekst, osjećaj mjesta i
ljepotu.3 Svaki kriterij povezan je s nekim načelom kva-
litete, dok skup ključnih pitanja omogućava procjenu
mjesta radi utvrđivanja njegove buduće kvalitete. Na-
čela kvalitete odnose se na različite aspekte izgrađenog
okoliša, pri čemu se svakom kriteriju kvalitete pripisuje
odgovarajuća težina ovisno o prirodi i razini zahvata
u prostoru. Svi kriteriji kvalitete trebaju se primje-
njivati na sve zahvate u prostoru. Međutim, svaki se
kriterij uzima u obzir na različite načine, primjerice za
mjerilo krajolika, zgrade ili interijera.
Izvješće skupine OMK sadrži kontrolni popis i alate za
procjenu kvalitete, koji su u skladu s DBQS-om i eu-
ropskim načelima kvalitete za zahvate s potencijalnim
utjecajem na kulturnu baštinu koje financira EU. 4 Naj-
bolje prakse mogu se unaprijediti korištenjem alata
za procjenu kvalitete radi donošenja uravnoteženih
odluka o alternativnim projektima za prostore i nji-
3 Sustav kvalitete Davos Baukultur, svibanj 2021.: http://www.
davosdeclaration2018.ch/quality-system.
4 Europska načela kvalitete Međunarodnog vijeća za spomenike
i mjesta (ICOMOS), 2020.: https://www.icomos.org/en/abo-
ut-icomos/committees/regional-activities-europe/90984-qua-
lity-principles-new-version-available
86
rezolucija vijeća 2001. zaključci vijeća 2008. UN agenda 2030
council resolution 2001 council conclusions 2008 sdgs 2015
Urbana agenda za eu 2016.–2021.
urban agenda for the eu 2016–2021
deklaracija iz davosa 2018. > proces
sustav kvalitete baukultur 2021
urban agenda for the eu 2016–2021
baukultur quality system 2021
plan rada vijeća za kulturu
2019.–2022.
omc group 2020.–2021.
council work plan for
culture 2019–2022
omc group 2020–2021
novi europski bauhaus 2020.
nova lajpciška povelja 2020.
new european bauhaus 2020
new leipzig charter 2020
efap ecap
2001 2008 2015 2016 2018 2019 2020 2021 vrijeme
time
ity Baukultur. This system enables its assessment, re-
viewing existing systems, research, and observations.
The DBQS offers eight fundamental quality criteria, each
of which describes an aspect of high-quality Baukultur:
governance, functionality, environment, economy, diver-
sity, context, sense of place, and beauty.3 Each criterion is
linked to a quality principle, while a set of key questions
allows the assessment of a place to establish its future
quality. The quality principles relate to different aspects
of the built environment, whereby appropriate weight
is attributed to each quality criterion depending on the
nature and level of the spatial intervention. All quality
criteria should be applied to all spatial interventions.
However, each criterion is taken into account differently,
for example at the landscape, building, or interior scale.
The OMC report provides a quality assessment checklist
and a toolkit, which complies with both the DBQS and the
European quality principles for EU-funded interventions with
potential impact upon cultural heritage. 4 Best practices can
be improved by using a quality assessment tool to make
balanced decisions on alternative design for spaces and
their use. The public sector can demonstrate leadership by
implementing a quality assessment system in investments
as part of planning processes — in weighing up invest-
ment and location alternatives, in property development
3 Davos Baukultur Quality System, May 2021: http://www.davosdec-
laration2018.ch/quality-system.
4 International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) European
Quality Principles, 2020: https://www.icomos.org/en/about-ico-
mos/committees/regional-activities-europe/90984-quality-princi-
ples-new-version-available
3-1
hovoj upotrebi. Javni sektor može pokazati vodstvo
uvođenjem sustava procjene kvalitete ulaganja kao
dijela procesa planiranja — u procjeni investicijskih i
lokacijskih alternativa, u razvoju imovine i njezinom
upravljanju, u postupcima javne nabave, u vrednovanju
prijedloga za financiranje, u pripremi podloga (npr. za
prostorno planiranje ili projektiranje) itd. Odgovori na
pitanja procjene kvalitete mogu unaprijediti osjetljivost
na mjesta s visokokvalitetnom kulturom prostornog
razvoja i njihovo prepoznavanje među svim društvenim
i funkcionalnim skupinama (specijalistima i nespeci-
jalistima) te izgraditi znanje i opću svijest o pitanjima
kvalitete koja se odnose na izgrađeni okoliš.
Izvješće skupine OMK ističe Studije slučajeva iz prakse
koji utjelovljuju sve ili neke od osam kriterija kvalitete
koji su dio DBQS-a. Skupina OMK od svojih je država
članica zatražila pozitivne primjere visoke kvalitete u
arhitekturi i izgrađenom okruženju. Utvrđeno je slje-
dećih osam kategorija kao odgovor na novonastale
teme, aktivnosti i utjecaj nedavne pandemije u EU-u:
• nagrade,
• zakoni i politike,
• obrazovanje i podizanje svijesti,
• regeneracija i revitalizacija,
• alati, procesi i istraživanja,
• financiranje i ulaganja,
• inicijative na lokalnoj razini,
• tehničke inovacije (ponovno korišteni materijali,
nove tehnologije).
Prikupljeno je 76 studija slučajeva iz prakse koji su pred-
stavljeni u tablici, a prikazuju širok raspon postojećih
najboljih praksi diljem Europe. Slijedom toga, unutar
tih osam kategorija istaknute su 33 studije slučajeva iz
prakse kao jedinstvene i reprezentativne.
Ukratko o ključnim preporukama
Ove preporuke izravno se odnose na ključne zadatke
koje je utvrdila stručna skupina OMK. Težnja prema
sljedećim ciljevima pomoći će u stvaranju visokokva-
litetnog životnog okruženja za sve.
Visokokvalitetni postupci i rješenja postaju modeli
najbolje prakse. Kao smjernice o načinu poboljšanja
izgrađenog okruženja za sve, visokorelevantna načela
kvalitete zacrtana u Davoskoj deklaraciji (5) i DBQS-u
trebala bi postati najbolja praksa i u javnom i u pri-
vatnom sektoru, uz osam kriterija kvalitete navedenih
u ovom izvješću. Nijedna odluka o gospodarenju ne
bi trebala smanjiti kvalitetu nekog mjesta. Naslijedili
smo izgrađeno okruženje u kojem živimo, s njegovim
već postojećim prostornim kontekstom. Dovođenje
(katkad suprotstavljenih) interesa u ravnotežu tijekom
procesa odlučivanja treba uvijek rezultirati kompro-
5 () Dodatne informacije: https://davosdeclaration2018.ch/da-
vos-declaration-2018
PROMIŠLJANJE ARHITEKTURE
and management, in public procurement procedures, in
the evaluation of funding proposals, in preparing briefs
(e.g. for spatial planning or design), etc. Answering the
quality assessment questions can improve sensitivity to
and the recognition of places with high-quality Baukul-
tur among all societal and functional groups (specialists
and non-specialists) and build up knowledge and general
awareness about quality issues relating to the built envi-
ronment.
The OMC report highlights case studies that embody all
or some of the eight quality criteria that are part of the
DBQS. The OMC group sought out positive examples of
high quality in architecture and the built environment
from the respective countries of its members. The follow-
ing eight categories were defined in response to recently
emerging EU topics, themes, activities and the impact of
the recent pandemic:
• awards,
• laws and policies,
• education and awareness raising,
• regeneration and revitalisation,
• tools, processes, and research,
• funding and investment,
• grassroots initiatives,
• technical innovation (reused materials, new technol-
ogies).
Overall, 76 case studies were collected and presented in
a matrix, demonstrating a broad range of existing best
practices across Europe. Subsequently, 33 case studies
stood out as being the most distinctive and representa-
tive within those eight categories.
Key recommendations in brief
These recommendations directly address the key tasks
identified by the OMC expert group. Aiming for the fol-
lowing goals will help create a high-quality living envi-
ronment for everyone.
High-quality procedures and solutions become
best-practice models. As guidance on how to improve
the built environment for everyone, the highly relevant
quality principles mapped out in the Davos Declaration (5)
and the DBQS should become best practices in both the
public and the private sectors, alongside the eight quality
criteria provided in this report. No governance decision
should reduce the quality of a place. We have inherited
the built environment we live in, with its already existing
spatial context. Balancing (sometimes conflicting) inter-
ests in the decision-making process should always result
in a compromise that improves the built environment
for as many people as possible — for everyone, for as
long as possible.
5 () Further information: https://davosdeclaration2018.ch/
davos-declaration-2018
RE-THINK ARCHITECTURE 87
3-1
misom koji unaprjeđuje izgrađeno okruženje za što je
više moguće ljudi — za svakoga, sve dok je to moguće.
Svi imaju pristup znanju o kvaliteti. Nužno je što
ranije podići svijest o ovoj temi. U formalnom i ne-
formalnom obrazovanju postoje dobri primjeri načina
unaprjeđenja znanja o prostoru i vještina u prostoru
da bismo sljedeće pokoljenje osposobili boljim razu-
mijevanjem izazova i kvaliteta izgrađenog okruženja.
Mnogo je korisnih primjera dugoročnog pozitivnog
utjecaja veće svijesti o ovoj temi među općom po-
pulacijom na sve što je izgrađene (vidjeti slučajeve iz
prakse prikazane u izvješću pod “Nagrade” i “Obrazo-
vanje i podizanje svijesti”).
Donositelji odluka promiču kvalitetu. Procesi dono-
šenja odluka za izgrađeno okruženje postaju uspješni
ako se uloži što je moguće više znanja i kompetencija
na svim administrativnim razinama. Visokokvalitetna
projektna rješenja moraju se temeljiti na znanju, te
moraju u sebi imati ugrađena trenutačno dostupna i
najprikladnija znanja za svako mjesto. Uz to, poželjno
je potaknuti razvoj novih znanja i vještina. Sve odluke
o oblikovanju i korištenju prostora imaju dugoročan
utjecaj na životnu sredinu. Da bi standardi i očekiva-
nja koji se odnose na kvalitetu bili dobro uključeni u
procese odlučivanja i planiranja, donositelji odluka
trebaju imati na raspolaganju najrelevantnije infor-
macije. Takva prostorna kompetencija (usmjerena na
kvalitetu) dovest će do veće stručnosti i odgovornosti
pri donošenju i provedbi odluka koje utječu na razvoj
prostora (vidjeti studije slučajeva iz prakse predstav-
ljene u izvješću pod “Zakoni i politike” i “Alati, procesi
i istraživanja”).
Zajedničko stvaranje s kvalitetom na umu. Načela
participativnog zajedničkog stvaranja u središtu su
svih procesa odlučivanja koji se odnose na izgrađeni
okoliš na svim razinama upravljanja (uključujući odluke
o financiranju, lokaciji, projektnoj studiji, građevinskim
nacrtima itd.). Alternativni planovi otvoreni su za raz-
matranje i raspravu sa svim ljudima i organizacijama
na čija bi zakonska prava i područja djelovanja odluka
mogla utjecati (vidjeti preporuke za participativne pro-
cese i zajedničko stvaranje).
Dosljednost u planiranju radi postizanja kvalitete.
Davoska načela kvalitete za kulturu prostornog ra-
zvoja koriste se kao osnova u procesima strateškog
planiranja te se na njih upućuje u svim relevantnim
dokumentima na svim razinama gospodarenja. Oni
čine osnovu za informirane izbore i odluke o planiranju
i projektiranju na svim razinama odjela i uprave. To
se posebno odnosi na razmatranja visokokvalitetne
arhitekture tijekom cijelog životnog tijeka građevine:
to uključuje usvajanje načela kvalitete tijekom procesa
planiranja, gradnje i transformacije ili recikliranja, kao i
ponovno promišljanje pitanja revitalizacije i ponovnog
korištenja u odnosu na ciljeve kvalitete (vidjeti studije
88
Everybody has access to knowledge about quality. It is
essential to raise awareness of the topic early on. Good
examples of how we can improve spatial knowledge and
skills exist in formal and informal education to equip the
next generation with a better understanding of the chal-
lenges and qualities of the built environment. There are
many useful examples of how greater awareness of the
topic among the general population has a positive impact
on all built developments in the long run (see case studies
presented under ‘Awards’ and ‘Education and awareness
raising’ in the report).
Decision-makers subscribe to quality. The decision-mak-
ing processes for the built environment become a success
if as much knowledge and competence as possible is
invested at all administrative levels. High-quality design
solutions must be based on knowledge, and must have
the currently available and, for every place, the most suit-
able knowledge built into them. In addition, they should
ideally bring forward the development of new knowledge
and skills. All decisions on the design and use of space
have a long-term impact on the living environment. For
decision-making and planning processes to be very well
informed about the standards and expectations around
quality, decision-makers should have the most relevant
information at their disposal. Such spatial competence
(subscribing to quality) will result in greater expertise
and accountability when making and implementing deci-
sions that influence the development of spaces (see case
studies presented under ‘Laws and policies’ and ‘Tools,
processes, and research’ in the report).
Co-creation with quality in mind. The principles of
participatory co-creation are at the heart of all deci-
sion-making processes concerning the built environment
at all governance levels (including decisions on funding,
location, design brief, construction drawings, etc.). Alter-
native plans are open to deliberation and discussion with
all people and organisations whose legal rights and fields
of action might be affected by the decision (see recom-
mendations for participatory processes and co-creation).
Consistent planning to achieve quality. The Davos quality
principles on Baukultur are used as a blueprint throughout
strategic planning processes and are referenced in all rel-
evant documents at all governance levels. They form the
basis for informed choices and decisions on planning and
design at all departmental and administrative levels. This
is particularly relevant for considerations on high-quality
architecture across the entire building life cycle: this in-
volves adopting the quality principles during the planning,
building, and transformation or recycling process, as well
as rethinking issues of revitalisation and reuse in terms of
the quality goals (see case studies presented under ‘Regen-
eration, revitalisation, and adaptive reuse’ in the report).
Regulations, standards, and guidelines help to achieve
quality. Legal acts, standards, and guidelines support
3-1
slučajeva iz prakse prikazane u izvješću pod “Regene-
racija, revitalizacija i prilagodljiva ponovna upotreba”).
Propisi, norme i smjernice pomažu u postizanju kva-
litete. Pravni akti, norme i smjernice podupiru pro-
vedbu načela kvalitete prostornog razvoja dopunjena
načelima kvalitete gdje je to primjenjivo. Načela trebaju
biti relevantna u početnoj fazi izrade propisa, normi
i smjernica. Važno je osigurati da pravila i postupci
javne nabave na nacionalnoj, regionalnoj i lokalnoj ra-
zini potiču pristup koji se temelji na kvaliteti umjesto
pristupa koji se temelji isključivo na troškovima, da je
kvaliteta temelj za nabavu intelektualnih usluga (npr.
inženjerski, krajobrazni ili urbanistički projekti) te da se
u provedbi natječaja javne arhitekture i urbanističkih
natječaja slijede najbolje prakse. Mjere financiranja i
mehanizmi ulaganja moraju biti usmjereni na kvalitetu
izgrađenog okoliša (vidjeti studije slučajeva iz prakse
prikazane u izvješću pod “Zakoni i politike” i “Financi-
ranje i ulaganja”).
PROMIŠLJANJE ARHITEKTURE
the implementation of Baukultur quality principles, com-
plemented with quality principles where appropriate.
The principles should be of relevance at the initial draft-
ing stage of regulations, standards and guidelines. It is
important to ensure that public procurement rules and
procedures at the national, regional and local levels foster
a quality-based approach over a solely cost-based one,
that quality is the basis for procuring intellectual ser-
vices (e.g. engineering, landscape, or urban design) and
that the best practices for conducting public architecture
and urban planning competitions are followed. Funding
measures and investment mechanisms need to target
the quality of the built environment (see case studies
presented under ‘Laws and policies’ and ‘Funding and
investment’ in the report).
RE-THINK ARCHITECTURE 89
3-2
Doživljaj arhitektonskih
transformacija.
Grand Parc Bordeaux,
paradigmatski primjer
Ivan Blasi, arhitekt i kustos, Fundació Mies van
der Rohe, Barcelona
Sažetak
Slijedom iskustva zaklade Fundació Mies van der Rohe
Barcelona i Creative Europe u ocjenjivanju i odabiru
izgrađenih arhitektonskih radova putem nagrade Eu-
ropske unije za suvremenu arhitekturu — nagrade Mies
van der Rohe, ovaj članak dijeli specifična iskustva žirija
u odabiru preobrazbe 530 stanova u četvrti Grand Parc
Bordeaux autora Lacaton & Vassal, Druot i Hutin, kao
dobitnika nagrade EU Mies za 2019.
Ključne riječi
arhitektura, preobrazba, stanovanje, istraživanje, odr-
živost
Paviljon Barcelona, čiji su izvorni autori bili Ludwig Mies
van der Rohe i Lilly Reich 1929. godine, a koji obnovljen
je 1986. godine, bio je temelj za ustoličenje nagrade
Europske unije za suvremenu arhitekturu — nagrade
Mies van der Rohe. Kao što je govorio Mies i kako to
ističe nagrada EU-a Mies, arhitektura je čisti izraz svog
vremena, simbol je svoje epohe.
Paviljon Barcelona i dalje je mjesto istraživanja i raspra-
va kroz različite projekte i umjetničke intervencije, od
kojih je jedna bila “Mies Missing Materiality”, autora
Anna i Eugeni Bach (prikaz 1), gdje su sve površine pa-
viljona bile prekrivene tankim slojem bijele boje da bi
opisali materijalitet i konsolidaciju povijesti. Primjerice,
u slučaju Paviljona Barcelona, fotografiranog crno-bije-
lom tehnikom i s vrlo malo izvornih dokumenata koji ga
opisuju, mnogi vidovi njegove povijesti nisu objavljeni,
a umjetničke intervencije postale su način za razvoj
novih istraživanja i otkrivanje novih priča.
Nagrada EU Mies nastala je 1988. godine kao suradnja
između Europske unije i zaklade Fundació Mies van der
Rohe radi razmjene znanja na cijelom ovom teritoriju.
Uz potragu za kvalitetom i izvrsnošću, bio je to način
za širenje arhitektonske kulture i suzbijanje određenog
gubitka kvalitete u izgrađenom okolišu u Europi nasta-
log trivijalizacijom gradnje i vrijednosti projektiranja,
neodgovornim korištenjem zemljišta, propadanjem
povijesnog tkiva i gubitkom lokalnih tradicija i identi-
teta. Tada je Europa bila znatno drukčija nego danas, a
danas je gledamo kao konglomerat mjesta i teritorija sa
90
Experiencing architectural
transformations.
Grand Parc Bordeaux,
a paradigmatic example
Ivan Blasi, architect and curator, Fundació Mies van
der Rohe, Barcelona
Abstract
Drawing from the experience of the Fundació Mies van
der Rohe Barcelona and Creative Europe in the evaluation
and selection of built architectural works through the
European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture
— Mies van der Rohe Award, this paper shares the jury’s
specific experience in the selection of the transformation
of 530 apartments in the Grand Parc Bordeaux, authored
by Lacaton & Vassal, Druot, and Hutin as the Winners of
the 2019 EU Mies Award.
Key words
architecture, transformation, housing, research, sustain-
ability
The Barcelona Pavilion, originally commissioned to Lud-
wig Mies van der Rohe and Lilly Reich in 1929 and rebuilt
in 1986, was the main trigger for establishing the Euro-
pean Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture — Mies
van der Rohe Award. As Mies himself said and the EU Mies
Award points out, architecture is the pure expression of
its time, it is a symbol of its epoch.
The Barcelona Pavilion continues to be a place of research
and discussion through different projects and art inter-
ventions, one of which was “Mies Missing Materiality” by
Anna and Eugeni Bach (image 1), when all surfaces of the
Pavilion were covered with a thin white layer in order to
speak about materiality and the consolidation of history.
For example, in the case of the Barcelona Pavilion, pho-
tographed in black and white and without many original
documents describing it, many aspects of its history have
never been shared and art interventions have become
a method for developing new research and discovering
new stories.
The EU Mies Award was born in 1988 as a collaboration
between the European Union and the Fundació Mies
van der Rohe to share knowledge across the region. As
well as a search for quality and excellence, it was a way
to disseminate architectural culture and to counteract a
certain loss of quality in the built environment in Europe
with its trivialisation of construction, of design values,
irresponsible land use, deterioration of historic fabric,
and the loss of local traditions and identities. Europe,
3-2
Ilustracija 1 Mies Missing Materiality, autori Anna i Eugeni Bach.
Paviljon Barcelona, Fundació Mies van der Rohe. Foto: © Adrià Goula.
Illustration 1 Mies Missing Materiality by Anna and Eugeni Bach. Bar-
celona Pavilion, Fundació Mies van der Rohe. Photo: ©Adrià Goula
zajedničkim vrijednostima koji djeluje kao mreža i slavi
lokalne identitete. Nagrada EU Mies djeluje kao mreža
ljudi, mjesta, institucija i platformi koje zajednički oti-
skuju europsku povijest arhitekture u društveni, gos-
podarski, politički, tehnološki i globalni arhitektonski
kontekst. Polazeći od nominacija stručnjaka i odluka
žirija, odvija se niz aktivnosti povezanih s preobrazbom
našeg teritorija i utjecajem na način na koji živimo, i to
na različitim razinama i u različitim formatima poput
diskusija, izložbi i publikacija.
Žiri je ključan a njegovi su članovi djelatni arhitekti,
kritičari, klijenti, sociolozi, novinari, političari i ljudi koji
su na različite načine uključeni u arhitekturu. Upravo se
kroz njihova gledišta odvijaju sve te aktivnosti i postaju
veza između arhitekture i svih nas.
Žiri posjećuje radove finalista i razgovara s klijentima,
arhitektima i lokalnim stanovnicima. U četvrti Grand
Parc Bordeaux preoblikovano je 530 stanova u tri stam-
bene zgrade, te su brojni stanari podijelili svoja isku-
stva, iskazavši svoje uzbuđenje, ponos i zadovoljstvo
konačnim rezultatom jer su njihove potrebe bile saslu-
šane i to se odgledalo u konačnom rezultatu (slika 2).
Bordeaux je mjesto gdje dolazi do razmjene ljudskih
vrijednosti već tijekom više od dvije tisuće godina i
najopsežnije je urbano okruženje na svijetu koje je
UNESCO stavio na popis svjetske baštine. Ako pažlji-
vo pogledamo zemljovid lokacije, vidimo područje s
velikim višestambenim zgradama i velikim javnim po-
vršinama. To je Grand Parc, naselje s javnim stanovi-
ma izgrađeno 1960-ih godina, gdje nalazimo blokove
preoblikovane višestambene zgrade G, H i I. Smještene
PROMIŠLJANJE ARHITEKTURE
back then, was much different from today, and we now
look at it as a conglomerate of places and territories with
common values, working as a network and celebrating
local identities. The EU Mies Award works as a network of
people, places, institutions, and platforms which together
embed European architectural history into a social, eco-
nomic, political, technological, and global architectural
context. Departing from the experts’ nominations and
the jury’s decisions, a series of activities related to the
transformation of our territory and its impact on how we
live take place at different levels and in different formats,
such as discussions, exhibitions, and publications.
The jury is essential and its members are practicing archi-
tects, critics, clients, sociologists, journalists, politicians,
and people involved with architecture in different ways.
It is through their viewpoints that all these activities take
place and become the connection between architecture
and all of us.
The jury visits finalists’ works and speaks with clients,
architects, and local inhabitants. In the case of the Grand
Parc Bordeaux, where 530 apartments in three hous-
ing blocks were transformed, many of their inhabitants
shared their experiences, showing their excitement, pride,
and pleasure at their needs being appreciated and about
the accomplishment with the final result (image 2).
Bordeaux is a place where an exchange of human values
has been taking place for over two thousand years and it
is the most extensive urban environment in the world to
be recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. If we look
carefully at the site map, we see an area with large-scale
housing blocks and wide public space areas. This is the
RE-THINK ARCHITECTURE 91
3-2
Ilustracija 3 Žiri za nagradu EU-a Mies 2019. na lokaciji Grand Parc
Bordeaux. Fundació Mies van der Rohe. Foto: © Jordi Garcia
Illustration 3 EU Mies Award 2019 jury in Grand Parc Bordeaux. Fun-
dació Mies van der Rohe. Photo: ©Jordi Garcia
su tik do starog grada i također se smatraju dijelom
nadgradnje ljudskih vrijednosti.
Projekt se sastoji od preoblikovanja ovih triju zgrada s
530 socijalnih stanova u Bordeauxu (slika 3). Zgradama
je trebala obnova nakon što je isključena mogućnost
njihova rušenja te se njihova preobrazba odvijala dok su
stanovi bili potpuno useljeni; obnova je počela od unu-
trašnjosti, dajući im nove kvalitete: više prostora, više
svjetla, više pogleda i modernizaciju funkcija. U ovom
se primjeru promiče visokokvalitetna arhitektura, što
je upravo cilj Novog europskog Bauhausa, putem pro-
cesa usmjerenog na kvalitetu i specifičnog za lokaciju,
koji se može prilagoditi drugim lokacijama uzimajući u
obzir specifičnosti svakog teritorija. Stoga je to lokalni
projekt koji je također testiran u Parizu, gdje se također
pokazao vrlo uspješnim. Unatoč tome, može se smatrati
europskim projektom zbog tema kojima se bavi, ali i
zbog potencijala za obnavljanje europskog stambenog
fonda, uzimajući u obzir ciljeve Zelenog sporazuma.
Lokalno stanovništvo možemo smatrati pokretačima
ovog projekta, s obzirom da im je trebalo unapređenje
njihovih domova. Preobrazbu je financirao i pokrenuo
AQUITANIS, Office public de l’habitat (OPH) de la Commu-
nauté urbaine de Bordeaux (Ured za javno stanovanje
gradske zajednice Bordeaux), koja je javno poduzeće
za nekretnine iz Bordeauxa. Projekt je također dobio
subvenciju FEDER za energetsku učinkovitost, kao re-
zultat natječaja održanog 2011. godine.
Početni korak bilo je istraživanje pod nazivom Paris
Plus koje su proveli Frédéric Druot, Anne Lacaton i Je-
an-Philippe Vassal za parišku upravu. To istraživanje
je rezultat vrlo velikog popisa stambenih situacija i
postojeće urbane organizacije u Parizu. Ističe golemu
količinu arhitektonskog i urbanističkog materijala koji
se može ažurirati, a čija je nježna i pažljiva preobrazba
bez sumnje sposobna pružiti trajne odgovore na tre-
92
Grand Parc, a public housing estate built in the 1960s,
where we find blocks G, H, and I, which have been trans-
formed. They are just next to the old town and are also
considered a part of this construction of human values.
The project consisted of the transformation of these
three social housing buildings with 530 apartments in
Bordeaux (image 3). They required renovation after their
demolition had been ruled out and their transformation
took place with apartments fully occupied, starting from
the interior and giving them new qualities: more space,
more light, more views, and an upgrade of the facilities.
High-quality architecture, the aims of the New European
Bauhaus, has been promoted in this example through a
quality-oriented and place-specific process which can
be adapted to other places, taking into consideration
the specificities of each territory. Therefore, it is a lo-
cal project that has also been tested in Paris, where it
also turned out very successfully. Nonetheless, it can be
considered a European project because of the topics it
tackles and also in terms of its potential to regenerate
the European housing stock, taking into account the aims
of the Green Deal.
We can consider the local dwellers as initiators of this
project, given that they required improvement of their
living places. The transformation was funded and brought
forward by AQUITANIS, Office public de l’habitat (OPH) de
la Communauté urbaine de Bordeaux (Office of Public
Housing of the Urban Community of Bordeaux), which is
the public real estate company of Bordeaux. The project
also received a FEDER energy efficiency subsidy, which
was the result of a competition that took place in 2011.
The initial step was a research study, Paris Plus, by Frédéric
Druot, Anne Lacaton, and Jean-Philippe Vassal for the Paris
government. The study is the result of a very large inven-
tory of the housing situation and existing urban organ-
isations in Paris. It highlights the immense reservoir of
updatable architectural and urban material, whose delicate
and careful transformation is capable of providing, without
doubt, lasting answers to the immediate questions of
housing, urban density, services and the environment, and
the pleasure and ease of living and inhabiting.
The study selected 1,648 urban situations in Paris and its
20 neighbouring communes. Of them, 164 were studied
in precise detail so as to assess the overall land capacities
of the 1,648 inventoried situations. In addition, 16 feasi-
bility studies were carried out to determine, by extrapo-
lation, the potential for remarkable transformation and
housing densification. The conclusion was that 450,000
existing homes could be rehabilitated and transformed
and an additional 135,000 new homes could be built as
additions to already serviced areas.
Bernard Blanc, the director of the public housing company
and an essential figure in the whole process, was the per-
3-2
Ilustracija 3 Grand Parc Bordeaux, autori Lacaton & Vassal, Druot
i Hutin. © Philippe Ruault
Illustration 3 Grand Parc Bordeaux by Lacaton & Vassal, Druot and
Hutin. ©Philippe Ruault
nutačna pitanja stanovanja, urbane gustoće, usluga i
okoliša, te užitka i lakoće življenja i stanovanja.
U istraživanju je odabrano 1.648 urbanih situacija u
Parizu i njegovih 20 susjednih općina. Među njima je
164 detaljno proučavano upravo radi procjene ukupnih
zemljišnih kapaciteta 1.648 popisanih situacija. Uz to,
provedeno je 16 studija izvedivosti da bi se ekstrapo-
lacijom utvrdio potencijal za značajnu preobrazbu i
zgušnjavanje stanovanja. Zaključak je bio da se 450.000
postojećih domova može sanirati i preobraziti, te se
dodatnih 135.000 novih domova može se izgraditi kao
dodatak u prostorima već opremljenim infrastrukturom.
Bernard Blanc, direktor javnog stambenog poduzeća
i ključna osoba u cijelom procesu bio je osoba koja je
pokrenula čitav postupak nakon što je odlučio da ne
želi rušenje Grand Parca. Između 2010. i 2013., prije pro-
jekta u Bordeauxu, Lacaton, Vassal i Druot preoblikovali
su stambeni blok Tour Bois-le-Prêtre. Pristup je bio
vrlo sličan, ali u tom prvom slučaju bilo je 96 stanova
u jednoj višestambenoj zgradi na periferiji Pariza kojoj
je također trebalo unapređenje vertikalne komunika-
PROMIŠLJANJE ARHITEKTURE
son who initiated the entire process once he decided that
he did not want Grand Parc to be demolished. Before the
project in Bordeaux, Lacaton & Vassal, and Druot trans-
formed the Tour Bois-le-Prêtre housing block between
2010 and 2013. The approach was very similar, but in this
first case there were 96 apartments in one block on the
outskirts of Paris that also needed vertical communication
updating, facilities’ improvement, and higher quality spac-
es for the inhabitants. This first housing transformation
and experience in which the architects spoke to all the
inhabitants and followed the whole process very close-
ly became an example for promoters and inhabitants of
Bordeaux who had visited Paris before the transforma-
tion there took place. This gave the inhabitants first-hand
knowledge and experience from their Parisian neighbours.
The film explaining this first experience, «HLM, Habitations
Légèrement Modifiées» (A lightly modified habitation),
was shot in Paris by Guillaume Meigneux, and it served
to disseminate the acquired knowledge.
Back in Bordeaux, it was decided to begin with the trans-
formation of one of the blocks as a learning ground, be-
fore continuing with the other two larger buildings.
RE-THINK ARCHITECTURE 93
3-2
cije, sadržaja te kvalitetniji prostori za stanare. Ta prva
preobrazba stanova i iskustvo razgovora arhitekata sa
svim stanovnicima te pažljivog praćenja cjelokupnog
procesa izbliza postali su svijetli primjer promotorima i
stanovnicima Bordeauxa koji su bili posjetili Pariz prije
ovog preoblikovanja. To je stanovnicima pružilo znanja
i iskustva njihovih pariških susjeda iz prve ruke. Film
koji objašnjava ovo prvo iskustvo, “HLM, Habitations
Légèrement Modifiées” (lagano modificirano stano-
vanje), snimio je u Parizu Guillaume Meigneux i služio
je za širenje stečenih znanja.
U Bordeauxu je odlučeno da se započne s preobrazbom
jednog od blokova kao poligonom za učenje prije nego
što se nastavi s drugim dvjema većim zgradama.
Postavljeni zahtjevi su bili poboljšati životne uvjete
u trima zgradama koje nisu imale toplinsku izolaciju,
koje su sadržavale azbest, nedostajalo je dizala, te su
stanovi bili vrlo mali (oko 40 m2). Projektom je do-
dan volumen, riješen je problem azbesta bez potrebe
da stanari napuste svoje stanove, te su zadovoljeni
propise toplinske i zvučne izolacije upotrebom inova-
tivnih prijedloga kao što je dodavanje prefabriciranog
volumena — zimskog vrta. Ovaj novi prostor pruža
veći volumen prostora, ali poboljšava i toplinske uvjete
uobičajenih prostorija prostora poput spavaćih soba,
kuhinje, kupaonice i dnevnog boravka. Novi prostor
može se upotrebljavati prema potrebama i volji svakog
stanara. Dodan je i vanjski balkon, a ukupna estetika
triju zgrada u njihovu je kontekstu, pored povijesnog
Bordeauxa, krajnje poboljšana.
Glavno očekivanje — poboljšanje životnih uvjeta sta-
novnika — postignuto je u cijelosti. To uključuje veće
prostore (volumene) u kojima se živi, a koji su se po-
kazali prijeko potrebnima uslijed pandemije bolesti
COVID; ispunjeni su zahtjevi toplinske izolacije i to ne
samo korištenjem tradicionalnih građevinskih sustava
s dodavanjem slojeva uglavnom onečišćujućih mate-
rijala, već donošenjem jedinstvene odluke za rješenje
prostornih i termoizolacijskih zahtjeva: izgrađen je zim-
ski vrt; dodano je dizalo i poboljšan je zajednički javni
sustav vertikalnih komunikacija; dograđeni su stanovi
(na krovu); preobrazba je provedena dok su stanovnici
nastavili živjeti u svojim stanovima (3 dana radova po
stanu); uklonjen je azbest; te je poboljšano prizemlje i
njegova povezanost s ostatkom grada.
Nakon obilaska lokacija, žiri nagrade EU Mies prepoznao
je izvrsnost lokacije Grand Parc Bordeaux u pogledu
istraživanja, razvoja, uključivanja dionika i stanara, kva-
litete rješenja i gradnje te zadovoljstva stanara. Visoko
su ocijenili uspješan ishod kojim su sva očekivanja is-
punjena u konačnom rezultatu sukladno mišljenjima
stanara. Komentari stanara bili su vrlo pozitivni, kao
i komentari klijenta koji je riskirao s netradicionalnim
stavom prema načinu poboljšanja životnih uvjeta so-
cijalnog stanovanja uz proračunska sredstva za takvo
94
The requirements were to improve the living conditions
of the three buildings which had no thermal insulation,
had asbestos, a shortage of elevators, and very small
apartments (around 40m2). The project added more vol-
ume, solved the asbestos problem without requiring the
inhabitants to leave their residences, and met thermal
and sound regulations using out-of-the box proposals
such as the addition of a prefabricated volume — a
winter garden. This new space provides more volume,
but it also improves the thermal conditions of the most
common spaces such as bedrooms, kitchen, bathroom,
and living room. The new space can be used according to
the needs and will of each neighbour. An outside balcony
was also added and the overall aesthetics of the three
buildings in their context, next to historical Bordeaux,
was extremely improved.
The main expectation was the improvement of inhab-
itants’ living conditions, which turned out to be fully
realised. This includes larger spaces (volumes) to live in,
which have proven absolutely necessary throughout the
COVID pandemic; thermal insulation requirements being
met not only by using traditional construction systems
of adding layers of mostly contaminant materials, but
by resolving spatial and thermal requirements with a
single decision: the construction of a winter garden; the
addition of an elevator and improvement of the common
public vertical communication system; the addition of
apartments to the existing ones (rooftops); transforma-
tion while inhabitants continued living in their apart-
ments (3 days of work per apartment); the removal of
asbestos; and the improvement of the ground floor and
its connection to the rest of the city.
After visiting the sites, the jury of the EU Mies Award rec-
ognised the excellence of Grand Parc Bordeaux in terms
of research, development, involvement of stakeholders
and inhabitants, quality of solutions and construction,
and neighbours’ satisfaction. They appreciated the suc-
cessful outcome in which all the expectations were met
in the end result according to the neighbours’ opinions.
The inhabitants’ comments were highly positive, as were
those of the client, who took a risk in going forward with
a non-traditional attitude towards improved living con-
ditions in social housing and on a social housing budget.
This has also allowed all these people to become ambas-
sadors for explaining architecture as the departure point
of any change — to us, our environment, the planet.
This transformation and reuse project has performed
excellently in terms of policy making, functionality, envi-
ronment conscience, economy, diversity and integration,
understanding of the context and giving and keeping the
sense of place, and it was chosen as the key example of the
New European Bauhaus. In this sense, it is also important
to highlight that the transferability of the idea between
countries is plausible because the origin is a concept that
just needs to be adapted to existing conditions (climate,
3-2
stanovanja. Time je također omogućeno svim tim lju-
dima da postanu veleposlanici za objašnjavanje arhi-
tekture kao polazišta svake promjene — nama, našem
okruženju, planeti.
Ovaj projekt preobrazbe i ponovne upotrebe prove-
den je na izvrstan način u smislu donošenja politika,
funkcionalnosti, svjesnosti o okolišu, gospodarstva,
raznolikosti i integracije, razumijevanja konteksta te
davanja i zadržavanja osjećaja mjesta, a odabran je kao
ključni primjer Novog europskog Bauhausa. U tom je
smislu također važno naglasiti da je moguć prijenos
ove ideje između država jer ona potječe iz koncepta
koji samo treba prilagoditi postojećim uvjetima (klima,
kultura, propisi). Ključni alat te prenosivosti je posto-
janje istraživačkog projekta i vodiča.
Nakon priznanja i nagrade EU Mies, projekt u Bordeauxu
i dalje je važan izvor rasprava o stanovanju u različi-
tim kontekstima unutar Europe: socijalna uključenost,
održivost (socijalna, ekološka i gospodarska), kreiranje
politike, arhitektura, materijali, istraživanje, obrazovanje
i dobre prakse. Preobrazba na lokaciji Deflat Kleiburg
u Amsterdamu, odnosno ponovna upotreba još jed-
ne goleme stambene zgrade iz kasnih 1960-ih koju su
proveli XVW architeuur i NL Architects, osvojila je 2017.
godine nagradu EU Mies i postala prekretnica u načinu
na koji se u Europi razmišlja o stanovanju. Izložba u Cité
de l’architecture et du patrimoine u Parizu nedavno je
spojila ova dva projekta, postavivši ih jednoga uz drugi
u kontekstu drugih suvremenih europskih stambenih
projekata i onih zgrada iz 1960-ih i 1970-ih godina koje
su srušene, a da se nisu uvijek uzimale u obzir posljedice
koje to ima na njihove stanare i na uništavanje okoliša.
Zajedno s klimatskim promjenama, ovo su egzisten-
cijalne prijetnje Europi i svijetu, a projekti poput ovih
pokazuju suvremene, resursno učinkovite i konkurentne
pristupe, što je golem korak u prema postizanju nula
emisija stakleničkih plinova do 2050. godine, bez izo-
stavljanja nijednog mjesta ili osobe.
PROMIŠLJANJE ARHITEKTURE
culture, regulations). The existence of the research project
and guide is a key tool of this transferability.
Following the recognition of the EU Mies Award, the pro-
ject in Bordeaux has continued to be an essential source of
discussion on housing in different contexts within Europe:
social inclusion, sustainability (social, ecological, and eco-
nomic), policy making, architecture, materials, research,
education, and good practices. In 2017, the transformation
of Deflat Kleiburg in Amsterdam, reuse of another huge
housing block from the late 1960s by XVW architectuur
and NL Architects, won the EU Mies Award and became
a turning point in the attitude taken in Europe towards
housing. An exhibition at Cité de l’architecture et du pat-
rimoine in Paris has recently brought together these two
projects, putting them face to face in the context of other
contemporary European housing projects and of those
buildings from the 1960s and 1970s that were demolished,
without always taking into consideration the consequenc-
es that this has for people living in them and environmen-
tal degradation. Together with climate change, these are
existential threats to Europe and the world, and projects
such as these show contemporary, resource-efficient, and
competitive approaches, which is a huge step towards
having no net emissions of greenhouse gases by 2050,
with no person and no place left behind.
RE-THINK ARCHITECTURE 95
3-3
Prefabrikacija/
Serije/ Standard
Bettina Götz i Richard Manahl
ARTEC Architekten, Beč
Ključne riječi
prefabrikacija; otvoreni tlocrt
Danas više nego ikada prije gradnju određuju pojedinač-
no projektirani oblici standardizirane namjene s proi-
zvodnjom na licu mjesta usredotočenom na sami objekt.
Međutim, potrebe korisnika za prostorno izdašnim
zgradama, koje tek suptilno ukazuju na svoju kon-
kretnu funkciju, zahtijevaju suvremenu i primjerenu
upotrebu današnjih mogućnosti proizvodnje — pro-
izvodnju visokokvalitetnih prefabriciranih prostornih
struktura koje se mogu brzo izgraditi.
Rezidencija B — B je mala kuća u južnoj Austriji koja
sadrži mnogo onoga što nam je cilj u procesu gradnje:
luksuz jeftinog vanjskog prostora, preciznost rada s dr-
vom, prefabrikaciju elemenata konstrukcije.
Važnost otvorenog tlocrta
Višestambene zgrade iz 19. stoljeća koje su gradili špe-
kulanti i danas su naš najpopularniji oblik gradskog
stanovanja. U vrijeme gradnje bile su visokostandar-
dizirane i zamišljene na funkcionalno otvoren način, s
izdašnim visinama stropova i prostranim stubištima.
Općenito su ograničene samo prozorskim zidom i sre-
dišnjim zidom s dimnjacima, s prostornim funkcijama
na uličnoj strani, koje nisu unaprijed određene, te nude
visok stupanj slobode u uzdužnom smjeru, a na dvo-
rišnoj ih strani prate potrebni funkcionalni prostori. To
je bio sustav prema kojem su — čak i uzimajući u obzir
sve probleme koji ovdje nisu spomenuti — naši gradovi
trajno proširivani u 19. stoljeću. Jedan od najvažnijih
čimbenika kojima se osigurava funkcioniranje ovog su-
stava jest važna otvorenost konstrukcija u prethodnom
stoljeću. U Beču se do 1930. godine projektni naziv
Zimmer (prostorija, soba) upotrebljavao i za stambene i
za poslovne prostore, upravo zato što su i visina i oblik
prostorija bili neutralni.
Danas se ponovno suočavamo s istim pitanjem o
gradu koji se širi, s jasnom spoznajom da takva vrsta
otvorenosti nije dopuštena ni u kojem obliku širenja
gradova u 20. stoljeću, što se za sada nastavlja i u 21.
stoljeću.
Primjer ove vrste gradnje — nekadašnja uredska zgrada
monarhije — pokazuje kako se lako može prilagoditi
novoj namjeni, u ovom slučaju stanovima.
96
Prefabrication /
Series / Standard
Bettina Götz and Richard Manahl
ARTEC Architekten, Vienna
Keywords
prefabrication; open plan
Today, more than ever before, the nature of building is
determined by individually designed forms, with stand-
ardised function and object-related on-site production.
However, users’ needs for spatially generous buildings,
that only subtly indicate their particular function, require
the contemporary and appropriate use of present-day
possibilities of production — to produce high-quality pre-
fabricated spatial structures that can be speedily erected.
B — B residence is a small house in southern Austria, that
contains a lot of what we are aiming for with the process
of building: the luxury of cheap outside space, the precision
of working with wood, the prefabrication of the structural
elements.
The importance of the open plan
19th-century apartment buildings, erected by speculators,
still remain our most popular form of urban housing. For
their time, they were highly standardized and conceived
in a functionally open way, with generous room heights,
and spacious staircases.
Generally limited only by the window wall and the spine
wall containing the flues, the spatial functions on the
street side, which are not predetermined, offer a high
degree of freedom in a longitudinal direction and are
accompanied on the courtyard side by the necessary
functional spaces. This was the system according to
which — and even taking into account all the problems
not mentioned here — our cities were lastingly expand-
ed in the 19th century. One of the most important fac-
tors in ensuring that this system works is the essential
openness of structures in the previous century. In Vienna
before 1930, the planning term Zimmer (room) was used
for both residential and commercial spaces, precisely
because both the height and shape of the rooms were
kept neutral.
Today we are again faced with this question of the ex-
panding city, with the clear realization that this kind of
openness has not been allowed in any form of urban
expansion in the 20th and, so far, 21st century.
An example of this building type — a former office building
of the monarchy — shows how easily it can be adapted
to a new use, in this case apartments.
3-3
Ilustracija 1 Hautmann, H. and Hautmann, R. (1980), Die Gemein-
debauten des Roten Wien 1919–1934, Vienna, p. 101.
legenda Haupthof: glavno dvorište, Gang: hodnik, Nebenhof: gospo-
darsko dvorište; Kammer: izba; Küche: kuhinja; Lichtof: svjetlarnik;
Zimmer: soba, prostorija; Nachbar: susjed; Straße: ulica
Illustration 1 Hautmann, H. and Hautmann, R. (1980), Die Gemeinde-
bauten des Roten Wien 1919–1934, Vienna, p. 101
legend Haupthof: main courtyard, Gang: corridor, Nebenhof: back yard;
Kammer: pantry; Küche: kitchen; Lichtof: skylight; Zimmer: room; Na-
chbar: neighbour; Straße: street
Prefabrikacija je preduvjet za ponovnu upotrebu
Nažalost, dvadeseto stoljeće nije pronašlo trajna rje-
šenja ni za stanovanje velikog mjerila ni za temu pre-
fabrikacije. Slijedom toga, najinovativniji napori da se
pomoću novih tehnologija standardiziraju realizirane
zgrade na inteligentan način, kao primjerice obiteljske
kuće Case Study Houses i kultni objekti Fullera ili Pro-
uvéa, bili su gotovo u potpunosti ograničeni na male
zgrade ili zgrade u malom mjerilu.
Ulica Maximilianstrasse u St. Pöltenu pokušaj je upotrebe
sustava gradnje za velike stambene projekte velikog mje-
rila (200 stanova). Mi — u ovom slučaju — smo skupina
arhitekata i developera. Ideja je upotrebljavati komponen-
te dostupne na tržištu: prefabricirane betonske stupove i
ploče, čeličnu gredu izvorno iz garažne zgrade, prefabrici-
rane instalacijske čvorove i prefabricirane drvene vanjske
zidne elemente. Balkon od 2,8 m i pristupna zona dovoljno
PROMIŠLJANJE ARHITEKTURE
Pre-fabrication is the pre-condition for re-use
Regrettably, in large-scale housing and also as regards
the theme of prefabrication, the twentieth century did
not find any lasting solutions. Consequently, the most
innovative efforts to standardise buildings in an intel-
ligent way with the help of a new technology, which
were realised, for example, in single family houses like
the Case Study Houses and in iconic objects by Fuller
or Prouvé, were restricted almost entirely to small or
small-scale buildings.
Maximilianstrasse in St. Pölten is an attempt to use a
building system for big scale housing projects (200 flats).
We, in this case, are a group of architects and developers.
The idea is to use components available from the market:
prefab concrete columns and slabs, a steel beam originally
from garage building, prefabricated installation shafts, and
prefabricated wooden exterior wall elements. The 2.8 m
RE-THINK ARCHITECTURE 97
3-3
Ilustracija 2 ARTEC Architekten, stambena zgrada Maximilanstrasse
(St. Pölten), with wimmerundpartner ZT GmbH and raum & kom-
munikation GmbH; slika (c) Lukas Schaller.
Illustration 2 ARTEC Architekten, housing Maximilanstrasse (St. Pöl-
ten), with wimmerundpartner ZT GmbH and raum & kommunikation
GmbH; photo (c) Lukas Schaller.
su duboki da štite od širenja požara, te malim stanovi-
ma pružaju velike jeftine vanjske prostore. Visina stropa
iznosi 2,8 umjesto minimalnih 2,5 i omogućava poslovnu
namjenu. Zgrada je ponajprije definirana konstrukcijskim
dijelovima i infrastrukturom. Toplinska ovojnica umeće se
naknadno, a dijelovi zgrade mogu se ostaviti otvorenima.
I naravno, montaža prefabriciranih komponenata omo-
gućava uje puno lakšu razgradnju i ponovnu upotrebu
zgrade. Lokalni građevinski propisi dopuštaju krov od 45
stupnjeva kao najveći mogući prostor, što dovodi do spe-
cifičnih i kosih prostora u unutrašnjosti.
Unatoč velikom utjecaju koji je pet Le Corbusierovih
točaka imalo na novu definiciju arhitektonskog pro-
mišljanja na početku stoljeća, one nisu bile osmišljene
za standardizirane metode prefabricirane gradnje. U
konačnici je i na Istoku i na Zapadu trijumfirala neam-
biciozna izgradnja s prefabriciranom betonskom kon-
strukcijom, a ondje gdje je to bilo potrebno i s otvorima
u zidu za prozore ili vrata te s visinom stropa od 2,5 m.
98
balcony and access zone is deep enough to protect from
fire flashover, and allow big cheap outside spaces to the
small flats. The room height is 2.8 instead of the minimum
2.5 and allows business use. The building is primarily de-
fined with the construction parts and the infrastructure.
The thermic envelope is inserted subsequently; parts of the
building can be left free. And of course, the assembly of
prefab components allows for much easier deconstruction
and re-use of the building. The local building regulations
allow a 45-degree roof as a maximum of space, which
leads to specific and oblique spaces inside.
Despite the great impact made by Le Corbusier’s five
points for a new definition of architectural thinking at the
start of the century, they were not conceived for stand-
ardized prefabricated construction methods. Ultimately,
in both East and West, the unassuming prefabricated
concrete slab building triumphed, where required also
with holes in the wall for windows or doors and a room
height of 2.5 metres.
3-3
Ilustracija 2 ARTEC Architekten, stambena zgrada Berresgasse
(Beč), with wimmerundpartner ZT GmbH and raum & kommunika-
tion GmbH, slika (c) zoom vp.
Illustration 2 ARTEC Architekten, housing Berresgasse (Vienna), with
wimmerundpartner ZT GmbH and raum & kommunikation GmbH,
image (c) zoom vp.
Stambena zgrada u Beču, zgrada s betonskom konstruk-
cijom, s našim uredom u podrumu. Zgrada lijevo je istovr-
sno izgrađena slaganjem betonskih ploča, a realizirala ju
je ista tvrtka pedeset godina ranije. Dvoetažno pročelje
ureda projektirano je ili, preciznije, definirano ponovnom
upotrebom 5 velikih izolacijskih staklenih elemenata. Tlo-
crt vrlo jasno pokazuje ograničene mogućnosti izgradnje
slaganjem betonskih ploča, tzv. “Plattenbau”, koja pri-
lično sliči gradnji u razdoblju “Gründerzeit”, i relativnoj
slobodi u sloju pročelja.
Iako su ih mnogi diskreditirali, Plattenbauten (zgrade
s betonskim prefabriciranim stropovima) građene od
1950-ih godina, koje nisu ostavljale prostora za projek-
tne ili prostorne težnje, slaganje prefabriciranih građev-
nih elemenata ipak nam je omogućilo da pronađemo
put do nove funkcionalne jednostavnosti: vertikalno
slaganje prefabriciranih modula koji su opremljeni i u
smislu prostora i u smislu nosivosti te s infrastrukturom
koja im omogućava da samostalno funkcioniraju.
Ili slaganjem prefabriciranih ploča i otvorenih površina
koje omogućuju ugradnju jednostavnih građevinskih
elemenata koji ne nameću zahtjeve u pogledu vatro-
otpornosti, a posljedično omogućavaju upotrebu pre-
fabriciranih drvenih elemenata — održive i ugodne
kvalitete tog građevinskog materijala.
PROMIŠLJANJE ARHITEKTURE
An apartment building in Vienna, a concrete slab building,
with our office in the basement. The left-hand building is
the same type of stacking concrete slabs and was realized
by the same company fifty years earlier. The two-storey
facade of the office is designed, or more precisely, defined
from a re-use of 5 big insulating glass elements. The plan
shows very clearly the limited possibilities of the ‘Platten-
bau’ — which is quite similar to the ‘Gründerzeit’, and the
relative freedom in the layer of the facade.
Although discredited by numerous ‘Plattenbauten’ (pre-
cast concrete slab buildings) from the 1950s and later,
which allowed no scope for design or spatial aspirations,
stacking prefabricated building elements could neverthe-
less allow us to find a path to a new usable simplicity:
by placing prefabricated modules above each other that
are equipped spatially and in a loadbearing way with
infrastructure so that they can function autonomously.
Or by stacking prefabricated decks and open areas that
permit fitting out with simple building elements that
make no demands in terms of fire resistance, and con-
sequently allow use of prefabricated wooden elements
— as a sustainable and pleasant quality of the building
material.
RE-THINK ARCHITECTURE 99
3-3
Raznolikost i prazne površine
Budući da jednostavno, kompaktno slaganje sličnih ele-
menata gotovo neizbježno dovodi do monotonije koja
se ne razlikuje mnogo od one koju stvaraju Plattenbau-
ten (upotrijebljeni izraz — Raumzelle ili prostorna ćelija
— sam je po sebi znakovit), stoga raznolikost i prazni
prostori postaju dio opisa otvorenih ploča sa slobod-
nom ispunom.
Upotrebom kocke kao nosive konstrukcije i infrastruktu-
re, s jednostavnim elementima ploča ovješenih između
kocaka da bi se ponudili dodatni, funkcionalno neutralni
prostori, ta vrsta raznolikosti može se na sličan način
postići i naslaganim kockama. Prethodno navedeni za-
htjevi, poput izdašne visine stropova i jednostavnosti
izmjene tlocrta interijera, ostaju bitni osnovni zahtjevi
za naknadnu prenamjenu i daljnje korištenje.
Berresgasse u Beču, koji je razvio isti projektni tim kao
i Maximilianstrasse, pokazuje različit pristup mogućno-
stima građevnih sustava. Tlocrt, oslobođen ispune, ključ
je za razumijevanja poruke: definicija infrastrukture i
toplinska ovojnica. Promjenjiva unutrašnjost otvorena
je prema potrebama budućnosti.
Na temelju objave u: Zuschnitt 71, proHolz Austria, Beč,
2018.
100
Variety and empty areas
Because the simple, compact stacking of similar elements
almost inevitably leads to monotony not much different
to that produced by the Plattenbauten (the term used
— Raumzelle or spatial cell — is itself revealing), variety
and empty areas are part of the brief for the open deck
with free in-fill.
By using boxes as loadbearing structure and infrastruc-
ture, with simple deck elements hung between them
to offer additional, functionally neutral spaces, this kind
of variety can also be achieved with stacked boxes, in a
similar way. The requirements mentioned earlier, such as
generous room heights and ease in altering the interior
layout, remain the essential basic requirements for later
conversion and further use.
Berresgasse, in Vienna, developed by the same design team
as in the Maximilianstrasse, shows the different approaches
to the possibilities of the building system. The floor plan,
freed from the infilling, is the key to understanding the
message: definition of infrastructure and thermic envelope.
The changeable inside is open to the needs of the future.
Based on a publication in: Zuschnitt 71, proHolz Austria,
Vienna, 2018
 4
REAKTIVIRANJE
ARHITEKTURE
RE-ACTIVATE
ARCHITECTURE
REAKTIVIRANJE ARHITEKTURE RE-ACTIVATE ARCHITECTURE 101
Reaktiviranje arhitekture
Luka Krstulović, arhitekt i urbanist
Urbanistica d.o.o.
Prostor je konačan resurs. Proces moderne urbaniza-
cije u početku je bio ravnodušan prema toj činjenici,
ali u posljednje vrijeme, zbog ekoloških pitanja, čak i
politička domena postupno prihvaća činjenicu da je
nepotrebno širenje urbanog teritorija loša ideja.
Mnogo je razloga zašto gradovi imaju tendenciju ši-
renja prema van (troškovi zemljišta, imovinskopravna
pitanja, bolja infrastruktura itd.), a daljnjim širenjem u
prostor, pitanja blizine i gustoće stvaraju nove urbane
uvjete — pod kojima ponovna upotreba prethodno
napuštenih teritorija postaje unosna djelatnost. Budući
da je ponovna upotreba prostora općenito prihvaće-
na u praksi, pitanje naše današnjice jest kada i u koju
svrhu arhitektura može biti ponovno upotrijebljena (i
ponovno aktivirana)?
Kolika je cijena ponovne upotrebe arhitekture u smislu
ulaganja i koje su koristi za investitora, korisnika ili
društvo općenito? U ovom nizu predavanja čut ćemo tri
različita predavača i tri sasvim različite perspektive, sa
zajedničkim polazištem u ponovnoj aktivaciji prostora
i arhitekture.
REAKTIVIRANJE ARHITEKTURE
Re-activate architecture
Luka Krstulović, Architect and urban planner
Urbanistica d.o.o. (Llc.)
Space is a finite resource. The process of modern urbani-
sation was initially indifferent to this fact, but lately, due
to ecological issues, even the political domain is gradually
accepting the fact that the unnecessary expansion of
urban territory is a bad idea.
There are many reasons why cities have a tendency to
expand outward (cost of land, ownership issues, bet-
ter infrastructure, etc.) and, as they expand further into
space, questions of proximity and density generate new
urban conditions — under which the reuse of previously
abandoned territory becomes a lucrative activity. As reuse
of space is generally accepted in practice, the question for
us today is — when and to what purpose can architecture
be reused (and reactivated)?
What is the cost of reusing architecture in terms of in-
vestment, and what are the benefits for the investor,
the user, or society in general? In this set of lectures, we
will hear from three distinct lecturers and three quite
different perspectives, with their common ground being
reactivation of space and architecture.
RE-ACTIVATE ARCHITECTURE 103
4-1
Pitanja za Victoriju
Zinchuk
Victoria Zinchuk
Direktorica EBRD-a za Hrvatsku
Europska banka za obnovu i razvoj (EBRD) među-
narodna je financijska institucija. Po čemu se ona
razlikuje od ostalih financijskih institucija? Koje
biste programe željeli istaknuti u vezi s temom ove
konferencije?
Europska banka za obnovu i razvoj osnovana je u trav-
nju 1991. kako bi „potaknula tranziciju prema otvore-
nim tržišno orijentiranim gospodarstvima i promicala
privatnu i poduzetničku inicijativu”. Ulaganja u projekte
srž su njezina poslovanja. EBRD nudi široku lepezu fi-
nancijskih instrumenata te ima fleksibilan pristup kad
je riječ o strukturiranju svojih financijskih proizvoda.
Glavni su oblici izravnog financiranja koje EBRD može
ponuditi krediti, kapital i jamstva. Međutim, kada se
razmatraju ulaganja, posebnost EBRD-a u tome je što
podržava ulaganja u projekte koji su bitni i imaju pozi-
tivan učinak na kvalitetu života ljudi. Svojim projekti-
ma, savjetodavnim uslugama i strateškim dijalogom s
dionicima EBRD djeluje na tri kontinenta. Banka djeluje
već 30 godina i u tom je razdoblju imala važnu povije-
snu ulogu u poticanju pozitivnih promjena u regiji, ali
i šire, uloživši gotovo 150 milijardi eura u više od 6000
projekata, što je jedinstveno iskustvo.
Osim financiranja, EBRD pruža poslovno savjetovanje
malim i srednjim poduzećima. Aktivan i vitalan sektor
malih i srednjih poduzeća ključni je element zdravoga
tržišnoga gospodarstva. Međutim, samo financiranje
često nije dovoljno s obzirom na niz drugih izazova s
kojima se susreću mala i srednja poduzeća. Upravo je
zato Banka preko svojeg programa Advice for Small
Business(ASB) malim i srednjim poduzećima omogućila
pristup savjetodavnim izvorima radi stjecanja znanja i
vještina za poboljšanje poslovanja i daljnji rast.
Prateći svjetske trendove i pokušavajući odgovoriti na
buduće izazove gospodarstva, društva i okoliša, EBRD
nudi niz programa, različite oblike financiranja, a usto
pruža i savjetodavnu podršku. S obzirom na temu ove
konferencije, navela bih neke od njih.
Savjetodavna potpora EBRD-a na projektima urbane
regeneracije jedan je od mnogih programa koje pro-
vodimo. Ova se vrsta podrške pruža u ranim fazama
projekta, odnosno u fazi pripreme projekata urbane
regeneracije. Banka podržava gradove/jedinice lokalne
samouprave ili druge subjekte zadužene za urbanu
regeneraciju angažiranjem konzultanta koji su zadu-
ženi za pripremu/isporuku razvojnih strategija, master
104
Questions for Victoria
Zinchuk
Victoria Zinchuk
Director, Head of Croatia, EBRD
The European Bank for Research and Development
(EBRD) is international financial institution. What
makes EBRD different from other financial institu-
tions? Which programmes would you like to under-
line that relate to the topic of this conference?
The EBRD was established in April 1991 ‘to foster the
transition towards open market-oriented economies and
to promote private and entrepreneurial initiative’. Project
investments are at the heart of the Bank’s operations.
The EBRD offers a wide range of financial instruments
and takes a flexible approach in structuring its financial
products. The principal forms of direct financing that
the EBRD may offer are loans, equity and guarantees.
However, when considering investments, the Bank’s
specific mission is to support investments in projects
that change lives and make tangible impact. Through its
projects, business services and involvement in high-level
policy reform, the Bank operates across three conti-
nents. In its 30 years, it has played a historic role and
gained unique expertise in fostering change in the region
- and beyond – having invested almost €150 billion in
more than 6,000 projects.
In addition to finance, the EBRD provides business advice
to small and medium-sized businesses. A vibrant small
and medium-sized enterprise sector is a vital ingredient
for a healthy market economy. But finance alone often
cannot meet the challenges facing SMEs. That’s why the
Bank delivers access to the know-how that the compa-
nies need to improve their performance and grow.
Following global trends and attempting to respond to the
future challenges of economy, society and the environ-
ment, the EBRD runs a number of programmes, provides
different facilities and advisory support in relation to the
topic of this conference, just to name a few:
The EBRD’s advisory support in urban regeneration
projects is one of many programmes we operate. This
type of support is provided in projects’ early stages, in
the preparatory phase of urban regeneration projects.
The Bank has been providing strategic support services
to cities/city authorities or other entities in charge of
urban regeneration through engagement of consultants
responsible for preparation/delivery of development
strategies, masterplans, or feasibility studies for loca-
tions of concern. The CREATE (the City Regeneration and
Environment) Fund was established with generous sup-
port from Austrian Government to assist the cities in the
4-1
planova ili studija izvedivosti za predmetne lokacije.
CREATE (engl. City Regeneration and Environment) fond
osnovan je uz potporu Vlade Republike Austrije te mu
je cilj pružiti podršku gradovima u njihovim naporima
da iskoriste mogućnosti koje pruža urbana regeneracija
napuštenih područja (engl. brownfield).
Provedbom EBRD-ova programa Zeleni gradovi na-
stojimo izgraditi bolju i održiviju budućnost gradova i
njihovih stanovnika jer grad promatramo kao cjelinu
koja se sastoji od više različitih sustava. Savjetodavni
timovi EBRD-a usko surađuju s gradskim upravama kako
bi identificirali, prioritizirali i povezali ekološke izazove s
ulaganjima u održive infrastrukturne projekte i politike.
Program za financiranje zelene ekonomije (engl.
Green Economy Financing Facilities – GEFF) namije-
njen je razvoju lokalnoga financijskog tržišta i daljnjem
financiranju projekata održive energije i učinkovitog
korištenja resursa. Programom GEFF Europska banka
za obnovu i razvoj nudi kreditne linije i tehničku po-
moć lokalnim partnerskim bankama koje zatim, preko
svoje mreže poslovnica, financiraju poduzeća i vlasnike
privatnih kuća.
S obzirom na ovo što ste rekli, možete li objasniti
ulogu EBRD-a kada je riječ o ulaganjima u gradove?
Gradovi su glavni pokretači rasta. Svaki euro uložen u
gradsko gospodarstvo obično ima višestruke učinke ne
samo na gospodarstvo toga grada već i na gospodarstvo
regije. Kako su se promijenile naše primarne industrije,
tako se promijenila i demografija naših gradova. Dostu-
pnost javnih usluga, infrastrukture, zelenih površina i
drugih sadržaja postaje sve složeniji zadatak za gradske
uprave. Nedostatak slobodnih i pristupačnih urbanih
površina koje bi mogle zadovoljiti rastuće potrebe sta-
novnika zahtijeva aktiviranje napuštenih i/ili zapušte-
nih urbanih područja koja su u mnogim sredinama s
vremenom postala dio gradskog mozaika, a zapravo
imaju potencijal za urbani razvoj. Ulaganjem EBRD-a
podržani su projekti urbane regeneracije (npr. središte
grada Kaira, industrijski objekti Papastratos u luci Pi-
rej, Hellinikon u Ateni) koji su gradovima omogućili iz-
gradnju ili obnovu njihova identiteta, potaknuli njihovo
gospodarstvo te ih stavili na globalnu kartu poslovanja,
prometnih čvorišta, turizma, slobodnih aktivnosti itd.
Istodobno, projekti urbane regeneracije poboljšali su
kvalitetu života stanovnika tih gradova te omogućili da
se sredstva koja su proistekla iz prenamjene tih područja
koriste za prijeko potrebna ulaganja u javne usluge ili
infrastrukturu. Tako ti gradovi postaju znatno privlačniji
iz različitih perspektiva te kreiraju brojne mogućnosti
za različite profile stanovnika i poduzeća.
EBRD pruža savjetodavnu podršku gradskim upravama
i/ili drugim subjektima uključenima u ulaganje te nudi
više oblika financiranja (krediti, kapital, jamstva) kao
proizvod kreiran po mjeri i individualnim potrebama
REAKTIVIRANJE ARHITEKTURE
EBRD region in exploiting brownfield urban regeneration
opportunities.
The EBRD’s Green Cities programme seeks to build a
better and more sustainable future for cities and their
residents by considering the entire city as a system of
systems. The Bank’s consultant teams work closely with
city administrations to identify, prioritise and connect
environmental challenges with sustainable infrastructure
investments and policies.
Green Economy Financing Facilities (GEFFs)
GEFFs develop local financing sustainable energy mar-
kets and further financing of such projects, along with
efficient use of resources. Through these programs, the
EBRD offers credit lines and technical assistance to local
financing partner banks which then support businesses
and homeowners through their branch offices.
So, could you explain the role of the EBRD when it
comes to investments in cities?
Cities are main engines of growth. Each euro invested
in a city’s economy usually has a multiplier effects on
not just the economy of the city, but of the region as
well. As our primary industries have changed, so too
have the demographics of our cities. The provision of
public services, infrastructure, green areas and other
facilities is becoming an increasingly complex task for
city authorities. The lack of available and accessible urban
land that could respond to the needs of city population
calls for activation of abandoned and neglected urban
areas that often make part of urban land mosaic, and
are a potential for urban redevelopment actions. EBRD
investments have supported urban regeneration projects
(e.g. Downtown Cairo, Papastratos industrial facilities
in Pireaus Port, Hellinikon Athens) which have enabled
cities to build or renew their identities, boost their econ-
omy and put these cities on the global map of business,
transport hubs, tourism, leisure etc., simultaneously rais-
ing the quality of life for residents, and releasing value
from publicly owned assets that can be re-invested in
much needed services or infrastructure. Consequently,
these cities have become more attractive from different
perspectives, creating numerous possibilities for diverse
profiles of residents and businesses.
The EBRD provides advisory support to city adminis-
trations and/or other entities involved in investment
arrangements and can also offer a range of financing op-
tions (loans, equity, guarantees) as tailor-made products
to match the requirements as per each individual case.
When cities engage EBRD in such projects, the Bank be-
comes a partner in the development process. However,
it is important to note that city administration remains
in charge of the process while the support provided by
the Bank is always agreed with the administration in
advance.
RE-ACTIVATE ARCHITECTURE 105
4-1
korisnika. Kada gradovi angažiraju EBRD u takvim pro-
jektima, Banka im postaje partner u razvojnom proce-
su. Međutim, važno je napomenuti da gradska uprava
ostaje nadležna za sam proces, a podrška koju joj EBRD
pruža uvijek je s njom unaprijed dogovorena.
Bilo je mnogo rasprava o planovima izrađenima
u sklopu programa urbane regeneracije. Možete
li objasniti njihov položaj u odnosu na hrvatski
sustav planiranja? Kako to funkcionira u drugim
zemljama u kojima poslujete?
Projekti urbane regeneracije često su poprilično složeni i
zapravo su dugotrajno putovanje. Zemljište koje je prije
bilo korišteno zahtijeva niz radnji kako bi bilo spremno
za novi razvoj. Ta početna faza podrazumijeva pravnu,
tehničku i fizičku pripremu zemljišta, za što je potrebno
izraditi niz studija. EBRD pruža podršku u pripremi ra-
zvojnih strategija, master planova, tehničkih studija i/
ili studija izvedivosti. Ti se dokumenti pripremaju u par-
tnerstvu s gradovima i drugim relevantnim dionicima te
se zatim predstavljaju široj javnosti. Konkretan iskorak
podrazumijeva usvajanje tih dokumenata na sjednica-
ma Gradskog vijeća, nakon čega se donose relevantne
odluke za proces prostornog uređenja. Sami dokumenti
pružaju (ovisno o njihovoj prirodi) okvir za djelovanje,
smjernice i, gdje je primjenjivo, detaljniji slijed koraka
koje treba poduzeti kako bi se omogućila nesmeta-
na provedba projekta. Pri izradi dokumentacije vodi
se računa da svi parametri budu usklađeni s lokalnim
urbanističkim planovima i zakonima čiji se uvjeti moraju
poštovati tijekom implementacije projekta. Dokumenti
poput razvojnih strategija i/ili master planova, koji se
temelje na različitim analizama i nalazima te nude razli-
čite scenarije urbanog razvoja, obično nude neke nove
vizije i rješenja koja mogu potaknuti na preispitivanje
postojećega urbanog planiranja, a svemu je tome cilj
što kvalitetnije korištenje zemljišta.
Suvremeni pristupi planiranju prostora odražavaju
moderne stilove života i stoga imaju tendenciju inte-
griranja lokacija na kojima se ujedinjuju javni prijevoz,
poslovne i stambene zgrade, javni i privatni prostor,
pametna infrastruktura. Hrvatski naslijeđeni sustavi
prostornog planiranja ponekad se ne mogu baš naj-
bolje nositi s modernim oblicima razvoja, koji zahti-
jevaju određenu hijerarhiju projektantskih disciplina
(inženjeri i projektanti pri planiranju većih razmjera te
arhitektonski natječaji pri planiranju manjih razmjera).
Zapravo, velika buduća gradilišta mješovite namjene
zahtijevaju holistički i višedimenzionalni pristup te su-
radnju stručnjaka iz različitih sfera. U drugim zemljama
u kojima su veliki projekti urbane regeneracije uspješno
provedeni projektima su na integrirani način upravljale
agencije u javnom vlasništvu, poticale financiranje iz
privatnog sektora te poštovale stručnost i iskustvo
privatnog sektora u takvim projektima. Smatramo da
se pozornim upravljanjem i regulativom to može po-
stići i u Hrvatskoj.
106
There were many debates on the plans produced
within the urban regeneration scheme. Could you
explain their position in relation to the Croatian
planning system? How does this work in other coun-
tries where you operate?
Urban regeneration projects are often complex and a
long-term journey. Previously used land requires a num-
ber of actions to become ready for a new development.
This pre-development phase implies legal, technical
and physical preparation of land for which a number
of studies have to be prepared. The EBRD provides sup-
port in preparation of development strategies, master-
plans, technical studies and/or feasibility studies. The
documents are prepared in partnership with cities and
other relevant stakeholders, and presented to a broad
audience. A concrete step forward implies adoption of
these documents at the City Council which is followed
by the adoption of the decisions relevant for physi-
cal planning procedures. The documents themselves
provide (depending on their nature) a framework for
actions, guidance and, where applicable, more detailed
sequences of the steps to be taken that would enable a
smooth implementation of the project. Local planning
legislation is consulted and incorporated in documents
so as to reflect spatial conditions that have to be met
during project implementation. As the documents, such
as development strategies and/or masterplans, which
are based on analysis and findings, and providing a va-
riety of development scenarios, commonly bring some
new visions and solutions, this may require reconsidering
the existing spatial planning framework in order to shift
towards a higher quality use of land.
The contemporary approaches to planning reflect mod-
ern lifestyles and therefore tend to favour integrated
sites that bring together public transportation, commer-
cial and residential buildings, public and private spaces,
smarter infrastructure. It may be the case that Croatian
legacy planning systems do not cope very well with these
forms of development because they assume a certain
hierarchy of design disciplines (engineers and planners at
the large scale, then architectural competitions for the
small scale). In fact, large-scale sites of mixed use require
a more holistic and multi-scale approach where different
specialists work together. Other countries in which large
scale urban regeneration projects have been successfully
implemented have used arms-length, publicly owned,
integrated delivery agencies to manage the projects and
crowdfunding in private sector investment and expertise.
We think that with careful management and regulation
this too can be achieved in Croatia.
As previously mentioned, the EBRD is the promoter of
change, but always having in mind that changes for the
better are based on agreement with all relevant stake-
holders.
4-1
Kao što je već spomenuto, EBRD je promicatelj promje-
na, ali istodobno uvijek imamo na umu i vodimo računa
da se promjene nabolje temelje na dogovoru sa svim
relevantnim dionicima.
Vezano za prethodno pitanje, što je sa širom jav-
nosti? Imamo javne rasprave o planovima i željeli
bismo razumjeti kako se odvija interakcija? Posto-
je različite investicije poput master plana Splita,
Gredelja u Zagrebu... Kako ih planirate integrirati
u hrvatski sustav planiranja?
Šira javnost s pravom pokazuje velik interes za „pra-
ćenje” razvoja velikih projekata urbane regeneracije.
Posebno tamo gdje su uključeni privatni interesi. EBRD
nastoji podržati javno predstavljanje projekata od nje-
govih najranijih faza pripreme. Transparentnost je važ-
no obilježje svih procesa u koje je EBRD uključen. No,
kako i kada će se poruka „o promjenama” prenijeti/pro-
micati, a posljedično i prihvatiti, ovisi i o političkoj volji.
Svaki je naš projekt sam po sebi jedinstven, a sama in-
vesticija uvelike će ovisiti o lokalnoj primjeni planiranja
te specifičnim potrebama. Studije urbane regeneracije
koje je u Hrvatskoj izradio EBRD nastale su u različitim
kontekstima, stoga se mogu očekivati i različiti oblici
ulaganja. U svakom slučaju, u implementaciji ovih pro-
jekata Europska banka za obnovu i razvoj očekuje pot-
punu usklađenost sa zakonskim procesima planiranja.
REAKTIVIRANJE ARHITEKTURE
In relation to the above mentioned question, where
does the general public stand? We already have pub-
lic consultations on plans but would like to under-
stand how the interaction takes place? There are
different investment such as Split masterplan, Gre-
delj in Zagreb… how do you plan to integrate them
in the Croatian planning system?
The general public is rightly and highly interested in
“monitoring” the development of major urban regener-
ation projects. In particular where private interests are
involved. The EBRD strives to support project exposure
from the earliest phases of preparation. Transparency is
an important characteristic of the processes in which the
EBRD is involved. However, how and when the message
of “change” will be conveyed/promoted and consequent-
ly accepted also depends on political will.
Each of our projects is a unique case, and the investment
itself will largely depend on local planning practice and
needs. The urban regeneration studies that have been
prepared in Croatia by the EBRD evolved in different con-
texts, therefore it could be expected that the routes for
the expected investments may differ. Nevertheless, in the
implementation of these projects, the Bank expects full
compliance with legal planning processes in Croatia, with-
out seeking to replace the regular planning processes.
RE-ACTIVATE ARCHITECTURE 107
4-2
Muzej u nastajanju
Dinko Peračić, dipl.ing.arh.
ARP, PLATFORMA 9,81, Split
Izgradnja novih građevina sve je predvidivija, a zahtjevi
za građenje sve češći i kompleksniji. U tim okolnostima
i pod pritiskom očekivanja mnogih, arhitektura postaje
konfekcijska. Novoizgrađeni okoliš postaje ujednačen i
standardiziran. Iako su njihovi oblici i boje različiti, kuće
imaju sličnu strukturu i sličan način funkcioniranja i
korištenja. Uzmimo kao primjer bilo koju vrstu zgrada
i vidjet ćemo koliko su čvrsto uspostavljena pravila i
trendovi građenja. Za škole i vrtiće poznato je da su
dimenzije i funkcije prostora standardizirane. Hote-
li su u svojim strukturama gotovo potpuno jednaki i
predodređeni preciznom turističkom tehnologijom.
Gotovo svaka kuća za odmor ima jednak projektni za-
datak. Psihologija kupnje i racionalni sustavi gradnje
do u detalj su predvidjeli načine gradnje trgovačkih
centara, koji često zamjenjuju gradske centre. Mul-
tiplicirani globalno, kao know-how, trend ili franšiza,
stvaraju predvidive ujednačene prostore širom svijeta.
Isto je i sa stanovanjem. Gotovo sva nova stambena
gradnja stvara slične stambene prostore, uz predvidive
varijacije, temeljene na lokaciji i razini komfora. Izvan
zadanog okvira rizik je za kapital i sve sudionike preve-
lik. Preispitivanje normi i očekivanja previše je skupo i
naporno. Promjene se događaju zbog evolucije trendo-
va i propisa, rijetko na temelju kreativnih neočekivanih
rješenja. Iznimne, izvanserijske arhitekture događaju se
ne iz slobodnog stvaranja, već iz konteksta radikalno
promijenjenih uvjeta nastajanja. Svejedno je li riječ o
neograničenom ili nepostojećem budžetu, nemogućoj
lokaciji ili maštovitim investitorima, kreativnost po
pravilu proizlazi iz anomalije sustava.
Slično je i s muzejima. Imamo zakone i propise koji
uređuju kako muzeji trebaju biti strukturirani. Imamo
očekivanja društva koje ih vidi kao čuvare identite-
ta, reprezentativne ustanove koje predstavljaju našu
kulturu, uglavnom baštinu. Nakon izgradnje muzeja
Guggenheim u Bilbau očekivanja su dodatno porasla.
Muzeji sada trebaju biti i ikone gradova, a time i turi-
stički magneti. Lokalne zajednice, kada planiraju nove
zgrade muzeja, znaju da su to skupe i vrlo važne gra-
đevine. Na njih se projiciraju najviša očekivanja i uvjeti,
od tehničkih do urbanističkih i simboličkih. Rezultat
su arhitekture iznimnih oblika i prostornih odnosa, ali
vrlo slična odnosa prema posjetiteljima, umjetnicima,
djelatnicima, gradu i društvu. Potencijali koje muzeji
imaju u stvaranju kulture često ostaju zaključani sa-
mom arhitekturom, zatvoreni iza reprezentativnog
pročelja i formalnih unutarnjih odnosa. Iako postoje
tendencije da muzeji budu mjesta stvaranja i društve-
nosti, još je nejasno kako bi se to trebalo dogoditi. Sve
108
An Emerging Museum
Dinko Peračić, dipl.eng.arch.
ARP, PLATFORMA 9,81, Split
Construction of new buildings is becoming increasingly
predictable. Construction requirements are becoming
ever-larger and more complex. Under the pressure of
numerous expectations, architecture is becoming off-
the-peg. The newly built environment is becoming
uniform and standardised. Although their shapes and
colours are different, houses have a similar structure
and a similar way of functioning and use. Take as an
example any type of buildings and we will see how firmly
established the rules and trends of construction are.
Schools and kindergartens are known to have stand-
ardised dimensions and functions of their spaces. Hotel
structures are almost identical and are predestined by
precise tourism technology. Almost every holiday home
has the same project task. The psychology of shopping
and rational systems of construction have planned, to
the detail, the ways shopping centres are built, often
replacing city centres. Multiplied globally, as a know-
how, trend, or franchise, they create predictable uniform
spaces around the world. The same goes for housing.
Almost all new housing construction creates similar liv-
ing areas, with predictable variations, based on location
and comfort level. Beyond the given framework, there is
too great a risk for capital and all participants. Rethinking
norms and expectations is too expensive and laborious.
Changes arise out of the evolution of trends and reg-
ulations, rarely out of creative unexpected solutions.
Exceptional, out-of-series architectures arise not from
free creation, but from the context of radically changed
conditions of emergence. Regardless of budget restric-
tions being some or none, an impossible location, or
investors having a huge imagination, creativity typically
stems from the anomaly of the system.
The situation is similar with museums. We have laws and
regulations governing how museums should be struc-
tured. We have expectations of the society that sees
them as guardians of identity, representative institutions
that represent our culture, mostly heritage. Following
the construction of the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao,
expectations have risen further. Museums should now
also be city icons, and thus tourist magnets. Local com-
munities, when planning new museum buildings, know
that these are expensive and very important buildings. All
the highest expectations and requirements are projected
onto them, from technical to urban and symbolic ones.
They are the result of the architecture of exceptional
forms and spatial relations, but of a very similar attitude
to visitors, artists, employees, the city, and society. The
potential of museums in creating culture often remains
locked by architecture itself, closed behind a represent-
4-2
dok to bude otvoreno pitanje, a ne propis ili opći trend,
možemo očekivati da poneki muzej budu nepredvidiv.
Muzej moderne i suvremene umjetnosti u Rijeci na
novoj lokaciji nastao je na temelju triju anomalija:
korištenja postojeće zgrade umjesto izgradnje nove,
minimalnog budžeta te otvorenosti i spremnosti od-
govornih osoba na rizik i drukčije oblike korištenja.
Grad Rijeka, osiromašen zbog deindustrijalizacije i is-
ključivanja iz globalnih logističkih tjekova, desetljećima
je “sanjao”, planirao i obećavao svojim građanima nove
zgrade za kulturu. Među ostalim, projektirani su novi
muzej i knjižnica, prema svim pravilima struke i arhi-
tektonske izvrsnosti. Međutim dugi niz godina za te
ambiciozne projekte nije se mogao pronaći potreban
novac. Suočena s realnosti, gradska uprava, na inici-
jativu pročelnika Odjela za kulturu Ivana Šarara i uz
pomoć arhitekta Idisa Turata, promijenio je pristup i
donio odluku da se zgrade i prostori za kulturu, muzeji i
knjižnica smjeste u napuštene zgrade bivše Tvornice Ri-
kard Benčić. Za Muzej moderne i suvremene umjetnosti
odabrano je zapadno krilo H zgrade umjesto planirane
izgradnje nove zgrade Muzeja u sjevernom dijelu blo-
ka. H zgrada bila je opterećena vlasničkim i tehničkim
problemima, konstruktivno solidna, ali devastirana i
neprilagođena funkciji muzeja. Odabir ove zgrade za
nove prostore Muzeja otvorio je perspektivu razvoja
muzeja, ali i postavio prostorne uvjete i okvire.
Budžet za rekonstrukciju postojeće zgrade za potrebe
Muzeja bio je mnogo manji od iznosa koji bi bio dovo-
ljan da se riješe sve potrebe te ispune sva očekivanja
od nove zgrade Muzeja. Prvo projektno rješenje koje
smo izradili, koje je uključivalo sve sadržaje Muzeja,
ponovno je bilo izvan financijskih mogućnosti. Kako
se ne bi ponovio scenarij s nerealiziranim projektima
i neispunjenim obećanjima, donesena je odluka da
se započne stvaranje novih prostora za Muzej prema
raspoloživom budžetu, koji je bio malen. Kao glavni cilj
prepoznata je potreba da se Muzej doista smjesti na
novoj lokaciji, u najboljem obliku koji je moguć s ob-
Ilustracija 1 prvi kat Muzeja moderne i suvremene umjetnosti u
Rijeci. foto: Damir Žižić
Illustration 1 first floor of the Museum of Modern and Contemporary
Art in Rijeka, photo: Damir Žižić
REAKTIVIRANJE ARHITEKTURE
ative façade and formal internal relations. While there
is a tendency for museums to be places of creation and
sociability, it still remains unclear how this should happen.
As long as this is an open question rather than a regula-
tion or a general trend, we can expect some museums
to be unpredictable.
The Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art in Rijeka
at its new site grew from three anomalies: the use of the
existing building instead of building a new one, a mini-
mum budget, and the openness and willingness of those
responsible to take risks and to allow other forms of use.
The city of Rijeka, impoverished due to de-industrialisa-
tion and exclusion from global logistics flows, has been
“dreaming” for decades of new cultural buildings, plan-
ning and promising them to its citizens. Among others, a
new Museum and library were designed, according to all
the rules of the profession and architectural excellence.
However, for many years, the funds required for such
ambitious projects were nowhere to be found. Faced
with reality, the city administration, at the initiative of
the head of the Department of Culture Ivan Šarar and
with the help of architect Idis Turato, changed its atti-
tude and decided to house cultural spaces, museums,
and libraries in the abandoned buildings of the former
Rikard Benčić factory. The west wing of Building H was
chosen for the Museum of Modern and Contemporary
Art, instead of the planned construction of a new muse-
um building in the northern part of the block. Building H
had been burdened with ownership and technical issues,
structurally solid, but devastated and unsuitable for use
as a museum. The selection of this building for the new
premises of the Museum opened up perspective for the
Museum’s development, but also set spatial requirements
and frameworks.
The budget for the refurbishment of the existing build-
ing for the needs of the Museum was far less than the
amount that would have been needed to resolve all the
needs of a new museum building. The first design con-
cept we developed, which included all contents of the
Museum, was again beyond our financial means. In order
not to repeat the scenario of unrealised projects and
unfulfilled promises, a decision was made to start creat-
ing new spaces for the Museum according to the small
budget available. The main goal was recognised as the
need for the Museum to actually be set up at a new site,
in the best possible form under the financial constraints
given. The approach to design was completely changed.
We set out to use tactics that we usually applied to the
independent cultural scene, which we thought were
not applicable to institutional culture. The independent
cultural scene, financially marginalised, has survived for
years, always finding some creative low-budget ways.
Its vitality stems from the need for a living culture. This
approach to the construction and use of a space for cul-
ture was presented by Miranda Veljačić, Emina Višnić,
RE-ACTIVATE ARCHITECTURE 109
4-2
Ilustracija 2 Prizemlje Muzeja moderne i suvremene umjetnosti u
Rijeci, foto: Damir Žižić
Illustration 2 ground floor of the Museum of Modern and Contem-
porary Art in Rijeka, photo: Damir Žižić
zirom na financijska ograničenja. Pristup projektiranju
potpuno je promijenjen. Poslužili smo se taktikama
koje smo prakticirali za potrebe nezavisne kulturne
scene, za koje smo mislili da nisu primjenjive u insti-
tucionalnoj kulturi. Nezavisna kulturna scena, finan-
cijski marginalizirana, godinama opstaje snalazeći se
na kreativne niskobudžetne načine. Njezina vitalnost
proizlazi iz potrebe za živom kulturom. Ovaj pristup
izgradnji i korištenju prostora za kulturu predstavili
smo Miranda Veljačić, Emina Višnić, Slaven Tolj i ja
kao predstavnici Hrvatske na Venecijanskom bijenalu
arhitekture 2016. godine pod nazivom “To trebamo,
to radimo”. Tehnike i taktike zahvata na rekonstruk-
ciji usmjerili smo na najvažnije. Fokus zahvata bilo je
stvaranje prezentacijskih, komunikacijskih i radnih
prostora muzeja. Cilj je bio da Muzej zaživi na novoj
lokaciji. Trebalo je izabrati prostore koji se mogu ure-
diti i probleme koji se mogu riješiti. Svi detalji i rješenja
prilagođeni su potrebama robusnosti i prilagodljivo-
sti. Prodiranje vode u nisko prizemlje nije spriječeno,
već su zidovi, stupovi i ostali elementi obrađeni tako
da voda ne predstavlja problem. Postojeći su podo-
vi i stropovi zakrpani, nisu se mijenjali. Sačuvani su
fragmenti podjele prostora i uklopljeni u novu orga-
nizaciju. Veća ulaganja ostala su rezervirana samo
110
Slaven Tolj, and myself as representatives of Croatia at
the Venice Biennale of Architecture in 2016 entitled ‘We
need it, we do it’. We directed the techniques and tactics
of reconstruction intervention to what is most important.
The focus of the intervention was to create the Museum’s
presentation, communication, and working spaces. The
goal was for the Museum to come to life at a new site. It
was necessary to choose spaces that could be done up,
and which had issues which were resolvable. All details
and solutions were tailored to the needs of robustness
and adaptability. The penetration of water into the low
ground floor has not been prevented, but the walls, pil-
lars, and other elements have been treated so that wa-
ter is not an issue. The existing floors and ceilings have
been patched, not altered. Fragments of the division of
space have been preserved and incorporated into a new
layout. Larger investments remained reserved only for
professional museum lighting, heating, and processing
of exhibition surfaces, which are essential elements for
the quality of presentation and use of museum space.
Budget constraints reduced the pressure of expectations
for this Museum to be like all others.
The key factor in creating the Museum’s new spaces were
all the players involved in its realisation, particularly Ivan
4-2
Ilustracija 3 Umjetnici i građani koriste se prostorom Muzeja na
kreativan i dinamičan način — izložba i serija događanja S kolekcijom
Davida Maljkovića, 2020., foto: Dinko Peračić
Illustration 3 Artists and citizens peruse the Museum space in a cre-
ative and dynamic way — exhibition and event series “S kolekcijom”
(With the Collection) by David Maljković, 2020, photo: Dinko Peračić
za profesionalnu muzejsku rasvjetu, grijanje i obradu
ploha za izlaganje, što su bitni elementi za kvalitetu
prezentacije i korištenja muzejskog prostora. Ograni-
čenja budžeta smanjila su pritisak očekivanja da ovaj
muzej bude kao i svi ostali.
Ključni faktor u stvaranju novih prostora Muzeja bili su
svi akteri uključeni u njegovu realizaciju, a posebno Ivan
Šarar koji je kao član gradske uprave, s pozicije politike,
otvorio i čuvao otvorenom mogućnost drukčijeg pri-
stupa izgradnji, te Slaven Tolj, ravnatelj Muzeja koji ga
je otvorio i ponudio širokoj javnosti rasprostirući strast
prema suvremenoj umjetnosti i kulturi kao sastavnom
dijelu svakodnevnog života. Preuzeli su rizik da Muzej
neće biti potpun u svojim sadržajima, a ni reprezen-
tativno izgrađen kako se očekivalo. Nasuprot tome,
vjerovali su da je važno da se Muzej dogodi na novoj
lokaciji i da postane pokretač promjena u kulturi Rijeke.
Muzej se preselio u nove rekonstruirane prostore u biv-
šoj tvornici Benčić. Time je stvoren prvi novi institucijski
prostor za kulturu u Rijeci nakon više desetljeća. Bio je
to primjer, potreba i posvećenost stvaranju uvjeta za
REAKTIVIRANJE ARHITEKTURE
Šarar, who from the position of politics and city admin-
istration had opened up, and kept open, the possibility
of a different approach to construction, and Slaven Tolj,
Director of the Museum, who opened up and offered it to
the general public, spreading a passion for contemporary
art and culture as an integral part of everyday life. They
took the risk that the Museum would not be complete in
its contents, or built as representatively as expected. On
the other hand, they believed it was important for the
Museum to happen at a new site and to be an impetus
of change for Rijeka’s culture.
The Museum moved to the new refurbished premises
of the former Benčić factory. After several decades, this
created the first new institutional space for culture in
Rijeka. And it was a practical showcase of the need and
commitment required to create conditions for culture. A
path was opened for the refurbishment of the remaining
buildings on the block, now for the needs of the City
Museum, the City Library, and the Children’s House. Thus
began the creation of a cultural district. Immediately af-
ter the beginning of the refurbishment according to this
model, whether related to it or not, Rijeka was chosen
RE-ACTIVATE ARCHITECTURE 111
4-2
Ilustracija 4 Hrvatski paviljon na 15. venecijanskom bijenalu arhi-
tekture — To trebamo — to radimo”, foto: Damir Žižić
Illustration 4 Croatian pavilion at the 15th Venice Biennale of Archi-
tecture — “to trebamo — to radimo” (we need it — we do it), photo:
Damir Žižić
kulturu, čime je otvoren put za rekonstrukciju preosta-
lih zgrada u bloku za potrebe Muzeja grada, Gradske
knjižnice i Dječje kuće. Tako je stvoren kulturni kvart.
Neposredno nakon početka rekonstrukcije prema ovom
modelu, povezano ili ne, Rijeka je odabrana da bude
Europska prijestolnica kulture 2020. godine. Realizirani
projekt osvojio je više strukovnih nagrada u arhitekturi,
ne zbog svoje arhitektonske izvrsnosti, već zbog pristu-
pa procesu građenja i redefiniranju uloge arhitekture.
U Muzeju su organizirane brojne izložbe i javna doga-
đanja. Među njima se ističu oni koji su Muzej shvatili
kao otvoreni prostor građenja i umjetničkog djelovanja.
Kustosi su izložbe postavljali u svim, ne samo u gale-
rijskim prostorima. Korišteni su za izložbe i povezani
nedovršeni prostori. Umjetnica Dora Budor južnu je
fasadu obojila u crveno, kao svoj umjetnički rad. David
Maljković rastavio je i presložio odnos publike i muzeja,
iskoristio radove iz fundusa i organizirao javna doga-
đanja kao dio izložbe. Umjetnici, kustosi i publika novi
prostor Muzeja mogli su doživjeti kao otvoren za njiho-
ve intervencije. Arhitektura je tu ponuđena kao naprava
za stvaranje kulture i umjetnosti, Muzej u nastajanju koji
mogu izgrađivati svi koji u njemu žele stvarati. Muzej
može rasti zajedno sa svojim programom. U pripremi su
112
as the 2020 European Capital of Culture. The realised
project was awarded with several professional awards in
architecture, not for its architectural excellence, but for its
attitude to the construction process and its redefinition of
the role of architecture. Numerous exhibitions and public
events have been organised in the Museum. Notable
among them are those who took the Museum as an open
space for construction and artistic activity. Curators have
set up exhibitions in all the spaces, not only in the gallery.
They also used interconnected unfinished spaces for exhi-
bitions. As her work of art, artist Dora Budor painted the
south façade red. As part of an exhibition, David Maljković
disassembled and rearranged the relationship between
the audience and the museum, utilised the Museum’s
holdings, and organised public events. Artists, curators,
and the audience could now experience the Museum’s
new premises as being available for their interventions.
Architecture is offered here as a device for creating cul-
ture and art, an emerging Museum that can be built by
anyone who wants to create in it. The Museum can grow
together with its programme. Currently being prepared
are future interventions that will put into use the build-
ing’s additional spaces according to the same model.
4-2
budući zahvati kojima će se osposobiti dodatni prostori
u zgradi prema istom modelu.
Na kraju, da se vratimo temi konferencije, rekonstruk-
cija i revitalizacija postojećih nekorištenih i napuštenih
prostora u sebi nosi “miris slobode”. To su prostori koji
više nisu potrebni, koji su ispunili svoju nekadašnju
funkciju i prema tome smo slobodni koristiti se njima
kako želimo. Dio strukture je već izgrađen, što omogu-
ćuje brzo useljenje i eventualno korištenje u nedovrše-
nim uvjetima. Zadani prostorni okvir stvara ograničenja
koja mogu poslužiti za odmak od očekivanja. U sebi
nose slojeve povijesti i značenja koji će “zaprljati” nove
funkcije i značenja i otvoriti veze u vremenu. Postojeći,
posebno napušteni prostori koji se rekonstruiraju, tre-
baju zadržati mogućnost da se u njima dogodi ono što
nije moguće u novoj izgradnji. Trebaju ostati prostori
eksperimentiranja i slobode stvaranja.
REAKTIVIRANJE ARHITEKTURE
Finally, to go back to the topic of the conference, the
refurbishment and revitalisation of unused and aban-
doned spaces carries with it a certain ‘scent of freedom’.
Those are the spaces that are no longer needed, that have
fulfilled their former function, and therefore we are free
to use them as we please. A part of the structure has
already been built, enabling a fast moving-in and possible
use under still unfinished conditions. The default spatial
framework creates constraints that may serve so as to
deviate from expectations. They carry within the layers
of history and meanings that will ‘stain’ new uses and
meanings, and — as time goes by — create connections.
The existing, particularly those abandoned, spaces which
are being refurbished, should preserve the possibility to
host events that would not be possible in a new construc-
tion. They should remain spaces of experimentation and
freedom of creation.
RE-ACTIVATE ARCHITECTURE 113
REUSE Architecture — Europska konferencija o arhitektonskim
politikama / European Conference on Architectural Policies
Zagreb, 22.–23. travnja 2021. godine / 22–23 April 2021
Zbornik radova / Proceedings

Republika Hrvatska / The Republic of Croatia

Ministarstvo prostornoga uređenja,

graditeljstva i državne imovine /
Ministry of Physical Planning, Construction and State Assets
Ministar / Minister Darko Horvat

Zavod za prostorni razvoj / Institute for Spatial Development

Ravnatelj / Director Bojan Linardić

Izrada / Author
Ministarstvo prostornoga uređenja, graditeljstva i državne
imovine, Zavod za prostorni razvoj / Ministry of Physical Planning,
Construction and State Assets, Institute for Spatial Development

Uredništvo / Editorial
Ingrid Gojević
Jadranka Vranek

Lektura / Proofreading in Croatian

Snježana Drkulec-Igrec, Zagreb

Prijevod / Translation and Proofreading in English

AION Ltd. Zagreb

Oblikovanje i prijelom / Design and Layout

Šesnić&Turković, Zagreb

Tisak / Print
STEGA TISAK d.o.o., Zagreb
Zagreb, prosinac 2021. godine / December 2021

Naklada / Circulation
500

ISBN 978-953-6793-67-9 (tiskano izdanje / paperback)

ISBN 978-953-6793-68-6 (e-izdanje / e-edition, PDF)

CIP zapis je dostupan u računalnome katalogu Nacionalne i

sveučilišne knjižnice u Zagrebu pod brojem 001120260.
CIP record is available in the computer catalogue of the National
and University Library in Zagreb under number 001120260.