Journal of KUIO Vol.14 Ver2

ISSN　1884−8745
香川大学　インターナショナルオフィスジャーナル　第号
香　川　大　学
インターナショナルオフィスジャーナル
第 14 号
Journal of Kagawa University International Office

Vol. 14
14
この印刷物は抗菌ニスを使用しております。
香川大学インターナショナルオフィスジャーナル第14号
発行日令和４年３月31日
発行者香川大学インターナショナルオフィス
〒760−8521 香川県高松市幸町１−１
TE L：087−832−1194
FAX：087−832−1192
印刷所株式会社ムレコミュニケーションズ
TE L：087−822−2600（代）
FAX：087−822−0567, 826−1448
第 14 号
EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawa 特集号
AI が支援する未来に向けた人間中心のサステイナビリティと
イノベーションを考える：新たなステージへ導く日本とヨーロッパの
学際的な教育と研究の紹介

Vol. 14
Special issue on EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawa
International Conference on Human-centered Sustainability and
Innovation for an AI-assisted Future: New Interdisciplinary

Education & Research for the Next Stages in Japan and Europe
Table of Contents
Scenes from the conference ………………………………………………………………………………… 1

Organizing committees ……………………………………………………………………………………… 6
List of contributors …………………………………………………………………………………………… 8
Preface ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9
Call for the conference ………………………………………………………………………………………14
Letter of intent（Japanese）…………………………………………………………………………………22
EJEA and GRANITE（Japanese） …………………………………………………………………………25
Brochure ………………………………………………………………………………………………………29
Call for poster …………………………………………………………………………………………………31
Call for company exibition（Japanese） ……………………………………………………………………40
Letter to partner universities ………………………………………………………………………………43
Agenda …………………………………………………………………………………………………………45
Program ………………………………………………………………………………………………………46
Message from the President of Kagawa University ……………………………………………………54
Information for participants …………………………………………………………………………………55
Poster session instruction ……………………………………………………………………………………60
Poster award winners ………………………………………………………………………………………66
Letter of gratitude to chairpersons and keynote speakers ………………………………………………67
Message of gratitude to participants ………………………………………………………………………68
Certificate of appreciation for presenters …………………………………………………………………70
Call for publication ……………………………………………………………………………………………71
Conference report in the International Office News（Japanese）………………………………………81
EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawa University website …………………………………………………83
Abstracts ………………………………………………………………………………………………………85
Keynote lectures ……………………………………………………………………………………………89
Workshop 1 ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 101
Workshop 2 ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 115
Workshop 3 ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 123
Workshop 4 ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 137
Workshop 5 ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 159
Workshop 6 ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 181
Workshop 7 ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 197
Workshop 8 ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 207
Poster Presentations …………………………………………………………………………………… 217
Proceedings ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 243
Closing remarks …………………………………………………………………………………………… 354
Scenes from the conference
Opening Ceremony（Day 1）: Opening Ceremony（Day 1）:

Mr. Takuya Hirai, The 1st Minister of Digital Agency, Mr. Hideto Ônishi, Mayor of Takamatsu City, Japan
Japan（video message）
Opening Ceremony（Day 1）: Opening Ceremony（Day 1）:

Prof. Dr. Yoshiyuki Kakehi, President of Kagawa Dr. Julia Münch, Secretary General Japanese-German
University, Japan（video message） Centre Berlin, JDZB, Germany（video message）
Opening Ceremony（Day 1）: Group Photo at Opening Ceremony（Day 1）

Prof. Dr. Dietrich Albert, Chairperson European Japan
Experts Association, EJEA, Germany
University of Graz, Austria
−1−
Welcome and Introduction（Day 2）: Welcome and Introduction（Day 3）:
Dr. Lars Vargö, Institute for Security and Development Dr. René Reiners, Head of Human-centered Engineering
Policy, ISDP, Sweden and Design at Fraunhofer Institute for Applied
Information Technology FIT, Germany,
Coordinator of GRANITE, Germany
Keynote 1: Dr. Yuko Harayama, Keynote 2: Prof. Dr. Fredrik Heintz,

Executive Director RIKEN, Japan, Former Executive Linköping University, Dept. of Computer and
Member of Council for Science, Technology and Information Science, EU Commission High-Level
Innovation, Japan Expert Group on AI, Sweden
Keynote 3: Prof. Dr. Satoshi Murayama, Keynote 4: Dr. Lucas Paletta,

Co-convener of the International Consortium for Earth Human Factors Lab at Joanneum Research
and Development Sciences, Kagawa University, Japan Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, DIGITAL ‒ Institute for
Information and Communication Technologies, Austria
−2−
Keynote 5: Prof. Dr. Hiroshi Tsuji, Keynote 6: Dr. René Reiners
Executive Director, University Public Corporation Head of Human-centered Engineering and Design
Osaka, Japan, at Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information
Former President of Osaka Prefecture University, Technology FIT, Germany,
Japan Coordinator of GRANITE, Germany
Keynote 7: Mr. Colin de Kwant, Invited Presentation: Dr. Philippe de Taxis du Poët
Vice President Modular Management®; Lecturer at Managing Director, EU-Japan Centre for Industrial
Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden Cooperation, Japan（video message）
Workshop 1: eHealth and Medical Engineering Workshop 2: Smart City
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Workshop 3: Innovative Technologies for New Industry Workshop 4: Environmental Humanities: Water, Air
Creation and Land for Sustainable Living Spaces
Workshop 5: Distributed Cognition in Learning and Workshop 6: GRANITE - Human-Centered Research

Behavioral Change - Based on Human and Artificial and Transfer to Application
Intelligence
Workshop 7: Human Security and Sustainability Workshop 8: Educational Change: New Models and
New Thinking in Intercultural Concepts
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Face-to-Face Poster Presentation Session（Day 2）
Closing（Day 1）： Closing（Day 2）:

Dr. Phoebe Stella Holdgrün Prof. Dr. Takahiro Shinyo
Head of Project Management, Japanese-German Center Senior Advisor for the Japan-German Society Kagawa,
Berlin, JDZB, Germany Japan（video message）
Closing Ceremony（Day 3）: Closing Ceremony（Day 3）:

Mrs. Sabine Ganter-Richter Prof. Dr. Kenji Wada and Prof. Dr. Masaaki Tokuda
European Japan Experts Association, EJEA, Germany Kagawa University, Japan
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Organizing committees
International Organizing Committee of EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawa
Prof. Dr. Dietrich Albert University of Graz（Austria）
Mrs. Sabine Ganter-

Network for Science（Germany）
Richter
Prof. Dr. Yoshiro Imai Kagawa University（Japan）
Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology FIT

Prof. Dr. René Reiners
（Germany）
Prof. Dr. Anders Törnvall Linköping University（Sweden）
Prof. Dr. Masaaki Tokuda Kagawa University（Japan）
Dr. Lars Vargö Institute for Security and Development Policy（Sweden）
（Alphabetical order）
Dietrich Albert Sabine Ganter-Richter Yoshiro Imai René Reiners
Anders Törnvall Masaaki Tokuda Lars Vargö
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Steering Committee of Kagawa University
香川大学EJEAカンファレンス実行委員会
所属・氏名役割分担
インターナショナルオフィス
德田雅明委員長、渉外、スマートシティセッション
今井慈郎事務局長（総務・広報）、高等学校対応
尾上能久渉外、企業対応
創造工学部
髙橋悟副委員長、GRANITE セッション
石丸伊知郎プログラム委員長、医療・工学セッション
医学部
和田健司ポスターセッション、プログラム
塚本郁子会計、登録
農学部
田村啓敏プログラム
教育学部
村山聡キーノートレクチャー、環境人間学セッション
寺尾徹環境人間学セッション
経済学部
原直行総務
姚峰プログラム
瀬戸内圏研究センター
原量宏医療・工学セッション
国際グループ
篠原佳代事務担当
白川菜月事務担当
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List of contributors
Organizers, Sponsors and Supporters
Organizers
European Japan Experts Association（EJEA)(Germany）
Kagawa University（Japan）
Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology FIT（Germany）
Institute for Security and Development Policy（ISDP)(Sweden）
Sponsors
Toshiba International Foundation（TIFO)(Japan）
Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence（Switzerland）
Kagawa Industry Support Foundation（KISF)(Japan）
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research（Sweden）
Supporters
Japanese German Center Berlin（JDZB)(Germany）
EU-Japan Centre for Industrial Cooperation（Japan）
German Research Ambassadors Network for Industrial Technology Endeavors
（GRANITE)(Germany）
Japan-German Society Kagawa（Japan）
JETRO Kagawa（Japan）
Kagawa Prefecture（Japan）
Modular Management Group（Sweden)
Takamatsu City（Japan)
Women s International Shipping & Trading Association（WISTA)(Romania）
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Preface
In publishing the special issue of EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawa
EJEA（European Japan Experts Association）is a non-profit organization established in 1995

by the Japan-Germany Center Berlin and holds forums to promote partnerships and cooperation
in R & D between Europe and Japan. In recent years, EJEA conferences were held in Stockholm,
Sweden（April 2018）and in Graz, Austria（September 2019). This time, in October 2021, EJEA -
in commemoration of its 25th anniversary - held the first international conference in Japan jointly
with Kagawa University as a co-organizer.
Interpersonal encounters often bring about new opportunities and create new bonds. The
first important encounter occurred on November 7, 2018, when Japan-German Society Kagawa
（President: Mr. Sakae Tadano）took the lead to arrange for Mrs. Sabine Ganter-Richter, President
of the German-Japan Society Bonn, and Mr. Marco Invernizzi to visit Kagawa University. She and
her colleagues soon made their second visit to Kagawa University on April 2, 2019, whereby they
introduced the GRANITE（German Research Ambassadors Network for Industrial Technology
Endeavors）project. GRANITE aims to create a sustainable Japanese-German network mainly
in the IoT field through the formation of networks among German and Japanese companies,
researchers, local governments, etc., and to promote joint research and development together
with technology transfer. In response to this development, Kagawa University decided to form
a cooperative team led by International Office and the Faculty of Engineering and Design.
Substantial exchanges were initiated at the Japan-Germany Networking Meeting that was held on
October 10, 2019, at the Faculty of Engineering and Design. Since Mrs. Sabine is simultaneously
a member of EJEA Executive Committee, she extended an invitation to Prof. Yoshiro Imai,
Professor of Faculty of Engineering and Design, Kagawa University, to participate in the EJEA
conference Human-Centered Digitalization: How to Develop Next Generation of Humans and
Robots for a Secure, Harmonic and Prosperous Future of Europe and Japan? which was held
at Graz University of Technology in Austria on September from 20 to 21, 2019. In due of the
active participation by Kagawa University in GRANITE, EJEA offered Kagawa University the
opportunity to host its conference in Kagawa on suitable days of October 2021, and Kagawa
University accepted the offer.
The members of the EJEA Executive Committee and the members of Kagawa University
Committee formed the joint Conference Executive Committee to discuss the scopes and directions
of the conference. The joint Committee decided on the theme International Conference on
Human-centered Sustainability and Innovation for an AI-assisted Future: New Interdisciplinary
Education & Research for the Next Stages in Japan and Europe . In addition to the two original
organizers（EJEA and Kagawa University), not only the Institute for Security and Development
Policy（ISDP）but also the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology FIT were
officially asked to hold this conference as co-organizers. Moreover, 13 sponsors kindly supported
the EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawa.
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At Kagawa University, the Steering Committee for the EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawa was
formed, whose members were appointed from 6 faculties of Kagawa University to share the roles
to prepare for the conference. Initially, this conference was planned to be held in a face-to-face
manner. The program was to include keynote lectures, workshops, poster presentations, company
exhibitions, company visits, excursions to cultural sites, and receptions. However, due to the
prolonged outbreak of COVID-19, the Steering Committee decided to hold the conference online.
Except for poster presentations which were demonstrated in a face-to-face manner at the Olive
Square Multipurpose Hall, Kagawa University, all activities were conducted online. The Steering
Committee also invited high school students to participate in the session of poster presentation,
in which four presentations had been carried out by high school students among other university
students.
The total number of presentations was 80: namely, 1 invited lecture, 7 keynote lectures, 60 oral
presentations in 8 workshops, and 12 poster presentations. The number of registered participants
was 197 from 13 countries（145 in Japan and 52 from overseas). In all previous EJEA conferences,
participants mainly came from EU countries and Japan. At this EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawa,
however, had many participants from Asian countries such as Bangladesh, India and Brunei
Darussalam including a foreign student from Africa.
The opportunity to hold this conference originated from the close partnership between the
Japan-German Society Kagawa and the German-Japan Society Bonn. This partnership acted as a
catalyst for Kagawa University and Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology FIT
to collaborate with the GRANITE project. This collaboration led to the signing of a Memorandum
of Understanding between the two institutions on March 1, 2021. With that foundation, Kagawa
University and Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology FIT decided to hold the
EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawa as co-organizers. Symbolically, the EJEA Conference 2021 in
Kagawa was also held to commemorate and celebrate the 160th anniversary of Japan-Germany
Partnership.
On behalf of Kagawa University, I would like to thank EJEA and the other 2 co-organizers, 4
organizations for their financial support, and 9 organizations for their support which gave Kagawa
University the great opportunity to hold this prestigious conference.
Finally, on a sad note, we learned of the unfortunate demise of Mr. Marco Invernizzi. He had
been instrumental in creating the opportunity for all of us to hold this conference. We would like
to dedicate this volume to his memory.
March 11, 2022

Masaaki Tokuda, M.D., Ph.D.
Chairperson of the Kagawa University EJEA Conference Steering Committee
−10−
巻頭言
EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawa特集号の出版にあたり
EJEA（European Japan Experts Association：ヨーロッパ日本有識者協会）は、日独センターベル

リンによって1995年に設立したNPO法人であり、ヨーロッパと日本の間のR&Dを促進しパートナー
シップと協力を生み出すためのフォーラム等を開催している。近年では、2018年４月にStockholm（ス
ウェーデン）で、2019年９月にGraz（オーストリア）で、カンファレンスが開催されている。今回
2021年10月に、EJEA創立25周年を記念し、日本で初めて香川大学が共同主催者としてカンファレン
スを開催した。
人と人との出会いが、機会をもたらし、絆を作る。最初の出会いは、2018年11月７日に、ボン独
日協会Sabine Ganter-Richter会長とMarco Invernizzi氏が、香川日独協会（多田野榮会長）の紹介に
より香川大学を訪問したことに始まる。彼らは、翌2019年４月２日に香川大学を再度訪問し、香川
大学にGRANITE（German Research Ambassadors Network for Industrial Technology Endeavors）
プロジェクトへの参画を提案した。GRANITEは、ドイツと日本の企業・研究者・自治体等のネッ
トワーク形成を通して、主としてIoT分野における持続可能な日独のネットワークを創り、共同研
究・開発や技術移転の促進を目指すものであった。この提案に対して、香川大学として創造工学部を
中心として協力体制を組むことを決め、2019年10月10日に、日独ネットワーキングミーティングを
創造工学部において開催し、実質的な交流がスタートした。前述のSabine氏は、EJEAのExecutive
Committeeの一員であることから、2019年９月に、オーストリアのGraz工科大学を会場にして開催
したEJEAカンファレンス「Human-Centered Digitalization: How to Develop Next Generation of
Humans and Robots for a Secure, Harmonic and Prosperous Future of Europe and Japan?」に、香
川大学から今井慈郎教授が招へいされ、これによりEJEAとの縁が始まった。そしてGRANITEプロ
ジェクトが進む中で、EJEAから次回は香川で開催しないかとの打診があり、2020年秋、2021年10月
に香川大学で開催することが決定された。
EJEA Executive Committeeメンバーと、香川大学メンバーとで今回のカンファレンス実行委員会
を組織して、方向性を議論し、テーマを「International Conference on Human-centered Sustainability
and Innovation for an AI-assisted Future: New Interdisciplinary Education & Research for the Next
Stages in Japan and Europe：AI が支援する未来に向けた人間中心のサステイナビリティとイノベー
ションを考える：新たなステージへ導く日本とヨーロッパの学際的な教育と研究の紹介」と決定した。
主催は、EJEAと香川大学に加えて、EJEAに関連のあるThe Institute for Security and Development
Policy（ISDP）と、
GRANITEに関連のあるフラウンホーファー研究所応用情報技術研究所（Fraunhofer
Institute for Applied Information Technology FIT）が加わり、４団体となった。その他共催・後援組
織が13団体・機関となった。
香川大学では、全学を挙げての取り組みを行った。各部局から委員を選出し、香川大学内に実行委
員会を組織し、役割分担を決めて準備にあたった。当初は、対面での開催を予定していたので、キー
ノート講演やWorkshopの他に、ポスター発表、企業展示、企業訪問及びエクスカーションの他、レ
セプションでの交流を企画していた。しかしながら、新型コロナウィルス感染症の蔓延が遷延したた
め、残念ながら、対面での開催を諦め、オンライン開催とした。ただし、ポスター発表のみは対面で
の開催（香川大学OLIVE SQUARE多目的ホール）とした。ポスター発表は、県内の高等学校にも働
きかけ４演題の応募があった。
−11−
発表総数は80演題（招待講演１，キーノート講演７，一般口演60、ポスター発表12）であり、参加
登録者は、13カ国から197名（日本145名、海外52名）であった。これまでのEJEAカンファレンスは
EUおよび日本からの参加が主であったが、それに加えてアジアからの参加者へも門戸を広げたこと
が特徴である。
本カンファレンスの開催に至る切っ掛け作りは、香川日独協会およびボン独日協会の交流であっ
た。香川大学とフラウンホーファー応用情報技術研究所との間を取り持っていただいたことで、
GRANITEプロジェクトへの参画が決まり、2021年３月１日には、両機関の学術協定締結へとつな
がった。その基盤があって、香川大学とフラウンホーファー応用情報技術研究所が共同主催として加
わりEJEAカンファレンス開催へとなった。なお2021年が日独交流160周年の年であったことから、
本カンファレンスは、日独交流160周年記念イベントとして位置付けられた。
最後に、香川大学に名誉ある本カンファレンス日本初開催の機会を与えてくださった、EJEAはじ
め共同主催者各位、協賛として支援いただいた４団体・機関、後援の９団体・機関にお礼を申し上げ
たい。
昨日Sabine氏よりMarco Invernizzi氏が亡くなられたという悲報が届いた。彼はこの会議を香川大
学で開催する切っ掛けを作ってくれた。追悼の意を込めて、この特集号を彼に捧げる。
2022年３月11日
香川大学EJEAカンファレンス実行委員会委員長德田雅明
−12−
日時 EJEAカンファレンス開催に至るまでの重要な出来事
Date Important events leading up to EJEA Conference
独日協会ボンSabine Ganter-Richter会長等来学
2018.11.7 Mrs. Sabine Ganter-Richter, President of German-Japan Society Bonn
visited Kagawa University（1st visit）
独日協会ボンSabine Ganter-Richter会長等来学
2019.4.2 Mrs. Sabine Ganter-Richter, President of German-Japan Society Bonn
visited Kagawa University（2nd visit）
EJEAカンファレンス（Graz市）に今井慈郎教授が参加
2019.9.20-21 Professor Yoshiro Imai was invited to the EJEA International Conference
in Graz（Austria）
デジタル化・IoT推進にかかる日独ネットワーキングミーティング開催
（香川大学）
2019.10.10 German-Japan Networking Meeting on Promotion of Digitalization
and IoT was held at the Faculty of Engineering and Design, Kagawa
University
フラウンホーファー応用情報技術研究所との協定締結
2021.3.1 Conclusion of the Memorandum of Understanding with Fraunhofer
Institute for Applied Information Technology FIT
EJEA国際カンファレンス 2021 開催（高松市）

2021.10.22-24
EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawa was held online
−13−
Call for the conference（August 12th 2021）
EJEA International Conference 2021

Human-centered Sustainability and Innovation for an AI-assisted Future:
New Interdisciplinary Education & Research for the Next Stages
in Japan and Europe
AIが支援する未来に向けた人間中心のサステイナビリティとイノベー
ションを考える：新たなステージへ導く日本とヨーロッパの学際的な
教育と研究の紹介
October 22nd - 24th, 2021 in Takamatsu, Japan and online
jointly organized by
European Japan Experts Association（EJEA), Kagawa University, Fraunhofer Institute for Applied
Information Technology FIT and Institute for Security and Development Policy（ISDP）
supported by
Japanese German Center Berlin（JDZB), EU-Japan Centre for Industrial Cooperation, German
Research Ambassadors Network for Industrial Technology Endeavors（GRANITE), Japan-German
Society Kagawa, JETRO Kagawa, Kagawa Prefecture（Japan), Modular Management Group
（Sweden), Takamatsu City（Japan), Women s International Shipping & Trading Association
（WISTA Romania）
sponsored by
Toshiba International Foundation（TIFO), Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, Kagawa Industry
Support Foundation（KISF）
The conference is planned to be held in hybrid-style（physical meeting in Takamatsu,

Japan and online participation daytime in Europe）on Oct. 22nd（Fr), 23rd（Sat）and 24th（Sun),
2021（8:00-13:00 CET / 15:00-20:00 JST）
Due to the outbreak situation of COVID-19 all over the world, the committee decided as
follows:
１．The conference will be mainly accomplished ONLINE
２．Conference fee is FREE of charge
３．The deadline for submission has been extended until September 15th, 2021.
Official language of the conference is English.

The conference program will be published and updated on the
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conference's website: https://www.kagawa-u.ac.jp/kuio/circ/event/ejeaconf/
Aim of the Conference
In a certain way the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic defined the organizer s discussions
about the content of this conference. In Europe as well as in Japan we observed, that after a first
phase of stagnation immediately after the outbreak of the pandemic has been overcome, people
all over the globe tried to adjust and modify their everyday lives. Many of these changes in our
private and professional life came along with new technologies. Within a few weeks only we
rushed into the digital transformation ‒ a process that we have been discussing for years with a
long-term perspective became reality almost overnight !
Against this background, the organizers of this conference address the current COVID-situation
that is also heating-up the discussion on digital transformation. However, the focus of this
conference reaches far beyond! Contributions and practical experiences to this conference will deal
with questions, such as:
How can these new models and methods help to develop and realize green / sustainable / secure
and resilient initiatives to support local and global communities?
・ Green Sustainable Societies and SDGs（sustainable development goals) are gaining

more and more importance in the policies of the European Union and of Japan. How can
we create innovative forms of close intercultural and interdisciplinary cooperation that
are urgently needed in times of social distancing ?
・ How can we in research and education develop new intercultural and interdisciplinary
models and methods using advanced Artificial Intelligence（AI）centered concepts?
・ What about transparency, understandability and responsibility in using AI technologies in
a human-centered way?
Thus, in face of the complexity and interconnectedness of the processes and structures in digital
transformation and future usage of AI,
ａ．holistic, general, and multi-level views must be taken into account, considering
ｂ．the global and cross-cultural contexts, with an explicit focus on
ｃ．harmony created by human wellbeing, human security and social peace.
To achieve these goals and to update the Japanese-European relationship in order to strengthen
exchange and collaboration between the two regions the priorities of the conference focus on
providing forums for research and education as well as innovation and industrial application.
Furthermore, we strongly encourage especially the young generation for implementing the above-
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mentioned scientific and educational measures in Japan as well as in Europe.
The aim of the conference is to develop integrated views and common European-Japanese
recommendations which have the potential to avoid digital risks like division of society, socially
incompatible developments, disintegration, leaving behind the elderly, social conflicts etc. and to
support digital chances to reach aims like equality and fairness of participation, balance of chances
and opportunities, cooperation as well as competition, human wellbeing, social peace and to develop
the societal and digital transformation in a peaceful spirit based on high technology.
We invite you for active contribution with lectures, workshops, posters, and discussions in
developing new advanced applications of AI for fostering
・ new concrete interdisciplinary methods and models to achieve sustainable and resilient
societies
・ new areas of research and education as well as innovation and industrial application for
the benefit of all generations
・ new opportunities for and forms of cooperation and partnerships on a local, international,
and global level
Target Groups
Individual experts and citizens from all age groups, decision makers and opinion leaders from
related organizations, companies, universities, research institutes as well as public administration
and governments from Japan and Europe. By this a bank of knowledge and expertise will be
created.
Keynote Lectures
・ Mr. Colin de Kwant
“Sustainable Mobility Scenario Modeling: Evaluating Future Resilience of Modular
Concepts for Electrified Trucks”
Vice President Modular Management ; Lecturer at Royal Institute of Technology
（Sweden）
・ Dr. Yuko Harayama
“Human in the Loop or Human-centered”（tbc）
Executive Director RIKEN（Japan）
former Executive Member of Council for Science, Technology, and Innovation
・ Prof. Dr. Fredrik Heintz
“Education for an AI-assisted Future - From Primary Education to Life-Long Learning”
Linköping University, Dept. of Computer and Information Science（Sweden）
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EU Commission High-Level Expert Group on AI
・ Prof. Dr. Satoshi Murayama
“Environmental humanities: a long-term local history approach to living spaces to be
sustained”
Professor Emeritus, Co-convener of the International Consortium for Earth and
Development Sciences, Kagawa University（Japan）
・ Dr. Lucas Paletta
“Cognitive Sensing for Intuitive Interaction, Well-being and Care“
Human Factors Lab at Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH DIGITAL ‒
Institute for Information and Communication Technologies（Austria）
・ Dr. René Reiners
“Human-Centered System Design for Successful Digital Transformation”
Head of Human-centered Engineering and Design at Fraunhofer Institute for Applied
Information Technology FIT（Germany）
Coordinator of GRANITE
・ Prof. Dr. Hiroshi Tsuji
“From 45 Years Experience on R&D and Education of Systems Sciences”
Executive Director, University Public Corporation Osaka（Japan）
former President of Osaka Prefecture University
Call for Contributions

We welcome abstract submissions for the following categories:
１．Oral Contribution
We ask for oral contributions, that should be no longer than 10 minutes and presented during
parallel workshops. Currently the following workshops are foreseen for a resilient post-Corona
reality shaped by human and artificial intelligence（AI）‒ contributions for additional workshops
are welcome:
・ eHealth / Tele-Medicine / Medical Engineering:

chaired by Prof. Dr. Kazuhiro Hara and Prof. Dr. Ichiro Ishimaru, Kagawa University
（Japan）
・ Smart City:
M-Sec project, NTT and Takamatsu Super City Project , City of Graz, City of Malmö
（details tbd）
・ Human-Involvement in Technology Advancement:
chaired by Dr. René Reiners, Fraunhofer FIT（Germany）and Prof. Dr. Daisuke Sasaki,
・ Environmental Humanities: Water, Air and Land for Sustainable Living Spaces:
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chaired by Prof. Dr. Satoshi Murayama and Prof. Dr. Toru Terao, Kagawa University
（Japan）
・ Distributed Cognition in Learning and Behavioral Change ‒ Based on Human and
Artificial Intelligence:
chaired by Prof. Dr. Dietrich Albert, University of Graz（Austria), Prof. Dr. Xiangen Hu,
University of Memphis（USA）& Central China Normal University（China), Prof. Dr.
Tomoko Kojiri, Kansai University（Japan), and Dr. Paul C. Seitlinger, University of Vienna
（Austria）
・ GRANITE workshop:
chaired by Dr. René Reiners, Fraunhofer FIT（Germany）and Prof. Dr. Satoru Takahashi,
・ Human Security and Sustainability:
chaired by Prof. Dr. Kazuya Ishii, Kagawa University（Japan）and Dr. Lars Vargö,
Director Japan Center, Institute for Security and Development Policy（Sweden）
・ Educational Change: New Models and New Thinking in Intercultural Concepts:
chaired by Prof. Dr. Toshihiro Hayashi, Kagawa University（Japan）and Prof. Dr. Anders
Törnvall, Linköping University（Sweden）
２．Organized Workshop
We welcome your offers to organize and co-chair（Europe and Japan）a workshop in the scope
of the conference. Please note that organization must be provided by the applicant itself. The
platform and premises will be organized by the conference.
３．Posters
Posters focusing on human-centered sustainability and innovation for an AI-assisted future are
very welcome, also from a more specific perspective. Submissions are not limited to established
academics; we also encourage students and representatives from the industry to submit their
posters!
４．Demonstrations
Demonstrations（at site or online）from industry and research institutions dealing with AI-assisted
systems（robots, AI-software etc.）are very welcome.
５．Visits at Local Companies

The conference offers participants exclusive insights into the practical aspects and the application
of AI-assisted innovations! Please participate in this format for networking and professional
exchange on current topics, realizations, and possible collaborations!
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Submission Guidelines
All submissions must be original and not simultaneously submitted to another conference.
Submissions should include:
・ Given name, family name, title, affiliation, URL, email address, phone number
・ Abstract: 1 page is suitable, however, we accept up to 4 pages.
・ Optional: CV
・ Please indicate whether you want to organize a workshop, contribute to a workshop, to
present a poster or a demonstration.
・ Also please indicate whether you are interested in publishing in the journal "Frontiers in
Artificial Intelligence".
The deadline for submission has been extended, please submit your abstract in
English until September 15th, 2021
either via: https://easychair.org/conferences/?conf=ejeac2021conf
or via e-mail to ejea2021conf-c@kagawa-u.ac.jp
by using the template offered by Kagawa University:
https://www.kagawa-u.ac.jp/kuio/circ/event/ejeaconf/
Results will be notified by September 30th, 2021.
Conference Fee
On-site participation: 30.000 Yen Students 10.000
Online participation: 10.000 Yen Students are free
The conference fee is FREE since the conference will be mainly accomplished online.
Publication of Contributions
Pending peer-review, extended content will be published within a Research Topic entitled AI for
Human Learning and Behavior Change in （ISSN 2624-8212）.
More details and dedicated links will follow in summer 2021（https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/
artificial-intelligence）
In addition, all contributions can be published in the in Kagawa University International Journal
（ISSN 1884-8745）after extending it to a two-page mini-paper.
All participants will be informed by the organizing committee if you wish to publish your paper
or not. The further instruction of Kagawa University International Journal will also be given to
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you and you can finalize your manuscript for submission to this journal with a page limit of less
than 6 pages. Your manuscript will have to go through the reviewing process. This issue will be
scheduled to be published in June 2022.
Program Committee
・ Prof. Dr. Dietrich Albert, University of Graz（Austria）
・ Prof. Dr. Yoshiro Imai, Kagawa University（Japan）
・ Prof. Dr. Tomoko Kojiri, Kansai University（Japan）
・ Dr. Anja Linnemann, Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology FIT
（Germany）
・ Prof. Dr. Anders Törnvall, Linköping University（Sweden）
・ Prof. Dr. Masaaki Tokuda, Kagawa University（Japan）
・ Dr. Lars Vargö, Institute for Security and Development Policy（Sweden）
Contact
All questions about submissions should be emailed to:
ejea2021conf-c@kagawa-u.ac.jp
Registration
To register for the conference, you are kindly asked to write an e-mail to our conference
registration address: ejea-reg-c@kagawa-u.ac.jp
Please write into the email subject line: 2021EJEA_Conf_Regist
In your registration email please include the following information for each person to be
registered:
First Name
Family Name
E-mail address
Affiliation
Affiliation postal address
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Venue
The conference will be organized as hybrid event at Kagawa University, 1-1 Saiwai-cho,
Takamatsu, Kagawa（Japan). All Workshops and talks will also be made available online for
registered participants.
Kagawa Prefecture is located in Shikoku Island, one of the four major islands of Japan, where
no metropolitan cities exist, and beautiful nature and traditions have well preserved. Its capitol,
Takamatsu-city, has been working to promote Smart City with human-centered policies and
welcomes the conference to be held in Kagawa.
The 88-temple pilgrimage route, art-island Naoshima, Yashima Plateau, Kompira Temple, Ritsurin
Garden, olive-island Shodoshima, Seto Inland Sea National Park, Sanuki Udon noodle, Marugame
Uchiwa, Lacquer wares ‒ just to mention a few highlights of Kagawa Prefecture waiting to
welcome you!
On your way to Kagawa you might stop-over in Okayama, Hiroshima, Miyajima Shrine, Himeji
Castle and enjoy Japanese culture apart from metropolitan cities.
The closest international airport is Kansai International Airport（near Osaka). Several flights
from Tokyo Haneda International Airport and 2 from Narita International Airport are available to
Takamatsu Airport which primarily handles domestic flights except for those from Hong Kong,
Shanghai, Taipei,and Incheon.
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Letter of intent（Japanese）
EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawa開催趣意書

下記のように、EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawaを香川大学において2021年10月に開催します。

新型コロナウィルス感染症の感染の蔓延状況を鑑み、学術セッションは基本オンラインでの開催とし
ます。また参加費についても無料としての開催とします。本会の趣旨にご賛同いただき、ご参加およ
びご支援をよろしくお願いいたします。
１．カンファレンスのタイトル
International Conference on Human-centered Sustainability and Innovation for an AI-assisted
Future: New Interdisciplinary Education & Research for the Next Stages in Japan and Europe
AI が支援する未来に向けた人間中心のサステイナビリティとイノベーションを考える：新たな
ステージへ導く日本とヨーロッパの学際的な教育と研究の紹介
２．日時 2021年10月22日（金）∼24日（日）
３．会場香川大学（幸町キャンパス）香川県高松市幸町１番１号
４．開催様式学術セッションはオンライン実施。ポスター発表は対面とオンラインで実施。
５．主催
- EJEA：ヨーロッパ日本有識者協会（ドイツ）
- 香川大学（日本）
- フラウンホーファー応用情報技術研究所（ドイツ）
- 安全保障開発政策研究所（スウェーデン）
６．協賛・後援
- 日欧産業協力センター（日本）
- JDZB：ベルリン日独センター（ドイツ）
- GRANITEプロジェクト（ドイツ・日本）
- モジュール管理グループ（スウェーデン）
- WISTA：国際女性海運・貿易協会（ルーマニア）
- 香川日独協会（日本）
- 東芝国際交流財団（日本）
- 香川県（日本）
- 高松市（日本）
- ジェトロ香川（日本）
- かがわ産業支援財団（日本）
７．目的
ヨーロッパでも日本でも、COVID-19パンデミックの発生直後の停滞の第一段階が克服された
後、世界中の人々が日常生活を調整し変えようとしています。これらの変化の多くは、新しいテ
クノロジーとともにもたらされ、数カ月のうちに、「デジタルトランスフォーメーション」に突
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入しました。それはAI（人工知能）社会の到来を加速化するものでもありました。確かにAI社
会の到来は、大きなアドバンテージをもたらしますが、同時にリスクももたらします。前者とし
てはデジタル化により大きな情報の獲得が容易になること、距離の概念を超えて様々な活動に参
加するチャンスが得られるなどがあります。後者としては、デジタル情報が尊重される反面で情
緒的な要素が拾い上げられないこと、評価の均一化が進み個性の評価が難しくなること、情報依
存性が起こることなどがあります。
本カンファレンスでは、エンジニアリングをはじめ様々な分野で利用される人工知能（AI）
を使用する際に、如何にして「人間を中心」の展開をすることができるかを、教育および研究
の分野から見て行きます。また、EU欧州連合の Green Sustainable Societies 、さらに国連が
提唱する SDGs（sustainable development goals) の取り組みは、行政のみならず企業や教育機
関においてもますます重要性を増しています。AIを用いる我々がいかにして「人間中心の視点
でAIを活用して持続可能社会とするイノベーションを興すことができるか（Human-centered
Sustainability and Innovation）」について議論します。
分野としては情報工学分野のみならず医療・保健分野、人文・社会科学、都市工学、農業、環
境、教育など、幅広い学際的領域において考え議論する機会を提供します。
以上のような目的で開催するカンファレンスは、EJEAの学際的で幅広いネットワークを活
用するとともに、フラウンホーファー応用情報技術研究所（Fraunhofer FIT）と香川大学が
牽引するGRANITEプロジェクトと合体することとし、
Fraunhofer FITと香川大学が共同主催者に加わり実施し
ます。また日独交流160周年記念イベントとしても位置付
けます。
８．主なテーマ
- Human Security and Sustainability: 人間の安全と持続可能性
- eHealth / Tele-Medicine / Medical Engineering: e-ヘルス・遠隔医療・医療テクノロジー
- GRANITE session: GRANITEセッション
- Human-Involvement in Technology Advancement: 技術進歩への人間の関与
- Environmental Humanities: Water, Air, and Land for Sustainable Living Spaces: 環境人文学：
持続可能な生命空間のための水、大気そして土地
- Distributed Cognition in Learning and Behavioral Change: 学習と行動変化
- Smart City：スマートシティ
９．発表形式
- 特別講演（7）
- ワークショップ（9）
- ポスター発表（対面およびオンライン）：高校生、高等専門学校生も参加します。
- 展示（地域の企業等）
10．会費
無料です。
11．参加対象者と参加者数
日本、ヨーロッパを中心に、すべての年齢層の個々の専門家と市民、企業、大学、研究機関、
国際機関、行政機関等のステークホルダーやオピニオンリーダー。学生の参加も促す。150人∼
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200人程度の参加を予想しています。
12．プログラム委員会
- Prof. Dr. Dietrich Albert, University of Graz（Austria）
- Prof. Dr. Yoshiro Imai, Kagawa University（Japan）
- Prof. Dr. Tomoko Kojiri, Kansai University（Japan）
（tbc）
- Dr. Anja Linnemann, Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology FIT
（Germany）
- Prof. Dr. Anders Törnvall, Linköping University（Sweden）
- Prof. Dr. Masaaki Tokuda, Kagawa University（Japan）
- Dr. Lars Vargö, Institute for Security and Development Policy（Sweden）
13．開催事務局
香川大学インターナショナルオフィス
〒760-8521 香川県高松市幸町１番１号
電話：087-832-1318 e-mail: soryucet@kagawa-u.ac.jp
以上 2021年８月12日
EJEAカンファレンス実行委員長
香川大学副学長（国際戦略・グローバル環境整備担当）
德田雅明
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EJEA and GRANITE（Japanese）
1）EJEA: European Japan Experts Associationについて
１設立
ヨーロッパ11カ国の日本に関する専門家と日独センターベルリンの欧州委員会によって1995年
に設立したNPO法人。ディートリッヒ・アルバート博士（オーストリア・グラーツ大学名誉教
授、実験心理学）が会長。
２ミッション
EJEAは、20年の歴史を経て、日欧関係の信頼できる基盤を提供するために、持続可能な学際的
なネットワークを確立するための新しい機会を提供する。
３ビジョン
● EJEAは、それ自体で研究を行わないが、ヨーロッパと日本の間のR&Dを促進するため新し
いパートナーシップと協力を生み出すという観点から、人々が出会い、話し合い、知を交換
するためのフォーラム等の機会の提供に寄与する。
● EJEAは、フォーラム等で扱うトピックスを提案し、ネットワークを活用して、関心や関連
のある組織・機関から人々の参加を促す役割を果たす。
● EJEAは、フォーラム等の開催に賛同する組織・機関に対して協力するが、自由かつ柔軟な
運営を妨げない。
● EJEAは、以下のような活動を行う。
‒ 既存の組織・機関にサービスを提供するための「傘」になる
‒ 幅広い分野からのヨーロッパの「声」を繋ぎ合わせる
‒ 日欧関連のトピックについて議論するためのプラットフォームとなる
‒ 多文化共生を推進する
４ EJEAが関連する組織
Ａ）日本と連携をしている各国の主な組織
Austria
▪ Austrian Academy of Sciences（OeAW）
APART-Fellowship, DOC-Fellowship, OeAW Scholorship Information（in German）
▪ Austrian Science Fund（FWF）
▪ Erwin Schrödinger Fellowship, FWF Joint Research Projects
▪ OeAD, Centre for International Cooperation and Mobility
several funding programs for students, pre/post-docs and scientists
Europe
▪ EU-Japan Centre for Industrial Cooperation
6 month in-house fellowship at the EU-Japan Centre in Japan.
Minerva Fellowship Programme
▪ European Commission
Marie Sklodowska-Curie Innovative Training Networks（ITN）
▪ European Science Foundation
ESF-JSPS Frontier Science Conference Series for Young Researchers
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France
▪ École Française d Extrême-Orient
EFEO Field Scholarships
▪ French Foreign Affairs（MAEDI）
France-Japan cooperation programme for S&T
PHC-Sakura Programme（in French）
Germany
▪ German Academic Exchange Service（DAAD）
several scholarships for students, pre-/post-docs and scientists
exchange and research projects
▪ German Research Foundation（DFG）
Initiation and intensification of bilateral collaborations
www.dfg.de/en/dfg_profile/head_office/dfg_abroad/japan/index.html
▪ Japanese-German Center Berlin（JDZB）
several exchange programs for high-school students, young professionals, welfare
specialists etc.
www.jdzb.de/en/exchange-programs/overview/
Italy
▪ Italien Ministry of Foreign Affairs
program for S&T collaboration
Japan
▪ German Institute for Japanese Studies（DIJ）
DIJ Visiting Scholar Program
▪ Japan Science and Technology Agency
Strategic International Collaborative Research Program
▪ Japan Science and Technology Agency
Strategic International Research Cooperative Program
▪ Japan Society for the Promotion of Science（JSPS）
several funding programs for post-docs（few exceptions for pre-docs）to senior
scientists, exchange and joint research projects
▪ Japan Student Services Organization（JASSO）
Student Exchange Support Program（Scholarship for Short-term Study in Japan）
Follow-up Research Fellowship
▪ Japanese Government（Monbukagakusho）Scholarship Student
comprehensive site for scholarship programs for students funded by MEXT
www.studyinjapan.go.jp
▪ Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Japan Exchange and Teaching（JET）Programme
▪ The Japan Foundation
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several funding programs in the fields of arts, culture, Japanese language, Japanese
studies
www.jpf.go.jp/e/program/index.html
Sweden
▪ Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Scholarships, grants, scientific exchange and research fellow positions
▪ Scandinavia-Japan Sasakawa Foundation
Ｂ）科学や経済の分野で日本関連する各国の主な組織
Europe
▪ European Association of Japanese Studies
▪ Nordic Association of Japanese and Korean Studies
France
▪ Maison Universitaire France-Japon
Germany
▪ German Association for Social Science Research on Japan（VSJF）
▪ German-Japanese Association of Jurists（DJJV）
▪ German-Japanese Society for Social Sciences（GJSSS）
▪ Japanese-German Business Association（DJW）
▪ Japanese-German Center Berlin（JDZB）
Sweden
▪ European Institute of Japanese Studies（EIJS）
（in English）European Institute of
Japanese Studies（EIJS）
（in Japanese）
Japan
▪ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens（OAG）
（in German）
▪ German Institute for Japanese Studies（DIJ）
▪ German Chamber of Commerce and Industry in Japan（AHK）
５．EJEAの委員会
Ａ）Full Executive Committee:
‒ Chairperson: Prof. Dr. Dietrich Albert
‒ Executive Manager: Sabine Ganter-Richter
‒ Executive Committee Member: Prof. Dr. Anders Törnvall
Ｂ）Members' Meeting:
11カ国を代表する約30名のエクスパートメンバーから構成される。
Ｃ）Advisory Board:
‒ Dr. Lars Vargö, Jörn Keck
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2）GRANITEについて
2018年開始。日本からは香川大学や信州大学等が参加してプロジェクトを実施している。2019年
10月には、香川大学創造工学部を会場にGRANITEミーティングを開催し、中心となるフラウンホー
ファー応用情報技術研究所や香川大学および香川県の技術について紹介した。
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Brochure
ONLINE Zoom Conference

EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawa
New Interdisciplinary Education & Research for the Next Stages in Japan and Europe
AIが支援する未来に向けた人間中心のサステイナビリティとイノベーションを考える：
新たなステージへ導く日本とヨーロッパの学際的な教育と研究の紹介
October 22nd - 24th, 2021, 15:00-20:00 JST
Free Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
7 KEYNOTE LECTURES 8 WORKSHOPS

1. Dr. Yuko Harayama (Japan) Workshop 1: eHealth and Medical
Executive Director RIKEN, Former Executive
Engineering
Member of Council for Science, Technology and
Innovation Workshop 2: Smart City
2. Prof. Dr. Fredrik Heintz (Sweden) Workshop 3: Innovative Technologies for
Linköping University, Dept. of Computer New Industry Creation
and Information Science EU Commission Workshop 4: Environmental Humanities:
High-Level Expert Group on AI Water, Air, and Land for
3. Prof. Dr. Satoshi Murayama (Japan) Sustainable Living Spaces
Professor Emeritus, Co-convener of the Workshop 5: Distributed Cognition in
International Consortium for Earth and
Learning and Behavioral
Development Sciences, Kagawa University
Change – Based on Human
4. Dr. Lucas Paletta (Austria)
Human Factors Lab at Joanneum Research and Artificial Intelligence
Forschungsgesellschaft mbH Workshop 6: GRANITE- Human-
DIGITAL – Institute for Information and Centered Research and
Communication Technologies Transfer to Application
5. Prof. Dr. Hiroshi Tsuji (Japan) Workshop 7: Human Security and
Executive Director, University Public Sustainability
Corporation Osaka, Former President of Osaka
Workshop 8: Educational Change: New
Prefecture University
Models and New Thinking
6. Dr. René Reiners (Germany)
Head of Human-centered Engineering and Design at in Intercultural Concepts
Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information
Technology FIT Coordinator of GRANITE Poster presentation
7. Mr. Colin de Kwant (Sweden) Date: October 23, 13:00-14:30 JST
Vice President, Modular Management Group® Venue: Olive Square, Kagawa University
Please register by sending an email to ejea-reg-c@kagawa-u.ac.jp with the subject
“2021EJEA_Conf_Regist.” Please provide the following information;
(1) First Name, (2) Family Name, (3) E-mail address, (4) Affiliation, (5) Affiliation postal address
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Agenda of the EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawa
Day 1: Friday October 22, 2021 Day2: Saturday October 23, 2021 Day 3: Sunday October 24, 2021
CEST JST CEST JST CEST JST
11:30 Poster Session (Face-to-face)
– Olive Square @ Kagawa
14:30 University
Opening ceremony
Mr. Takuya Hirai, 1st Minister
of Digital Agency, Japan
Mr. Hideto Ônishi, Mayor of
8:00 15:00 Takamatsu City 8:00 15:00 8:00 15:00 Welcome and Introduction
– – Prof. Dr. Yoshiyuki Kakehi, – –
Welcome and Introduction – – Dr. René Reiners,
8:30 15:30 President of Kagawa Univ. 8:15 15:15
Dr. Lars Vargö, Director, ISDP 8:15 15:15 Fraunhofer FIT
Dr. Julia Münch, Secretary
General JDZB
Prof. Dr. Dietrich Albert,
Chairperson of EJEA
8:30 15:30 8:15 15:15 8:15 15:15
– –
Technical announcements – –
Keynote 3: – –
Keynote 5:
8:35 15:35
Photo session (Screenshots) 8:35 15:35
Prof. Dr. Satoshi Murayama 8:35 15:35
Prof. Dr. Hiroshi Tsuji
8:35 15:35 8:35 15:35 8:35 15:35
– –
Keynote 1: – –
Keynote 4: – –
Keynote 6:
8:55 15:55
Dr. Yuko Harayama 8:55 15:55
Dr. Lucas Paletta 8:55 15:55
Dr. René Reiners
8:55 15:55 8:55 15:55 Presentation: 8:55 15:55
– –
Keynote 2: – – EU-Japan Centre for Industrial – –
Keynote 7:
9:15 16:15
Prof. Dr. Fredrik Heintz 9:15 16:15 Cooperation 9:15 16:15
Mr. Colin de Kwant
9:15 16:15 9:15 16:15 9:15 16:15
– –
Break – –
Break – –
Break
9:30 16:30
Poster session (SpatialChat) 9:30 16:30
Poster session (SpatialChat)
Parallel Sessions:
Workshop 3: Innovative
Technologies for New Industry Parallel Sessions:
Workshop 6: GRANITE -
Creation Human-Centered Research
Workshop 4: Environmental
Parallel Sessions: and Transfer to Application
9:30 16:30 9:30 16:30 Humanities: Water, Air and 9:30 16:30
Workshop 1: eHealth and Workshop 7: Human
– –
Medical Engineering – – Land for Sustainable Living – –
Security and Sustainability
12:00 19:00 12:00 19:00 Spaces 12:00 19:00
Workshop 2: Smart City Workshop 5: Distributed Workshop 8: Educational
Change: New Models and
Cognition in Learning and New Thinking in
Behavioral Change – Based on
Human and Artificial Intercultural Concepts
Intelligence
12:00 19:00 12:00 19:00 12:00 19:00
- –
Break - –
Break – –
Break
12:15 19:15
Poster session (SpatialChat)
12:15 19:15 12:15 19:15 12:15 19:15
– –
Sharing of experience: – –
Sharing of experience: – –
Sharing of experience:
12:45 19:45
“What I learned today” 12:45 19:45
“What I learned today” 12:45 19:45
“What I learned today”
Closing ceremony
12:45 19:45 Closing 12:45 19:45 12:45 19:45
Kagawa University
– – Japanese-German Center – –
Closing – –
13:00 20:00 Berlin (JDZB) 13:00 20:00
Japan-German Society Kagawa 13:00 20:00 European Japan Experts
Association (EJEA)
Thank you very much for the support from the following institutes
−30−
Call for poster
EJEA Conference in Kagawa 2021

New Interdisciplinary Education & Research for the Next Stages
in Japan and Europe
October 22nd - 24th, 2021

at Kagawa University in Takamatsu, Japan and Online
with Online and/or On-site Poster Presentations Session
jointly organized by
the European Japan Experts Association（EJEA), Kagawa University, Fraunhofer Institute for
Applied Information Technology（FIT）and the Institute for Security and Development Policy（ISDP）
supported by
Japanese German Center Berlin（JDZB), EU-Japan Centre for Industrial Cooperation, the German
Research Ambassadors Network for Industrial Technology Endeavors（GRANITE), Japan-German
Society Kagawa, Kagawa Prefecture（Japan), JETRO Kagawa（Japan), Modular Management
Group（Sweden), Takamatsu City（Japan), Women's International Shipping & Trading Association
（WISTA Romania）
sponsored by
Kagawa Industry Support Foundation（Japan), Toshiba International Foundation（TIFO), Frontiers
in Artificial Intelligence
Conference Website:
EJEA Conference in Kagawa 2021 is calling for poster presentations and inviting you to participate
in discussions about developing new advanced applications of AI with the aim to foster:
new concrete interdisciplinary methods and models to achieve sustainable and resilient
societies
new areas of research and education as well as innovation and industrial application for
the benefit of all generations
new opportunities for and forms of cooperation and partnerships on a local, international
and global level
Poster presentations by high schools and technical colleges students are also welcome.
−31−
Important Dates
Submission deadline: September 15th 2021
Notification of acceptance: September 30th 2021
Early registration: September 30th 2021
Poster Session: Participants are encouraged to join both online and on-site poster presentations
session, while the remote participants may join only the online poster session.
◆ Online（on-demand, not live）poster presentations for all participants:

Participants are required to submit the files of their posters before the conference.
Submitted posters will be opened for view of the registered participants during the
conference period.
Discussions（Q&A）will be done through the chat function.
Further details will be announced soon.
◆ On-site poster presentations for participants in Kagawa only:

The on-site, face-to-face poster presentations session will be held from 10:30 am to 2:30 pm
JST, October 23rd（Sat）2021（Main discussion: from 1:00 pm to 2:30 pm JST）
The contents of on-site posters should be the same as the online posters.
Poster size: Portrait, W 800 mm x H 1200 mm or smaller, 1 page
Please print out your posters, bring them to the venue, and remove them after the
session.
※ Should you have any difficulties in printing the posters, please contact the organizer
for printing assistance.
Official Language: English

Conference Fee
Free
Restriction
Please be reminded that all the participants are prohibited from taking photos,
screenshots, or video recording etc. during the poster presentations session.
Awards
Awards will be presented to selected excellent poster presentations.
Participation certificate will be issued upon request.
Submission
Please visit the conference website and follow the instructions stated on the website.
Please submit a one-page abstract. The template of abstract can be found at the following
site.
https://www.kagawa-u.ac.jp/files/7616/1586/1524/Template.docx
Submission deadline: September 15th 2021.
−32−
Notification date of acceptance or rejection: September 30th 2021
Registration
All poster presenters are required to register before September 30th 2021 in order to
secure a placement for the presentation. Please find information regarding the registration
fee on the conference website.
For more details, please visit the conference website.
Correspondence:
Secretary Office of the EJEA Conference in Kagawa 2021
Administrative Group, International Office
National University Corporation Kagawa University
1-1 Saiwai-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa, 760-8521 JAPAN
−33−
ポスターセッション発表者募集のご案内
香川大学は、The European Japan Experts Association（EJEA), Fraunhofer Institute for Applied

Information Technology（FIT）、The Institute for Security and Development Policy（ISDP）と共
催で、AI が支援する未来に向けた人間中心のサステイナビリティとイノベーションを論議し、新た
なステージへ導く日本とヨーロッパの学際的な教育と研究の紹介を行うため、EJEA Conference in
Kagawa 2021を開催します。本国際カンファレンスでは、以下の要領でポスターセッションを開催し
ますので、皆様には奮ってご発表、ご参加くださいますよう、お願いいたします。
皆様の積極的な発表応募をお待ちしております（応募登録締切：令和３年９月15日（木））。
日時令和３年10月22日（金）∼24日（日）
対面ポスターセッションは10月23日（土）に開催予定
会場香川大学幸町キャンパス（高松市幸町1-1）多目的ホール（対面セッション：予定）
対象分野「AIが支援する未来に向けた人間中心のサステイナビリティとイノベーション」がテーマ
ですので、関連する成果発表となります。
また上記テーマ以外でも、Sustainable Development Goals（持続可能な開発目標）や環
境、人文科学など、幅広い分野に関する研究に加えて、教育等の取り組みに関する成果発
表についても歓迎しますので、積極的な参加をお願いします。
実施形態ポスターセッションは、対面セッションと、オンラインセッションから構成されます。
原則として対面・オンラインの双方への参加を前提としておりますが、遠隔地からの参加
といった事情がある場合には、オンラインセッションのみへの参加も可能です。
なお、COVID-19の状況等によって、会場や実施形態が変更される場合があります。
◆ 対面セッション
・10月23日（土）午前10時30分∼午後２時30分
・午前９時30分から10時30分の間にポスターを掲示してください。
・午後１時∼午後２時30分討議コアタイム（予定）
・高校生、高等専門学校生等については、複数名を発表者とすることが可能です。
・ポスターサイズ 800㎜×1200㎜以下１枚
原則として、ポスターは発表者が印刷して当日持参してください。
持参が困難な場合は事務局で印刷することも可能ですので問い合わせ先に連絡をくださ
い。
◆ オンラインセッション
・10月22日（金）午前９時30分∼10月24日（日）午後７時
・ライブではなく、オンデマンドのセッションを予定しています。
・発表者は、所定の期日までにポスターのファイル（pdf等、できれば音声付き）の提出
をお願いします。
−34−
・ファイルの作成および提出方法については別途お知らせします。
・会議期間中、会議参加者はウェブサイトにてポスターが閲覧可能となります。
・質疑はウェブ上のチャット機能によって、文章のやり取りにて行われます。発表者は随
時ウェブサイトを確認し、質問に適切に回答してください。
・ウェブサイトに接続可能な機器（スマートフォン、ノートPC等）が必要です。また、
指定したアプリやソフトウェアの導入が必要である場合があります。オンラインセッ
ションの詳細については追ってご連絡いたします。
応募資格国内外の高校生、高等専門学校生、大学生、大学院生、および大学や研究機関、企業等に
所属する研究者
使用言語英語
禁止事項ポスターの複写や録画、録音、撮影は一切お断り致します。講演資料の著作権は作成者ま
たは作成者の所属する組織が所有し、著作権法によって保護されています。著作権所有者
の許可なく複製、二次利用することはできません。
表彰高校生・高等専門学校生、大学生以上をそれぞれ対象として、優秀ポスターの表彰を予定
しています。また、ポスター発表者の方には全員に参加証を発行いたします。
参加費用高校生、高等専門学校生の発表者、共著者、指導教員は無料です。
それ以外の場合は所定の参加費の支払いが必要です。詳細は以下掲載のウェブサイトをご
参照ください。
応募方法・以下のウェブサイトを参照してください。なお、「アブストラクト」の提出が必要で
す。また、高校生、高等専門学校生は、所属機関を通じて申し込んでください
（所属機関の先生方へ：下記ウェブサイト上のEasyChairシステムから申し込んでくだ
さい）。
・ご発表の採否については、実行委員会にご一任ください。採択された場合には、スケ
ジュール記載の期日までに代表者宛にご連絡いたします。期日を過ぎても連絡が届かな
い場合には、以下の連絡先にお問い合わせください。
・EasyChairシステム入力の際にアカウントを作成する必要があります。アカウント作成
には代表の方の氏名・有効な電子メールアドレスの入力が必要です。操作方法等で不明
の点がある場合には、以下の連絡先に電子メールでお問い合わせください（電話連絡で
の質問はご遠慮ください）。
カンファレンスウェブサイト
「アブストラクト」テンプレート（A4版１ページ）
−35−
参加登録本会議に参加される方は、参加費が無料の場合も含めて別途参加登録が必要です。以下の
ウェブサイトを参照して期日までに参加登録し、参加費のお支払い手続きをお済ませくだ
さい。原則として９月30日（木）までに事前参加登録を終えてください
なお、高等学校、高等専門学校からご参加の場合には、学校単位で参加登録いただきま
す。９月30日（プログラム採否決定）の連絡と共に、登録フォームをお送りしますので、
できるだけ速やかに参加登録を終えてください。
スケジュール
応募登録締切令和３年９月15日（水）
採否決定連絡令和３年９月30日（木）
事前参加登録期限令和３年９月30日（木）
当日参加登録も承りますが、できる限り事前に参加登録をお願いします。
会議開催令和３年10月22日（金）∼24日（日）
対面ポスターセッション令和３年10月23日（土）
事務局（問い合わせ先）
EJEA Conference in Kagawa 2021事務局 ejea2021conf-c@kagawa-u.ac.jp
（担当）国立大学法人香川大学国際グループ
〒760-8521 香川県高松市幸町１番１号 Tel: 087-832-1318
−36−
EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawaポスターセッション発表者募集のご案内
高等学校、高等専門学校向け
香川大学は、The European Japan Experts Association（EJEA), Fraunhofer Institute for Applied

Information Technology（FIT）、The Institute for Security and Development Policy（ISDP）と共
催で、AI が支援する未来に向けた人間中心のサステイナビリティとイノベーションを論議し、新た
なステージへ導く日本とヨーロッパの学際的な教育と研究の紹介を行うため、EJEA Conference in
Kagawa 2021を開催します。本国際カンファレンスでは、以下の要領でポスターセッションを開催し
ますので、皆様には奮って発表、参加くださるよう、お願いします。
このたび実行委員会では、以下のように高校生や高等専門学校生の皆様に、ポスター発表の機会を
提供させていただくことになりましたので、積極的な発表応募をお待ちしています。
日時令和３年10月22日（金）∼24日（日）
ポスターセッション（対面）は10月23日（土）に開催予定
会場香川大学幸町キャンパス（高松市幸町1-1）多目的ホール（対面セッション：予定）
対象分野「AI が支援する未来に向けた人間中心のサステイナビリティとイノベーション」がテー
マですので、関連する成果発表となります。
また上記テーマ以外でも、Sustainable Development Goals（持続可能な開発目標）や環
境、人文科学など、幅広い分野に関する研究に加えて、教育等の取り組みに関する成果発
表についても歓迎しますので、積極的な参加をお願いします。
高校生、高等専門学校生については、日頃の活動等で行っている研究であれば、分野を問
いません。
実施形態ポスターセッションは、対面セッションと、オンラインセッションから構成されます。
高校生、高等専門学校生については原則対面での参加を前提としていますが、特別な事情
がある場合には、オンラインセッションへの参加も可能です。なお、COVID-19の状況等
によって、会場や実施形態が変更される場合があります。
◆ 対面セッション（高校生、高等専門学校生はこちらが基本です）
・10月23日（土）午前10時30分∼午後２時30分
・午前９時30分から10時30分の間にポスターを掲示してください。
・午後１時∼午後２時30分討議コアタイム（予定）
・高校生、高等専門学校生等については、複数名を発表者とすることが可能です。
・ポスターサイズ 800㎜ ×1200㎜以下１枚
原則として、ポスターは発表者が印刷して当日持参してください。
持参が困難な場合は事務局で印刷することも可能ですので問い合わせ先に連絡をくださ
い。
−37−
◆ オンラインセッション（国内の遠隔地や海外からの発表を対象）
・10月22日（金）午前９時30分∼10月24日（日）午後７時
・ライブではなく、オンデマンドのセッションを予定しています。
・発表者は、所定の期日までにポスターのファイル（pdf等、できれば音声付き）の提出
をお願いします。
・ファイルの作成および提出方法については別途お知らせします。
・会議期間中、会議参加者はウェブサイトにてポスターが閲覧可能となります。
・質疑はウェブ上のチャット機能によって、文章のやり取りにて行われます。発表者は随
時ウェブサイトを確認し、質問に適切に回答してください。
・ウェブサイトに接続可能な機器（スマートフォン、ノートPC等）が必要です。また、
指定したアプリやソフトウェアの導入が必要である場合があります。オンラインセッ
ションの詳細については追ってご連絡いたします。
応募資格国内外の高校生、高等専門学校生
使用言語英語とします。
ポスターおよび討論コアタイムでの最初の説明は英語でお願いします。
その後の質疑応答については、英語での会話が難しければ日本語でも構いません。
作成協力英語でのポスター作成について、香川大学の協力が必要な場合には、教員が適切な範囲で
協力させていただきます。必要な場合には、ご連絡ください。
禁止事項ポスターの複写や録画、録音、撮影は一切お断り致します。講演資料の著作権は作成者ま
たは作成者の所属する組織が所有し、著作権法によって保護されています。著作権所有者
の許可なく複製、二次利用することはできません。
表彰高校生・高等専門学校生、大学生以上をそれぞれ対象として、優秀ポスターの表彰を予定
しています。また、ポスター発表者の方には全員に参加証を発行します。
参加費用高校生、高等専門学校生の発表者、共著者、指導教員は無料です。
応募方法・以下のウェブサイトを参照してください。なお、「アブストラクト」の提出が必要で
す。また、高校生、高等専門学校生は、所属機関を通じて申し込んでください。
カンファレンスウェブサイト
「アブストラクト」テンプレート（A4版１ページ）
参加登録本会議に参加される方は、別途参加登録が必要です。
−38−
高等学校、高等専門学校から参加の場合には、学校単位で参加登録いただきます。登録
フォームをお送りしますので、できるだけ速やかに参加登録を終えてください。原則とし
て９月30日（木）までに事前参加登録を終えてください。
スケジュール
応募の連絡締切９月15日（水）までに、以下にメールで参加の意思をお知らせ
ください。その際に、発表されるポスターの「タイトル名（日
本語でも可）」をお知らせください。
原則参加を希望する皆様に発表いただきます。
事前参加登録期限令和３年９月30日（木）
学校単位での参加登録をお願いします。
会議開催令和３年10月22日（金）∼24日（日）
対面ポスターセッション令和３年10月23日（土）
事務局（問い合わせ先）
EJEA Conference in Kagawa 2021事務局 ejea2021conf-c@kagawa-u.ac.jp
〒760-8521 香川県高松市幸町１番１号 Tel: 087-832-1318
−39−
Call for company exibition（Japanese）

展示開催要項
EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawaを、香川大学がEJEA（ヨーロッパ日本有識者協会）と共同主

催して、2021年10月22日∼24日に、対面とオンラインのハイブリッド形式で開催することとなりまし
た。
エンジニアリングをはじめ様々な分野で利用される人工知能（AI）を使用する際に、如何にして
「人間を中心」の展開をすることができるかを、教育および研究の分野とともに、イノベーションの
観点から議論して行きます。日本、ヨーロッパを中心に、専門家と市民、企業、大学、研究機関、国
際機関、行政機関等のステークホルダーやオピニオンリーダーおよび学生が参加する予定です。
新型コロナウィルス感染症の状況によっては発表形式などが変更になる可能性もあります。そのた
め、「パネル展示」および「ビデオ展示」の両方をご準備ください。よろしくお願いします。
以上の趣旨にご賛同いただき、御社や御機関のご活動について展示をお願い申し上げます。
⑴　パネル展示
１．展示日時
2021年10月23日（土） 10時30分∼14時30分
２．展示場所
香川大学グローバル・カフェ（仮）（幸町キャンパス OLIVE SQUARE２階）
３．搬入・設営期間
2021年10月22日（金）９時∼13時
2021年10月23日（土）９時∼10時
（上記期間が困難な場合はご相談ください。）
４．撤収・搬出期間
2021年10月23日（土）展示終了後
５．展示スペース
机（幅1800㍉ ×奥行4500㍉×高さ700㍉）１台、及び、バックパネル（横128㎝×縦170㎝）を
１枚ご用意します。
パソコンをご使用になる場合は電源をお使いになれます。スペースと電源の関係で、大きな機
器や100V以上の電源を必要とする機器の展示はご遠慮ください。
６．使用言語
英語でお願いします。
−40−
2　ビデオ展示
１．展示日時
2021年10月22日（金）∼24日（日）カンファレンス開催中随時
２．展示方法
カンファレンスの開催中に、セッションの間等に上映します。
３分以内の動画としてご提供をお願いします。
３．動画ファイル形式等
動画ファイル形式、画像の解像度、画面縦横比は自由とします。ただし、主催者側で再生でき
ないときは、修正をお願する場合がありますので予めご了承ください。
４．使用言語
英語でお願いします。
3　その他申し込み要領
１．出展料
無料
２．申込締切日
2021年８月31日（火）
スペースの関係上、先着順となりますのでお早目にお申込みください。
３．お申込み方法
メール件名を『EJEA展示』とご記載のうえ，下記のお申込み先までe-mailにて、⑴∼⑵をご
連絡ください。後ほど当方より、車両の入場・駐車場所・搬入経路及びビデオの受け渡し方法
等につきましてご案内をいたします。
⑴ 機関・企業名
⑵ 担当者様の連絡先（氏名，住所，電話番号，e-mail）
〈お申込み・お問合わせ先〉
EJEA Conference in Kagawa 2021 事務局
e-mail: ejea2021conf-c@kagawa-u.ac.jp
〒760-8521 香川県高松市幸町１番１号 Tel: 087-832-1318
−41−
Introductory videos of institutes and companies
企業等紹介ビデオ
Since the exhibition session was cancelled due to COVID-19 outbreak, the introductory videos
of the following 4 institutes and companies were shown repeatedly during the intervals of the
sessions.
新型コロナウィルス感染症の蔓延のため、対面での展示を実施できなかったため、セッション間のイ
ンターバル等で、以下の４機関・企業の紹介ビデオを上映した。
１．JETRO（Japan External Trade Organization）Kagawa

日本貿易振興機構（ジェトロ香川）
２．Nissin Kikai Co., Ltd.

株式会社日進機械
３．Melody International Ltd.

メロディ・インターナショナル株式会社
４．Innovation Design Institute, Kagawa University

香川大学イノベーションデザイン研究所
−42−
Letter to partner universities
8 July 2021
Dear partners and colleagues,
Greetings from Kagawa University, Japan.
We cordially invite you to participate in EJEA International Conference in Kagawa 2021. The
conference is co-organized by Kagawa University and the theme is Human-centered Sustainability
and Innovation for an AI-assisted Future: New Interdisciplinary Education & Research for the
Next Stages in Japan and Europe . We welcome participations not only from Japan and Europe
but also from all the areas of the world.
The COVID-19 pandemic has changed our lifestyles and we tend to rely more on technologies
to accommodate the New Normal. Due to the pandemic, we were rushed into the tide of Digital
Transformation , a process that we have been discussing for years, but now this long-term process
that we thought has become reality within a short period of time.
This conference seeks to discuss how we can use AI in human-centered manner. In addition, this
conference also aims to investigate the new models and methods in developing and realizing green
/ sustainable / secure and resilient initiatives to support local and global communities.
We plan to have 9 workshops with the following themes:
１．Educational Change: New Models and New Thinking in Intercultural Concepts

２．e-Health / Tele-Medicine / Medical Engineering
３．Smart City
４．GRANITE workshop
５．Environmental Humanities: Water, Air and Land for Sustainable Living Spaces
６．Distributed Cognition in Learning and Behavioral Change ‒ Based on Human and
Artificial Intelligence
７．Human-Involvement in Technology Advancement
８．Human Security and Sustainability
９．Other topics
For Poster Presentation:

Please see the attachment of CALL FOR POSTERS! .
Please encourage your undergraduate and graduate students to make presentations. Awards will
be presented to selected poster presentation and participation certificates will be provided to all
the participants.
−43−
For Oral Presentation:
We welcome any presentations which deal with the theme of the conference as well as the themes
of the 9 workshops.
Sincerely yours,
Masaaki Tokuda, M.D. Ph.D.

Organizer of the EJEA Conference in Kagawa 2021
Vice-President for International Affairs, Kagawa University
Secretary Office of the EJEA Conference in Kagawa 2021
Administrative Group, International Office
National University Corporation Kagawa University
−44−
Agenda
EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawa on

Human-centered Sustainability and Innovation for an AI-assisted Future: New Interdisciplinary
Education & Research for the Next Stages in Japan and Europe
22nd ‒ 24th October 2021
Agenda of EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawa

Day 1: Friday October 22, 2021 Day2: Saturday October 23, 2021 Day 3: Sunday October 24, 2021
CEST JST CEST JST CEST JST
11:30 Poster Session（Face-to-face）
‒ Olive Square@Kagawa
14:30 University
Opening ceremony Room A
Mr. Takuya Hirai, The 1st
Minister of Digital Agency,
Japan
Mr. Hideto Ônishi, Mayor of Welcome and Introduction: Welcome and Introduction:
8:00 15:00 8:00 15:00 8:00 15:00
Takamatsu City Room A Room A
‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒
Prof. Dr. Yoshiyuki Kakehi, Dr. Lars Vargö, Director, ISDP Dr. René Reiners,
8:30 15:30 8:15 15:15 8:15 15:15
President of Kagawa University Japan Center（Sweden） Fraunhofer FIT
Dr. Julia Münch, Secretary
General JDZB
Prof. Dr. Dietrich Albert,
Chairperson of EJEA
8:30 15:30 8:15 15:15 8:15 15:15
Technical announcements: Room Keynote 3: Room A Keynote 5: Room A
‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒
A Prof. Dr. Satoshi Murayama Prof. Dr. Hiroshi Tsuji
8:35 15:35 8:35 15:35 8:35 15:35
8:35 15:35 8:35 15:35 8:35 15:35
Keynote 1: Room A Keynote 4: Room A Keynote 6: Room A
‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒
Dr. Yuko Harayama Dr. Lucas Paletta Dr. René Reiners
9:55 15:55 8:55 15:55 8:55 15:55
9:55 15:55 8:55 15:55 Presentation: Room A 8:55 15:55
Keynote 2: Room A Keynote 7: Room A
‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ EU-Japan Centre for Industrial ‒ ‒
Prof. Dr. Fredrik Heintz Mr. Colin de Kwant
9:15 16:15 9:15 16:15 Cooperation 9:15 16:15
9:15 16:15 9:15 16:15 9:15 16:15
Break Break Break
‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒
Poster session（SpatialChat） Poster session（SpatialChat） Poster session（SpatialChat）
9:30 16:30 9:30 16:30 9:30 16:30
Parallel Sessions:
Workshop 3: Innovative
Parallel Sessions:
Technologies for New Industry
Workshop 6: GRANITE - Human-
Creation Room A
Centered Research and Transfer
Parallel Sessions: Workshop 4: Environmental
to Application Room C
9:30 16:30 Workshop 1: eHealth and 9:30 16:30 Humanities: Water, Air and Land 9:30 16:30
Workshop 7: Human Security
‒ ‒ Medical Engineering ‒ ‒ for Sustainable Living Spaces ‒ ‒
and Sustainability Room A
12:00 19:00 Room B 12:00 19:00 Room B 12:00 19:00
Workshop 8: Educational Change:
Workshop 2: Smart City Room A Workshop 5: Distributed
New Models and New Thinking
Cognition in Learning and
in Intercultural Concepts Room
Behavioral Change ‒ Based on
B
Human and Artificial Intelligence
Room C
12:00 19:00 12:00 19:00 12:00 19:00
Break Break Break
‒ ‒ - ‒ ‒ ‒
Poster session（SpatialChat） Poster session（SpatialChat） Poster session（SpatialChat）
12:15 19:15 12:15 19:15 12:15 19:15
12:15 19:15 12:15 19:15 12:15 19:15
Sharing of experience: Room A Sharing of experience: Room A Sharing of experience: Room A
‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒
What I learned today What I learned today What I learned today
12:45 19:45 12:45 19:45 12:45 19:45
Closing ceremony Room A
12:45 19:45 Closing Room A 12:45 19:45 12:45 19:45 Poster Awarding Ceremony
Closing Room A
‒ ‒ Japanese-German Center Berlin ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ Kagawa University
Japan-German Society Kagawa
13:00 20:00（JDZB） 13:00 20:00 13:00 20:00 European Japan Experts
Association
URLs for Room A, B and C will be provided after your registration. For more information visit the conference web site: https://www.
kagawa-u.ac.jp/kuio/circ/event/ejeaconf/
−45−
Program

October 22nd - 24th, 2021 hosted by Kagawa University, Kagawa（Japan）
Program
Day 1: Friday October 22, 2021

CEST JST
Room A
Opening Ceremony
Mr. Takuya Hirai, The 1st Minister of Digital Agency（video message）
8:00 ‒ 15:00 ‒ Mr. Hideto Ônishi, Mayor of Takamatsu City
8:30 15:30 Prof. Dr. Yoshiyuki Kakehi, President of Kagawa University（video message）
Dr. Julia Münch, Secretary General, Japanese-German Centre Berlin, JDZB（video
message）
Prof. Dr. Dietrich Albert, Chairperson European Japan Experts Association, EJEA
Moderation:
Kagawa University
Prof. Dr. Masaaki Tokuda, Kagawa University
Room A
8:30 ‒ 15:30 ‒
Technical announcements
8:35 15:35
Photo session（Screenshots）
Room A
Keynote 1:
8:35 ‒ 15:35 ‒
Dr. Yuko Harayama, Executive Director RIKEN（Japan）
8:55 15:55
former Executive Member of Council for Science, Technology and Innovation
Human in the Loop or Human-centered
Room A
Keynote 2:
8:55 ‒ 15:55 ‒
Prof. Dr. Fredrik Heintz, Linköping University, Dept. of Computer and Information
9:15 16:15
Science（Sweden）; EU Commission High-Level Expert Group on AI
Education for an AI-assisted Future - From Primary Education to Life-Long Learning
9:15 ‒ 16:15 ‒
SpatialChat Poster session / Break
9:30 16:30
Parallel Sessions:
Room B Workshop 1: eHealth and Medical Engineering

chaired by Prof. Dr. Kazuhiro Hara and Prof. Dr. Ichiro Ishimaru, Kagawa University
9:30 ‒ 16:30 ‒ （Japan）
12:00 19:00 • Ichiro Ishimaru, Kagawa University（Japan）
Mid-infrared（LWIR）passive-active spectroscopic imaging for non-invasive
blood glucose sensors
• Lorenz Granrath, Tohoku University（Japan）
EU-Japan Project E-VITA - a Virtual Coach for Smart Aging
−46−
• Hirotsugu Yamamoto, Utsunomiya University,（Japan）
Fundamentals and Applications of Aerial Display
• Lingbing Kong, Kagawa University（Japan）
Multidisciplinary Approaches and AIs
• Kazuhiro Hara, Kagawa University（Japan）
Development of ultra-small mobile CTG and its effectiveness on remote
monitoring of the expecting mothers, as well as its global expansion
• Yhuko Ogata, CEO, Melody International Co. Ltd.（Japan）
Developing medical devices for e-health to work towards the overseas
• Tetsuo Minamino, Kagawa University,（Japan）
Development of a Novel Program to Detect Atrial Fibrillation Using Pulse
Wave from Automated Blood Pressure Monitor
9:30 ‒ 16:30 ‒
Room A Workshop 2: Smart City
12:00 19:00
chaired by Mr. Orfeas Voutyras, National Technical University of Athens（NTUA）
（Greece）
• Orfeas Voutyras, National Technical University of Athens（NTUA）（Greece）
The rise of Smart Cities
• Lars Vikinge, Jakob Algulin, City of Linköping（Sweden）
City of Linköping ‒ a Smart City!
• Takahiro Ozawa, Takamatsu City（Japan）
Smart City Takamatsu: Solutions for Disaster Prevention/Management
• City of Santander（Spain）
• Tatsuo Fukuda, Fujisawa City（Japan） , Jin Nakazawa, Keio University（Japan）
Secure and Trustworthy Mobile Participatory Sensing over M-Sec Platform
• City of Malmö（Sweden）
12:00 ‒ 19:00 ‒
12:15 19:15
Room A
12:15 ‒ 19:15 ‒ Sharing of experience:
12:45 19:45 What I learned today
By co-chairs of workshops 1 and 2
Room A
12:45 ‒ 19:45 ‒ Closing
13:00 20:00 Dr. Phoebe Stella Holdgrün
Head of Project Management, Japanese-German Center Berlin（JDZB）
Day2: Saturday October 23, 2021

CEST JST
11:30 ‒ Poster Session（Face to Face）
14:30 Olive Square @ Kagawa University
Room A
8:00 ‒ 15:00 ‒ Welcome and Introduction
8:15 15:15 Institute for Security and Development Policy（ISDP）
Dr. Lars Vargö, Director, ISDP Japan Center（Sweden）
Moderation:
European Japan Experts Association（EJEA）
Prof. Dr. Anders Törnvall, EJEA Executive Committee, Linköping University（Sweden）
Room A
8:15 ‒ 15:15 ‒ Keynote 3:
8:35 15:35 Prof. Dr. Satoshi Murayama, Co-convener of the International Consortium for Earth and
Development Sciences, Kagawa University（Japan）
−47−
8:15 ‒ 15:15 ‒ Environmental humanities: a long-term local history approach to living spaces to be
8:35 15:35 sustained
Room A
Keynote 4:
8:35 ‒ 15:35 ‒
Dr. Lucas Paletta, Human Factors Lab at Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft
8:55 15:55
mbH, DIGITAL ‒ Institute for Information and Communication Technologies（Austria）
Cognitive Sensing for Future Smart Health and Care
Room A
8:55 ‒ 15:55 ‒ Presentation:
9:15 16:15 Dr. Philippe de Taxis du Poët
Managing Director, EU-Japan Centre for Industrial Cooperation（video message）
9:15 ‒ 16:15 ‒
9:30 16:30
Parallel Sessions:
Room A Workshop 3: Innovative Technologies for New Industry Creation

chaired by Prof. Dr. Kiyoshi Tanaka, Shinshu University（Japan）and Prof. Dr.
Tomohiko Ishii, Kagawa University（Japan）
• Xing Wang, Kagawa University（Japan）
Lithium-ion Battery Anode of Mesocrystalline CoTiO3/TiO2 Nanocomposite
with Extremely Enhanced Capacity
• Kaisei Harada, Kagawa University（Japan）
Development of Air Supply System for Wearable Robot-Effectiveness of
Hollow Cylindrical-shaped Variable Volume Tank
• Tomoya Kitazaki, Kagawa University（Japan）
Mid-infrared Passive Spectroscopic Imaging of Microplastics Using Imaging-
type 2-D Fourier Spectrometer for Wide-field Measurements
• Haruto Adachi, Kagawa University（Japan）
Real-Time Infrared Spectroscopic Monitoring of Fermentation Process to
Support Sensory Evaluation
• Endi Kazuto Takeda, Kyushu University（Japan）
Modelling and Simulation of Introduction of RFID in Warehousing of a Supply
9:30 ‒ 16:30 ‒ Chain
12:00 19:00 • Takaki Nishimura, Kagawa University and others（Japan）
Theoretical Research Aiming at High-efficiency Hydrogen Production Using
Solar Thermochemical Energy for the Goal of Sustainable Energy Supply
• Takuya Mitani, Kagawa University（Japan）
Relationship Between the Joint Angle and the Contact Force at the Knee
During Walking
Room B Workshop 4: Environmental Humanities: Water, Air and Land for Sustainable
Living Spaces
chaired by Prof. Dr. Satoshi Murayama and Prof. Dr. Toru Terao, Kagawa University
（Japan）
• Lrong Lim, Kagawa University（Japan）
Contributing Towards Sustainable Living via Environmental Cleaning - a
Community-based Movement in Action -
• Kazuhiko Ichimi, Kagawa University（Japan）
Global warming as one of the causes of decrease in fisheries resources; the
case of Manila clam
• Kuninao Tada, Kagawa University（Japan）
Environmental Conservation and Fishery of the Seto Inland Sea, Japan
• Hirotoshi Tamura, Kagawa University（Japan）
−48−
Green Chemistry for the Investigation of Agricultural Products and
Functional Foods: Statistical Approach
• Takahiro Yamamoto, Kagawa University（Japan）
A Study on Estimation of Air Conditioning Load from Human Body and
Equipment Using Image Analysis
• Masahito Katoh, Shinshu University（Japan）
The Practical Application of Smart Precision Forestry Project Using Laser
Scanning for an AI-assisted in Japan
• Gaurav Vikash Bhuyan, Gauhati University（India）
Community Response to Local Environment: Reflection in Certain Micro-
Landscapes of the Brahmaputra River Valley in Assam, India
• Anjaneyulu Akkimi, Indian Inst. of Technology Guwahati（India）
Modeling for Prediction of Extreme Floods in Urban Landscapes: Developing
Land for Sustainable Living Spaces during Floods
• Soumya Guchhait, Indian Inst. of Technology Guwahati（India）
Socio-hydrological aspects of event-based flood hazard in Assam, India
• Nazmul Huda, Kagawa University（Japan）
Influence of Natural Disasters on Surface Water: A Spatiotemporal Study in
A Disaster-Prone Area from 1988 to 2021
• A.T.M. Shakhawat Hossain, Jahangirnagar University（Bangladesh）
Risk Associated with Rohingya Refugee Settlements at Ukhia Camp, Cox s
bazar, Bangladesh - A Threat for Sustainable Development
Room C Workshop 5: Distributed Cognition in Learning and Behavioral Change -

Based on Human and Artificial Intelligence
chaired by Prof. Dr. Dietrich Albert, University of Graz（Austria), Prof. Dr. Xiangen
Hu, The University of Memphis（USA）& Central China Normal University（China),
9:30 ‒ 16:30 ‒ Prof. Dr. Tomoko Kojiri, Kansai University（Japan), and Dr. Paul C. Seitlinger,
12:00 19:00 University of Vienna（Austria）
• Dietrich Albert, University of Graz（Austria）
Do We Need a Holistic Interpretation of Distributed Cognition ? Past and
Future Research Questions with respect to AI
• Daniel Wolferts, Fraunhofer FIT（Germany）
Remote Design Thinking for Sustainability - Investigating the Role of
Distributed Cognition
• Toshihiro Hayashi, Kagawa University（Japan）
Conceptual Structure of an Intelligent Educational Support System Using
Various Kinds of Cognitive Characteristic Information
• Xiangen Hu, The University of Memphis（USA), Central China Normal
University（China）
Self-Improvable Adaptive Instructional Systems（SIAIS)
• Vasile Rus, The University of Memphis（USA）
Models of Learner-Teacher-EdTech Partnerships in the Future Learning
• Tomoko Kojiri, Kansai University（Japan）
Visualization System of Nonverbal Information in Medical Interviews for
Training Doctors' Credible Attitude
• Michael Öllinger, Parmenides Center for the Study of Thinking & Cognostics
AG（Austria）
Distributed Cognition in Innovative Problem Solving
• Paul Seitlinger, University of Vienna（Austria）
Distributed Cognition in Modeling Cross-Modal Short-Term Memory for the
Design of Smart Sensory Prostheses
• Yulia Zhiglova, Tallinn University（Estonia）
BeMe Jacket - Using Vibrotactile Body-Centric Displays for Distributed
Emotion Regulation
−49−
9:30 ‒ 16:30 ‒ • Gerald Steinbauer-Wagner, TU Graz（Austria）
12:00 19:00 Robust Joint Plan Execution in Teams of Mobile Robots
12:00 ‒ 19:00 ‒
12:15 19:15
Room A
By co-chairs of workshops 3, 4 and 5
Room A
12:45 ‒ 19:45 ‒ Closing
13:00 20:00 Prof. Dr. Takahiro Shinyo（video message）
Senior Advisor for the Japan-German Society Kagawa
Day 3: Sunday October 24, 2021

CEST JST
Room A
8:00 ‒ 15:00 ‒ Welcome and Introduction
8:15 15:15 Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology（FIT）
Dr. René Reiners, Head of Human-centered Engineering and Design
Moderation:
Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology（FIT）
Elisabeth Stein and Daniel Wolferts
Room A
Keynote 5:
8:15 ‒ 15:15 ‒
Prof. Dr. Hiroshi Tsuji, Executive Director, University Public Corporation Osaka（Japan）
,
8:35 15:35
former President of Osaka Prefecture University（Japan）
From 45 Years Experience on R&D and Education of Systems Sciences
Room A
Keynote 6:
8:35 ‒ 15:35 ‒
Dr. René Reiners Head of Human-centered Engineering and Design at Fraunhofer
8:55 15:55
Institute for Applied Information Technology FIT（Germany), Coordinator of GRANITE
Human-Centered System Design for Successful Digital Transformation
Room A
Keynote 7:
8:55 ‒ 15:55 ‒ Mr. Colin de Kwant, Vice President Modular Management®; Lecturer at Royal Institute
9:15 16:15 of Technology（Sweden）
Sustainable Mobility Scenario Modeling: Evaluating Future Resilience of Modular
Concepts for Electrified Trucks
9:15 ‒ 16:15 ‒
9:30 16:30
Parallel Sessions:
Room C Workshop 6: GRANITE - Human-Centered Research and Transfer to

Application
9:30 ‒ 16:30 ‒ chaired by Dr. René Reiners, Fraunhofer FIT（Germany）and Prof. Dr. Satoru
12:00 19:00 Takahashi, Kagawa University（Japan）
• Lena Brüch, Fraunhofer FIT（Germany）
A Practical Approach of Integrating Sustainability Goals in the Human-
Centered-Design-Process
• Takefumi Mokudai, Kyushu University（Japan）
−50−
Digital Technologies as Lean Augmentation: A Preliminary Study of Japanese
Automotive Manufacturers
• Satoru Adachi, Kagawa University（Japan）
Planck's Law Base Function for Background Correction of Remote Sensing
with Compact and High-Sensitivity Mid-Infrared Spectrometer
• Anika Isabelle Rieth, Fraunhofer FIT（Germany）
Service Design for Beneficial Technology Integration: Looking into the Case
Study of Renova
• Minoru Inadama, Nagano Prefectural Government（Japan）
Disaster-Resistant Hydropower Microgrid Construction and Smart
Conservation Initiatives in Nagano Prefecture
• Mai Murabayashi, Kagawa University（Japan）
Functional Verification and Structural Evaluation of Transfemoral Prosthetic
Knee Mechanism for Running
• Tatsuya Usui, Osaka University（Japan）
Soft Capacitive Tri-axis Tactile Sensor Based on Level Sensing
• Dominik Pins, Fraunhofer FIT（Germany）
Challenges and Concepts for the Evaluation of Usable and Satisfying VAs
According to DIN EN ISO 9241-11 and -110
Room A Workshop 7: Human Security and Sustainability

chaired by Dr. Lars Vargö, Director Japan Center, Institute for Security and
Development Policy（Sweden）
• Renée Schulz, JRCS. Co. Ltd.（Japan）
AI and HCI come together for the Digitalization of the Maritime Industry to
9:30 ‒ 16:30 ‒
Foster a Sustainable, Innovative and Safe Work Environment
12:00 19:00
• Colin de Kwant, Modular Management（Sweden）
Sustainable Mobility Scenario Modeling, Evaluating Future Resilience of
Modular Concepts for Electrified Trucks
• Sudha Jamthe, Stanford University（USA）
Character Development for Artificial Intelligence
• Kazuya Ishii, Kagawa University（Japan）
SDGs in the Anthropocene: A Gandhian Critique
• Masatoshi Imai, Kagawa Junior College（Japan）
A Proposal of Numerical Approach of Quantitative Verification of Check List to
Support Human Digital Security through Kansei Engineering
Room B Workshop 8: Educational Change: New Models and New Thinking in

Intercultural Concepts
chaired by Prof. Dr. Toshihiro Hayashi, Kagawa University（Japan）and Prof. Dr. Anders
Törnvall, Linköping University（Sweden）
• Michal Cerný, Masaryk University（Czech Republic）
Extended Mind as a Way for Education in the Networked World
• Khalifa Sy, Kagawa University（Japan）
Extracting Learning Path Data from Learning History
• Toru Takamizu, Kagawa University（Japan）
Online Japanese Language Education for Elementary Level Learners
• Nik Anni Afiqah bitni Haji Mohammad Tuah, Brunei Darussalam University
（Brunei）
The Transition from Traditional to Online Learning: what are the new
approaches and challenges for higher education during the pandemic?
12:00 ‒ 19:00 ‒
12:15 19:15
−51−
Room A
By co-chairs of workshops 6, 7, and 8
Room A
Closing Ceremony
12:45 ‒ 19:45 ‒
Poster Awarding Ceremony, Prof. Dr. Kenji Wada, Kagawa University Kagawa
13:00 20:00
University, Prof. Dr. Masaaki Tokuda
European Japan Experts Association（EJEA), Sabine Ganter-Richter, Executive Manager
https://www.kagawa-u.ac.jp/files/6715/1175/5632/Olive_Square.pdf
Poster Presentation
October 22, 23, 24, 2021

CEST JST
October 23 Poster Session（Face to Face）
11:30 ‒ 14:30 Olive Square @ Kagawa University
October October
22, 23, 24 22, 23, 24 Poster Session（Online, P01 ‒ P04）
9:15 ‒ 9:30 16:15 ‒ 16:30 SpatialChat @ http://spatial.chat/s/ejea-kagawa
12:00 ‒ 12:15 19:00 ‒ 19:15
−52−
P01 Sachiko Somaki（Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan), Yukie Majima, Seiko
Masuda and Yumiko Nakamura（Osaka Prefecture University, Japan）
Education Support System for Newcomer Nurses at Visiting Nursing Stations （online
discussions only）
P02 Koji Mikami, Yukie Majima and Seiko Masuda（Osaka Prefecture University, Japan）
Proposal of a System Enhancing Self-affirmation Using LINE Chatbots for Elementary School
Students
（online discussions only）
P03 Naoki Yaemoto and Shoichi Maeyama（Kagawa University, Japan）

Development of the second prototype of a half drone inverted pendulum transportation robot to
improve the safety and the controllability
P04 Masataka Yatsuzuka, Masahide Ishizuka, Satoshi Murayama and Toru Terao（Kagawa University,
Japan）
Location of wells and groundwater distribution in Teshima Island, Japan. Environmental
humanities approach and hydrological simulation
P05 Takeshi Kasai and Atsuko Nonomura（Kagawa University, Japan）

Verification of human resources development methods for continuous disaster prevention and
crisis management unique to local governments
P06 Naoya Matsuda, Tomohiro Tsubata and Yukihiko Okumura（Kagawa University, Japan）

NOx reaction analysis of ammonia flame burner with hydrogen stabilizer
P07 Tomohiro Tsubata, Naoya Matsuda and Yukihiko Okumura（Kagawa University, Japan）

Effect of reaction scheme on the structure of ammonia turbulent flame
P08 Kosuke Hoshika, Kira Kagawa and Yukihiko Okumura（Kagawa University, Japan）

Combustion characteristics of NH3/H2 premixed flames and mechanism of NOx formation
P09 Izumi Funahashi（Kagawa Prefectural Marugame High School, Japan）

Study about relationship between walking habit and lack of exercise
P10 Anna Mimuro（Kagawa Prefectural Marugame High School, Japan）

To increase the recycling rate of Marugame city
P11 Kokoa Shirakawa, Yuna Tao and Sora Kondo（Kagawa Prefectural Kan-onji Daiichi High School,
Japan）
Investigating the Mechanism of the Marsilea Mutica's Nyctinastic Movements
P12 Haruchika Onishi, Natsuki Koyama and Airi Toyoura（Kagawa Prefectural Kan-onji Daiichi High
School, Japan）
The Relationship Between the Crystalline Lens and Vitreous Humour's Quality in Fish
Freshness
Day 3: Sunday October 24, 2021
Room A in Closing
12:45 ‒ 13:00 19:45 ‒ 20:00
Poster awarding by Kagawa University and EJEA
Note:
１） Red-color numbered posters will be mainly discussed at the online poster session.
２） Face-to-face poster presentation will be held at Multi-purpose room in Olive Square, Kagawa University on October 23
（Sat）11:30-14:30.
３） Online poster presentation using SpatialChat will be held 16:15-16:30 and 19:00-19:15 every day.
−53−
Message from the President of Kagawa University
Mr. Takuya Hirai, the Former Minister for Digital Transformation, Mr. Hideto Onishi, Mayor
of Takamatsu City, Dr. Julia Münch, Secretary General, Japanese German Center Berlin, Professor
Dr. Dietrich Albert, chairperson of the European Japan Experts Association（EJEA), Dr. Yuko
Harayama, Executive Director of RIKEN, Professor Dr. Fredrik Heintz, Linköping University,
distinguished guests, researchers, ladies, and gentlemen.
I am Kakehi Yoshiyuki, President of Kagawa University. It is a great honor for Kagawa
University to co-organize the EJEA International Conference for the first time in Japan.
This International Conference, titled Human-centered Sustainability and Innovation for an AI-
assisted Future: New Interdisciplinary Education & Research for the Next Stages in Japan and
Europe , was initially planned to be held physically in Kagawa University.
However, due to COVID-19 outbreak, it turned out to be an online conference. I regret that
we are unable to welcome delegates from all over the world to Kagawa, which is in Shikoku Island,
one of the four major islands of Japan, where beautiful nature and traditions are well preserved.
The COVID-19 pandemic put a sudden stop on our daily activities, and forced us to change
our lifestyles. People all over the globe tried to adjust and modify the daily routines with new
digital technologies, making a rush into the era of digital transformation .
Universities have been struggling to upkeep education and research activities, and Kagawa
University has fortunately been successful to rapidly build up the digital environment based on
our Digital Campus Strategy .
Personally, I am aware of the big advantages which can be brought about by digitalization,
such as Internet of Things and artificial intelligence. As the leader of the university, I have tried to
take advantage of these technologies as effectively as possible. However, I also know that it is very
important for us not to fully depend upon digitalization. Especially in education, students must
learn a lot from the real world. In other words, they are influenced, enlightened and encouraged
by various encounters in the real world.
The theme of this conference allows participants to discuss how we use the digital technologies
in a human-centered manner and how we develop innovation through such approaches. Over 80
presentations, with speakers from 11 countries are planned, including 7 keynote lectures and 60
oral presentations in 8 workshops. We also have 12 poster presentations including 4 ones by high
school students from Kagawa Prefecture.
I would like to thank everyone involved in this conference, dignitaries, speakers, participants,
and organizers, for your efforts to make this conference a big success. Last, but not least, I would
like to convey my hopes that your participation in this conference will offer new information,
knowledge, skills and network building through mutual discussion and sharing of expertise.
Please enjoy EJEA International Conference 2021 in Kagawa Prefecture.
Thank you very much.

Prof. Dr. Kakehi Yoshiyuki
President of Kagawa University
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Information for participants

Important Information for the Participants
After your registration, all important information such as links and passwords
has been delivered to you by the organizing committee.
１．Zoom links for the parallel workshop sessions:
Zoom link for REGISTRATION

Room A https://kagawa u ac jp.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZItfuirqz4pGdzhGs7dsgmk5EiqY5YXRJ93
Room B https://kagawa u ac jp.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZYsceupqT8qHNBa3jNefZj6rTRy8xn2wJCw
Room C https://kagawa u ac jp.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZAscuGhqTMsHNLkeX3nE5KqZQmotyiqE7lS
２．SpatialChat links
Live website https://spatial.chat/s/ejea kagawa
Effective from 8:00（CEST）15:00（JST）22nd Oct to 13:00（CEST）20:00（JST）24th Oct.
３．Abstract Book is uploaded in the webpage and will be distributed as a non printable, non
editable pdf file and are protected by the password.
４．We record all sessions for our internal purposes and the recordings of the keynotes will be
published later.
５．We take screenshots in all sessions for our internal purposes.
A screenshot at the opening ceremony will be published so those who don t wish to be shot
please make your camera off.
６．Please be sure to mute yourself（microphone off）and camera off during the session unless you
are currently talking.
７．Please make questions to the presenter using the built in CHAT box.

Room A Please wait a moment until the starting time.
CEST JST Programme
8:00 - 8:30 15:00 - 15:30 Opening ceremony
8:30 - 8:35 15:30 - 15:35 Conference introduction
8:35 - 8:55 15:35 - 15:55 Keynote 1: Dr. Yuko Harayama
8:55 - 9:15 15:55 - 16:15 Keynote 2: Prof. Dr. Fredrik Heintz
Oct. 22 9:15 - 9:30 16:15 - 16:30 Break / Poster Session（Spatial Chat）
9:30 - 12:00 16:30 - 19:00 Parallel Sessions: Workshop 2: Smart City
12:00 - 12:15 19:00 - 19:15 Break / Poster Session（Spatial Chat）
12:15 - 12:45 19:15 - 19:45 Sharing of experience: What I learned today
12:45 - 13:00 19:45 - 20:00 Closing
Thank you very much for the support from the following institutes
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Confidential
Dear participants,
Thank you for the registration.

It is our honor and pleasure to welcome you to EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawa.
Various information such as Program, Brochure, Abstracts of Keynote Speakers, Instruction
for Poster Presentation and Registration method has been updated and is available in EJEA
Conference homepage.
◆ Abstract book will be uploaded later.

You need a password to open Abstract Book.
◆ All oral presentations will be carried out as Online ZOOM sessions.

The main events will be performed in Room A.
For the parallel workshops, Room B and Room C will also be used in addition to Room A.
To make an access to Room A, B and C, please use the following URLs.
Room A: https://kagawa-u-ac-jp.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZItfuirqz4pGdzhGs7dsgmk5EiqY5YXRJ93
Room B: https://kagawa-u-ac-jp.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZYsceupqT8qHNBa3jNefZj6rTRy8xn2wJCw
Room C: https://kagawa-u-ac-jp.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZAscuGhqTMsHNLkeX3nE5KqZQmotyiqE7lS
These URLs will be the same throughout 3 days of the EJEA Conference.
◆ Face to face poster session

Face to face participants are restricted to those from Kagawa Prefecture, Japan.
• The venue : Olive Square at Kagawa University.
See the map
https://www.kagawa-u.ac.jp/files/6715/1175/5632/Olive_Square.pdf
• Posters should be mounted during 11:30 -12:30（JST）on Oct.23rd.
• Core time is 13:00-14:30（JST）. Presenters are required to be near the poster during the
core time.
◆ Online poster session

Posters P01 to P04 can be seen on-line and all participants can discuss about the topics via
SpatialChat system.
SpatialChat time is scheduled every day during the conference before and after the workshop.
Poster presenters are strongly recommended to join the system and discuss with the virtual
visitors. Please use URL shown below to enter the virtual poster session room（during the
scheduled time）
SpatialChat link: http://spatial.chat/s/ejea-kagawa
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This link and Password are effective from 8:00（CEST）22 Oct to 13:00（CEST）24 Oct.
The instruction of the poster session is also provided in our home page.
◆ Naming rules: Please follow the naming rules below at Zoom and SpatialChat.
Chair: [Chair] SURNAME Middle and given name（Affiliation in short）
ex. [Chair] TOKUDA Masa-aki（Kagawa U）
Keynote lecturer: [KL] SURNAME Middle and given name（Affiliation in short）
ex. [KL] SANUKI Taro（Kagawa U）
Oral presenter: [WS No] SURNAME Middle and given name（Affiliation in short）
ex. [WS3] SAIWAI Hanako（Kagawa U）
Poster presenter: [poster No] SURNAME Middle and given name（Affiliation in short）
ex. [P05] SETOUCHI Kaito（Shikoku U）
Other participants: SURNAME Middle and given name（Affiliation in short）
ex. NAOSIMA Lemon（Umi Corp）
If you have any questions or problems, please contact us via E-mail.

We hope you can enjoy this conference.
All the best,
Organizing Committee
E-mail: ejea-reg-c@kagawa-u.ac.jp
Webpage: https://www.kagawa-u.ac.jp/kuio/circ/event/ejeaconf
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取り扱い注意
参加者各位
ご登録ありがとうございます。
EJEA Conference 2021 に皆様をお迎えできることを光栄に思います。
プログラム、パンフレット、基調講演者の抄録、ポスター発表の説明、登録方法など、さまざまな情
報が更新され、EJEA カンファレンスのホームページで入手できます。
◆ Abstract 集は後日ホームページにアップしますのでダウンロードしてください。
開けるにはPasswordが必要になります。
◆ すべての口頭発表は、オンラインZOOM セッションとして実施されます。
主なイベントはRoom A で行われます。
ワークショップでは、Room A に加えてRoom B とRoom C も使用されます。
Room A、Room B、C にアクセスするには、次のURL を使用してください。
Room A ：https：//kagawa-u-ac-jp.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZItfuirqz4pGdzhGs7dsgmk5EiqY5YXRJ93
Room B：https：//kagawa-u-ac-jp.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZYsceupqT8qHNBa3jNefZj6rTRy8xn2wJCw
Room C：https：//kagawa-u-ac-jp.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZAscuGhqTMsHNLkeX3nE5KqZQmotyiqE7lS
これらのURL は、EJEA カンファレンスの３日間を通じて同じになります。
◆ 対面ポスターセッション
ポスターセッションは、オンラインと対面の両方で開催されます。
対面の参加者は、香川県からの参加者に限定されていますのでご注意ください。
• 会場：香川大学オリーブスクエア（高松市幸町１−１）
地図 https://www.kagawa-u.ac.jp/files/6715/1175/5632/Olive_Square.pdf
• ポスターは10月23 日（土）11：30∼12：30（日本時間）に設置してください。
• コアタイムは13：00-14：30（日本時間）です。発表者は、ポスターの近くに居て説明をお
願いします。
◆ オンラインポスターセッション
P01からP04のポスターは「SpatialChat」システムを介してオンラインで見ることができ、ディ
スカッションすることができます。
SpatialChat の時間は、ワークショップの前後の時間帯（それぞれ15分ずつ）にセットされてい
ます。下記のURL でバーチャルポスターセッションルームにご入場ください。
SpatialChat：http://spatial.chat/s/ejea-kagawa
ここに入るにはパスワードが必要です。
このリンクおよびPassword は、日本時間の10月22日15：00から10月24日20：00のみ有効です。
ポスターセッションの実施要領は、ホームページに掲載されています。
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◆ ZoomやSpatialChat で参加される時の名前の表記については以下のようにお願いします。
Chair:［Chair］SURNAME Middle and given name（Affiliation in short）
例［Chair］TOKUDA Masa-aki（Kagawa U）
Keynote lecturer:［KL］SURNAME Middle and given name（Affiliation in short）
例［KL］SANUKI Taro（Kagawa U）
Oral presenter:［WS No］SURNAME Middle and given name（Affiliation in short）
例［WS3］SAIWAI Hanako（Kagawa U）
Poster presenter:［poster No］SURNAME Middle and given name（Affiliation in short）
例［P05］SETOUCHI Kaito（Shikoku U）
例 NAOSIMA Lemon（Umi Corp）
ご不明な点や問題がございましたら、メールにてお問い合わせください。
この会議を楽しんでいただければ幸いです。
EJEA Conference in Kagawa 2021実行委員会

E-mail: ejea-reg-c@kagawa-u.ac.jp
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Poster session instruction

Instructions for the Online Poster Session
１．Please check the accessibility to the SpatialChat website（the testing site will be
effective until October 20th）
Recommended browsers for the SpatialChat websites. Difficulties may arise if using a smartphone.
・Google Chrome
・Firefox
・Microsoft Edge
・Safari
・Opera
For further information, please also visit the following website:
https://help.spatial.chat/hc/ja/articles/360017769780
URL of the testing SpatialChat website: https://spatial.chat/s/wadaken
If you find any difficulties in accessing the SpatialChat test website, please consult your system
administrator.
２．Access to the live SpatialChat website of the Poster Session

URL of the live SpatialChat website: https://spatial.chat/s/ejea-kagawa
Password will be announced separately.
Live Session Schedule

22 Oct 2021 9:15-9:30（CEST), 12:00-12:15（CEST）
23 Oct 2021 9:15-9:30（CEST), 12:00-12:15（CEST),
24 Oct 2021 9:15-9:30（CEST), 12:00-12:15（CEST),
The availability of the presenters will be announced in the chat box of the SpatialChat rooms.
３．Logging in to the SpatialChat website

You will be first prompted on how you would like to be
called. You can set your Full Name （include titles if
you wish to be addressed that way）and your affiliation
in the About box. Please follow the naming rules below.
Poster presenter:［PPoster No］SURNAME Middle
and given name（Affiliation in short）
ex.［P11］SETOUCHI Kaito（Shikoku U）
By clicking on the avatar area, you can choose a picture from your computer.
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The next screen prompts you about access to your microphone and webcam settings. These can
also be changed when you are inside the Spatial Chat room. When settings are ready, click Join
Space . The system may ask you to enter the password.
４．Moving around the SpatialChat space（in a room and between rooms）

There are two ways moving around in this space: moving within a room and
moving between rooms. To move within a room, click on your circle in the
space and drag it to a new space. Please do not place your avatar on the poster
images.
To zoom in and out, you can use the scroll wheel on your
mouse to instantly change the zoom level. If you are not using
a mouse, you can manually change your zoom level by clicking
on the zoom bar in the lower right-hand corner.
There will be multiple rooms at the conference for those

presenting posters. To move between rooms, click on the room
name in the list on the right-hand side. If you do not see a list
of rooms, click on the person icon in the top right corner of
your screen.
５．Talking to others using the platform

Much like spaces in real life, you hear people who are closest to you and as you move further from
them, you hear them less until you are out of earshot. SpatialChat replicates this as you move your
circle closer and further away from others.
６．Using the chat feature

Please use the chat function by clicking the message icon at the bottom tools panel. You can also
use emojis. The messages in the chat panel on the right will remain throughout the session.
７．Leaving the room

When leaving the room, be sure to press the leave space button at the top right before closing
the window.
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Appendix I. What to do when a problem occurs
Please close the window of the browser and re-access the SpatialChat website. If it does not work,
please restart your PC or directly contact the webmaster.
Appendix II. Changing settings inside the SpatialChat rooms

If you would like to edit your profile details or change your profile picture, you can make changes
after entering the Spatial Chat space. To change your profile details, move your cursor to your
name in the participant s panel on the right. When you highlight your name, three vertical dots
appear to the right of your name. Click on these dots and select Edit Profile . The page of editing
profile will be popped up.
Camera and microphone settings can also be accessed by moving cursor over those symbols at the
bottom toolbar and selecting the three vertical dots that appear. After clicking the three dots, a
pop-up page similar to the one when you first logged in will appear, allowing you to configure your
devices.
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EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawa ポスターセッション参加者向け
SpatialChat の使い方
本資料では、EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawaにおいて、講演者と聴講者がオンライン会議ツー

ル SpatialChat を使用して、オンライン上に掲示された発表資料を閲覧しながら、相互に会話するこ
とによりバーチャルなポスターセッションを実施するための方法を記載します。
なお、セッションルームのデザイン等は変更することがあります。また、安全に運用するため、マ
ニュアルで説明していない機能の一部を使えないように設定していますので、ご了承ください。
１．SpatialChat へのアクセス（事前確認、10月20日までOpen）
SpatialChat にアクセスする際は、下記のブラウザをご使用ください。タブレットやスマート
フォンにも一部対応しておりますが、パソコンのご使用を推奨いたします。
・Google Chrome
・Firefox
・Microsoft Edge
・Safari ・Opera
参考（SpatialChat がサポートしているブラウザのリスト）
https://help.spatial.chat/hc/ja/articles/360017769780
事前に、インターネットに接続した状態で、下記のテスト用 URL から、SpatialChat にアクセ
スできるかどうかを確認してください。ご利用の環境によっては、ファイアウォールの設定やセ
キュリティポリシー等によりアクセスできない場合があります。その際は、別の環境からアクセス
していただくか、所属先のシステム管理者等にご相談ください。
https://spatial.chat/s/wadaken
２．当日のセッションルームの URL
ポスターセッションの本番当日の URL は以下の通りです。パスワードは別途お送りします。参
加者は開催期間中、随時入室可能です。
https://spatial.chat/s/ejea-kagawa
３．セッションルームへの入室
下図の氏名入力規則にしたがって、
「Full Name」の部分に、氏名・所属等を英語（ローマ字）
で入力してください。下図の入力規則にしたがって、「Full Name」の部分に、氏名・所属等を英
語（ローマ字）で入力してください。
Poster presenter: ［poster No］ SURNAME
Middle and given name（Affiliation in short）
ex.［P05］SETOUCHI Kaito（Shikoku U）
Other participants: SURNAME Middle and given
name（Affiliation in short）
入力後、「Continue」を押下してください。なお、コ
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メント欄には特に何も入力しなくて良いです。
次に、必要に応じて、ビデオカメラ、マイク、スピーカーのデバイスを設定してください。左下
のビデオカメラボタン、マイクボタンでそれぞれの ON/OFF を切り替えることができます。マイ
クを ON にすると、音声入力をテストすることができますが、入室する際はマイクを OFF にして
ください。また、
「Test」ボタンを押すと、スピーカーの音声出力をテストすることができます。
設定が完了したら、「Join Space」を押下してください。
４．セッションルームの選択と移動
右側のルームリストから、興味のあるポスター番号に該当するルームを選択し、入室してくださ
い。
セッションルームに入室したら、自身のアイコン（アバター）を動かして、該当するポスター番
号が記載されたスペースに移動してください。原則として「Discussion Space」と記載されたエリ
アで論議してください。他の方の閲覧の邪魔になりますので、Poster 画像の上にアイコン（アバ
ター）を置かないようにご留意ください。
５．討論の際の留意点
発表者の近くにご自身のアイコン（アバター）を置いてください。音声の音量はアイコン間の相
互の距離に応じて変化しますので、遠くに移動させると発表者と会話できなくなります。また、発
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表者に対してChat で質問することも可能です。Chat の内容は会期中は消えません。会期終了後に
消去します。
６．会場からの退出
会場からの退出時には、退出時には必ず右上の（leave space）ボタンを押してからウィンド
ウを閉じてください。
７．問題発生時の対応
講演中に SpatialChat の画面がフリーズする等、使えなくなった場合、ブラウザを開き直して再
度プログラムの日程表に記載の URL にアクセスし、SpatialChat を起動してください。それでも
正しく動作しなかった場合は、担当者に連絡ください。
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Poster award winners
Poster award winners

The presentations shown below were selected for Excellent Poster Award and Jury’s
Special Award by the organizing committee of EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawa.
The presentations shown below were selected for Excellent Poster Award and Jury s
Special Award by the organizing committee of EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawa.
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Letter of gratitude to chairpersons and keynote speakers

2 November 2021
Dear XXX,
Thank you for your great contribution and support given to the EJEA international conference
2021 which have made the conference a successful meeting of scientists, students and experts
from academia, industries as well as from public and administrative institutions.
Almost 200 participants from 12 countries listened to seven keynote lectures, and actively
engaged in discussions during eight workshops with 60 oral presentations ‒ not to forget 12 poster
presentations by students from Japanese Universities as well as from Kagawa high schools. Three
days of very interesting and inspiring contributions are now behind us, and we are looking ahead
to continue and extend the bonds, initiated by this conference.
The outcome of the conference will be published in two journals（ Frontiers of AI and International
Office Journal of Kagawa University).
The conference has created the opportunities for joint collaboration and cooperation.
Also, EJEA cordially invites all participants to join the conference Innovation and Action for
Managing Urgent Future Local and Global Issues and Domains in Japan and Europe that is
scheduled to be held at the Japanese-German Center Berlin in November 2022!
As the host of EJEA international conference 2021, Kagawa University would like to convey special
gratitude to your active participation which has made this conference fruitful. We regret that we
couldn t welcome you in Kagawa, where beautiful nature and traditions are well preserved, and we
wish to have the opportunity of welcoming you in the near future.
We hope to see you again soon!
Best regards,
Prof. Dr. Kakehi Yoshiyuki Prof. Dr. Dietrich Albert

President of Kagawa University Chairperson of EJEA
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Message of gratitude to participants
Thank you very much for your participation in EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawa
The EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawa was held online for three days from October 22nd（Friday）
to 24th（Sunday), 2021 . This conference, held in part to commemorate the 160th anniversary
of Japan Germany diplomatic relations, was coorganized by Europe Japan Experts Association
EJEA), Kagawa University, Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology（FIT）and
Institute for Security Development Policy（ISDP).
We are grateful to the following 13 institutions which kindly sponsored and supported us; Toshiba
International Foundation（TIFO), Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, Kagawa Industry Support
Foundation（KISF), Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, Japanese German Center Berlin
（JDZB), EU Japan Centre for Industrial Cooperation, German Research Ambassadors Network
for Industrial Technology Endeavors（GRANITE), Japan-German Society Kagawa（JGSK), Japan
External Trade Organization JETRO Kagawa , Kagawa Prefecture , Modular Management Group,
Takamatsu City and Women's International Shipping & Trading Association（WISTA).
Although it was held online due to the COVID 19 outbreak, there was a total of 196 participants.
51 participants joined from 12 countries（eight European countries, three Asian countries and the
United States of America). Within Japan, 105 participants hailed from Kagawa Prefecture while
the remaining 40 participants attended from other prefectures.
There was a total of 80 presentations: comprising seven keynote lectures, one invited presentation,
60 oral presentations（held in eight Workshops), and 12 poster presentations（including four
by high school students). The number of both participants and presentations exceeded our
anticipation. Specifically, we expanded our scope to include regions/countries other than EU and
Japan. Of special mention is the positive assessment on the large number of participants from the
Asian region.
The theme of the conference was Human centered Sustainability and Innovation for an AI
Europe . During the conference, participants discussed a wide range of issues in fields such as
medical care, cities, environment, disaster prevention, agriculture, and education. One of the
primary issues discussed was how to develop projects from a "human centered" perspective.
This discussion encompassed keywords such as Society 5.0（Industry 4.0）and SDGs（Sustainable
Development Goals), areas which the university is currently focusing on.
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Many cases focusing on high efficiency and high performance through technological innovation by
AI were presented. Efforts and ideas that reflect the philosophy of Human centered Sustainability
were also probed. Participants were stimulated by the presentations, which subsequently led to
robust and vigorous discussions. Presenters were highly conscious, making attempts to propose
and share ideas that may lead to innovation.
On a cautionary note, it was pointed out that it is important to deal with the inherent risks that
come with improving efficiency and performance, and to consider the vulnerability of digitization.
Furthermore, discussions were held on how to link up the conference content with education.
Along this line, Kagawa University has started introducing and implementing the concept of DRI
（Design thinking, Risk management and resilience, and Informatics）Education for the entire
student body.
The conference was conducted very smoothly throughout the three days. Participants from Japan
and overseas offered many accolades for the richness of the academic content and the splendor of
its operation.
We would like to thank all parties for the exceptional cooperation and support in hosting this
international conference at Kagawa University. We will make effective use of this achievement
and connect it to the creation of future networks. The next EJEA Conference is due to be held in
Berlin in 2022.
All the best,
27 October 2021
The Organizing Committee of EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawa

Official HP: https://www.kagawa u.ac.jp/kuio/circ/event/ejeaconf/
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Certificate of appreciation for presenters
The certificate of appreciation signed by Prof. Dr. Kakehi Yoshiyuki, President of Kagawa
University and Prof. Dr. Dietrich Albert, Chairperson of EJEA was issued for all keynote speakers,
oral presenters, poster presenters and discussants.
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Call for Publication
Dear presenters of the EJEA International Conference 2021 in Kagawa,
The online EJEA conference Human-centered Sustainability and Innovation for an AI-assisted
Future is behind us. Kagawa University（the host of the conference）is preparing a special issue
of Conference Proceedings at the Journal of Kagawa University International Office（J.KUIO)
（ISSN 1884-8745). Additionally, a Research Topic in Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence is open for
submissions of extended papers.
The special issue of J.KUIO will be a Conference Proceedings booklet and published also as
printed matter. The idea is, to also include the program of the conference, keynotes, thanks to the
sponsors and supporters etc.
On the other hand, the Research Topic 'Distributed Cognition in Learning and Behavioral Change
‒ Based on Human and Artificial Intelligence' invites theoretical, empirical, and/or methodological
papers that address topics related to Distributed Cognition (DC)in learning and behavioral
change based on human, digital and artificial cognition and intelligence（AI) from the workshop
and beyond. It will be Open Access and all articles will be available online.
All presenters（keynoters, contributors to the workshops, poster presenters）to the conference are
invited to submit papers/manuscripts to one of the two journals ‒ J.KUIO or Frontiers in Artificial
Intelligence.
To publish your paper/manuscript in the journal Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence' you are
requested to expand your contribution in form of the abstract to the conference by adding at least
30% of original content in the form of new raw material（experiments, data）or new treatment of
old data sets which lead to original discussion and/or conclusions.
Please note that one can NOT publish 2 papers/manuscripts which have the same（similar）
contents. If you wish to publish in Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence', J.KUIO will accept only
a one-page abstract which you submitted to EJEA Conference. On the other hand, Frontiers in
Artificial Intelligence' accepts only contribution as a paper/manuscript.
In the following some further explanation about the next steps - please refer to the attached
flowchart:
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In case you want to publish a manuscript, you have the choice between the journal Frontiers in
AI and the Journal of Kagawa University International Office （J.KUIO).
In case of A you decide for a manuscript in Frontiers in AI you have also the option to combine
with abstract-options C, D, or E in J.KUIO（see attached flowchart).
In case of B you decide for a manuscript in J.KUIO .
In case you do not want to publish any manuscript, it is possible to publish an abstract in J.KUIO（C
and D).
In case of C you have the possibility to revise your abstract, that has been published already in
the Abstract Booklet（#）of the conference. This revised abstract will then be published in J.KUIO.
Case D is the option, that your abstract, that has been published already in the abstract booklet
of the conference, will be published again（in J.KUIO）‒ without any changes.
Case E should be your choice, if you do not want to publish any abstract in J.KUIO.
#: Abstract Booklet has been uploaded in the EJEA Conference homepage.
https://www.kagawa-u.ac.jp/files/8616/3480/2305/AbstractBook_ver5.pdf
IN CASE YOU WANT TO PUBLISH YOUR MANUSCRIPT OR ABSTRACT IN J.KUIO（B, C, D）

OR YOU DECIDE FOR NOT PUBLISHING YOUR ABSTRACT（E）PLEASE SEND YOUR REPLY
（MENTIONING YOUR CHOICE AND ‒ IF APPLIES ‒ YOUR MANUSCRIPT/ABSTRACT）
UNTIL DECEMBER 15 TO:
ejea2021conf-c@kagawa-u.ac.jp AND FOLLOW THE GUIDELINES MENTIONED BELOW.
In case we do not receive any reply from you until this deadline, your abstract, that has been
published already in the abstract booklet of the conference, will be published again without any
changes in J.KUIO（D).
Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence / AI for Human Learning and Behavior Change:

https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/sections/ai-for-human-learning-and-
behavior-change#
Submission deadlines:
22 November 2021: Abstract
2 March 2022: Manuscript
For further details please refer to:
https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/26055/distributed-cognition-in-learning-and-behavioral-
change---based-on-human-and-artificial-intelligence
Journal of Kagawa University International Office（J.KUIO - ISSN 1884-8745）:

Submission deadline:
15 December 2021
Publication is scheduled for March 2022.
For further details please refer to:
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https://www.kagawa-u.ac.jp/files/3716/3609/2224/Guidelines_on_Manuscripts_for_Journal_of_
Kagawa_University_International_Office_Ver3.pdf
Kagawa University International Office

Phone: +81-87-832-1178 / Fax: +81-87-832-1192 / Email: ejea2021conf-c@kagawa-u.ac.jp
Many thanks to the supporters and sponsors of EJEA conference 2021 in Kagawa!
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Journal of Kagawa University International Office（ISSN 1884-8745）
特集号への投稿に関するお知らせ
EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawa“Human centered Sustainability and Innovation for an AI

Europe”は無事に終了しました。ご参加、ありがとうございました。香川大学インターナショナル
オフィスでは、
“Journal of Kagawa University International Office（J. KUIO) （ISSN 1884 8745）
で EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawa の特集号を発刊する予定です。
香川大学J.KUIO の特集号は、分野は問わず、キーノートレクチャーを含む口頭発表およびポス
ター発表の発表者全員を対象としており、プロシーディングズの形で発刊します。
投稿の締切は少し延長して、12月15日（水）とさせてもらいます。
J.KUIOの特集号への投稿要領は、以下をご覧ください。
Guidelines_on_Manuscripts_for_Journal_of_Kagawa_University_Inte rnational_Office_Ver3. pdf
（kagawa u.ac.jp）
直接、次のURLにアクセスすることも可能です https://www.kagawa u.ac.jp/files/3716/3609/2224/
Guidelines_on_Manuscripts_for_Journal_of_Kagawa_Univer sity_International_Office_Ver3.pdf （公
式ホームページ : https://www.k agawa u.ac.jp/kuio/circ/event/ejeaconf/ にも記載があります）
一方で、EJEAの会長の Dietrich Albert 先生からは、Frontiers in Artificial Intelligenceという

ジャーナルへの投稿も可能とのことで案内が来ています。これについては、現在EJEAと取りまと
めていますが、'Distributed Cognition in Learning and Behavioral Change Based on Human and
Artificial Intelligence' などの分野が中心になろうかと思います。こちらへの投稿を希望される方は
投稿ください。この詳細は近日中にお知らせしますが、以下のURLに情報は示されていますのでご
参照ください。
Distributed Cognition in Learning and Behavioral Change Based on Human and ArtificialInt
elligence ¦ Frontiers Research Topic（frontiersin.org）
☆ 注意：
同様の内容の論文を２つ発行することはできません。 Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence に掲載した
い場合、J.KUIOはEJEAカンファレンスに提出した１ページのアブストラクトのみを掲載させてもら
います。
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EJEA Conference I want to publish a manuscript
2021 in Kagawa
Yes No
Please select the Journal I want to publish only my abstract in the Journal of Kagawa
University International Office (J.KUIO)
Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence / AI Journal of Kagawa University

for Human Learning and Behavior International Office (ISSN 1884-8745):
Yes No
Change: https://www.kagawa-
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/ u.ac.jp/files/3716/3609/2224/Guidelines
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artificial-intelligence/sections/ai-for- _on_Manuscripts_for_Journal_of_Kagaw
human-learning-and-behavior- a_University_International_Office_Ver3.p I want to revise the abstract of EJEA Conference Your abstract will not be
change# df
included in J.KUIO
Submission deadlines: Submission deadline of manuscript:
• 22 November 2021: Abstract • 15 December 2021
• 2 March 2022: Manuscript Publication is scheduled for March 2022. E
Yes No
A B
and
Submission deadline of the revised Your abstract which was already
abstract (1 page): 15 December 2021 published in ABSTRACT BOOK of
or or Publication in J.KUIO is scheduled for EJEA Conference will be published in
C D E March 2022. J.KUIO
If you select to publish your manuscript in
“Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence”, you have C D
the option to publish your abstract in J.KUIO
論文投稿を考えているか
EJEA Conference
2021 in Kagawa
Yes No
Journalを選択する Journal of Kagawa University International Office (J.KUIO)

でのAbstractのみの発刊を希望するか
Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence / Journal of Kagawa University

AI for Human Learning and International Office (ISSN 1884-8745): Yes No
Behavior Change: https://www.kagawa-
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals u.ac.jp/files/3716/3609/2224/Guideli
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/artificial-intelligence/sections/ai- nes_on_Manuscripts_for_Journal_of_
for-human-learning-and-behavior- Kagawa_University_International_Offi EJEA Conferenceに出したAbstractを修正するか Abstractを J.KUIO特集
change# ce_Ver3.pdf 号に載せない
締切: Manuscriptの締切：12月15日（厳
• Abstract：2021年11月22日守）
• Manuscript：2022年3月2日 J.KUIOの発刊：2022年3月 E
Yes No
A B
and
修正したAbstract（1ページ）を提 EJEAカンファレンスの
出すること ABSTRACT BOOK に投稿した
Abstract締切：12月15日（厳守） Abstractを修正せずに J.KUIO特
C or D or E J.KUIOの発刊：2022年3月集号に用いる
Frontiers in Artificial Intelligenceに投稿する場合は
AbstractのみをJ.KUIOに掲載することが可能です C D
（ISSN 1884-8745）
Guidelines on Manuscript Submission for
Special Journal Publication of EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawa
１．Format of paper:
Authors are requested to use and follow the format as
illustrated in the attached file.
２．Length of paper:
Maximum of 6 pages, in A4 size paper.
３．Deadline for paper submission:
Not later than 15th December 2021（Wed）
４．Method for submission:
E-mail your manuscript to ejea2021conf-c@kagawa-u.ac.jp
５．Schedule for peer review process（tentative):
- 30th November: Paper submission deadline
- Late December: Start of peer review process
- Late January: End of peer review process, results conveyed to authors
- Early February: Re-submission of papers（if necessary, after corrections）
- Late March: Commencement of printing（e-journal will also be published）
６．Editorial Committee of Kagawa University International Office:
- Hara Naoyuki
- Wada Kenji
- Lrong Lim
- Tokuda Masaaki
７．Reviewing Committee:
Committee members consist of professors, researchers, and experts who are actively involved
in the EAEJ Conference.
- EJEA members
- Chairpersons of the workshops
- Steering committee members
８．Referee selection:
After the submission deadline, the Editorial Committee in conjunction with the Reviewing
Committee, shall nominate the referees for the papers based on the content matter. Referees
may or may not be members of the Reviewing Committee.
９．Copyrights
⑴ The Journal of Kagawa University International Office retains the copyrights of published
manuscripts.
⑵ Kagawa University International Office maintains the rights to electronically distribute
published manuscripts.
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⑶ Authors may use or include their published manuscripts in other works conducted by
the authors themselves, and they may distribute the published manuscripts electronically
or by other means. However, authors should clearly acknowledge the references（Title,
Volume, Pages, etc.）and should promptly contact Kagawa University International Office.
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The Title Should Be Written in Title Case Except
for Words Such as, and the
（It can be up to 2 lines in length）
Author1, Author1, Author2, & Author3
Affiliation1, Affiliation2, Affiliation3
Author1@xxxxx.com
I．Abstract（Arial 10, numbered）

Titles of each subsection should be determined by the authors. The authors may also add
subsections as appropriate.
Body text should be justified, Times New Roman 10 point. Numbers one through nine should be
written in words while 10 and above are written in numerals. Body text should be justified, Times
New Roman 10 point. Numbers one through nine should be written in words while 10 and above
are written in numerals. Body text should be justified, Times New Roman 10 point. Numbers one
through nine should be written in words while 10 and above are written in numerals. Body text
should be justified, Times New Roman 10 point. Numbers one through nine should be written in
words while 10 and above are written in numerals.
are written in numerals.
Ⅱ．Results & Discussion（Arial 10, numbered）

are written in numerals. Body text should be justified, Times New Roman 10 point.
New Roman 10 point.
Table 1: Table Format

Details
Font Times New Roman 10 point font.
Others Tables must be referenced in the text.
Tables must not be images. Tables
should be created with the table
function of Microsoft Word.
Figure 1. Magnetization as a function of applied
field. Figures must be referenced in the text.
Captions should be Times New Roman 8 point
font.
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Ⅲ．Conclusion（Arial 10, numbered）
IV．References（Arial 10, numbered）

References should use any widely accepted referencing style from the field of the authors. If the author（s）has/
have no preferences, we recommend APA style. Text should be Times New Roman 20 point.
References should use any widely accepted referencing style from the field of the authors. If the author（s）has/
have no preferences, we recommend APA style. Text should be Times New Roman 20 point.
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Conference report in the International Office News（Japanese）
香川大学がホストとしてEJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawaを開催

香川大学がホストとなり、欧州側のEJEA（後述）を含む３組織と共同主催して、EJEA Conference
2021 in Kagawaを、2021年10月22日（金） ∼24日（日）を会期として日本で初めて開催した。
『International Conference on Human-centered Sustainability and Innovation for an AI-assisted
Future: New Interdisciplinary Education & Research for the Next Stages in Japan and Europe（AI
が支援する未来に向けた人間中心のサステイナビリティとイノベーションを考える：新たなステー
ジへ導く日本とヨーロッパの学際的な教育と研究の紹介）』をテーマに、医療・都市・先端工業・環
境・防災・農業・教育など幅広い分野で、Artificial Intelligence（人工知能：AI）を「人間中心」に
有効活用した技術革新等を議論する目的で開催した。EJEAからは"Human-centered", "Innovation",
"AI-assisted Future"などのキーワードが提案され、本学からも"SDGs", "Interdisciplinary Education
& Research "などを提案した。
当初対面での開催を目指したが、新型コロナウイルス感染症の影響によりオンライン開催となり、
参加費も無料とした。ポスターセッションも実施し、対面・オンライン併設で、高大連携にも踏み込
んだ内容となった。また、GRANITE（後述）の関係から信州大学へ参画を勧誘、アジアからの参加
を勧誘するなどの新機軸を多く打ち出した。
プログラムに示す通り、タイトルに相応しい内容で、日本を含む13か国から196名の参加者を得て、
80演題（キーノートレクチャー７、招待講演１、８のワークショップでの口頭発表60、ポスター発表
12）があり、予測を上回る成果をあげることができた。また支援機関数も13機関と過去のEJEA会議
と比較して最多となった。
EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawaプログラム
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EJEAとは EJEA ‒ European Japan Experts GRANITEと香川大学とEJEA GRANITE
Association（https://ejea.eu/）は1995年に（German Research Ambassadors Network
設立以来26年を経る。中心メンバーのDr. for Industrial Technology Endeavors）は、
Dietrich Albert（オーストリア）、Dr. Anders 日本の産業と連携を目指しFraunhofer研究
Törnvall, Dr. Lars Vargö（共にスウェーデ機構(独)が2018年に開始したドイツ連邦教育
ン）が2016年にMrs. Sabine Ganter-Richterに研究省のプロジェクトで、香川大学、信州大
要請しEJEAのネットワークと活動の拡大の学等が参加する。Sabine氏が橋渡し役となり
ため、日欧間の基盤を提供し、持続可能で学香川日独協会の助力も得て、2019年10月には
際的なネットワークを確立する活動を強化し Dr. René Reiners（Fraunhofer FIT）等数名
た。この度は日独友好160周年を記念し、日が来学し、創造工学部でネットワーキングイ
本で初めて香川大学がEJEA国際会議を開催ベントを実施。2021年３月にはFraunhofer
した。 FITと本学が協定を締結。EJEA国際会議で
は、香川大学とGRANITEの融合的進展を目
指した。
世界からの参加者とともに始まった開会式
唯一対面で行ったポスターセッション風景
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EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawa University website
EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawa website
−83−
−84−
【 Abstracts 】
Human-centered Sustainability and Innovation
for an AI-assisted Future:
New Interdisciplinary Education & Research
for the Next Stages in Japan and Europe
ABSTRACTS
October 22nd - 24th, 2021

Hosted by Kagawa University in Kagawa, Japan
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Jointly organized by
European Japan Experts Association (EJEA)
Kagawa University (Japan)
Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology FIT (Germany)
Institute for Security and Development Policy (ISDP) (Sweden)
～ Special thanks to the following institutions ～

Supported by
Japanese German Center Berlin (JDZB)
EU-Japan Centre for Industrial Cooperation
German Research Ambassadors Network for Industrial Technology Endeavors (GRANITE)
Japan-German Society Kagawa, JETRO Kagawa (Japan)
Kagawa Prefecture (Japan)
Modular Management Group (Sweden)
Takamatsu City (Japan)
Women's International Shipping & Trading Association (WISTA) (Romania)
Sponsored by
Toshiba International Foundation (TIFO) (Japan)
Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence (Switzerland)
Kagawa Industry Support Foundation (KISF) (Japan)
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (Sweden)
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research
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Keynote Lectures
1. Dr. Yuko Harayama, Executive Director RIKEN, former Executive Member of Council
for Science, Technology and Innovation (Japan)
2. Prof. Dr. Fredrik Heintz, Linköping University, Dept. of Computer and Information
Science (Sweden); EU Commission High-Level Expert Group on AI
3. Prof. Dr. Satoshi Murayama, Co-convener of the International Consortium for Earth
and Development Sciences, Kagawa University (Japan)
4. Dr. Lucas Paletta, Human Factors Lab at Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft
mbH, DIGITAL – Institute for Information and Communication Technologies (Austria)
5. Prof. Dr. Hiroshi Tsuji, Executive Director, University Public Corporation Osaka (Japan),
former President of Osaka Prefecture University (Japan)
6. Dr. René Reiners, Head of Human-centered Engineering and Design at Fraunhofer
Institute for Applied Information Technology FIT (Germany)
7. Mr. Colin de Kwant, Vice President Modular Management®; Lecturer at Royal
Institute of Technology (Sweden)
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Dr. Yuko Harayama
Executive Director RIKEN, Japan
Former Executive Member of Council for Science, Technology and Innovation
“Human in the loop or human-centered”
Abstract
The use of AI and digital technologies helps us to be
connected each other, even under stay-at-home orders, and
to be informed, almost in real-time, from multisources, of
what is happening around the world, while bringing the
question of how to ensure the quality, credibility and validity
of information generated by these means. Also, an abundance
of information does not necessarily mean better decision-
making, it can also reinforce bias, and digital divide may
occur.
Human-in-the-loop approach emerged in the context of machine learning could be perceived as
an attempt to address these issues. Along this line of thought, I will invite the audience to revisit
the role of human in the development and use of AI and digital technologies in my presentation.
CV
Dr. Yuko Harayama is an Executive Director principally charged with international affairs at
RIKEN. Prior to joining RIKEN, she spent five years at the Cabinet Office of Japan as an Executive
Member of the Council for Council for Science, Technology and Innovation, two years at the OECD
as the Deputy Director of the Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation, and ten years at
the Graduate School of Engineering of Tohoku University as a Professor of Management Science
and Technology. She is a Legion D Honneur recipient（Chevalier）and was awarded honorary
doctorate from the University of Neuchâtel. She holds a Ph.D. in education sciences and a Ph.D. in
economics, both from the University of Geneva.
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Dr. Fredrik Heintz
Associate Professor of Computer Science at Linköping University, Sweden
“Education for an AI-assisted Future - From Primary Education to Life-Long

Learning”
Abstract
AI is influencing almost all aspects of life and society. To
help people prosper in this new AI-assisted world, education
is essential to provide the knowledge and skills needed. AI-
related skills are no longer something only for developers and
researchers, it is becoming necessary for all. We also need
people that are both domain experts and proficient in AI and
how to use it in their profession or domain.
At the same time, the amount of knowledge in the world
doubles exponentially, which means that our education programs will cover less and less of the
knowledge available and put more demands for on-demand and life-long learning. Further, as
professions changes and become AI-assisted, people need to learn to solve problems together with
computers. They need to develop their computational thinking.
To meet these challenges will require changes to all levels of education, from primary school to
professional education. This talk will provide an overview of the challenges, present some partial
solutions and make recommendations for how to proceed. Success is absolutely crucial. If we fail,
millions of people risk being left behind. If we succeed, progress and quality of life could improve
significantly!
CV
Dr. Fredrik Heintz is an Associate Professor of Computer Science at Linköping University,
Sweden,where he leads the Reasoning and Learning group. His research focus is artificial
intelligence especially Trustworthy AI and the intersection between machine reasoning and
machine learning. He is the Director of the Graduate School for the Wallenberg AI, Autonomous
Systems and Software Program（WASP）the largest research program in Sweden with more
than 300 Ph.D. students, coordinator of the TAILOR ICT-48 network developing the scientific
foundations of Trustworthy AI, and the President of the Swedish AI Society. He is also very
active in education activities both at the university level and in promoting AI, computer science
and computational thinking in primary, secondary and professional education. Fellow of the Royal
Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences（IVA).
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Dr. Satoshi Murayama
Professor Emeritus / Co-Convener of the International Consortium for Earth and Development
Sciences, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan
“Environmental humanities: a long-term local history approach to

living spaces to be sustained”
Abstract
Japanese rice fields have a long tradition of more than
thousands of years. They have been constructed based on
a logic of local organic economies, which have also become
a foundation of early modern Japanese economy, but not a
market economy in a strict sense, because the rice fields
had two different spheres: one of them is a taxation system,
and the other is a subsistence economy, a self-sufficient or
fulfillment economy for local inhabitants. The latter function
could be realized in small scale land holdings less than 0.5 ha,
and then, they could survive in Japan until recent days.
Organic economies in early modern times have found their position between self-sufficiency and
market economies. More self-sufficiency in Japan, and more in market economies in Europe.
Organic economies in early modern Japan have had a prolonged existence of more than 400 years
everywhere in Japan. Such an ecological system has tended to disappear in recent years because of the
de-population process and due to agricultural and environmental policies in Japan. However, a longterm
local history approach can find some local efforts to sustain the organic economies. They show us a
couple of evidence which could be a future possibility for a gradual departure from an Anthropocene
epoch in the short twentieth century, which is dependent on fossil fuel energies in the world.
CV
Dr. Satoshi Murayama is Professor Emeritus at Kagawa University. His research field is
environmental economic history with a particular interest in human, social and environmental
capital management in medieval and early modern Europe and Japan. He comparatively
investigates regional diversity, especially in the differences of all local Living Spaces. He acquired
his Ph.D. degree from Justus Liebig University Gießen in 1990. He was a professor of socio-
economic and environmental history at Kagawa University, Japan, served two years as President
of the Association for East Asian Environmental History from 2013 to 2015, and organizes several
research projects on Living Spaces.
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Dr. Lucas Paletta
Head of Human Factors Lab and Research Team "Cognitive Sensing and Interaction" at the
applied research center JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH in Graz, Austria
“Cognitive Sensing for the Future of Smart Health and Care”
Abstract
The healthcare industry is transforming at a rapid velocity
that is offering new research and innovation opportunities
based on AI-enabled sensing. With everincreasing health
data from personal fitness trackers, connected medical
devices, and other sensors that collect realtime information,
healthcare platforms are among the earliest adopters of
cognitive computing̶systems that can understand, reason
and learn while interacting with humans. In the care of
neurodegenerative diseases, digital phenotypes were analyzed for prevention and intervention
purposes. The keynote talk highlights the work on ICT assistance technologies for dementia with
a focus on recent projects of the Human Factors Lab at JOANNEUM RESEARCH DIGITAL.
This round trip starts with the household-based application of social robot Pepper that was
particularly targeted to activate persons with dementia and to motivate them to adhere to
multidomain gamified training. Furthermore, cognitive sensing is presented in terms of non-
obtrusive eye tracking technology in VR and AR devices for the screening of cognitive decline
during mindfulness and gamified executive function training. Finally, research trajectories for gaze
interfaces in serious games for cognitive assessment and training are discussed from the view of
monitoring neuropsychological profiles and with an outlook on future emerging technologies.
CV
Dipl.-Ing. Dr.techn. Lucas Paletta is Head of the Human Factors Lab and its Research Team
Cognitive Sensing and Interaction at the applied research center JOANNEUM RESEARCH
Forschungsgesellschaft mbH in Graz, Austria. He was visiting researcher at Fraunhofer IAIS
（Germany）1998-2000 and received his Ph.D. in Computer Science from Graz University of
Technology 2000 on Machine Learning for Active Vision. Since 2000 he worked as principal
investigator and coordinator of inter-/national application oriented research projects, such as, in
the EU projects MOBVIS, MACS, euCognition, MARFT, MASELTOV, PLAYTIME, SIXTHSENSE
and MARA on assistive technologies with AI-enabled sensing of psychological constructs. His
research on smart care applications for persons with cognitive decline, such as, with Alzheimer s
−93−
disease, focused on intuitive interfaces for the measurement of executive functions, using mobile,
serious games, AR-, VR- and social robot-based technologies. He founded/chaired the international
and interdisciplinary workshop series, ISACS（International Symposia on Attention in Cognitive
Systems), IDGEI（Intelligent Digital Games for Empowerment and Inclusion）and, recently,
AIDEM（Artificial Intelligence for Prevention and Intervention in Dementia Care). He has（co-）
authored more than 200 peer reviewed scientific publications, acted in service for the European
Commission on future and emerging technologies, and has been Member of the Board of the
Austrian Association for Pattern Recognition（AAPR）for many years.
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Dr. Hiroshi Tsuji
Executive Director, University Public Corporation Osaka, Japan
Former President of Osaka Prefecture University
“From 45 years’ experience on R&D and education on systems sciences”
Abstract
This talk presents personal view of systems sciences from the
carrier in industry and academic society. At first, it reviews
Cybernetics proposed by N. Winer and an empirical science
of artificial phenomena argued by H. Simon. They pointed
out that artificial things are synthetic and characterized in
terms of functions, goals and adaptation based on observation.
Then, touching the subtleties among data, information and
knowledge, it illustrates how the computer systems（data
processing, information processing and knowledge processing）have evolved to Society 5.0 and
are evolving. To make Society 5.0 sustainable, we should make balance for multiple goals such
as economic advancement with resolution of social problems. According to the social change, two
education programs are also introduced in the context of higher education reform: undergraduate
program Sustainable Systems Sciences and leading graduate program System-inspired Leaders
in Multidisciplinary Sciences . Finally, challenge for making co-creative research teams is also
presented with cases.
CV
Dr. Hiroshi Tsuji is currently an executive director of Public University Corporation Osaka which
operates two universities（Osaka Prefecture University and Osaka City University）and one
college of technology. Receiving BS and MS degrees from Kyoto University, he worked with
Hitachi, Ltd. in 1978-2022 where he was engaged in R&D for Management Information Systems
including expert systems and decision support systems. While he was in Hitachi, he was also a
visiting researcher of Carnegie-Mellon University（1987-88）and a visiting scholar of Stanford
Japanese Center（1995-2001).
He joined in Osaka Prefecture University as a professor at Department of Industrial Engineering
in 2002. As a dean, he started multi-disciplinary education in College of Sustainable Systems
Sciences in 2012. As a vice president, he started leading graduate program called System-inspired
Leaders in Multidisciplinary Science in 2013. He was the president of Osaka Prefecture University
in 2015-2019.
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Dr. René Reiners
Head of Human-Centered Engineering and Design at Fraunhofer Institute for Applied
Information Technology FIT, Germany
“Human-Centered System Design for Successful Digital Transformation”
Abstract
Digitalization and the need for innovation pushes at all parts
of businesses, organizations and institutions. Be it in
production, the energy sector, healthcare, work and home
office support or even private, everyday life: We must life
the change and adapt to upcoming technologies
However, is that really a satisfying scenario?

Information and communication technology（ICT）offers a plethora of innovations and benefits.
The challenge we all face nowadays lies in the handling of and interaction with systems whose
complexity is increasing continuously.
In order to face that challenge, technology must evolve but the whole technical steps necessary to
operate the systems must step in the background. Mark Weiser already formulated this demand in
the early 90s as ubiquitous computing , the disappearance of technology from our focus. The aim
is that users can follow their tasks that they want to perform, assisted by technology ‒ not being
distracted.
During the talk, we will have a look at the methodology of user-centered design here engineering
of solutions happens in close collaboration with stakeholders. This approach is very promising in
coming up with solutions that widely satisfy the users needs and requirements. In addition, the
user experience should be high enough, to accept the system and regard it as beneficial for the
tasks that need to be fulfilled.
The talk will present examples from practice where this approach was followed and thus provide
insights into working environments and the way system and interaction designers work.
CV
Dr. René Reiners leads the department Human-Centered Engineering & Design at Fraunhofer
FIT where more than 30 researchers work on user and data-driven innovation on top of IoT
technologies.Applications deal with the digital transformation in Industry 4.0 environments, Smart
Food Ecosystems and Smart Cities.
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Currently, he coordinates the project GRANITE within the research marketing campaign "The
Future of Work" funded by the German Ministry of Education and Research in which he teamed
up with Sabine Ganter-Richter and Marco Invernizzi from Lyogroup International to strengthen
common activities regarding collaboration between German and Japanese industry and academia.
René Reiners obtained his diploma in computer-science from RWTH Aachen University, Germany.
After his studies, he gained experience in industrial software development within the REWE
Group Germany. In 2007 he joined Fraunhofer FIT. During his work, he obtained his doctoral
degree in natural sciences at RWTH Aachen University in 2013. Within research and industry
projects, he is responsible for project management and coordinating research efforts in the field of
system and application design, user-centered design, human-computer-interaction and knowledge
management with the aid of design patterns.
He is certified PMI Project Management Professional（PMP), IREB certified Professional for
Requirements Engineering, OMG certified UML Professional and Fraunhofer-Certified Usability
Engineer.
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Mr. Colin de Kwant
Vice President of Sweden Modular Management AB, Former Second Cycle University Lecturer of
product modularization at Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden
“Sustainable Mobility Scenario Modeling: Evaluating Future Resilience of Modular

Concepts for Electrified Trucks”
Abstract
Facing a myriad of megatrends such as sustainability,
servitization, digitalization, electrification, automation and
urbanization one of the greatest concerns for companies
is how well their business will fit their future markets.
Failing to timely prepare products for future markets may
cause substantial losses. Consequently, many companies
have drawn their interest to flexible product development
strategies to cope with the complexity of changing and
diffuse requirements. Research has highlighted Modularization as one such strategy. But how does
one modularize against the uncertain future? Mobility solutions like trains, trucks and busses are
designed to sustain long lifecycles as do the modular product and infrastructure platforms from
and for which they are designed. While serving economic goals and keeping material resources
in use, long life products, platforms and infrastructure may lock manufacturers and societies into
paths limiting the transformation to more sustainable solutions. Mentioned megatrends, as well
as sustainable socioeconomic goals for safer, affordable and sustainable mobility stress the need
to ensure future resilience and flexibility in such product platform development and innovation
processes.
This talk proposes to integrate futures studies into the modularization process and model a
evaluate the effectiveness of modular products against future scenarios. The case example used
concern battery and hybrid fuel-cell electric trucks for long-haul goods transport mission.
The case study builds upon profound scenario frameworks from earlier research, developed with
participation of more than 50 experts from 30 different organizations within the transportation
industry.
The scenarios do not intend to frame the most likely future. Instead, the scenarios provide a set
of possible but distinctive different futures. The scenarios provide context for evaluation and
modelling of performance and robustness of modules and product configurations around three
key customer values: Total Cost of Ownership, Transport Effectiveness and Sustainability. The
modular product configurations simulated in the model consist of the most significant but yet
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largely independent highlevel modules. Results enabled, for instance, to reflect on most and least
robust modular design and configurations choices across multiple futures to guide the scope for
platform development.
The pathways and application scenarios for the continuation of this study are multiple. One is to
evaluate both near term（more certain but also constrained）versus long term（more uncertain,
but unlocked）futures to support assessment of evolving, transient or new product platform design
strategy, and configurations enabled or disabled in each. Another would be to include decision
making pro's and con's such as the possible financial impact of design strategy alternatives to
guide product platform planning and R&D investments.
We welcome you to join the conversation with industry-, research and public sector, as we are all
stakeholders to a sustainable future. We believe scenario frameworks and models such as these
can provide an effective common language and shared configurable future contexts to connect
people and organizations, evaluate ideas and accelerate projects, as modules in societies present
and futures.
CV
Mr. Colin de Kwant is a Vice President and partner at Modular Management AB. He currently
leads in Modularization Programs, Product Development Management-, and Supply Chain
Development.
He was the second cycle university lecturer of product modularization at Royal Institute of
Technology, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden from 2011 to 2018 and is currently a centre coordination
group member as researcher and industry partner at Royal Institute of Technology, ECO2
Vehicle Design. His consulting experiences include modularization at Ericsson（Sweden), Danfoss
Drives（Denmark, US）Körber Mediseal（Germany), Alstom Hydro（France, India), Whirlpool
Corporation（Italy）and so on.
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Workshop 1
eHealth and Medical Engineering
Chairpersons
Prof. Dr. Kazuhiro Hara, Kagawa University (Japan)
Prof. Dr. Ichiro Ishimaru, Kagawa University (Japan)
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Mid-infrared（LWIR）passive-active spectroscopic imaging for non-
invasive blood glucose sensors
Ichiro ISHIMARU
Faculty of Engineering and Design, Kagawa University
ishimaru.ichiro@kagawa-u.ac.jp
I．Abstract
For realizing non-invasive blood glucose sensors, we proposed the mid-infrared（LWIR）passive-
active spectroscopic imaging. From human body itself, mid-infrared lights, whose wavelength is
around 10μm, are emitted as well-known as thermography. These radiation-lights spectroscopic
characters include components information inside of human bodies. The 2-dimensional Fourier
transform spectroscopic imaging are able to measure relative intensities in each wavelength of
emitted objective lights, so called the passive spectroscopy. We also proposed the separation
method of near skin-surface and interior compared with the active spectroscopy.
Ⅱ．Fourier transform mid-infrared（LWIR）passive-active spectroscopic imager

As shown in figure 1, we had developed 3 kinds of LWIR spectroscopic imager, so-called
hyperspectral camera, with microbolometer array sensors. One is the palm-size 2-dimensional
Fourier transform spectroscopic imager.
The proposed imaging-type 2-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy was configured with
the nearcommon- path and temporal-phase-shift interferometer［1]. Thus, because of the strong
robustness against mechanical vibrations, the developed apparatus without anti-mechanical
vibration systems are able to be constructed as the simple optical configurations. Furthermore,
to improve time resolutions, 2 kinds of one-shot Fourier transform spectroscopy were proposed.
The one-shot type was a kind of spatial phase-shift interferometer［2]-[4]. Also, we solved the
annihilate interference intensities between each bright point by the conjugate-plane multi-slits
superimposed method［5]. Thus, even if spatial frequencies are low like heat images, we could
acquire 2-dimensional high-visibility interferograms of emitted lights from object s heat.
Conventionally, TES（Thermal Emission Spectroscopy), what was well-known in the field of
interplanetary explorations, is the point detection spectroscopy. And a few kinds of commercially
available products were known such as Hyper-Cam（Maker: Telops), HI90（Maker: Buruker）
using the high-sensitivity cooled-device MCT（Mercury Cadmium Telluride). We presumed
that because these methods could not overcome the annihilate interference intensity problem,
too expensive（over one million USD）and inconvenient and large size apparatus could not be
inevitable with liquid nitrogen cooling MCT to improve visibilities of interferograms.
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2Dimensional Fourier Line one-shot Fourier Pont one-shot Fourier
transform spectroscopic transform spectroscopic transform spectroscopy
imaging（2D-FSI） imaging（LOS-FSI） imaging（POS-FSI）
Spectroscopic
apparatus
2D spectroscopy 1D spectroscopy 0D（point）spectroscopy
Beans size Beans size

External dimensions Palm size
（lens: 3 pieces）（lens: 1 piece）
Weight 0.5[㎏］ 0.3[㎏］ 0.1[㎏］

（Target market price）（1,000 USD）（several thousand USD）（several hundred USD）
Healthcare sensor mounted on smart phone

Applications
Environmental measurement with drone
Figure 1. Using uncooled microbolometer array sensors, high-portability and un-expensive 3 kinds（Time Domain type,
Spatial Domain type）of mid-infrared（LWIR）passive spectroscopic imager.
Ⅲ．Internal components analysis of emission lights from skin surfaces with passive-
active spectroscopy by the multi-layered emission and absorption linear-sum
optical model
Figure 2 shows the multi-layered emission and absorption linear-sum optical model to analyze and
separate internal components of near skin surface and interior from surface emitted light derived
from internal bodies.
Passive and active spectroscopy have the negative and positive relationship. We could confirm
emission peak wavelengths of the passive spectroscopy as same wavelengths as absorption peaks
for the active spectroscopy.
And emitted lights from deep part forms spectral characters as same as black bodies that follow
Plank s law. Thus, baseline correction was operated based on Plank s law. We used the Plank s
law function as the basis function to evaluate appearance-temperatures of human bodies with
consideration of radiation coefficients and spectral characters of microbolometer array sensors.
For multi-layer model for emission and absorption, linear sums of these optical phenomena are
observed as radiated lights from human bodies. But as for active spectroscopy, spectral absorption
characters of only near skin-surface could be measured. Thus, from the subtraction of inverted
absorption spectral characters of near skin surface and emission spectral characters, we could
acquire interior spectral characters respectively.
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Figure 2. Conceptual diagram of analyzing spectrum of each layer from detected emission spectroscopic data radiated from
skin surface.
IV．Conclusion
We proposed the mid-infrared passive-active spectroscopic imaging to analyze body internal
components like non-invasive blood glucose sensors.
Ⅴ．References
［1］Yusuke Inoue, Ichiro Ishimaru, Toshiki. Yasokawa, Katsumi Ishizaki, Makoto Yoshida, Masahiko Kondo, Shigeki
Kuriyama, Tsutomu Masaki, Seiji Nakai, Kaoru Takegawa, and Naotaka Tanaka; Variable phase-contrast
fluorescence spectrometry for fluorescently stained cells , Applied Physics Letters ,89,121103（2006）
［2］Tomohiro Uraki, Ichiro Ishimaru, Feasibility Demonstration of Real-Time Measurement by One-shot Compact
Fourier Spectroscopic Imaging , Proceedings of 8th Japan-France Congress on Mecatronics , pp.549-553（2010）
［3］Shun Sato, Masato Fujiwara, Satoru Suzuki, Akira Nishiyama, Ichiro Ishimaru, Proposal of one-shot-type
spectroscopic-tomography for non-invasive medical-measurement , Proceedings of OSA-SPIE European
Conferences on Biomedical Optics 2013, Vol. 8798, pp.87980I-1-8（2013）
［4］Natsumi Kawashima, Tomoya Kitazaki, Kosuke Nogo, Akira Nishiyama, Kenji Wada & Ichiro Ishimaru,
Superimposing interferogram method using a multi-slit array to enhance sensitivity and interference definition
of spatial-phase-shift interferometers , Optical Review, volume 27, pages530‒541（2020）
［5］Wei Qi, Yo Suzuki, Shun Sato, Masaru Fujiwara, Natsumi Kawashima, Satoru Suzuki, Pradeep
Abeygunawardhana, Kenji Wada, Akira Nishiyama, and Ichiro Ishimaru, Enhanced interference-pattern
visibility using multislit optical superposition method for imagingtype two-dimensional Fourier spectroscopy,
Applied Optics, Vol. 54, Issue 20, pp. 6254-6259, July 2015, doi: 10.1364/AO.54.006254（2015）
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EU-Japan Project E-VITA - a Virtual Coach for Smart Aging
Dr. Lorenz Granrath, Ryan Browne

Tohoku University. Smart Aging Research Center
Granrath.lorenz.e7@tohoku.ac.jp
Ｉ．Description
E-VITA: EU-Japan Virtual Coach for Smart Aging is a EU-Japan joint project under Horizon
2020 and MIC funding. Altogether 22 partners in Japan and the EU are researching about new
technologies and methods helping aging people. In Japan the project is headed by Tohoku
University, Smart Aging Research Centre（SARC).
The combination of the socio-technology excellence Made in Europe with the excellence of
technology Made in Japan will produce an innovative coaching system based on the needs
and wishes of older adults. The virtual coach will provide personalized recommendations and
interventions to improve the quality of life of older adults in Europe and Japan while offering
opportunities to SME s and NGO s to explore the feasibility of a new ecosystem. The impact should
be Empowering older adults to better manage their own activities will have an impact on
increasing the wellbeing of older adults and will improve their quality of life via socio-technological
support of Active and Healthy Ageing in Europe and Japan.
Ⅱ．Participants
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Ⅲ．Biography
Dr. Lorenz Granrath is Specially Appointed Assistant Professor at Tohoku University, Smart
Aging Research Center（SARC）since May 2021. The competence of SARC is fighting dementia
by researching the correlations with health and lifestyle. Dr. Granrath is supporting SARC in
organizing the Japanese side of the project e-VITA, especially looking at the dissemination and
he is initiating new international collaborations with institutes and industry for SARC. Besides
that, he also acts as Non-Key Expert for the EU in Human Centric AI, he is Senior Advisor for
some companies and Visiting Lecturer for the Ph.D. course EnergyNext at Waseda University. He
worked the past seven years as Senior Innovation Coordinator at the AI Research Center of AIST,
initiating international AI research projects. Before that he set up the Fraunhofer Representative
Office Japan since 2001 building up a big network in industry and science.
Ryan Browne is research assistant at the Smart Aging Research Centre. He completed an MSc
in Basic Medical Science at the Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, investing the
relationship between the neuro-immune system and Alzheimer s disease progression using mouse
models; as well as investigating the relationship between the APOE e4 allele and brain structure in
young adults from SARC s human-MRI database; and joined an international collaborative research
project that looked at cellular stress defense mechanisms in the context of space flight.
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Before that, he completed an MSci at Imperial College London in Chemistry with Molecular
Physics, researching nanoscale devices in the field of non-equilibrium thermodynamics.
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Multidisciplinary Approaches and AIs
Lingbing KONG1,2
International Institute of Rare Sugar Research and Education, Kagawa University1,
Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University2
Kong.lingbing@kagawa-u.ac.jp
Ｉ．Abstract
The development of multiple multidisciplinary projects led to the creation of new technologies
and strategies that were mostly not designed at the start of the projects. As a result, the new
technologies and strategies themselves open doors for new possibilities beyond the scope of these
projects. This talk will start with a few exemplified multidisciplinary technologies and strategies
that have been developed or are being developed to resolve the obstacles encountered during the
development of the projects. Then digital control, coding and CNC systems came into play towards
multidisciplinary AIs.
Ⅱ．Results & Discussion

In a chemistry project that aimed for chemical synthesis of polysaccharides, a novel
polyglycosylation approach was developed to tackle the problem and showed for the first time a
pattern of polycondensation from monomeric oligosaccharides. This polyglycosylation technology if
further developed could itself enable the chemical access to polysaccharides that is not possible so
far.
In a biophysical project that aimed for detection of molecular interaction of oligosaccharides with a
membrane protein at the single-molecule level, a DIB-fusion system was developed to enable same-
pore experiments for various experiments.
In a biological system, a new antibacterial strategy that combines antibodies and antibacterials
presented new opportunities in the fight against drug-resistant bacteria.
More recently, multiple new technologies that incorporated digital control and coding are being
developed to enable the extension of the capabilities of existing instruments and devices towards
（semi-）automation and integration, which will eventually foster sustainable multidisciplinary AIs
that will benefit academia, industries and a human-centered sustainable AI planet. On the other
hand, new educational strategies need to be developed to catch up with these trends accordingly.
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Ⅲ．Conclusion
Cross-disciplinary approaches often bring new ideas and applications in relevant disciplines. The
multiple examples out of personal research experience elaborated how every occurrence followed
this principle. The abilities to continue learning, especially new areas and even disciplines, is
essential for sustainability in creation.
Cutting-edge technology developments in the forthcoming overwhelmingly digital era require
not only typical or traditional interdisciplinary research approaches but more importantly digital
control systems and coding for best efficiency and invaluable freedom in creation for individuals.
Ⅳ．References
１．Kong L., Harrington L., Li Q., Cheley S., Davis BG, Bayley H.（2013）Single-molecule interrogation of a bacterial
sugar transporter allows the discovery of an extracellular inhibitor. Nat Chem 5:651‒659.
２．Kong L., Vijayakrishnan B., Kowarik M., Park J., Zakharova AN, Neiwert L., Faridmoayer A., Davis BG
（2016）An antibacterial vaccination strategy based on a glycoconjugate containing the core lipopolysacchride
tetrasaccharide Hep2Kdo2. Nat Chem 8:242‒249.
３．Kong L., Almond A., Bayley H., Davis BG（2016）Chemical polyglycosylation and nanoliter detection system
enables single-molecule recapitulation of bacterial sugar export. Nat Chem 8:461‒469.
４．Kong L.（2021）Revelation of function and inhibition of Wza through single channel studies, Methods Mol. Biol.,
2186:63-76.
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Development of ultra-small mobile CTG and its effectiveness on remote
monitoring of the pregnant women, as well as its global expansion.
～Teleconsultation of the pregnant women are now receiving
attention in midst of COVID-19 pandemic～
Kazuhiro Hara
Specially Appointed Professor, Kagawa University Seto Inland Sea Regional Research Center
Emeritus Professor, Emeritus Chairman, Japan Telemedicine and Telecare Association
hara@med.kagawa-u.ac.jp
The cardiotocomonitor was developed back in the 1970s, but the device itself weighed more
than 10kg, and its usage was limited within the hospital facility. About 50 years has passed
since then, and the improvement of cardiotocomonitor was seen gradually. Enhancements were
performed in reducing the device size as well as incorporating wireless technologies to connect the
device and the transducers, enabling users to move free within the facility while being measured.
If devices are connected to the central monitor, all of the data from active devices can be observed
in the staff room. There are recent attempts to send fetal heart rate pattern to distant doctors and
nurses via internet, but many of the devices used to measure such data are still stationary type,
and the pregnant women have to be in the hospital setting to be measured.
Therefore, the mobile fetal monitoring system, the mobile CTG, that can be used outside the
hospital setting is now receiving attentions. We have been developing such device since the 1990s,
and with recent trend of mobile devices like cellphone and smartphone, we developed a portable
system（2kg weight). This system was implemented in Iwate Prefecture s Ihatov system, as
well as Japan s remote islands like Okushiri Island and Amami Island. Additionally, it was used
abroad in countries like Thailand, Laos, and Myanmar. Recent addition to that list is the country of
Bhutan, in which the devices were implemented with reimbursement from the UN.
The recent trend of downsizing the mobile devices demanded our mobile CTG to follow the
same tendency, which made us decide to develop a brand new ultra-small mobile CTG Petit CTG .
Upon developing it, we were not so much captured with the conventional technologies but rather
basing everything on a new concept.
The Petit CTG system is made up of ultrasound transducer for detecting fetal heart rate（166g）
,
a toco transducer for detecting uterus contraction（137g), and a tablet device. Transducers and
the tablet are connected via Bluetooth. Once the data is transmitted to the tablet, the information
is then transmitted to its destination via 3G/4G network or Wi-Fi network within hospital or
household setting, allowing data to be monitored from virtually anywhere. The cardiotocomonitor
system from 1970s weighed up to 15kg（including the cart), whereas the Petit CTG s weight is
about 300g（total weight of 2 transducers), reducing its weight up to 1/40 to 1/50 from the past
devices. Petit CTG is connected to cloud server, which means that if the user has an internet
connection, he or she can view data and monitor the well-being of the fetus from anywhere in the
world.
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Response to the COVID-19 pandemic
In response to the recent outbreak and widespread pandemic of COVID-19, the telemedicine
and teleconsultation is starting to get accepted widely. The biggest concern for pregnant women
nowadays is how to prevent themselves from getting a disease. Unlike caring for chronic illness
like high blood pressure and diabetes, pregnancy monitoring involves the checking of the well-
being of fetus, and that is especially difficult to do when making diagnosis remotely.
Currently, Hokkaido University has started the test usage of Petit CTG and its results are
promising, gathering interests from worldwide. In this webinar, the issue of remote checkup of the
pregnant women as a preventative measure for COVID-19 will be covered.
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Developing Medical Devices for e-Health to Work towards
The Overseas
Yhuko Ogata, Keiji Ninomiya

Melody International Ltd., Melody International Ltd.
yhuko@melodyi.net
Ｉ．Abstract
The global maternal mortality rate remains high and many of these deaths were preventable
and occurred in developing countries. The perinatal mortality rate in developing countries is
significantly higher than the global average of 17.7 deaths per 1,000 live births. The Global Burden
of Stillbirths, released by UNICEF and others in October 2020（1), two million babies a year are
stillborn because of poor perinatal management.
We propose our solutions to solve these problems. For the effective use of medical resources, we
have developed Melody i, a communication platform for pregnant women and doctors. Melody i
has the IoT devices called Fetal Monitor iCTG, Which has a fetal heart rate meter and a uterine
contraction meter.（Fig 1）If the mother and her baby have any concerns, they can immediately
see a remote doctor via the internet. In an emergency, she can be referred to a large hospital very
smoothly. It can prevent baby s problems such as hypoxia, stillbirth and so on.
The core technology of the Fetal Monitor-iCTG is a medical device with IoT communication
technology, lightweight, wireless, and easy to carry. It offers the same high-level performance as a
conventional CTG.

With the solution Melody i, the doctor diagnoses from the CTG graph as before. What is different
is that the diagnosis can be made remotely. In Japan, we use it for the management of high risk
pregnant women and to avoid the risk of infection under infections like COVID-19.（2）At this
time, it is also advantageous that the iCTG can be washed with water or wiped with alcohol.
In Thailand and Bhutan, we mainly use it for referrals. By placing iCTG throughout the
community, if there is a risk to the pregnant woman or the fetus, we send the pregnant woman to
a secondary or tertiary hospital as soon as possible.
Fig 1. The solution Melody i and fetal monitor iCTG Fig 2. A system of wide-area perinatal referral solutions to look
in use after pregnant women and their unborn babies in developing
countries and elsewhere.
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Ⅲ．Conclusion
In conclusion, we will show you three type of perinatal eHealth made possible by fetal monitor
iCTG. First, pregnant women living in island and mountainous areas, can be referred to the central
hospital as soon as possible. Second, for high-risk pregnancies and infection risks, online medicine
will be available. Finally, fetal monitoring data in shelters and emergency vehicles can be sent to
doctors real-time.
As in these two cases, you do not have to be in a hospital to use the Fetal Monitor iCTG. That
device can be delivered to the pregnant woman home and her CTG data can be sent to a doctor at
the hospital.
Ⅳ．References
⑴ UNICEF, "A Neglected Tragedy: The Global Burden of Stillbirths" https://data.unicef.org/resources/
a-neglected-tragedy-stillbirthestimates- report/
⑵ Feasibility and safety of urgently initiated maternal telemedicine in response to the spread of COVID-19: A 1
‐ month report https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jog.14378
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Development of a Novel Program to Detect Atrial Fibrillation
Using Pulse Wave from Automated Blood Pressure Monitor
Tetsuo Minamino1), Makoto Ishizawa1), Kazuhrio Hara2), Hidehito Nagai1）

1）Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University;
2）Seto Inland Sea Regional Research Center, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan.
Ｉ．Background
Atrial fibrillation（AF）frequently remains undetected and contributes to an increased risk of
stroke, heart failure, dementia, and death1). The aim of this study is to develop a novel program
that can accurately diagnose AF by discriminating it from other arrhythmias using the pressure
pulse waveform data outputted from Omron automated BP monitor HEM-907.
Ⅱ．Methods
BP measurements were performed 3 times each for 303 general cardiac patients using the Omron
BP monitor HEM-907 with recording the real-time single lead ECG as the reference. The pressure
pulse waveforms recorded in the HEM-907 device during BP measurements were outputted
to a computer in real time. A total of 850 pressure pulse waveforms from 280 patients（include
40 AF patients), which were completely saved to a computer, were used for further analysis.
We developed a program to analyze and visualize uniquely the characteristics of AF waveform
through the autocorrelation-based waveform processing system. All visualized results were
judged and classified into AF and other by two individuals blinded to the ECG results. For each
patient who obtained 3 results, a two by two contingency table was created; and then sensitivity,
specificity, and accuracy for diagnosing AF were calculated.
Ⅲ．Results
Ｉ．Among 720 waveforms with Sinus or Non-AF arrhythmias, only 21 waveforms（2 Sinus
and 19 Non-AF arrhythmias）were misjudged as AF using the novel program. Among 120
waveforms with AF, only 7 waveforms were misjudged as Other.
Ⅱ．In analysis for each patient, when two or more AF judgements with the novel program were found
in 3 waveforms, the diagnosis of AF had the sensitivity of 100% and the specificity of 97.9%. In this
rule, the accuracy of AF reached up to 98.2%, and none of patients with Sinus was misjudged as AF.
Ⅳ．Conclusions
The novel program, which applied autocorrelation methods uniquely to analysis of the pressure
pulse waveforms recorded by automated BP monitor, showed high sensitivity and specificity for
AF diagnosis in general cardiac patients.
Ⅴ．References
１．Chugh SS, et al. Circulation 2014; 129: 837-847.
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Workshop 2
Smart City
Chairperson
Mr. Orfeas Voutyras, National Technical University of
Athens (NTUA) (Greece)
City of Linköping (Sweden)

City of Takamatsu (Japan)
City of Santander (Spain)
City of Fujisawa (Japan)
City of Malmö (Sweden)
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City of Linköping - a smart city!
Jakob Algulin1, Tomas Larsson1, Daniel Stendahl1, & Lars Vikinge1

City of Linköping1
jakob.algulin@linkoping.se
Ｉ．Abstract
Linköping is the 5th largest city in Sweden, constantly increasing in population, making it one
of Sweden's fastest-growing cities. Linköping is a part of the expansive East Sweden Business
Region with a clear high tech profile with development comprising, among other things, medical
IT, telecommunications and advanced aeronautics including fighter jets. Furthermore Linköping
University is a leading European innovative university along with a hospital environment being
cutting edge in several fields.
The city has high ambitions for a clean environment and the fight against climate change, thus, a
smart city is much more than IT, sensors and data. It is all about meeting the needs of businesses
and the citizens and creating the city of the future.
This abstract describes smart city projects in Linköping managed by the city. The projects were
compiled following a survey with municipally owned companies. The purpose of the survey was
to compile an overview of the current projects. In Linköping municipality there are a variety of
activities in the area of smart city. The projects are divided into the following categories:

Real estate
Technologies to optimize property management is perhaps the most developed area in terms of
technologies supporting environmental as well as business values. Linköping is a national driver in
establishing a digital twin, a concept for digital planning, design, construction, and management of
a sustainable, intelligent, and liveable city by 2030. Knowledge of energy consumption is used for
maintenance of buildings but also storing and optimizing Cetetherm technologies. Smart watering
systems of city plantations reduce water consumption as well as optimize travel for municipal
employees.
Municipal Services.
Unified digital-/self services for citizens and business are developed to increase the quality of
service as well as external and internal effectiveness.
Environment
A wide range of technologies use environmental sensor data, from city air quality, public bath
temperatures in nearby lakes, to live fish recognition in nearby streams, in order to base
discussions and decisions on facts and to create a data driven development of the metrics. In smart
waste management, GPS and waste bin level sensors are being used.
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Ebbepark, a new city district, has been declared a test bed for smart applications, which has
generated solutions for storing and sharing energy in the city, as well as fossil free logistics with
the help of mobile cistern of renewable biodiesel. District heating is being optimized by Hot remote
technologies to store energy in buildings. The university is researching ways to harvest energy for
IoT sensors. This research might help create a more sustainable environment.
Sewers are monitored when large amounts of rain put pressure on the sewers. In order to release
pressure, the sewer will flood into a river. The amount of flooding is registered and measured by
level sensors at the water's edge.
Mobility
The city's public transportation system, based on anonymized counting of individuals, helps the
city and people to plan their routes. They can see how long it takes to move from one place to
another in a car or on a bus. This will help the city know what is wrong and what needs fixing so
everything is better for everyone.
Self driving busses have been active for a few years in defined areas and have now started
running in regular traffic with the ambition to learn how it should be incorporated in the regular
planning of the city.
Public safety
Political initiatives on camera surveillance have included projects for other smart technologies that
support public safety in the city, incorporating a holistic view on sensors, for both visual as well as
sounds with AI.
Public lighting as well as other actions are triggered to increase the perception of safety in the
city.
In collaboration with the housing companies a concept is developed to accommodate safety
solutions at home, the primary target group being the elderly and their relatives. The concept
has the aim of improving the possibilities for old people to stay healthy in their home as long as
possible.
Future of care
Instead of traditional personal oversight to pay attention when a person needs help, projects on
how to use security and safety-creating technologies in care are being deployed, in order to create
an environment without unnecessary intrusion of privacy.
Strategy and architecture
For development of a smart city strategy, the reference architecture is of paramount importance.
Linköping is an active part in the development of national standards of IoT and closely follows
European initiatives on interoperability, for example Open and Agile Smart Cities, OASC, MIM
initiatives.
Linköping participates in a range of national projects like City as a platform to develop national
interoperability, but also innovative projects like playground and city gym projects for the
development of IoT in public spaces.
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Ⅲ．Conclusion
Building a smart city incorporates all aspects of a city and must be aligned with the strategic
objectives of citizens, businesses and the political leadership. A smart city is more than smart
sensors and technologies - it is value creation. However at the end of the day, technology is a key
component of almost all projects.
The biggest challenge is to align the objectives and work together in the different professions to
create the city of tomorrow. Linköping s brand promise to its citizens where ideas come to life
and the positioning of the city of Linköping is future now . Only with great collaboration and hard
work to create a better life for the citizens of Linköping, will we be able to meet the promise.
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Smart City Takamatsu Solutions for Disaster Prevention/
Management
OZAWA Takahiro1 & KANAGAWA Kunihiro1

City of Takamatsu1
digital_sct@city.takamatsu.lg.jp1
Ｉ．Abstract
In 2017, the City of Takamatsu launched a smart city project in order to deal with urban issues
and to ensure the city s sustainable growth by incorporating ICT and data while working with
diverse entities including Kagawa University. The city established the Smart City Takamatsu
Promotion Council with academia and the private sector in October that year. Takamatsu became
the first municipality in Japan to introduce FIWARE, an IoT platform developed and standardized
in Europe. Since then, the City of Takamatsu has been developing/validating several Smart City
projects in various fields, such as Disaster Prevention（Tide Level), Tourism（Bicycle Sharing),
Well-being（Wearable Device for the Elderly), and Traffic Accident Regulations（Incident Map).
Of particular importance is disaster prevention/management. Nonetheless, the operation is labor
intensive and time consuming and a local government is chronically understaffed. That s why the
centralized management and analysis of data on a common platform is vital. Sensors are placed
to collect real-time data on water level and tide level that are visualized on the map. The city can
respond quickly and take safety measures by offering shelters and other critical information. Real-
time data visualization is also available for residents to place sandbags as well as information of
affected areas for transportation service providers.

In the event of heavy rains and typhoons in 2018, we were able to improve the level of disaster
response by utilizing these water/tide level data. We are working to further enhance data by, for
instance, installing cameras and collecting information on flooded roads. Also, sensors that measure
the water/tide level of rivers are installed to collect real-time data on FIWARE. In addition,
data from sensors placed by Kagawa Prefecture and information on weather are acquired and
centrally displayed on a map（Figure 1). When there is a high risk of flooding or storm surge,
public facilities become evacuation shelters, and they can be monitored centrally using data
from the smart meters that are electricity meters. It could be applied to other areas of disaster
preparedness.
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Fig 1. The following data and information are centrally managed Fig 2. Example of a Water Level Sensor The device
and displayed on the map（dashboard): ⑴ data on water at the bottom is the water level sensor and
level and tide level sensors installed by the city, ⑵ water the box at the top is the control box.
level data from the prefecture, ⑶ weather information, and
⑷ status of evacuation shelters（via smart meters).
Ⅲ．Conclusion
The use of data in the field of disaster management has made it possible to reduce the amount of
work that used to rely on human power. Now we can respond to disasters by placing personnel
where they are needed. As open data, some of the visualized data are available for viewing by any
citizen. Future subjects are more analysis of the accumulated data in order to further enhance
the city s disaster response capabilities, including short-term predictions and announcement of
evacuation information to the residents.
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Secure and Trustworthy Mobile Participatory
Sensing over M-Sec Platform
Tatsuo Fukuda1, Akira Tsuge2, Yin Chen2, Tadashi Okoshi2, George Palaiokrassas3 & Jin Nakazawa2
Fujisawa City1, Keio University2, National Technical University of Athens3
fj0-gns@city.fujisawa.lg.jp1
Ｉ．Abstract
M-Sec project has been providing a set of components for security and integrity of data traffic
with a modular approach for the IoT and Smart City domain. Fujisawa City hosts two pilot studies:
Secure and Trustworthy Mobile Sensing and Secure Affective Participatory Sensing.
Ⅱ．Secure and Trustworthy Sensing: Pilot Studies in Fujisawa

The former illustrates how environment monitoring data can be captured from the real world,
handled in the cloud system, and delivered to citizens securely（Figure 1). In the latter, the
participatory sensing data from the smartphone apps SmileCityReport（Figure 2) is leveraged
for sharing fun with smile photo.
Figure 1. Sensor box mounted over trucks（left), visualization of PM2.5 density（middle), and image-based road damage
detection（right）
Figure 2. SmileCityReport: Hyper-connected participatory sensing application
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Ⅲ．Multi-Layered Security and Blockchain-based Marketplace
In these studies, the IoT devices, the cloud system, and applications consuming sensor data
streams are extended with Multi-Layered security mechanisms. One of the key components is
Secure SOXFire（Figure 3), a distributed middleware system that enables matching between
the data providers and consumers without being conscious of the other party. Another is
GANonymizer that automatically removes the privacy-related objects from images
using deep learning.
Figure 3. Publish/Subscribe-based scalable data distribution platform SOXFire
The data, which are not personal or sensitive, generated by the whole service are sent to the
blockchain-based MSec Marketplace to foster a secure IoT data exchange. This Marketplace
includes a Trust & Reputation component capable to evaluate the actual content being shared,
resulting to form secure end-to-end data transaction over the Internet among stakeholders（Figure
4).
Figure 4. Stakeholders securely connected over M-Sec marketplace
Ⅳ．Conclusion
Fujisawa City, as one of the advanced IoT-rich cities in Japan, has been collaborating with the
M-Sec consortium.
This collaboration will continue to make Fujisawa smarter, leveraging its strong partnership of
leading EU+JP universities, research centers, and companies in the area of Big Data, IoT, Cloud
Computing, Blockchain.
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Workshop 3
Innovative Technologies for New
Industry Creation
Chairpersons
Prof. Dr. Kiyoshi Tanaka, Shinshu University (Japan)
Prof. Dr. Tomohiko Ishii, Kagawa University (Japan)
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Lithium-ion Battery Anode of Mesocrystalline CoTiO3/TiO2
Nanocomposite with Extremely Enhanced Capacity
Xing Wang, Qi Feng*

Department of Advanced Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering and Design, Kagawa
University, 2217-20
Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu 761-0396, JAPAN. * E-mail: feng.qi@kagawa-u.ac.jp
Ｉ．Abstract
Mesocrystalline materials consisting of nanocrystal subunit alignment with the same
crystallographic orientation, have a potential application to active materials for lithium-ion
battery（LIB）electrodes. In this study, a topochemical process was developed to the synthesis
of mesocrystalline CoTiO3/TiO2 nanocomposites using a layered titanate H1.07Ti1.73O4（HTO）as
the precursor. The introduction of H2O2 into the interlayer space of HTO leads to access of Co2+
intercalation into the interlayer space by ion-exchange reaction and the formation of a sandwich
x+
layered structure by stacking HTO layer and Co(OH)2-x layer. This sandwich layered structure
was topotactically transformed into a mesocrystalline CoTiO 3/TiO 2 nanocomposite by heat-
treatment at above 600oC. The SAED result suggests that the CoTiO 3/TiO2 nanocomposite is
constructed from [010]-oriented CoTiO3 nanocrystals and [110]-oriented rutile TiO2 nanocrystals.
The electrochemical results indicate that mesocrystalline CoTiO3/TiO2 nanocomposite exhibits an
extremely enhanced anode capacity of about 400 mAh·g-1 for LIB, which is two times higher than
that of polycrystalline CoTiO3. The excellent anode performance is attributed to the high mobility
of Li+ in the mesocrystalline nanocomposite and the synergistic effect of TiO2 nanocrystals in the
nanocomposite by enhancing cycling stability and electron conductivity.

Layered titanate H1.07Ti1.73O4·H2O（HTO）was treated with H2O2 to obtain H2O2-HTO. After
H2O2-HTO ionexchanges with Co2+, a sandwich layered structure by stacking HTO layer and Co
x+
(OH)2-x layer was formed（Figure 1c). The sandwich layered structure was transformed to
mesocrystalline CoTiO3/TiO2 nanocomposite after heat treatment（Figure 1f). Figure 2 shows the
electrochemical performance of mesocrystalline CoTiO3/TiO2 nanocomposite as LIBs anode. The
discharge-charge capacity of mesocrystalline CoTiO3/TiO2 nanocomposite（400 mA·g-1）is much
higher than that of polycrystalline CoTiO3（180 mAh·g-1), which can be attributed to two effects.
One is the synergistic effect of TiO2 nanocrystals in the CoTiO3/TiO2 nanocomposite, which can
act as cycling stable buffer and enhance the electron conductivity. And other is mesocrystal effect.
The mesocrystalline nanostructure provides superior interface network for the fast migration of
Li+. Furthermore, the oriented nanocrystals can also promote Li+ migration in the mesocrystalline
material, naming the Li+ migration in the mesocrystalline material is much smoother than that in a
normal polycrystalline material or their nanocomposite.
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Fig 1. TEM images, SAED patterns sketching Fig 2. ⒜ Rate capabilities and ⒝ cycling performances of Co-H2O2-HTO-
nanostructures of ⒜ ⒝ ⒞ Co-H2O2- 60, Co-HTO-600, and CoTiO3-S at 100 mA g-1.
HTO and ⒟ ⒠ ⒡ CoTiO3/TiO2
nanocomposites.
Ⅲ．Conclusion
The platelike mesocrystalline CoTiO3/TiO2 nanocomposite is successfully prepared by
topotactic conversion reaction from HTO platelike precursor. The introduction of H 2O2
causes the access of more Co2+ intercalation into the interlayer space of HTO and the formation
of Co-H2O2-HTO with high Co/Ti molar ratio. Co-H2O2-HTO can be topotactically transformed
into mesocrystalline CoTiO 3/TiO 2 nanocomposite during the heat treatment process. The
electrochemical test results indicate that the mesocrystalline CoTiO3/TiO2 nanocomposite exhibits
the much-enhanced reversible discharge-charge capacity of 400 mAh·g-1 than that of polycrystalline
CoTiO3. The excellent anode performance of the mesocrystalline CoTiO3/TiO2 nanocomposite can
be attributed to the high mobility of Li+ in the mesocrystalline nanocomposite and the synergistic
effect of TiO2 nanocrystals in the nanocomposite by enhancing cycling stability and electron
conductivity.
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Development of Air Supply System for Wearable Robot
-Effectiveness of Hollow Cylindrical-shaped Variable Volume Tank
Kaisei Harada1, Daisuke Sasaki1, Hayato Yase1, Jun Kadowaki1

Kagawa University1
s20g518@stu.kagawa-u.ac.jp
Ｉ．Abstract
Air supply systems for the pneumatic power assist devices are required to have portability.
Conventional air supply systems have employed constant volume tanks. If a small constant volume
tank is used in order to downsize the system, inner pressure of the tank drops significantly when
compressed air is supplied to the actuator. In this study, a hollow cylindrical-shaped variable
volume tank is developed as a solution to this issue. This paper describes the effect of decreasing
pressure drop based on the pneumatic energy characteristics when compressed air is stored in the
developed hollow cylindrical-shaped tank. We also explain the feasibility of achieving the desired
energy characteristic at high pressure by multi-layering the tanks to increase outer pressure.

Figure 1 shows the overview of the hollow cylindrical-shaped variable volume tank. This proposed
tank is made of elastomer, which expands by increasing inner pressure and accumulates part
of inflow energy as elastic energy. Figure 2 shows the measurement results of the energy
characteristic of the hollow cylindrical-shaped variable volume tank. Figure 3 shows the energy
characteristics of the constant volume tank. Elastic energy can be converted into compressed
air energy when air is supplied to the actuator. Therefore, the pressure drop in the tank can be
decreased compared to the conventional constant volume tank. The hollow cylindrical-shaped
variable volume tank is compact as the initial inner volume is small. Moreover, it contributes
to reducing remaining energy in the tank after compressed air is supplied to the actuator.
These characteristics of the hollow cylindrical-shaped variable volume tank lead to low energy
consumption of the entire air supply system.
Figure 1. Hollow cylindrical-shaped variable volume tank
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Figure 2. Energy characteristic of hollow Figure 3. Energy characteristics of constant
cylindrical-shaped variable volume tank volume tank
In addition, a multi-layered tank is proposed to improve energy characteristic. Figure 4 shows

the structure of the multi-layered tank. The inner tank is inserted between two outer tanks. The
expansion of inner tank is restricted by increased pressure between inner and outer tanks. Figure
5 shows the energy characteristics when the outer tank is pressurized.
It is confirmed from the result that the value of relaxation-pressure and the amount of stored
energy in the tank can be increased.
Figure 4. Multi-layered variable volume tank Figure 5. Energy characteristics of multi-layered

variable volume tank
Ⅲ．Conclusion
In this paper, the structure and characteristics of the hollow cylindrical-shaped variable volume
tank were described. In addition, the multi-layered variable volume tank composed with cylindrical-
hollow ones was proposed. The experimental results indicated that the relaxation-pressure value
and the amount of stored energy in the tank can be increased. These results lead us to the
conclusion that the multi-layered hollow cylindrical-shaped variable volume tank can contribute to
the realization of portable energy-saving air supply systems.
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Mid-infrared Passive Spectroscopic Imaging of Microplastics
Using Imaging-typee 2-D Fourier Spectrometer for Wide-field
Measurements
Tomoya Kitazaki1, Kosuke Nogo1, Satoru Adachi1, Kyoga Miyamura1 & Ichiro Ishimaru1
Faculty of Engineering and Design, Kagawa University1
ishimaru.ichiro@kagawa-u.ac.jp
Ｉ．Abstract
In recent years, microplastic（MP）pollution in oceans and rivers has become a serious
problem. Surveying the types, sizes, and numbers of MPs floating in water is important for
clarifying their impact on ecosystems. The attenuated total reflection（ATR）method, which
is conventionally used for the identification of MPs, is timeconsuming because each particle is
measured individually. In addition, because of the need to handle with tweezers, only particle
sizes down to a few-hundred microns are able to be investigated（Veerasingam et al., 2020).
Therefore, we propose mid-infrared（wavenumber: 700‒1250 cm-1）passive spectroscopic imaging
using an imaging-type two-dimensional Fourier spectrometer. An object at room temperature
（300 K）emits light with wavenumbers smaller than 5000 cm-1. This emitted light is measured
by the spectrometer and analyzed to identify the type of plastic. In addition, this method can
perform two-dimensional measurements. Furthermore, by simply adjusting the magnification of
the interchangeable lens, a wide field-of-view can be measured in only 13 seconds. It is well known
that the amount of emitted light from a sample depends on the emissivity（ε）of the materials
included in a sample. For example, metals have very low emissivity（<0.1）and plastics have high
emissivity（>0.9）. Therefore, it is possible to identify the location of MPs by image binarization
processing from the difference in the amount of emitted light by spraying MPs on a metal plate
and then performing the measurements. In this presentation, we present the results of the
measurement of polystyrene（PS）particles of Φ20 dispersed on an aluminum plate.
Ⅱ．Measurement of PS particles by mid-infrared passive spectroscopic imaging

Figure 1（a）shows a schematic diagram of the optical system for mid-infrared passive
spectroscopic imaging. PS particles with a diameter of 20μm were sprayed onto an aluminum
plate using a mist sprayer. The plate was then heated to 408 K on a hot plate. Spectroscopic
measurements were performed at a magnification of 3.2（fieldof-view: 1.2×0.9 mm, 3.75×3.75μm/
pixel). Fig. 1（b）shows an image obtained with a microbolometer. As shown in the left image of
Fig. 1（b), we confirm that PS particles（ε ≒ 0.95）emitted brightly against the aluminum plate
（ε ≒ 0.01). In addition, we confirmed that the PS particles were single particles by comparing
them with a pinhole of 20-μm diameter. The spectra of five PS particles, indicated by red dots
in the image, are shown in Fig. 1（c). We compared these spectra with the PS spectrum in the
Internet database. As a result, the wavenumbers of the peaks were identical. Therefore, we
succeeded in detecting the emitted light of PS particles. The feasibility of wide-field measurement
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of MPs by mid-infrared passive spectroscopic imaging is demonstrated.
Figure 1. Measurement of PS particles by mid-infrared passive spectroscopic imaging: ⒜ schematic

diagram of the experimental optical system; ⒝ observation image（left: PS particles, right:
pinhole), ⒞ emission spectra of PS particles.
Ⅲ．Reference
Veerasingam, S., Ranjani, M., Venkatachalapathy, R., Bagaev, A., Mukhanov, V., Litvinyuk, D., Mugilarasan,
M., Gurumoorthi, K., Guganathan, L., Aboobacker, V. M., & Vethamony, P. （2020). Contributions of
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in microplastic pollution research: A review. Critical Reviews in
Environmental Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2020.1807450
−129−
Real-Time Infrared Spectroscopic Monitoring of Fermentation
Process to Support Sensory Evaluation
Haruto Adachi1, Tomoya Kitazaki1, Satoru Adachi1, Yusuke Morimoto1, Yusuke Yamada1,
Kenji Wada2, Naotaka Tanaka3, and Ichiro Ishimaru1
Faculty of Engineering and Design, Kagawa University1, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University2,
Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University3
E-mail: ishimaru.ichiro@kagawa-u.ac.jp
Ｉ．Abstract
Fermented foods that we eat contain a vast variety of ingredients, which are produced through
complex fermentation processes. Among them, the production of sake uses an advanced
fermentation method that is unparalleled in the world, where two chemical reactions are carried
out simultaneously by using two types of microorganisms. Therefore, the crucial importance of
quality control during fermentation requires the use of highly versatile sensory evaluation and
measurement devices tailored to the ingredients to be measured（Li et al., 2009). In this context,
we propose a method of quality control by quantitative measurement of fermented foods using
a one-shot infrared Fourier spectrometer（Sato et al., 2016). Because this spectroscopic method
uses Fourier spectroscopy it can measure multiple components simultaneously, while its small
size allows it to be installed at the production site so that quality information can be confirmed in
real time. This instrumentation makes it possible to measure and quantify important information
in the fermentation process, such as microorganisms that act in the fermentation, compounds like
glutamic acid that affect the taste of fermented foods, and volatile components that produce aroma.
In this paper, we describe the feasibility of quality control in fermented food production by using a
one-shot infrared Fourier spectrometer.
Ⅱ．Quantitative measurement of ethanol and glucose

Ethanol and glucose, which are the main components of fermented foods such as soy sauce and
sake, were specifically selected for the measurement using a one-shot Fourier spectrometer. An
IR light source（manufacturer: HAWKEYEY, model number: IR-Si217）was used to irradiate
the samples with mid-infrared light by critical illumination at an applied voltage of 24 V. The
experimental optical system is shown in Fig. 1. Ethanol（1, 2, 3, 4 mg/dL）and glucose（1, 5,
10, 20 g/dL）were sealed in a liquid cell with an optical path length of 25 μm, respectively. As
shown in Fig. 2, the absorption peaks of ethanol and glucose were detected at 9.33μm and 9.60
μm, respectively, and high correlation coefficients between concentration and absorbance were
observed. These results demonstrate the feasibility of ethanol and glucose measurements using
our proposed one-shot infrared Fourier spectrometer.
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Fig 1. Optical configuration of one-shot- Fig 2. Spectral absorbance of ethanol ⒜ and glucose ⒝.
type spectroscopy for ethanol and
glucose in liquid cell.
Ⅲ．Conclusion
Quantitative measurement of ethanol and glucose concentrations in fermented foods was carried
out using a oneshot infrared Fourier spectrometer. From the experimental results, we confirmed
the intrinsic absorption peaks of ethanol and glucose, and found high correlations between
concentration and absorbance, which demonstrated the feasibility of quantitative measurement
of the target analytes using this method. In the future, we will use the oneshot infrared Fourier
spectrometer to broaden the range of measurement targets, such as microorganisms acting on
fermentation and flavor components, with the aim of commercializing a compact measurement
device that can provide quality control during fermented food production.
Ⅳ．References
Li, R., Wang, J., Liu, L.（2009). Application of sensory evaluation in soy sauce. ,（9), 27‒30.
Sato, S., Qi, W., Kawashima, N., Nogo, K., Hosono, S., Nishiyama, A., Wada, K., Ishimaru, I.（2016). Ultra-miniature
one-shot Fourierspectroscopic tomography. , 55（2), 025106. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.
OE.55.2.025106.
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Modelling and Simulation of Introduction of RFID in Warehousing
of a Supply Chain
Endi Kazuto Takeda

Graduate School of Integrated Frontier Science, Kyushu University
takeda.endi.346@s.kyushu-u.ac.jp
Ｉ．Abstract
The Supply Chain Management has become more complex over the years and has transcended
basic analysis of the transit of goods/information between its agents, therefore it is necessary to
study these agents and its subdivisions as well, such as warehousing. One of the main problems
when dealing with warehouse management is the Bullwhip Effect that Forrester（1961）initially
called Amplification which is an overestimation of the response by one of part of the system that
propagates throughout the Supply Chain. Among the many methods to deal with this problem is
reducing uncertainty within the system by sharing information while decreasing its inaccuracies.
One of the ways to reduce uncertainty is to introduce new technologies available in the context of
Industry 4.0, especially RFID. For instance, Masudin et al（2021）stated that between the several IT
tools available in the market like bar code scanners, warehouse management system（WMS）and
electronic data interchange（EDI）, studies have stablished that RFID has a significant effect on
both warehouse and inventory management than any other technology. When introducing RFID in
a hypothetical company that used to do the data entry of inventory manually there are two aspects
of inaccuracies that will be observed in this study as KPI s is the inventory accuracy and the delay
of the real inventory and the inventory currently in the system. This study expects to observe an
improvement of the inventory accuracy and a shortening of the real and system inventory.

This study will not be conducted based on a real company with real data that was extracted and
observed, instead it will be done with a hypothetical plant with one product and one costumer.
The modelling and simulations will be made on the Matlabs s Simulink software.
The first KPI that will be observed is the inventory accuracy which is the actual inventory divided
by the inventory in the system, the closer this number is to one more accurate it is. The second
KPI that will be observed is the delay of the real inventory and its system counterpart, it will be
measure by time it takes to a change in inventory to be reflected in the system. Although there
are many other indicators like damaged inventory, orders per hour or on-time delivery（Ilies et al,
2009）not all of them are not relevant to this study.
Table 1 represents how the accuracy fluctuates overtime, it can be affected by the timing of
the data entry and also by mistakes that worker can make during this process, in this example
however only the timing was considered. The accuracy in this example varies between 0,75 and 1,36,
however with the introduction of RFID the expected accuracy throughout the day is expected to
be 1（one）constantly and also a possible improvement in the Bullwhip Effect for the supplier.
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Table 1: Tracking of Inventory（Real vs System）
Time in hour Inventory Real（A） Inventory System（B） Difference（B-A） Accuracy（B/A）
1 730 730 0 1.00
2 742 730 −12 0.98
3 535 730 195 1.36
4 678 678 0 1.00
5 734 678 −56 0.92
6 654 678 24 1.04
7 590 590 0 1.00
8 512 590 78 1.15
9 776 590 −186 0.76
10 649 649 0 1.00
11 573 649 76 1.13
12 656 649 −7 0.99
The Figure 1 shows how the inventory behaves over time and the delays that happens because
of how the policy of data entry is established. In this example the data entry is done once every
three hours which causes a gap between the graphics and generates a potential error in decision,
because what is the system is not what is in the warehouse. Actually, there would also be a
deformity in the graph of the Inventory System（B) since not all data entries would per hour,
but in this example, it was ignored for the sake of illustration. With the introduction of RFID it is
expected to see an almost perfect overlap of both inventories as seen on Figure 2.
Figure 1. The Delay of Inventory
Figure 2. Inventory after introduction of RFID
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Ⅲ．Conclusion
The introduction of RFID in a company shows promising results in improving financial
performance, customer service, inventory management and operational performance（Masudin
et al, 2021). In the inventory management aspect, it can help reduce inaccuracies that otherwise
would impact the decisions of a company. For example, a delay in a system can results in orders
not fulfilled because of conflicts in the system of orders formed ready for shipment but no actual
product, or the inverse can also occur when the physical product is ready to be sent but it can not
leave the facility because the order cannot be formed due to not existing in the system. This kind
of inaccuracies can also affect the relationship between the agents of the supply chain, causing a
sense of distrust that could exacerbate the Bullwhip Effect. Industry 4.0 more specific RFID in
this case can solve some of these problems by eliminating the human factor in a more precise and
reliable way.
Ⅳ．References
Forrester, J. W.（1961）Industrial Dynamics. Cambridge, The MIT Press
Ilies, L., & Turdean, A. M., & Crisan, E.（2009). Warehouse Performance Measurement ‒ A Case Study.
, vol.4, issue 1, 307-312

Masudin, I., & Sumah, B., & Zulfikarijah, F., & Restuputri, D. P.（2021). Effect of Information Technology on
Warehousing and Inventory Management for Competitive Advantage: A Theoretical Framework.
, 570-593. http://dx.doi.
org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4984-1.ch027
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Theoretical research aiming at high-efficiency hydeogen production
using solar thermochemical energy for the goal of sustainable
energy supply
Takaki Nishimura1, Tatsuya Kodama2, Genta Sakane3, & Tomohiko Ishii1

1
Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Kagawa University, 2217-20
Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0396, Japan,
2
Department of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Igarashi 2no-cyo, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
3
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridaicho, Kita-ku,
Okayama 700-0005, Japan
s20d552@stu.kagawa-u.ac.jp.
Ｉ．Abstract
Novel energy styles and energy productions are so
required, hydrogen energy has been much attraction
from the viewpoint of the environment. Many utilities
of the hydrogen energy have been studied, and the
industry studies of hydrogen production have also
been done. In Fig. 1, it is shown that the facility of the
hydrogen production in Jülich. The "Green hydrogen
technologies" project has been demonstrated, and the Figure 1. DLR concentrated solar thermal test site at
Jülich image@DLR（Ref: SolarPACES）
hydrogen gas has been sourced continuously from
solar heat. It has the advantage of storing sustainable "solar
energy", which can be irradiated from the sun to the earth
as the form of "hydrogen energy". So, it makes good sense
to convert intermittently solar energy（clean energy）to
hydrogen energy（clean energy). Considering these points,
Kodama . has studied new energy production of the
solar thermochemical production by an oxidation-reduction
reaction of the cerium oxide（CeO2, ceria). In Fig. 2, the Figure 3. Floor plan of solar reactor concept
hydrogen production facility uses the solar thermochemical for a circulating reaction measure.
process at Miyazaki University in Japan. The flow

of hydrogen production is shown in Fig. 3. Then, the
sunlight can be concentrated by many heliostats and
converted to thermal energy. The hydrogen gas can be
generated by the thermal redox reaction with control
of the reaction temperature. Moreover, the redox
reaction is the cycle reaction that consisted of two-step
reactions, which makes it possible to produce hydrogen
Figure 2. The solar thermochemical production at
gas efficiently. If the solar energy can be supplied Miyazaki University.（Ref: Google map.）
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stably, we can get hydrogen energy continuously.

The cycle reaction used Mn-doped ceria shows the high efficiency of hydrogen gas production than
the non-doped ceria in recent research. We investigated to find why the transition metal-doped
ceria increases the hydrogen production using the first principle calculation. The calculated results
show that the bonding in doped ceria is stronger than non-doped ceria. In addition, Mn-doped ceria
shows a stronger bonding than the Co, Ni-doped ceria ones. These results suggest a correlation
between the calculated results and the experimental results since the experimental high hydrogen
production was obtained in the doped ceria with stronger bonding in the theoretical results.
Ⅲ．Conclusion
It is considered that doping transition metals into a ceria can stabilize the crystal system. It is
suggested that the crystal structure was not easily collapsed, which improved the productivity
of hydrogen. We want to develop materials that improve sustainable hydrogen production by
conducting more experiments and theoretical research.
Ⅳ．References
１．T. Kodama, ., 141, 2（2019）020302.
２．N. Gokon, T. Suda, and T. Kodama, , 617（2015）179-190.
３．N. Gokon, T. Suda, and T. Kodama, , 90（2015）1280-1289.
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Workshop 4
Environmental Humanities: Water, Air
and Land for Sustainable Living Spaces
Chairpersons
Prof. Dr. Satoshi Murayama, Kagawa University (Japan)
Prof. Dr. Toru Terao, Kagawa University (Japan)
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Contributing Towards Sustainable Living via Environmental
Cleaning - a community-based movement in action -
Lrong Lim
Kagawa University
lrong.lim@kagawa-u.ac.jp
Ｉ．Abstract
This paper documents a movement initiated by a group of four individuals in Kagawa Prefecture,
to organize a continuous series of environmental cleaning activities with the aim of contributing to
a more robust experience in sustainable living at the local community level.
Ⅱ．The background
Although widely acknowledged as a clean society, Japan is inflicted with the problem of marine
garbage, especially that of plastic. Japan is a voracious consumer of single-use, disposable plastics
as in evident in the packaging of goods and lunch boxes. The per capita consumption of plastics in
Japan is about 30 kilograms, second only to that of USA. Aided by the winds and rains, much of
these plastics find their way into the oceans via rivers and water ducts. At the Japan Inland Sea,
almost 90% of marine garbage washed ashore is plastic or Styrofoam.
Ⅲ．The beginnings
Kagawa Prefecture has for several years, been engaging her citizens to be more aware of the
marine garbage problem. One of the main vehicles used is the Satoumi University , which is
somewhat like a lifelong learning platform（Matsuda, 2010). This platform offers a wide range
of classes and field work for citizens to learn about and to get involved in the issue of marine
garbage. One of the four individuals in the team received instructions and became motivated
enough to start this movement. Note: Satoumi is defined as marine and coastal landscapes that
have been formed and maintained by prolonged interaction between humans and ecosystems.
Ⅳ．The events executed so far

In a span of two years, this team planned and executed five environmental cleaning activities in
the coastal areas. Each event had about 30 participants and lasted from two to three hours. For
each event, the team incorporated a sub-theme and related educational skits to enrich the learning
process of the participants. The respective subthemes are ⑴ Micro-plastics ⑵ Tengusa seaweed
⑶ Marine art ⑷ International exchange ⑸ Satoumi and Satoyama .
V．Impressions by participants
Questionnaires were taken on two events, and reports from students were obtained on one event.
Participants come from three sources: the public, the local community, and the local university.
Three impressions are highlighted. The first revealed most participants to be very satisfied and
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happy after taking part in the cleaning events. Secondly, many participants were surprised at
the amount of marine garbage, particularly that of microplastic garbage in the beaches. Thirdly,
students found the experience to be very inspiring and many planned to get involved in future
events.
Ⅵ．The future
Two events are currently being planned. The first one, based on International Coastal Cleanup
（ICC）procedures, involves an attempt to record the types and amount of marine garbage washed
ashore in an uninhabited island off the coast of Takamatsu City. The second event is an online
cleaning event jointly planned with universities from Chiang Mai, Thailand, and Chiayi, Taiwan.
University students shall form the bulk of participants in both these events. Presently, planning is
being withheld due to the COVID-19 situation.
Ⅶ．References
Matsuda, Osamu.（2010). Satoumi: The Link Between Humans and the Sea. Our World published
by United Nations University. Retrieved Sept 10, 2021, from https://ourworld.unu.edu/en/
satoumi-the-link-betweenhumans-and-the-sea International Coastal Cleanup（ICC). https://
oceanconservancy.org/trash-free-seas/international-coastal-cleanup/
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Global warming as one of the causes of decrease in fisheries
resources; the case of Manila clam
Kazuhiko ICHIMI1,2, Koju YOSHIDA2, Miyuki HONDA2, Hitomi YAMAGUCHI2 & Kuninao TADA1,2
Seto Inland Sea Regional Reserch Center, Kagawa University1, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University2
ichimi.kazuhiko@kagawa-u.ac.jp
Drastic decrease of the standing stock of Manila clam in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan
Manila clams are one of the most popular bivalves of fisheries in Japan. In the Seto Inland
Sea, the typical catch gradually increased until the 1980s, culminating in a maximum catch of
approximately 40,000 tons in 1985, then decreased rapidly. A decrease in fish catches is currently
a serious problem in the Seto Inland Sea, with the poor nutritional value of the seawater suspected
to be a major cause. Indeed, a decrease of Chl a concentration has gradually occurred, and is
speculated to be the result of a reduction in the nutrient load in the western Seto Inland Sea since
the 1980s. On the other hand, global warming has been observed in the Seto Inland Sea region
since the late 1980s. Although it is not known whether this is a direct or an indirect effect, the
rise of temperature appears to be contributing to the decline of clams. We monitored the standing
stock of Manila clams from 2007 in a tidal flat of the Shinkawa estuary located in the eastern Seto
Inland Sea where the number of clams found in this area markedly decreased from 2008. Here, we
carried out a long-term survey of temperatures and Chl a concentration, as well as an observation
of planktonic larvae of the Manila clam.
Effect of high temperature on the standing stock of Manila clam

A marked decrease in clam abundance in Shinkawa estuary, to less than one-tenth of the original
standing stock, began to occur in 2008（Fig. 1). A decrease in Chl a concentration in the surface
sediment and in the water column measured in 2003-2015 was not large enough to explain the
catastrophic decline of clams. It is speculated that high water temperatures in summer-autumn,
which have been frequently observed since 2007, may be implicated. In addition, planktonic larvae
of Manila clams were scarcely detected in the autumn spawning season of 2012/2013. In contrast,
high densities of planktonic larvae were observed in 2014/2015. Less Chl a concentration was
observed in the summer-autumn of 2015, and food environment did not affect the magnitude of
planktonic larvae over 4 years. On the other hand, water temperatures in summer-autumn of
2012/2013 were ca. 1ºC higher than in 2014/2015; therefore, high temperature stress may have
influenced the reproduction of adult clams, resulting in a significant decline in clam numbers, and
interfering with the recovery of the standing stock.
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Figure 1. Changes in standing stock of Manila clams
at a station in Shinkawa estuary with shell
lengths.
Importance of shingle beaches as a habitat for Manila clam

We carried out surveys to clarify how the individual density of Manila clam is different between
estuarine tidal flats and shingle beaches（Ichimi et al. 2019). The individual density of Manila
clams at estuarine tidal flats has been decreasing since around 2008. In contrast, Manila clams
were found at considerably high densities in some shingle beaches. As an indicator of the amount
of food, chlorophyll a concentrations in the bottom seawater were similar in both habitats, although
the seawater and mud temperatures at low tide in summer was 4‒6 °
C higher at the tidal flat than
at the shingle beach. The maximum seawater and mud temperature at the tidal flat reached 34.1 °
C and 35.4°
C, respectively, showing that Manila clams inhabiting in the tidal flats are exposed to
critical high temperatures. These results indicate that shingle beach is an important environment
to keep the resource of Manila clams as another main habitat.
References
Ichimi, K., Honda, M., Okada, Y., Tsuzuki, K. and Yamaguchi, H.: Importance of shingle beaches as habitat for
Manila clam , 85, 417-427（2019）
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Environmental Conservation and Fishery of the Seto Inland Sea,
Japan
Kuninao Tada12, Masatoshi Nakakuni2,Hitomi Yamaguchi2, Kazhuhiko Ichimi12

Seto Inland Sea Regional Research Center, Kagawa University1
Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University2
tada.kuninao1@kagawa-u.ac.jp
Ｉ．Objectives
The Seto Inland Sea is the largest enclosed sea in Japan（Fig.1). The sea is well known as
beautiful landscape including about 600 islands. This sea is also an industrially developed area
and about 30 million people live in the coastal area. During high economic growth since the 1960s,
this sea became heavily eutrophicated due to serious water pollution by industrial effluent and
urban wastewater. At that time, red tides often occurred. To resolve the situation, the Law for
Conservation of Environment of Seto Inland Sea
was enacted in 1973. Since 1973, the industrial
effluent and urban wastewater were regulated
by this law. After that, the number of red tide
occurrences decreased from 300 times to 100
times per year and then it is now constant
under 100 times. Whereas the water quality
has improved, recent seaweed（）bleaching
due to lack of nutrient has often occurred and
Figure 1. Location of the Seto Inland Sea culture in this sea was heavily damaged,
and Fish catches have also gradually decreased.
Here, we review the change of water quality for about the last 40 years in this sea. We will discuss
the nutrient decrease, focusing on Harima Nada, the eastern part of the Seto Inland Sea based on
information obtained during our previous study.
Ⅱ．The nutrient dynamics in Harima Nada

The nutrient concentrations（NO3, NH4, and PO4）have apparently decreased since 1970s, as
has dissolved inorganic nitrogen（DIN: NO3 + NO2 + NH4). However, total nitrogen（TN）and
phosphorous（TP）concentration have not apparently decreased, although TN and TP loading
to the sea were reduced 40% and 61%, respectively, from 1979 to 2009 by implementing a Total
Pollution Load Control System. It suggested that the decrease of nutrient concentrations could
not be explained by only reducing of TN and TP loading. To maintain the appropriate nutrient
condition, we need to know the mechanism of nutrient circulation and nutrient behavior. The
nutrient concentrations of this sea water should be decided by the balance of nutrient income and
outgo at three sites. Those are the freshwater inflow from the river, the interface between the
coastal sea and open ocean or adjacent sea, and the interface between the bottom sediment and
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bottom water. In three sites, we monitored the upward nutrient flux across the overlying water-
sediment interface. In Harima-nada, it was estimated that nutrient flux from bottom sediment
during summer was larger than nutrient inflow from the river by 3.2 times（Tada . 2014).
To know the nutrient dynamics, we are trying to reveal the budget of the nutrient cycle in the
water column, including the primary production of phytoplankton, organic matter settling fluxes,
decomposition of settling matter in the bottom layer, and nutrient upward flux from bottom
sediments.
Ⅲ．References
Abo, K., S. Akiyama, K. Harada, Y. Nakaji, H. Hayashi, K. Murata, A. Wanishi, Y. Ishikawa, T. Masui, S. Nishikawa,
K. Yamada, M. Noda and S. Tokumitsu（2018): Long-term variations in water quality and casual factors in the
Seo Inland Sea, Japan. Bulletin on Coastal Oceanography, 55, 101-111.（Japanese with English abstract）
Tada, K., T. Nishikawa, K. Tarutani, K. Yamamoto, K. Ichimi, H. Yamaguchi, and T. Honjo（2014): Nutrient decrease
in the eastern part of the Seto Inland Sea and its influence on the ecosystem s lower trophic levels. Bulletin on
Coastal Oceanography, 52, 39-47.（Japanese with English abstract）
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Green Chemistry for the investigation of in Agricultural Products
and Functional Foods:Statistical approach
Hirotoshi TAMURA1,2
International Institute of Rare Sugar Research and Education, Kagawa University1,
Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University2
tamura.hirotoshi@kagawa-u.ac.jp
Ｉ．Abstract
Natural products are the source for health beneficial chemicals. To elucidate the chemical structure
of natural occuring pharmaceuticals by means of bioassay and instrumental analysis, we have to
extract the ingredients from valuable and rare natural resources. To preserve natural resources
and their living environments, systematic and solvent-saving approach for isolation and purification
of health-beneficial chemicals are required. So, QuEChERS and Oiling-out extraction methods, and
statistical approach were newly developed to find the positive relationship between biological
activities of chemicals and abundance of chemicals under SDGs consideration.

For isolation of antiallergic-active flavonoids from eleven onions, the correlation coefficient between
the antiallergic activities and thirty-four peaks in HPLC chromatograms of eleven onion extracts
isolated using the QuEChERS method1） indicated that quercetin 4′-glucoside has a highly-positive
correlation（r = 0.91）with the antiallergic activity. Indeed, quercetin 4 ′-glucoside was found in
high concentration（140.1 mg/kg）in Hokkaido onions, and the isolated compound showed high
antiallergic activity（IC50 = 3.0μg/mL). For isolation of non-polar chemicals which contribute
to the aroma of coconut oil2), olive oils3), butter4） and others , oiling-out effect（olive oil）assisted
extraction method using a hexane-methanol bilayer solvent was applied for volatile compounds.
For investigation of biologically active chemicals, correlation coefficient mentioned above and
computational molecular docking method were applied for determination of active substances and
active sites of the molecules5). These kinds of approach may short-cut the whole process of find active
substances in nature. For instance, rosmarinic acid（RA), commonly found in Nepetoidae subfamily
of Lamiaceae family, possesses various biological activities. To expand its application, RA was
modified by esterification with methyl（me), propyl（pro), and hexyl（hex）alcohols and then tested
antibacterial, α-glucosidase inhibitory, and lipid accumulation suppression activities. Consequently,
RA derivatives, especially the RA-pro and RA-hex effectively suppressed lipid accumulation of 3T3-L1
cells, superior to EGCG, a well-known anti-obesity phytochemical. RA-hex also inhibited α-glucosidase
inhibitory activity greater than luteolin. By computational molecular docking, dihydroxyphenyl group
and hexyl group were selected as essential groups for interaction with the active site of α-glucosidase
through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction, contributing to the great inhibitory activity.
These biological effects of RA derivatives commonly attributed to hydrophobicity, hydrogen bonding,
and steric bulkiness of the side chain.
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Ⅲ．Conclusion
With 5g level of sample with 10 mL organic solvents, natural occurring substances that may have
biological activity could be isolated and estimated the molecular interaction after selection of target
compounds by correlation coefficient and molecular docking method. Reduction of organic solvents
and sample amount was done under environmental friend in agriculture and food science.
Ⅳ．References
１．Akihiko Sato, Ting Zhang, Lina Yonekura, Hirotoshi Tamura. Antiallergic activities of eleven onions（
）were attributed to quercetin 4'-glucoside using QuEChERS method and Pearson s correlation coefficient.
14 （2015).
２．Suzuki, Daisuke, Sato, Yuko, Kamasaka, Hiroshi, Kuriki, Takashi and Tamura, Hirotoshi, Oiling-out effect
improves the efficiency of extracting aroma compounds from edible oil. . 4,AN:18,
2020.
３．Suzuki, Daisuke, Sato, Yuko, Akane Mori and Tamura, Hirotoshi, A method for gaining a deeper insight into
the aroma profile of olive oil. . 5, AN:16, 2021.
４．Hirotoshi Tamura, Shoko Ueno, Azusa Naka, Huajie Zhao, Lina Yonekura, Tomoyuki Isogai, Ryota Wakui
and Makoto Shiota, Characterization of aroma profile and evaluation of aroma qualify in sweet cream butter.
, 114, 104935（2021).
５．Fengxian Zhu, Zhongming Xu, Ronghua Yang, Lina Yonekura and Hirotoshi Tamura. Rosmarinic acid and
its ester derivatives for enhancing antibacterial, α-glucosidase inhibitory, and lipid accumulation suppression
activities". . 43（2）Article number e12719（2019).
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A Study on Estimation of Air Conditioning Load from Human Body
and Equipment Using Image Analysis
Takahiro Yamamoto1, Yudai Fukuda1

Kagawa University Faculty of Engineering and Design1
yamamoto.takahiro@kagawa-u.ac.jp
Ｉ．Background
Rationalization of energy consumption in buildings is important to build a smart city with
low environmental impact. Air-conditioning equipment（HVAC systems）accounts for a large
percentage of the total energy consumption and needs to be addressed. In the design of the HVAC
systems, it is necessary to predict the air conditioning load caused by the heat and humidity
generated by the human body and exhalation. However, due to the long lifespan of buildings, it is
difficult to predict how they will be used in the future at the design stage, and the actual usage
of buildings after construction is completed is not fully understood. This has led to a tendency for
1)
HVAC systems to be designed with larger than optimal capacities , increased initial costs for
HVAC systems, and reduced energy efficiency rate.
Ⅱ．Purpose and Outline

In this study, we estimate the time series change of the number of people in the room by image
analysis in order to improve the load estimation method for HAVC systems design. The structure
of this paper is shown below.
Initially, the outline of the building and office to be used for the trial and the air conditioning
system will be explained. The subject of the study is an office building located in Kochi Prefecture.
The period for taking photographs was from June 2021 to September 2021. One camera was set
up in each of the three different rooms, with a viewing angle of 160 degrees Celsius, and 1-minute
interval photography was performed.（Figure 1）
Then, the captured images are analyzed using YOLOv3, YOLOv5, etc. to try to classify the
number of people in the room and their behavior（standing, sitting, etc.).（Figure 2）
Finally, the obtained changes in the number of people in the room and their activities are used as
input values to estimate the impact of the changes on the air conditioning load using simulation
model2). Based on the results of this estimation, we discuss how to assume the load when designing
HAVC systems.
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Figure 1. Examples of photos taken by Raspberry Pi Figure 2. Time series change of the number of people in
Camera and detection results. Detection accuracy the room created by yolov3. The photos were
is high within a range of 6 to 8 meters from the taken in one-minute intervals, but the graphs
camera. On the other hand, some cameras are were compiled into a 10-minute average. The
less accurate for distant occupants. target room is an office of an electric power
supplier, so the number of people in the room
changes rapidly.
Ⅲ．Conclusion
In this report, it was found that it is possible to analyze the number of people in the room and
their activities that can be used to improve the operation of the air conditioning system by taking
Raspberry Pi, which is relatively inexpensive and easy to use.
Compared to the conventional monotonous assumption of the number of people in a room, the
calculations based on the change in the number of people in a room made in this study tended to
reduce the required air conditioning system capacity. In recent years, the amount of ventilation
required per person in the room is expected to increase to prevent the spread of COVID19. The
findings of this study are also important in considering countermeasures.
IV．References
建築設備設計基準平成 30年版，Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Government Buildings
Department, 2018.7
Development of a practical design tool for indoor thermal environments Part 1: Method for calculating the heat
load and thermal comfort index of multiple rooms considering the thermal interaction, Miyanaga, Urabe, 電力
中央研究所報告, 2006.7
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The practical application of smart precision forestry project using
laser scanning for an AI-assisted in Japan
M. Katoh1, S. Deng1,, Y.Takenaka2, F. Nakagawa1, M.Fujihira1

Institute of Mountain Science, Shinshu University, 8304, Minamiminowa-Vill. Nagano, 399-4598, Japan1,
Precision Forestry Measurement Ltd, 8290-1, Minamiminowa-Vill. Nagano, 399-4511, Japan2
mkatoh@shinshu-u.ac.jp
Ⅰ．Abstract
Japan has 10 million ha of coniferous plantations over 50 years old and is in the harvest season.
Our project has started since 2017 and attracted attention from both inside and outside the
country. By developing smart precision forestry by collecting Individual tree-level data using
integrated technology combining Airborne Laser Scanning（ALS), Unmanned Aircraft（UAV）-LS,
and Mobile LS（MLS), Working to reduce labor costs and improve sustainable timber productivity.
ALS grasps topography and roads in forest areas from DEM created with a point density of 4
points / m2, classifies forest resources from DCHM, and selects harvest areas. ALS grasps forest
landforms and the existing road network from a DEM with a point density of 4 points / m2 and
performs forest resource zoning from DCHM to select harvest areas. Next, use UAV-LS to select
thinned trees and check the harvested trees. MLS assesses forest damage and wood grades and
serves as an alternative to ground and harvest studies. The next step is to use UAV-LS to select
the thinning trees and detect the planted trees from the AI assisted program in the 3D precision
database. MLS assesses timber grades with tree damage and bending and timber diameter,
serves as an alternative to manual ground surveys. Using the high-performance harvester with
IOT function locally to produce logging, branch cutting and timber cutting. Finally, we are going
to challenge timber supply chain by linking Individualtree information from harvester operator
to offices and Saw mill companies via internet. Our smart precision forestry project using laser
sensing is supported the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Japan, which is a collaboration
among Shinshu University, local governments, timber producers, and the forest industry companies
to strengthen the competitiveness of Japan forestry. It will spread in Japan.

１ Precise crown extraction by individual tree detection
The original LS data were influenced by abnormal values caused by hardware and noise caused by
sensors, which resulted from overlapping forest crowns, long branches, and underlying vegetation.
To automatically extract the precise crown by the ITD method, it was necessary to eliminate such
noise and preprocess by filtering and statistical means to clarify the outline of the forest canopy.
Figure 5 shows the usefulness of the ITD method after eliminating data noise and removing forest
roads and underlying vegetation. Tree height was extracted by assigning the maximum DCHM to
one crown.
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Figure 1. Image interpretation of an enchanted CHM Figure 2. Precise crown extraction by ITD method
２ Automatic detection for planted trees from the AI assisted program

We have developed an automatic detection technology for planted trees by AI（k-Fold cross
validation）machine learning model from aerial images of wide-area forests from aircraft and
drones. Since it is possible to grasp the position and height of seedlings, the growth status, and the
growth status of surrounding weeds, it is a technology that can eliminate field surveys by humans.
Figure 3. Automatically extract only planted Figure 4. Automatic detection result of

trees from a large forest area using planted trees shown in yellow by
AI machine learning model
Ⅲ．Conclusion
Automatic detection of original seedlings by machine learning from aerial images of popular drones
in a safe and short time. The match rate is 85% or more, the mis-extraction rate is 15% or less, and
accuracy of 90% or more can be expected by increasing the learning data.
The entire survey site was tabulated and the seedling information in the 100% survey was
calculated.
The developed seedling detection method can also be used for point cloud data of laser
measurements for aircraft, drones, etc., and has a wide range of applications.
Ⅳ．References
⑴ Hyyppä, J., Inkinen, M., 1999 Detecting and estimating attributes for single trees using laser scanner. The
Photogrammetric Journal of Finland, 16（2), pp.27-42
⑵ Xinlian Liang, Yunsheng Wang, Jiri Pyörälä, Matti Lehtomäki, Xiaowei Yu, Harri Kaartinen, Antero Kukko,Eija
Honkavaara, Aimad E. I. Issaoui, Olli Nevalainen, Matti Vaaja, Juho-Pekka Virtanen1, Masato Katoh and
Songqiu Deng ,（2019）Forest in situ observations using unmanned aerial vehicle as an alternative of terrestrial
measurements. Forest Ecosystems,6:20, 16pp, Springer Open, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40663-019-0173-3
⑶ Samli Junttila, T. Holtta, E. Puttonen, M. Katoh, M. Vastaranta, H. Kaartinen, M. Holopainen, H. Hyyppa（2021）
Terrestrial laser scanning intensity captures diurnal variation in leaf water potential. Remote Sensing of
Environment,255, 112274
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Community Response to Local Environment: Reflection in Certain
Micro-Landscapes of the Brahmaputra River Valley in Assam, India
Gaurav Vikash Bhuyan1, Deepa Pradhan2, Barasha Rani Das3, Manash Jyoti Bhuyan4, Sourav Saha5, N.
Deka6, P. Bhattachaya7 and A.K.Bhagabati8
1-5
Research scholar, 6Assistant professor, 7Associate professor and 8Professor
Department of Geography, Gauhati University
Guwahati-14, Assam, India
Email: gauravvikashbhuyan@gauhati.ac.in, nityageog@yahoo.co.in
Abstract
With an area of 56,194 sq.km., the Brahmaputra river valley in Assam, India is an environmentally
unique area characterized by the presence of a variety of micro-landscapes within its broad
geographical framework. Endowed with various natural resources such as habitable lands, fertile
soils, water bodies, fauna and flora, these micro-landscapes have attracted people of different ethnic
background from around for settlement since time immemorial. These people have responded to
their local micro-landscapes sustainably, and in course of time set good examples of harmonious
living with nature. However, due to the rapid growth of population and growing external
influences during the recent period, these landscapes have experienced remarkable change in their
ecological and cultural characteristics.
The present study is an attempt to investigate the process and pattern of response of the
communities to their local environment and how the micro-landscapes shared by them are getting
modified in course of time. It has been observed that certain unconformities have already emerged
in the process of natureculture interaction leading to a number of environmental and socio-cultural
problems in the concerned landscapes. The study is mainly based on field survey carried out in
selected landscapes within the valley and systematic interaction with the targeted communities
sharing the landscapes through generations. The landscapes are mapped using conventional and
modern techniques in order to understand their environmental characteristics and modifications
made by the associated communities.
Key words: Micro-landscapes, ethnic communities, nature-culture interaction, Brahmaputra valley.
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Modeling for Prediction of Extreme Floods in Urban Landscapes:
Developing Land for Sustainable Living Spaces during Floods
Anjaneyulu Akkimi1, Subashisa Dutta1, & Kamaljit Ray2

Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India1, Ministry of Earth Sciences, New Delhi2
a.anjaneyulu1@iitg.ac.in, subashisa1@iitg.ac.in
Ⅰ．Abstract
At present half of the humanity are living in urban areas and its agglomerations. In future, it
is projected to two thirds of the world population going to be make permanent places in urban
landscape. This is going to be made urban landscapes as more risky and unsuitable living spaces
during floods. The identification and making the sustainable development of urban landscapes as
living spaces for future humanities is utmost important. A simple distributed urban hydrological
model is developed to generate and predict extreme flood scenarios for different land scape
conditions and at real time. The developed model is integrated with weather radar rainfall and it
can be incorporated with changing urban feature such as man-made artifacts, natural terrain. This
model can be used to identify the suitable living places and future planning for the development
of sustainable living space in urban landscape by simulating the model at different projected
future scenarios. Here the development of model along with the prediction of weather radar
rainfall and performance of the model is demonstrated. A nowcasting model was also developed to
predict extreme rainfall events using Maxwell approximation of reflectivity rainfall hyetographs.
Finally, the nowcasting model is integrated with developed distributed urban hydrological model
to forecast extreme flood inundation. Both the developed models are performed well for extreme
flood events with the NSE around 0.9 and Coefficient of determination around 0.85.
Ⅱ．Methodology
Initially the reflectivity rainfall hyetographs were extracted from historical weather radar
reflectivity datasets. Each reflectivity-hyetograph was split into two components namely
atmospheric and turbulent waves shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Typical reflectivity rainfall hyetograph.
Each wave patterns were statistically fitted using Maxwell probability approximation（Maxwell,
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1960）and the model parameters were quantified using equation 1. The model parameters such
has wave lifts and fitted parameters were analyzed with a probability distribution function and
Cholesky decomposition. The model was evaluated by statistical parameters such as RMSE, NSE,
MRMSE and other error matrices（Perera et al., 2016). The error matrices indicated the propped
ensemble approach is reliable. Then finally, the precipitation has been nowcasted using initial
30min assimilation window and model parameters using proposed approach.
Secondly the physically distributed urban runoff accounting hydrological model（PURAHM）

was developed. This model uses the concept of LISFLOOD-FP model（Bates et al., 2010).
In this model the explicit expression derived from Saint-Venant equation by neglecting the
convective acceleration is used to compute flow at the next time steps. The equation was solved
by decoupling the x-direction and y-direction. The infiltration was computed using Green-Ampt
infiltration equation over saturation. The evapotranspiration was approximated using simple
seasonal sine curve（Calder et al., 1983). The incorporation of large number of impervious classes
as an impervious factor compartment was added in this model. This compartment is useful to
select and develop the sustainable living land spaces for future humanity.
Ⅲ．Results & Discussion

The turbulence lifts separated from hyetographs. It was found that the number of lifts and
its occurrence are depended on the duration of storm. The lifts were fitted with probability
distribution most of them are followed the family of extreme value distribution. The evaluation
using error matrices shown that the generated ensembles member at n = 5 are predicting well. It
was also identified that there is an interdependency between extracted variables, fitted parameters
and time of occurrence（Fig.4). This interdependency was established by Cholesky decomposition.
The model was evaluated with the error metrices such as MRMSE/RMSE ratio and others. The
model was predicted well but slightly underpredicted with the ratio of 0.84 to 1.02. Finally, the
rainfall hyetographs were predicted and compared with observed one.
Then finally the hyetographs are predicted with initial 30 min data assimilation window. The
ensemble means of generated hyetographs matched fairly with observed one as shown in figure 2.
Figure 2. Predicted storm hyetographs at different storm durations.
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Figure 3. Performance Comparison of simulated flow with observed
flow measured at outlet gauge station using error metrics
RMSE, NSE and PCC during the period of peak flood
occurred on 13-08-2014（EST Time zone).
The predicted rainfall is incorporated into the developed distributed urban hydrological model
then the model is simulated. The model was validated with the discharge measured at outlet of
the watershed located on valley stream channel. The model was performed well and the simulated
results were well matched with the observed gauge discharge at outlet（Fig.3). It is observed
that the model is sensitive in low friction land use dominated large areas and the topography. The
instability in model was observed at areas surrounded by buildings and at low Manning s n range.
IV．Conclusion
The importance of the distributed urban hydrological model which incorporated weather radar
rainfall is ever increasing especially for flash flood prediction. The distributed urban hydrological
model also helpful to design the future flood scenarios which indicates the suitable and sustainable
living spaces for future generations in urban landscapes. With this view, the present research
aimed to develop a physically based distributed hydrological model for urban watershed by
incorporating predicted weather radar rainfall. The Maxwell approximation hierarchical machine
learning based ensemble nowcast/prediction of high-intensity rainfall was developed. Finally, the
inertial-based hydro-inundated distributed hydrological model is developed, which applies at street
scale to city-scale during the nuisance to flash flood situations.
V．References
Maxwell, J. C,（1960), Quantitative geomorphology of the san dimas experimental forest, California. Report no.,
DTIC Document.
Perera, K. C., A. W. Western, D. E. Robertson, B. George, and B. Nawarathna, 2016, Ensemble forecasting of short-
term system scale irrigation demands using real-time flow data and numerical weather predictions, Water
Resources Res., 52, 4801‒4822.
Bates, P. D., Horritt, M. S., & Fewtrell, T. J.（2010). A simple inertial formulation of the shallow water equations for
efficient two-dimensional flood inundation modelling. Journal of Hydrology, 387（1-2), 33-45.
Calder, I. R., Harding, R. J., & Rosier, P. T. W.（1983). An objective assessment of soil-moisture deficit models.
Journal of Hydrology, 60（1-4), 329-355.
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Socio-hydrological aspects of event-based flood hazard in Assam, India
Soumya Guchhait1, Ashes Banerjee1 & Subashisa Dutta1

1
Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, PIN- 781039
subashisa@iitg.ac.in
Ⅰ．Abstract
This is an observation-based, primarily quantitative sociohydrological study on flood inundation
events Assam floods in Northeastern India. The anthropogenic socio-economic factors regarding
coupled human-water system and its evolution in flood disasters were studied. Geospatial
techniques were applied to visualize the flood inundation extent and the event-based flood
inundation phenomena were reconstructed through a hydrological 2-D shallow water inundation
model. From the state government's daily flood hazard dataset, the socio-economic variables were
characterized by multi-criteria decision-making, and a ranked vulnerability map for different
flood seasons for the state was generated. The study tries to use the remotely sensed results and
perturbation theory to model the flood hazard, while associating it with a few important societal
factors and feedback mechanisms within the co-evolutionary dynamics of hydrology and human
behavior in the context of specific emergent hydrological phenomenon i.e. the events of inland
flooding in the state of Assam, India.

The study has used and analyzed the daily flood hazard data of the years 2018, 2019, and 2020
from the Assam State Disaster Management Authority（ASDMA）through a multi-criteria
decision-making approach. Comparison of these datasets and their validation with remotely sensed
flood inundation extent and field-based surveys indicate that most of the damages were done by
the flood waves coming during the mid-week of July and lasting for around two weeks. Most of
the districts face another flood wave during the last week of June which precedes the main flood
wave and lasts for one week. Some of the northern districts can also be subjected to a third flood
wave occurring during the mid-week or last week of September. The short-staying flood-waves
simultaneously act as economic and psychological shocks to the affected communities, as well as
the catalyst for their socioeconomic resilience by building up knowledge and relatively expensive
protection measures e.g. embankment heightening or landfill.
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Figure 1. flood hazard characteristics in the district of Dhemaji, Figure 2. Thematic map of district-wise flood
Assam, India for years 2018, 2019, 2020 vulnerability for the flood event of
the year 2020 in Assam, India
Ⅲ．Conclusion
The duration of inundation and intensity of damages were observed to have very distinct and
often counterintuitively inverse correlations among each other. For example, the district of
Dhemaji was observed to have a long inundation period yet less intensity of damage whilst the
district of Dhubri with a relatively low inundation period has faced severe damages. Also, it was
observed that the areas with the most unanticipated and extensive inundations were inside former
wetlands that have been encroached and currently utilized for residential, fishery, and agricultural
activities where embankments were breached to cultivate pieces of land. From the observations,
a simple, conceptual, dynamic model was developed to further explore and predict the process of
coupled humanwater interaction in the cases of encroached wetlands vulnerable to flooding. The
study further intends to develop a holistic human-water framework for exploring the emergent
vulnerability criteria and resilience measures of the local population against flood-induced hazards,
which can be useful during relief distribution as well as managing and planning rescue operations.
IV．References
Baldassarre, G. D., Viglione, A., Carr, G., Kuil, L., Salinas, J. L., & Blöschl, G.（2013). Socio-hydrology: conceptualising
human-flood interactions. , (8), 3295-3303.
Refice, A., D'Addabbo, A., & Capolongo, D.（Eds.).（2017). . Springer.
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Influence of Natural Disasters on Surface Water: A Spatiotemporal
Study in A Disaster-Prone Area from 1988 to 2021
Nazmul Huda1, Toru Terao2, Atsuko Nonomura3, & Yoshihiro Suenaga4

Graduate School of Engineering and Design, Kagawa University, Kagawa Japan & Department of
Humanities, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology（BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh1,
Faculty of Education, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan2, Faculty of Engineering and Design,
Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan3&4
1
hudasociology@gmail.com
2
terao.toru@kagawa-u.ac.jp
3
nonomura.atsuko@kagawa-u.ac.jp
4
suenaga.yoshihiro@kagawa-u.ac.jp
Abstract
Surface water is crucial for flora and fauna and livelihood. Natural disasters such as floods,
cyclones, and storms have enormous influence to intensify surface water especially, low-laying
coastal areas. The study purposively targets the Bay of Bengal coastal plain delta, particularly the
southwest of Bengal delta, which frequently experiences natural disasters. The primary objective
of the research is to compare the extent of surface water before and after the natural disasters
between 1988 and 2020. More than 10 such historic natural disaster events are considered
to estimate the spatial distribution of surface water with a view to comparing between two
administrative boundaries of Bangladesh ‒ Satkhira, a coastal district, and Jessore, an inland
district. Remote sensing ratio-based method based on Landsat level-1, collection-1 16-day temporal
and 30m ground resolution observations has been employed to detect the extent of surface water.
The provisional result reveals that cyclones significantly intensify surface water in the coastal
district compared to the inland district, followed by floods. While storms have low-level influence to
increase surface water. The study also finds a rapid expansion of aquaculture spreading towards
the inland district after 2004 that also contributes to increase surface water from natural disasters.
The study may be helpful in disaster management from particular natural disasters in the
southwest of Bangladesh.
Keywords: Surface water, remote sensing, natural disaster, cyclone, Bangladesh.
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Risk Associated with Rohingya Refugee Settlements at Ukhia
Camp, Cox’s bazar, Bangladesh-------A Threat for Sustainable
Development.
Hossain A.T.M.S.1 , Jafrin, S.J.1, Dutta, T.1, Khan, P.A.1, Haque, M.E.2, Sayem, M.H.2, Imam, H.2 &
Khatun, M.2
Engineering Geology, Geotechnics & Geohazards Group, Department of Geological Sciences,
Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
shakhawathos2004@yahoo.com
Abstract
The humanitarian crisis due to ethnic cleansing of Rohingya citizens from Myanmar to Bangladesh
since 2017 has been creating a major environmental crisis for Bangladesh. Due to this cleansing
more than one million people have fled from Myanmar to Ukhia, Teknaf, Cox sbazar area
Bangladesh. These refugees have been forced to build temporary shelters on the steep, deforested
slopes of sand and clay hills of Kutupalong ‒Balukhali camps of Ukhia, Cox sbazar. Thousands
of hand-built tarpaulin（heavy-waterproof sheet used as a covering）and bamboo shelters on hill
slopes are threatened by slope failures, slumping, sliding, strong winds, rains and cyclones during
monsoon season. This low cost adaptation system with water proof sheets for Rohingya refugees
housing helping to survive more than half million refugees in the camp area during monsoon in a
unsustainable way of living（without light and air passing facilities）in addition to the risk of slope
failure and earthquake induced liquefaction.
From the numerical stability & liquefaction analyses at different earthquake magnitudes suggest
that these hills are at high risk and are not suitable for sustainable community based living in
the camp area. At higher earthquake magnitudes（M= 5 or above）theses soils are susceptible to
liquefy up to a depth of 5 m. An integrated rainwater harvesting system with other sustainable
solutions are recommended to reduce the risks. Proper measures must be taken immediately by
the concerned authorities for alternate sustainable housing and to relocate the refugees in a safer
land.
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Workshop 5
Distributed Cognition in Learning
and Behavioral Change – Based on
Human and Artificial Intelligence
Chairpersons
Prof. Dr. Dietrich Albert, University of Graz (Austria)
Prof. Dr. Xiangen Hu, The University of Memphis (USA)
Prof. Dr. Tomoko Kojiri, Kansai University (Japan)
Prof. Dr. Paul C. Seitlinger, University of Vienna (Austria)
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Do We Need a Holistic Interpretation of ‘Distributed Cognition’?
Past and Future Research Questions with respect to AI
Dietrich ALBERT
University of Graz, Austria
dietrich.albert@uni.graz.at
For more than 30 years, （）（

）has been an interdisciplinary, hot topic in cognitive science. This
raises the question, is DCog old or new wine in old or new wineskins? - or in other words, what
is new about DCog compared to previous classes of models and theories, such as associationism,
behaviorism, cognitivism, connectionism? Of course, also classes like （
)
seem to be relevant in this
context.
Starting with the concept of association , which is considered as a basic element of cognition since
ancient Greek philosophy, some meta-theoretical remarks will be reminded in terms of a top down
view. Furthermore, as a bottom up view the question using AI methods in order to discover
overlaps, differences and dependencies in the sense of e.g. von .（1974), （2016),
.（1990, 2018）will be mentioned.
However, not only the comparison with former and established cognitive concepts is necessary, but
also with current competing approaches. According to Wikipedia, we are currently in the phase of
post-cognitivism. In addition to , 14 other topics are listed as "examples of post-
cognitivist thinking,"
（https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcognitivism). Even for such current directions, the

questions are what characterizes them and how DCog is related to them.
Distributed Cognition（DCog）is a broad concept that assumes that cognition exists both inside
and outside the individual mind. Typical applications include for instance computersupported
collaborative learning（CSCL), collaborative tagging on the World Wide Web,
workplace learning, open education in- and outside of school, cognitive properties of airline
cockpits and air-traffic control, sharing database systems, collaboration between
programmers.
Future applications of the DCog approach appear to be even broader - according to

（2013), （2020）（2015/2017): "systems that address complex challenges
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in a distributed manner by collecting, processing, and routing information and actions distributed
across a global network of human and technological agents."
But what about the underlying theory of distributed cognition, its theoretical basis? What is its
current status? And how does theory relate to applications? DCog-theory is still work in progress,
prominently developed by et al.（2004, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2017）in Foundations for a
mathematical model of the global brain: architecture, components, and specifications , and Mind
outside brain: a radically non-dualist foundation for distributed cognition.
Thus, several questions arise: What is missing? What needs to be done next to accommodate
individualism on the one hand, and collectivism on the other? To integrate the different
perspectives of humans and the nonhuman actors in their environments? And finally, what is
really new with DCog?
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Remote Design Thinking for Sustainability - Investigating
the Role of Distributed Cognition
Daniel Wolferts1, Elisabeth Stein1

Fraunhofer FIT1
daniel.wolferts@fit.fraunhofer.de, elisabeth.stein@fit.fraunhofer.de
+49 2241 14-3686, +49 2241 14 -3604
Ⅰ．Abstract
Design Thinking has become a popular framework to facilitate the creation of innovation. It is
an open-ended（Pusca & Northwood, 2018), human-centered, iterative problem-solving approach
that involves stakeholders from various backgrounds （Buhl et al., 2019). Further, it contains
the creation, examination, and manipulation of artifacts（Brereton & McGarry, 2003）‒ a concept
that has been studied by distributed cognition researchers as external representations（Zhang &
Norman, 1994).
Remote work of distributed teams has been studied for several years now（e.g.in the CSCW
community, see Bjørn et al., 2014）and the world has seen a huge surge of remote work due to the
COVID pandemic since 2020（Brynjolfsson et al., 2020). Yet there is little research on how design
thinkers interactions with artifacts change, if these artifacts are digital ones, instead of analogous.
Our work looks at the current body of literature for Design Thinking practices. Our special
interest lies in Design Thinking projects for Sustainability-Oriented Innovation（SOI）because it
addresses the four key challenges of sustainability, as defined by Buhl et al.: innovation scope, user
needs and behaviors, stakeholder involvement and the assurance of positive sustainability effects
（Buhl et al., 2019).
Therefore, we examine case studies, in which Design Thinking was used to design strategies and
interventions for the purpose of sustainability. For this, we draw on sustainability literature as well
as on HCI research. After identifying these practices, we use the theory of distributed cognition
to examine the challenges that practitioners face when applying Design Thinking in a remote
environment.
Ⅱ．References
Bjørn, P., Esbensen, M., Jensen, R. E., & Matthiesen, S.（2014). Does distance still matter? Revisiting the CSCW
fundamentals on distributed collaboration. (5）. https://
doi.org/10.1145/2670534
Brereton, M., & McGarry, B.（2003). An observational study of how objects support engineering design thinking
and communication.
, 2 (1), 217‒224. http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=332040.332434
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Brynjolfsson, E., Horton, J. J., Ozmiek, A., Rock, D., Sharma, G., & Tu Ye, H.-Y.（2020). COVID-19 and Remote Work:
An Early Look at US Data. In . https://doi.org/10.3386/w27344
Buhl, A., Schmidt-keilich, M., Muster, V., Blazejewski, S., Schrader, U., Harrach, C., & Sch, M.（2019).
1248‒1257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.259
Pusca, D., & Northwood, D. O.（2018). Design thinking and its application to problem solving.
(1), 48‒53.
Zhang, J., & Norman, D. A.（1994). Representations in distributed cognitive tasks. (1), 87‒122.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0364-0213(94)90021-3
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Conceptual Structure of an Intelligent Educational Support System
Using Various Kinds of Cognitive Characteristic Information
Toshihiro Hayashi1, Rihito Yaegashi1, Ken'ichi Fujimoto1, Naka Gotoda1,

Kazuhiro Ura2, Yusuke Kometani1, & Shuhei Fujisawa1
Kagawa University1, Ehime University2
hayashi.toshihiro@kagawa-u.ac.jp
Ⅰ．Abstract
In the viewpoint of how educational system can estimate student's status , the existing methods
for acquiring student's information and for estimating student's status usually put focus on limited
aspect which shows student's characteristics, for example, learning history, score, knowledge status
and so on. Therefore, it is not said such educational systems can understand students as same as
human teachers can do. Teachers always watch their students from multiple viewpoints. In other
words, they always monitor multiple information of their students and estimate student s status
by integrating the information. In this case such information includes learning history, knowledge
status, individual personality, mindset, thinking style, learning mode, feeling, cognitive stress, and
so on. We call Cognitive Characteristic Information as a concept of the integrated information.
This paper shows a conceptual structure of COCORO（COgnitive Characteristics ORiented
Online-learning support system）as an intelligent educational support system by using cognitive
characteristic information（CCI hereafter）acquired by monitoring student's knowledge status
and cognitive status. COCORO has a special system structure extended from that of intelligent
educational system（Wenger, 1987).

Figure 1 shows system structure of COCORO which handles with CCI. The original structure of
COCORO is same as that of intelligent educational system. CCI contains various kind of student
information which has different data format each other. The target of CCI widely exists from
emotion to knowledge. For example, emotion might be represented by binary multimedia data
and knowledge is usually represented as explainable texts. We design an extended structure of
intelligent educational system for well-handling
CCI. We cannot determine the number of
elements of CCI in advance. Therefore, we
introduce monitor channel as a general module
in COCORO. Each monitor channel handles with
an element of CCI. If technology becomes to be
able to handle with a new element of CCI, it is
easy to add it in COCORO because of general
frame work of monitor channel. In addition, the
Figure 1. System Structure of COCORO extended user interface provides input path to
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each monitor channel. On the other hand, the educational control management module provides
output path to each monitor channels. This means this module can parallelly acquire CCI and can
estimate student s status from CCI. The estimated result can be stored into the extended student
model. Knowledge status of student is usually stored in general student model of intelligent
educational system. However, the extended student model can store CCI including knowledge
status. In this way, we believe our designed system structure can well-handle with CCI.
Ⅲ．Conclusion
This paper briefly explained a structure of COCORO（COgnitive Characteristics ORiented Online-
learning support system）as an educational support system by using cognitive characteristic
information. COCORO gives a framework of new intelligent educational system for approaching to
behaviors of human teachers, although this study is working in progress. The implementation and
evaluation of COCRO is future work. This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number
20K12109.
IV．References
Wenger, E.（1987）Artificial Intelligence and Tutoring Systems: Computational and Cognitive Approaches to the
Communication of Knowledge. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.
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Self-Improvable Adaptive Instructional Systems（SIAIS）
Xiangen Hu1,2 & Robby Robson3

1
The University of Memphis
2
Central China Normal University
3
Eduworks Corporation.
（AIS）has become a category that includes Intelligent Tutoring

Systems（ITS）and all other instructional systems that adapt to the learner for pedagogical
purposes. In general, there is no requirement that an AIS use artificial intelligence（AI), and in
fact there are many grey areas concerning what AI actually means in this context, and there is
also no requirement that adaptation be dynamic or triggered by events that take place during
instruction. The AIS for which this occurs are called （SIAIS), where
selfimproving implies that（1）the AIS learns from interacting with the the learner（s）and
potentially with instructors, sensors, external data sources, and other components of the learning
environment; and（2）the AIS dynamically alters its interactions with learners and presentation
to learners with the goal of improving learning outcomes in some fashion（e.g. better test scores,
better retention, or shorter time to mastery). This paper presents a framework for analyzing and
classifying such SIAIS inspired by observations about real-world ITS and other AIS that have
self-improving capabilities. This framework assumes that the SIAIS uses machine learning（ML）
and focuses on what models are learned and how they are applied. Typical uses of ML are for（1）
estimating learner properties such as the current state of Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities（KSAs);
（2）predicting what activities will be most beneficial to a learner and computing the probability
that a learner will acquire a particular KSA as the result of an activity or action;（3）creating a
learner model that may include machine-learned components that are not humaninterpretable;（4）
aligning activities and resources with learning goals, topics, or KSAs; and（5）detecting learner
misconceptions based on the learner s interaction with the system. We will first present the
framework and use it to analyze existing SIAIS. We will then discuss how this model leads into an
architecture that enables SIAIS to be more easily compontenized, scaled, and deployed.
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Models of Learner-Teacher-EdTech Partnerships In The Future
Learning Ecosystem
Vasile Rus
The University of Memphis
From Traditional To Autonomous AI-driven Learning Environments

Our vision of the future of education is a learning ecosystem encompassing various forms
of instruction（tutoring, classroom-based, remote schooling, etc.）and learning environments
（instructor driven, technology as the primary driver of instruction, etc.). It should be noted that
this is work supported by the National Science Foundation under the Learner Data Institute
project（LDI; www.learnerdatainstitute.org).
For instance, we imagine a traditional learning environment where technology is simply in the
background, capturing the environment through data, e.g., the instructor ‒ learner（s）interaction,
in order to enable researchers and other stakeholders understand what works and what doesn't
work in traditional, e.g., classroom, instruction. The analysis of the data capturing the learning
environment will in turn provide input to instructors and other stakeholders with the goal to
improve the learner and instructor experience and offer insights to other stakeholders such as
parents and policy makers. In other words, the technology is in the background assisting the
instructors, not driving the instruction.
At the other extreme of the spectrum of learning environments, we can imagine autonomous
AIdriven learning environments where the technology, i.e., adaptive instructional systems
（AISs), drives the interaction with the learner(s）with humans（instructors, researchers,
policymakers, etc.）playing more of a behind-the-scene force focusing on the development,
analysis, and refinement of such learning technologies and environments. Anything in between
those two extremes ‒ traditional versus autonomous AI-driven learning technology ‒ is possible
implying various distributions of roles for human and computer-based instruction. For instance,
we can imagine an environment where the AI-technology drives the so-called outer loop, i.e.,
the selection of instructional tasks, whereas the human instructor handles the inner loop, i.e.,
the within-task monitoring and feedback which currently is harder to do with technology.
Furthermore, for instance, the teacher/instructor can focus on the social aspects instruction.
Our goal is to enable through data and Data Science a learning ecosystem in which all such
learning environments are available to learners, understand the advantages and disadvantages
of each such environment in order to make recommendations to learners and their guardians
who, based on the recommendations and other personal preferences, may opt for one format or
another or a subset of them. Indeed, it is part of our mission to contribute to understanding what
instructional format works for whom and under what circumstances and disseminate the findings
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and make recommendations accordingly. A key issue is designing and exploring human-technology
interactions in the learning environments of the future, which we elaborate next.
Models of Learner-Teacher-Tech Partnerships In The Future Learning Ecosystem
Finding the best teacher/learner-AISs partnerships could have transformative impact on the
learning ecosystem, potentially freeing teachers from certain duties that AISs can do in an
autonomous manner and allowing teachers to focus on higher level tasks such as tailored,
individualized interventions for students, motivational support, and other tasks for which AISs are
not ideal. This better distribution of duties and coordination between teachers and AISs should
lead to a more effective, efficient, engaging, and equitable learning ecosystem.
We defined and intend to study four levels of AISs autonomy with respect to how teachers
can use such AISs:（1）fully autonomous ‒ teachers need little（if any）training and have little
（if any）involvement in tuning AISs,（2）minimal teacher involvement ‒ teachers tune the
parameters of the AISs with the help of the AISs developer at the beginning of the school year
or semester（minimal teacher training with respect to the workings of the AISs),（3）average
teacher involvement ‒ teachers require training, and they work with the system on a weekly
basis selecting instructional tasks and receiving information from the AISs,（4）teacher-driven ‒
the teachers exerts full control of the AISs including overriding decisions the AISs may take or
suggest, the teacher will interact almost daily with the AISs. There is in fact one other level（level
0）which are self-improving, fully autonomous AISs ‒ they improve with experience with minimal
or no developer intervention. While we will explore as resources permit the role of data science to
enable such level 0, self-improving fully autonomous AISs, from a teacher and learner perspective
they are similar to the fully autonomous level of AISs（level 1).
We plan to study and understand the trade-offs in terms of teacher involvement in tuning AISs vs.
levels of AIS autonomy. For instance, teachers may choose a fully autonomous mode of operation
for an AIS meant for students working independently with the system afterschool as supplemental
instruction, whereas for student interactions with the AIS during a class period（i.e., in a blended-
learning environment), the same teacher may choose to control more the behavior of the AISs.
Similarly, teachers may decide to use/download a pre-trained learner model and update it with
data from her students, assuring data security and privacy and maintaining full ownership of the
data. They may decide to share a sample of her own student data to benefit the pooled/pre-trained
models that everyone can download as default.
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Visualization System of Nonverbal Information in Medical
Interviews for Training Doctors' Credible Attitude
Tomoko KOJIRI1, Daisuke YATERA1, Katsumi NISHIYA2, & Yusuke KAROUJI2

Faculty of Engineering Science, Kansai University1
Center for Medical Education, Kansai Medical University2
kojiri@kansai-u.ac.jp
Ⅰ．Background & Objective

In medical interviews, doctors are necessary to obtain enough information to correctly diagnose
the patient's illness. In order to make the patient to talk about his/her private life, the doctors
need to communicate with credible attitude and get trust from the patient.
Medical interview training is a place for medical students to train the attitudes of the medical
interview. In the training, a medical student plays the role of a doctor and conducts a simulated
medical interview with a simulated patient. The medical faculty members observe the interaction
between the two and give feedback to the medical students. Since attitudes are often given by
nonverbal information, which is often implicit, to give feedback is difficult.
A credible attitude is an attitude of listening to and empathizing with the patient s story. In order
for the medical faculty members to judge whether a medical student has such an attitude, it is
desirable to be able to judge the relationship between the nonverbal information of the medical
student and the patient. For this purpose, we have constructed a system that uses various
sensors to acquire nonverbal information [1], such as facial expressions, and visualizes them in
chronological order. In this paper, we propose a method to analyze the relations between the non-
verbal information of the medical student and a patient and develop a system for visualizing the
relations.
Ⅱ．Visualization of Nonverbal Information

A medical student needs to behave in response to the reaction of the patient. By looking at the
nonverbal information taken by the medical student regarding the behaviors of the patient, it is
possible to judge whether the attitude of the medical student is appropriate. In order to judge
whether the medical student respond to the patient, the contextual relationship among nonverbal
information between the patient and the medical student is analyzed. Nonverbal information
generated within a certain period of time after nonverbal information is generated is considered to
have a contextual relationship.
Although, even if two nonverbal information happens within a certain period of time, there is
a possibility that the medical student s nonverbal information interferes with the patient s one.
For example, taking notes while the patient is speaking is not appropriate. In order to judge
whether the medical student interferes the patient, the cooccurrence relationship is analyzed. Two
nonverbal information that appear at the same time for a certain period of time are regarded to
have a co-occurrence relationship.
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In this study, the relationship among nonverbal
information, such as contextual relationships
and co-occurrence relationships, are represented
in a graph structure. Figure 1 shows graphs
showing the contextual relationship and co-
occurrence relationship.
Figure 1. Graphs representing the relationships
The co-occurrence relationship is represented
by an undirected graph, and the context is represented by a directed graph. Nodes represent
nonverbal information. The color of the node distinguishes between a medical student（）and
a patient（ ). The size of the node represents the frequency of occurrence of the nonverbal
information: large one shows that the nonverbal information is frequently generated. The link
represents the existence of the relationships and the thickness of the link indicates the strength of
the relationship.
The arrangement of nodes in the graph is also important for grasping the attitude. This research
proposed two types of arrangement: one-centered alignment and parallel alignment. Figure 2 is the
example of two arrangements. One-centered alignment is the arrangement where one nonverbal
information comes to the center of the circle and the rest are placed around the circle. This
arrangement facilitates understanding of the relationship between specific nonverbal information
and others. The parallel alignment is the
arrangement where the nonverbal information
of the medical student is placed on the left,
that of the patient is placed on the right. This
arrangement leads to the understanding of the
interaction between the medical student and the
Figure 2. Example of two arrangements
patient.
Ⅲ．Prototype System
Figure 3 shows the interface of the visualization system. Left area shows the video of the medical
interview training and the existence of the nonverbal information in chronological order. When
you select the interview data, the graph is drawn in the visualization area. By pressing the one-
centered alignment button or the parallel alignment button, the arrangement of the graph is
changed. By pressing the contextual relationships button or the co-occurrence relationships button,
the represented relationships are changed.
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IV．Conclusion
In this paper, we constructed a system to support the review of attitudes by medical faculty
members in medical interview training. It analyzes the contextual relationships and co-occurrence
relationships among nonverbal information acquired by various sensors. In addition, in order
to make it easier to recognize attitudes, two arrangements methods are proposed, such as one-
centered alignment and the parallel alignment. In the future, it will be necessary to carry out
evaluation experiments and evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed system.
V．References
１．D. Yatera, K. Nishiya, Y. Karouji and T. Kojiri: Facial Expression Visualization System for Medical Interview
Practice Support , International Conference on Knowledge-Based and Intelligent Information & Engineering
Systems, Vol.159, pp.1986-1994（2019）
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Distributed Cognition in Innovative Problem Solving
Michael Öllinger1,2,4 and Rolf Pfister3,4

1
Parmenides Center for the Study of Thinking, Pullach, Germany
2
Psychological Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Germany
3
Munich Center for Mathematical Philosophy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich,
Germany
4
Cognostics AG, Pullach, Germany
Corresponding Author
Michael Öllinger
Parmenides Center for the Study of Thinking
Kirchplatz 1, 82049 Pullach
michael.oellinger@parmenides-foundation.org
Insight problem solving, creativity and innovative problem solving share the need to search
for and combine new and remote semantic concepts（Jung-Beeman et al., 2004; Öllinger & von
Müller, 2017). We propose a cognitive model that rests on the interplay of distributed cognition
and attempt to utilize concepts and mechanisms of the domains of insight problem solving and
creativity to model innovative problem solving. Innovation as problem solving is defined as a
solving applied technological or societal problems.
We assume that innovation is driven by often ill-defined problems. These characterizes problems
whose initial and goal representation is unclear, or different and competing goals exist. Facebook
can be seen as innovation which allows user to share, provide, and distribute social information
（such as images, comments etc.）via the internet（Jiang & Thagard, 2014).
It solves the problem to connect distant people via the internet. Innovation needs preparedness
that means that certain information and technological developments are already available.
Although innovation creates something new, it is based on already existing information and
concepts.
Consequently, an innovative cognitive system has to consider information processing from two
directions. First, there is a known and significant problem, such as finding new solutions for public
transportation in a city. Second, the cognitive system generates new and remote combinations of
already existing semantic information and searches for potential applications of those new findings,
and utilizes problem solving by analogies（Gentner et al., 2001).
Our proposed cognitive system relies on a combination and the concerted interplay of implicit and
automatic as well as explicit and deliberate processes. The core of our framework is an associative
semantic search machinery which provides coarse and remote semantic search through the
existing knowledge space. A Bayesian process will generate and test candidate solutions from the
knowledge space. After repeated failure of candidate solutions the system will reach an impasse.
To overcome an impasse, we assume that a representational change is necessary. Constraint
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relaxation helps to overcome a restricted search space and providing a larger search space. A
larger space requires even more efficient search strategies to find a proper solution（Ohlsson, 2011;
Öllinger et al., 2014). A representational change can be elucidated by a generative neo-Darwinian
process which replicates existing concepts with tiny variations（Fedor et al., 2017). This implicit
process is steered by deliberate creative abduction which allows the system to come up with the
discovery of new solution approaches and provides criteria for the selection of the best candidate
solution. The latter is important to restrict the search space after constrains are relaxed by a
representational change.
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Distributed Cognition in Modeling Cross-Modal Short-Term
Memory for the Design of Smart Sensory Prostheses
Paul Seitlinger*, Marie-Luise Augsten, Ulrich Ansorge, Bernhard Laback

University of Vienna; Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology
paul.seitlinger@univie.ac.at
Abstract. New AI-based technologies allow for the enhancement of complex forms of distributed
cognition, for example, an orchestral sound production distributed among musicians and technical
artifacts, like musical instruments and sensory prostheses, such as hearing aids. The examination
thereof requires a conceptualization of cognitive processing that scales and cuts across different
levels of observation: from a micro-level, e.g., multisensory integration distributed among cross-
modal cortical circuits, over a meso-level, e.g., frequency perception distributed among cortical
circuits and hearing aids, up to the macro level, e.g., a collaborative sound production.
The present talk introduces the stand-alone project @STM（Audio-Tactile Short-Term Memory）
that investigates distributed pitch perception with a focus on the micro-level（Project Goal 1）and
the mesolevel, the latter in the sense of novel human-AI interactions（Project Goal 2). With respect
to Goal 2, a new family of cochlear implants（CIs, i.e., hearing aids）takes advantage of the well-
evidenced crossmodal priming phenomenon that pitch perception improves, if the presentation of
frequencies is distributed among the auditory and tactile modality, e.g., through a vibration pulse
at the index finger slightly preceding the auditory stimulation. However, a more fine-grained
understanding of this priming phenomenon（Goal 1）has been lacking and needs to be developed
for future CI research（Goal 2).
The talk starts by outlining our modeling approach towards Goal 1: A novel cross-modal
STM model is introduced, assuming information of successive items（e.g., tactile vs. auditory
perceived frequencies）to blend into one evolving（temporal）context signal: The bindings
formed between items and their contexts are used for later retrieval of item information, e.g.,
to compare frequencies from memory. Core characteristics of the novel STM model are（1）an
integration of distributed sources of memory interference; and（2）a mechanistic explanation of
statistically optimal decisions based on distributed modality-specific item layers and one shared, i.e.,
orchestrating, context layer.
The talk continues discussing the potential impact of the cross-modal STM model on the design of
smart CI algorithms（Goal 2). For instance, the model could estimate a person-specific sensitivity
to auditory vs. tactile stimulation, in turn controlling an adaptive balancing of the CI s auditory vs.
tactile channel s amplitude.
We conclude by relating our research endeavor to distributed cognition at the macro-level: We
propose a perspective according to which micro-level models of cognitive psychology not only
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provide scalable metaphors for describing processes at a meso- and macro-level; they too have
potential to act as computational components of accurate multi-agent simulations, anticipating and
explaining complex phenomena（e.g., collaborative sound production）bottom up.
Acknowledgments. The presented work is funded by the FWF（Austrian Science Fund; Project
Number: P 34755-G).
* Presenting author: Dr. Paul Seitlinger; Affiliations: Tallinn University（since 2016）and University
of Vienna（Starting on 01. October 2021), email addresses: paul.seitlinger@univie.ac.at（primary,
but only active from 01. October 2021）and paul.seitlinger@tlu.ee（secondary, as long as the
primary is not active).
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BeMe Jacket - Using Vibrotactile Body-Centric
Displays for Distributed Emotion Regulation.
Yulia Zhiglova[0000-0001-7114-7972］Paul Seitlinger[0000-0003-1817-4626], David

Lamas[0000-0003-0295-453X], and Ilja Smorgun[0000-0002-5564-8416］
Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
yzhigl@tlu.ee
Abstract. We present BeMe Jacket‒a body-centric vibrotactile display for distributed self-
perception change through emotionally resonant tactile stimulation generated from natural
soundscapes and music pieces. Here we view self-perception change as a process distributed across
the individual user and her or his artifacts, such as the BeMe Jacket as well as among multiple
brain regions（subserving visual, acoustic, tactile processing). We first present the theoretical
underpinnings related to distributed cognition, and supramodal operators in memory process.
We then present BeMe jacket design rationale and possible use cases. We finalize by discussing
the results from our user study investigating the effect size of vibrotactile patterns that aim to
translate the affective information conveyed by corresponding sound patterns. We contribute a
discussion on smart wearables for distributed emotional regulation and propose novel vibrotactile
display design based on the empirical evidence.
Keywords: Body-centric · vibrotactile display · affect.
１　Introduction
The importance of touch for humans has been demonstrated in numerous studies［6,5]. One of
the powerful properties of touch is to communicate and influence the emotional state of a person.
The researchers from the field of affective vibrotactile technologies utilize the knowledge about
physiological aspects of tactile sense in the design of novel affective touch technologies for the
purposes of emotion regulation, enhancing remote communication and more［1].
Prior research shows some consistent results on how various combinations of engineering
parameters（e.g., amplitude, frequency, placement）influence the affective state of a person,
specifically the levels of arousal and valence［4,3]. We also know how to simulate types of touch
to elicit various sensations（e.g., pleasant touch）
［2]. While some knowledge about the design
space of vibrotactile stimuli and their effect on perception is well-established［7], there are many
remaining areas worth investigating further. One of them includes understanding how to achieve
（or influence）a specific affective state by using different emotionally resonant natural sounds in
the form of vibration［3].
In an exploratory study, we evaluated whether a complex sound, such as a happy song, can
systematically influence a person's affective state when only presented via a tactile channel. The
participants experienced ten distinct patterns on their back, implemented through the Wearable
Confidence interface. We found a significant and differential influence of most of the vibrotactile
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patterns, belonging to distinct affective clusters, on physiological responses, and for some patterns
on self-reported evaluations. These findings help further our understanding of the role of the tactile
modality in the emotional processing of complex sounds. Such understanding lays the foundation
for richer tactile language and novel HCI applications.
Fig. 1: Wearable Confidence concept dress. Photo credit: Marin Sild.
２　Envisioned Applications
We envision that the concept of BeMe Jacket can be used in two main scenarios
for the purposes of emotion regulation and immersive experiences.
In the case of emotion regulation, imagine such a situation. You are about to go for an
important interview and feel nervous and even insecure. Your "BeMe" jacket that you currently
wear knows about it because it has access to your daily calendar. It also knows your current
physiological parameters and decides（or you give an explicit command to it）to make you feel
more confident. The jacket does it by applying specific emotionally resonant tactile stimulation
for a specific duration so that by the time you reach your interview destination, you feel ready to
conquer the world!
In the case of an immersive experience, we envision a wearable that can make one feel what
others feel. Imagine you are watching an online performance. During this performance, both
spectators and the performer wear an affective vibrotactile display. Such displays can translate
the emotional state of the performer back to the audience and the other way around, making
everyone's heart and soul beat in unison.
These are only two examples. If we know how to influence specific affective states with
emotionally resonant vibrotactile stimuli, the applications are endless. We can enrich remote
communication, help the elderly feel less lonely, influence our mood, and even become more
empathic.
３　Conclusion
To conclude, during the workshop presentation we would like to present the concept of
BeMe Jacket as an interface for distributed emotion regulation, discuss its design rationale
and envisioned application scenarios. Additionally, we will briefly discuss the results from our
exploratory study that investigated the effects of vibrotactile stimuli, generated from music, have
on affective responses, both subjective and physiological. We will conclude by summarizing how
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these results may aid us in further development of effective vibrotactile displays for distributed
emotion regulation.
References
Eid, M.A., Al Osman, H.: Affective Haptics: Current Research and Future Directions. IEEE Access 4, 26-40（2016).
１．
https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2015.2497316
２ Israr, A., Abnousi, F.: Towards pleasant touch: Vibrotactile grids for social touch interactions. In: Extended
Abstracts of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. p. LBW131. ACM（2018）
３．Macdonald, S.A., Brewster, S., Pollick, F.: Eliciting emotion with vibrotactile stimuli evocative of real-world
sensations. In: Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction. p. 125-133. ICMI '20,
Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA（2020). https://doi.org/10.1145/3382507.3418812,
https://doi.org/10.1145/3382507.3418812
４．Mazzoni, A., Bryan-Kinns, N.: Mood Glove: A haptic wearable prototype system to enhance mood music in lm.
Entertainment Computing 17, 9-17（2016). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.entcom.2016.06.002, http://
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875952116300209
５．Montagu, A.: Touching: The Human Significance of the Skin. Perennial library, HarperCollins（1986), https://
books.google.ee/books?id=XU7Z_aqCYggC
６．Morrison, I., Löken, L.S., Olausson, H.: The skin as a social organ. Experimental Brain Research 204（3), 305-314
（2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-009-2007-y, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-009-2007-y
７．Yoo, Y., Yoo, T., Kong, J., Choi, S.: Emotional responses of tactile icons: Effects of amplitude, frequency, duration,
and envelope. In: 2015 IEEE World Haptics Conference（WHC). pp. 235-240（2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/
WHC.2015.7177719
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Robust Joint Plan Execution in Teams of Mobile Robots
Gerald Steinbauer-Wagner
Technische Universität Graz
steinbauer@ist.tugraz.at
A real test for the robustness and the cleverness of an autonomous robot or agent or a team
of them is to perform a task in interaction with a real unpredictable environment. Sensing and
execution of actions may fail for various reasons, relevant circumstances might not be known
and events not under control of the agent may alter the environment in an unpredictable way.
Humans are quite good in executing a given plan in an dynamic environment robustly. In order to
obtain such a performance in artificial agents methods for monitoring the plan execution and for
reacting to perturbations of the plan are needed. In order to realize this models about the intended
as well as the possible unwanted behavior of actions are needed. Moreover, because sensing is
never perfect and not all important aspects of the world can be observed a representation of
uncertain knowledge is needed. In order to address this challenge we use non-monotonic reasoning
or more precisely techniques from model-based diagnosis to monitor the execution of a plan and
to uncover problems in the execution. One of the key problems is here how do we get the models
for the actions. For the indented behavior usually there are requirements that can be used. For
the faulty behavior usually we have only models if they are required for safety certification or fail-
safe operation in safetycritical systems. A promising idea is to learn such models on the fly. In
simulation where many repetitions even with a bad ending can be simulated this approach works
quite well. In real systems where one has only a few or even only one example of a particular
behavior learning is much harder. Execution of plans in teams is even more challenging as
coordination and communication is needed. While rigid centralized approaches perform quite well
they rely much on communication capabilities and do not scale well. For decentralized monitoring
we need also decentralized diagnosis approaches that are able to locally estimate the progress of
the global plan. In this talk we will review our work on execution monitoring for single agents, will
present actual ideas to learn behavior models and will sketch our plans for the adaption of that
methods for a multi-agent scenario.
Assoc.Prof. Dr. Gerald Steinbauer-Wagner steinbauer@ist.tugraz.at

Institut fuer Softwaretechnologie （sekretariat@ist.tugraz.at）
Fakultaet fuer Informatik http://www.ist.tugraz.at
Technische Universität Graz Tel.: ++43 316 873 5723
Inffeldgasse 16b / II Fax.: ++43 316 873 5706
8010 Graz, Austria Mobil: ++43 664 16 88 926
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Workshop 6
GRANITE - Human-Centered Research
and Transfer to Application
Chairpersons
Dr. René Reiners, Fraunhofer FIT (Germany)
Prof. Dr. Satoru Takahashi, Kagawa University (Japan)
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A practical approach of integrating sustainability goals in the
Human-Centered-Design-Process
Lena Brüch1, Elisabeth Stein1

Fraunhofer FIT
lena.bruech@fit.fraunhofer.de, elisabeth.stein@fit.fraunhofer.de
+49 2241 14 -3607, +49 2241 14 -3604
Ⅰ．Abstract
Human-Centered-Design（HCD）is a well-known and established process for designing products,
systems and services by putting the human in the center. Looking at a present societal challenge,
sustainability, the involvement of society is crucial which leads to HCD being a promising approach
for designing sustainable projects. For this, an easy way to integrate sustainability goals when
following HCD would be useful. We will therefore have a look at the HCD process defined by the
ISO 9241-210 and examine possibilities and challenges of adapting sustainability goals for each of
the HCD process phases from a practical point of view.
First, we will analyze the possibilities of setting sustainability goals when planning the HCD
process. In the first phase of the HCD process the focus will lie on how the set goals can be
addressed when analyzing the context of use, e.g., by involving relevant stakeholders. In the next
phase, we will then discuss the interplay between both, the user requirements as well as the
stakeholder requirements that include sustainability efforts. Further, we will explore possibilities
to integrate the sustainability perspective throughout the design phase. In the following evaluation
phase, providing the foundation for further iteration, we will discuss how the set sustainability
goals were met with the design solutions.
As a result, we aim for a first, practical approach to adapt sustainability goals to the HCD process
phases, which can be used for further development towards sustainability and HCD for practical use.
Ⅱ．References
Barone, E.（2021). Towards a sustainable longevity society: Instrumentalizing intergenerationality and human-
centered design. , 401‒426. https://doi.

org/10.7200/esicm.169.0522.3
International Organization for Standardization.（2019). ISO 9241‒210: 2019（en）Ergonomics of human ‐ system
interaction̶Part 210 Human ‐ centred design for interactive systems.
Liedtke, C., Baedeker, C., Hasselkuß, M., Rohn, H., & Grinewitschus, V.（2015).
.
Silveira, C., Reis, L., Santos, V., & Mamede, H. S.（2020). Creativity in prototypes design and sustainability.
（ ), 1237-1243.
Wiek, A., Farioli, F., Fukushi, K., & Yarime, M.（2012). Sustainability science: bridging the gap between science and
society. ( ), 1-4.
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Digital Technologies as Lean Augmentation: A Preliminary Study
of Japanese Automotive Manufacturers
Takefumi Mokudai1, Martin Schröder1, Marvin Müller2, Carsten Schaede2, Hajo Holst3, Robert
Sinopoli3, Ulrich Jürgens4, Gary Herrigel5, & Katsuki Aoki6
Kyushu University1, Technical University of Darmstadt2, University of Osnabrück3,
Social Science Centre Berlin（WZB)4, University of Chicago5 & Meiji University6
schroeder.martin.795@m.kyushu-u.ac.jp
Ⅰ．Abstract
This paper explores how Japanese automotive manufacturers, whose production systems are
characterised by the lean principle, address digital transformation. We conducted case studies
of seven Japanese carmakers and suppliers to investigate the interplay between lean production
and digitalisation. We found that the firms selectively adopted digital technologies to enhance the
existing lean production system. We labelled this type of digitalisation lean augmentation . Further,
we developed theoretical hypotheses regarding the potential of digitalisation to limit kaizen, the
roles of human involvement and organisational coordination in digitalised manufacturing.

All but one of the investigated firms were engaging digitalisation proactively. Remarkably, firms
were not engaging digitalisation guided by a vision such as Industry 4.0, but rather deployed
digital technologies insularly. Further, digital technologies were typically deployed in ways that
support （continuous improvement）activities, i.e. data are often but not exclusively focusing
on the production process. Firms typically not aim to collect all process-related data, e.g. data of
programmable logic controllers are seldomly utilised. Thus, the characteristic of the Japanese
automotive firms studied is that they deploy digital technologies in a way that augments existing
practices such as group-based instead of focusing on big data and sophisticated tools such
as machine learning. While such technologies are deployed, their deployment is rather to solve
specific problems but not to collect all process-related data to establish a digital twin.
Ⅲ．Conclusion
Our case studies of seven Japanese automotive firms find that said firms selectively adopt digital
technologies, mainly to achieve paperless shop floors, compress the time needed to grasp the
status of operations, and pursue unmanned logistics. This usage of technologies is within the lean
principle of existing production systems which seek to compress the time needed to perform or
to completely eliminate not directly value-adding tasks. Thus, we label this utlisation type lean
augmentation .
Further, studied firms digitalisation approaches were predominately practically oriented to solve
problems of current lean production systems but were not driven by encompassing visions such
as Industry 4.0 or the industrial internet of things. Of particular note is that firms seek to employ
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technologies in a way that involves human operators in kaizen instead of aiming at autonomously
adjusting production processes. Despite this tendency, more research is necessary to investigate
how representative these cases are, and especially to investigate if such rather piecemeal
digitalisation approaches are competitive against wholistic visions such as Germany s Industry 4.0.
IV．References
Holst, H., Aoki, K., Herrigel, G., Jürgens, U., Mokudai, T., Müller, M., Schaede, C., Schröder, M.
and R. Sinopoli（2020） Gemba-Digitalisierung: Wie japanische Automobilunternehmen IoT-
Technologien einsetzen（Gemba Digitization ‒ How Japanese Automotive Companies Are Using
IoT Technologies; in German） , 115, No. 9, pp.
629-633.
Mokudai, T., Schröder, M., Müller, M., Schaede, C., Jürgens, U., Herrigel, G. and K. Aoki（2021）
Digital technologies as lean augmentation: a preliminary study of Japanese automotive
manufacturers , 21, No. 3, pp. 228-249.
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Planck's Law Base Function for Background Correction of
Remote Sensing with Compact and High-Sensitivity Mid-Infrared
Spectrometer
Satoru Adachi1, Tomoya Kitazaki1, Junya Iwaki1, Kosuke Nogo1, Kenji Wada2, and Ichiro Ishimaru1
Faculty of Engineering and Design, Kagawa University1, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University2
E-mail: ishimaru.ichiro@kagawa-u.ac.jp
Ⅰ．Abstract
We aim to perform remote sensing in outdoor environments using a compact high-sensitivity
mid-infrared spectrometer. Infrastructure facilities such as gas transportation lines and bridge
piers are exposed to the natural environment and these facilities deteriorate because of corrosion.
To solve this problem, maintenance management technology that enables nondestructive and
noncontact measurements to be performed over a wide area is required. Previously, spectroscopic
measurements of salt damage to concrete and other materials using light in the near-infrared
band have been reported（Watanabe et al., 2019). However, at common temperatures（300 K),
these objects emit little light in the near-infrared band, according to Planck's law. Therefore, it is
necessary to illuminate each object and measure the intensity of the transmitted or reflected light,
and this leads to issues with instrument portability and illumination uniformity over wide areas.
Therefore, we perform spectroscopic measurements using mid-infrared light, where the object
emits light at a temperature equivalent to 300 K and illumination is not required. In this report,
we propose a new method for background correction, which has been problematic in mid-infrared
spectroscopy. We verified the usefulness of the proposed method via experiments using dimethyl
ether（DME）gas and confirmed the reduction in gas concentration over time.
Ⅱ．Concept of background correction method using base function of Planck's law

Figure 1（a）shows the concept for the Planck s law based-background correction. In this
correction, there are two mode types: the emission mode, in which the background spectral
characteristics are aligned along the lower of the measured spectral characteristics, and the
absorption mode, in which the background spectral characteristics are aligned along the
envelope. In the former mode, the emission from the measurement target can be detected by
predicting the monochromatic radiation of a blackbody at the same temperature based on the
measurement target s spectral characteristics. In the latter mode, the amount of light absorbed
by the measurement target can be detected by predicting the light from background sources
such as pipes from the light transmitted through the measurement target. However, in the actual
system, the spectral characteristics are detected through a camera based on the radiance, which is
indicated by Planck's law. Therefore, the background can be estimated by multiplying the camera s
sensitivity characteristics by the measurement target s spectral characteristics to determine
the temperature to be substituted into Planck's law. Figure 1（b）shows the experimental
environment. The midinfrared spectrometer was placed 780 mm from the light source, which is
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a blackbody set at 573 K. DME gas was then injected in front of the blackbody for 15 s, and data
were acquired five times in successive measurements at 16 s intervals. Figure 1（c）shows the
results for measurement of the DME gas using the proposed method. The reduction in the amount
of DME gas with elapsed time confirms the usefulness of the proposed method.
Fig. 1 Planck's law base-function for background correction and measurement results of DME gas
Ⅲ．References
Watanabe, A., Furukawa, H., Miyamoto, S., & Minagawa, H.（2019). Non-destructive chemical analysis of water and
chlorine content in cement paste using near-infrared spectroscopy. , 196,
95‒104.
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Service Design for Beneficial Technology Integration:
A Glance at the Renova Project
Anika Isabelle Rieth1 & Rene Reiners 2
Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology FIT1,2

{anika.rieth, rene.reiners}@fit.fraunhofer.de
Ⅰ．Introduction
This paper investigates the case study of Renova, a product salvage service that followed service
design methods, which enhanced sustainable and innovative aspects. Renova is a study project
developed in Politecnico di Milano by six Product-Service-System Design（PSSD）students. This
project addresses the issue of construction waste, which contributes the most extensive amounts
of solid waste［1]. By identifying a vast amount of construction waste from private renovations,
Renova addresses this issue through its service［2]. The service offering reduces the waste of
home and business renovations by salvaging products and creating a platform for connecting
renovators and buyers. This paper will look into Renova s service design method and tools.
Therefore, it will use the three most promising methods: expert and focus group interviews,
customer journey maps, and system maps［3].
Ⅱ．Approach
Technology needs to address human needs and solve global challenges to create value for our
society. Our approach tackles the complexities of technology integration and addressing human
needs by analyzing the potentials of Service Design methods. First, it examines the potential
service design offers for new technology integration for global challenges. Then it analyzes the
user research approach, the use of customer journey maps, and integration of system maps along
with the case study of Renova to understand the decision-making and design processes.
The new field of service design Service Design is an upcoming design discipline that follows
the core principle of design thinking: human centricity［4]. This principle can significantly help
when designing human-machine, or as in this case, human-technology interactions, because
it focuses on human needs and the values these technologies can bring into our everyday
life［5]. Another aspect of service design is mapping each step of human interactions with
technologies and other artifacts or people, called . This mapping in service design
is called a customer journey map, which helps create more granular and wellthought- through
solutions by considering each step and the infrastructure around it［4],［6]. The bottom-
up approach for tackling complex challenges has the highest potential of being successful,
especially in the context of sustainable cities and communities［7],［8]. It refers to the cities
inhabitants perspective, the main actors of cities, which helps formulate a clear problem
statement and address specific needs［7],［8]. Several top-down approaches failed because of
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the complexities that cities have［8]‒[10]. If tackling challenges from a more granular level,
the user perspective developed in customer journey maps helps to better create and adapt
new solutions into cities existing infrastructure［4]. Furthermore, all stakeholders involved
need to be considered in the design process of the service.
, also key methodologies of the service design discipline, help identify all stakeholders,
their relations, and background processes. These tools support the design of the whole service
as seamlessly as possible［4],［6].
Ⅲ．Results
The Renova project followed all tools and methods that are mentioned above. Starting from
the human-centricity, the designer of the Renova service conducted interviews in expert and
focus groups in order to identify users needs in the context of construction waste［3]. The
primary outcome of these interviews was that a specific user group was identified for using a
digital platform for salvaged products. Renovators needed to discard their items as quickly and
effortlessly as possible. Buyers wanted to ensure that their product purchased via a web platform
was in good condition［3］. Given this, the Renova designers used the customer journey maps to
map the needs of both users（the renovator and the buyer）to go through several ideas and future
scenarios on how the needs could be addressed and technology could be implemented sinful. These
technologies were included to fulfill the needs of both users:
⒤ a measurement tool by using smartphone technology of newer generations［11］
a digital certification of salvaged products
a visualization tool using augmented reality
The measurement tool within the Renova app was designed for the renovator, so she could use a
smartphone camera to hover over the item she wanted to sell, and it directly measured it. Using
the technology of this measurement tool of newer generations of smartphones made it easy for
the renovator to upload her products seamlessly on the Renova selling site［3]. Furthermore, the
designers of Renova created a certification for salvaged products, so the buyer was sure about the
quality of the product. Additionally, they implemented an augmented reality tool that helped the
buyer visualize products within spaces by creating digital 3D models of the salvaged products.
The Service Blueprint and System Map of Renova helped make the service feasible by analyzing
the infrastructure. Warehouses and pick-up vans and the collaboration with larger construction
firms were implemented to create a realistic and potentially working service［3].
IV. Conclusion
Renova does not solve the whole problem of construction waste, but it is one example of how it
can be solved in an integrated way and is leading in the right direction. Service design tools, and
methods help tackle these challenges on a granular and human-centered level, which is more
resilient and feasible than big top-down solutions. Every interaction between the user and service
was planned in detail so that each touchpoint was welldefined. This service design process helped
clarify specific construction waste challenges and address them with clearly defined solutions.
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V．References
［1］ E. Comission. Eu construction and demo lition waste protocol and guidelines.［Online]. Available: https://
ec.europa.eu/growth/content/ euconstruction-and-demolition-waste-protocol-0en
［2］ A. O. Barbisan, A. Spadotto, D. D. Nora, E. C. L. Turella, and T. N. de Wergenes, Impactos ambientais
causados pela construçao civil, ~ Unoesco & Ciencia ̂ - ACSA, vol. 2, pp. 173‒180, 2012.［Online]. Available:
https://portalperiodicos.unoesc.edu.br/acsa/article/view/745（Accessed:10December2021）
［3］ B. Beden, L. Braga, A. Corrado, M. Giachetta, A. Rieth, and B. Villafana, Renova service ~ book. ［Online].
Available: http://my.citydesign2020.com/ wp-content/uploads/renova-service-book citydesign.pdf
［4］ M. Stickdorn, M. Hormess, A. Lawrence, and J. Schneider, This is Service Design Doing, 9th ed. O Reilly
Media, 2020.
［5］ J. L. Szalma, On the application of motivation theory to human factors/ergonomics: Motivational design
principles for human‒technology interaction, Human Factors, vol. 56, no. 8, pp. 1453‒1471, 2014, pMID:
25509824.［Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720814553471
［6］ M. Stickdorn and J. Schneider, This is Service Design Thinking, 9th ed. BIS Publishers, 2021.
［7］ U. Nations. Goal 11. department of economic and social affairs.［Online]. Available: sdgs.un.org/goals/goal11
［8］ M. Tomitsch, Making Cities Smarter. jovis Verlag GmbH, 2018.
［9］ A. M. Townsend, Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the quest for a new utopia. WW Norton & Co,
2013.
［10］A. Greenfield, Against the smart city. Do projects, 2013.
［11］A. Support. Use the measure app on your iphone, ipad, or ipod touch.［Online]. Available: https://support.
apple.com/ en-us/HT20892
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Disaster-Resistant Hydropower Microgrid Construction and
Smart Conservation Initiatives in Nagano Prefecture
Minoru Inadama1, Chiaki Aoki1, Soichiro Muroga2, Kiyoshi Tanaka3

Public Enterprise Bureau, Nagano Prefectural Government1
Dept. of Industry and Labor, Nagano Prefectural Government2
692-2 Habashita, Minami-Nagano, Nagano-shi, 380-8570 Japan1,2
Academic Assembly（Institute of Engineering), Shinshu University3
4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano-shi, 380-8553 Japan3
ktanaka@shinshu-u.ac.jp3
１．Introduction
The "Management Strategy"［1］formulated by Nagano Prefecture in FY2015 was completely
revised over a twoyear period starting in 2019 to reflect lessons learned from the response
to the 2019 East Japan typhoon, the emergence of domestic and international trends toward
a decarbonized society, and the spread of the new coronavirus. In the energy strategy,
which is synchronized with the national policy of "Challenges for Energy Transformation and
Decarbonization" toward 2050, the basic policy is to "expand the supply of renewable energy" by
building a hydroelectric power generation microgrid that takes advantage of Nagano Prefecture's
abundant water resources to achieve a decarbonized society, and to invest aggressively in the
future to realize "energy independence and decentralized, disaster-resistant regional development"
and to ensure a stable supply of electricity. Based on this, this report introduces the disaster-
resistant hydropower microgrid construction and smart conservation initiatives being promoted by
the Public Enterprise Bureau（PEB）in Nagano Prefectural Government.
２．Overall Picture of the Project

⑴ Background of Hydropower Introduction
In the "Shiawase Shinshu Creation Plan 2.0", Nagano Prefecture has set a target of increasing the
self-sufficiency rate of renewable energy from 8.0% in 2010 to 12.9% by FY2020. In addition, the
"Nagano Prefecture SDGs Future City Plan," which was formulated as an effort to address the
SDGs, aims to create an energy independent and decentralized region that takes advantage of the
abundant natural energy resources, and targets to achieve an energy self-sufficiency rate（power
generation capacity）of 169.2% in FY2030, compared to 91.0% in FY2016.
Also, in response to the frequent occurrence of large-scale wind and flood disasters such as the
2019 East Japan typhoon disaster, Nagano Prefecture became the first prefecture at the prefectural
level in Japan to declare a "Climate Emergency" in December of the same year, and the governor
declared his determination to achieve zero carbon by 2050, and presented Nagano Prefecture's
efforts at COP25 related events［2].
In response to these, the "Nagano Prefecture Climate Crisis Breakthrough Policy" was formulated
in April 2020, and in October of the same year, the "Nagano Prefecture Ordinance for the Creation
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of a Decarbonized Society" was promulgated, which stipulates the establishment of energy
independent regions. Then, the "Nagano Prefecture Zero Carbon Strategy" was formulated in June
2021.
According to the "Renewable Energy Installation Potential Survey" conducted by the Ministry
of the Environment in FY2010, Nagano Prefecture ranks first in Japan in terms of installation
potential（number of sites）in river areas, and there are many sites where new power sources can
be developed.
⑵ Hydropower Microgrid Construction in the Prefecture
PEB manages 23 hydroelectric power plants in the prefecture（1 in Eastern Shinshu, 16 in
Southern Shinshu, 2 in Central Shinshu, and 4 in Northern Shinshu), including the Yokogawa-
Jaishi Power Plant, which started operation in FY2020［3]. The total maximum output of these
power plants is 101,197［kW], making it the ninth largest among the 25 prefectural corporate
offices that provide public electricity services nationwide. The amount of electricity sold in FY2019
has reached 354.83 million［kWh], equivalent to about 13% of the prefecture's households（about
102,000 households).
In order to accelerate the development of new power sources for the creation of a decarbonized
and disasterresistant society, PEB is making steady progress at the four sites under construction
（upstream of the Yodagiri River, Yunose Dam, Yukawa Dam, and Akiyama）selected through the
"Project to Identify New Power Sources" with the goal of increasing the number of sites from the
current 23 to 36 by FY2025（including the start of development).
３．Promotion of Smart Conservation by Introducing Advanced Technologies

⑴ Establishment of Smartification Promotion Center
As part of Nagano Prefecture's DX strategy, PEB newly opened a "Smartification Promotion
Center" in April 2021, in which they are building a next-generation monitoring and control
network system to collectively monitor power generation facilities, developing a crisis management
system for disasters and other emergencies by strengthening cooperation with municipalities, and
maintaining and passing on expertise to continuously provide high-quality services.
⑵ Construction of the Next Generation Monitoring and Control Network System
Assuming that there will be a shortage of staff and specialists with knowledge and experience due
to retirement and population decline, PEB is actively working on "Smart Conservation" to expand
remote monitoring functions and automate maintenance of power generation facilities, etc., using
advanced technologies such as AI and IoT, and aiming to establish and upgrade an integrated
management system using a next-generation monitoring and control network system. In order
to achieve this, new sensors are being introduced to make maintenance more labor-saving and
sophisticated, and a rainfall and dam inflow forecasting system and failure prediction system using
big data are being constructed. In the past, field workers have adjusted water levels based on
weather forecasts and experience, but with the new system, AI will learn dam inflows from past
data and achieve highly accurate predictions from weather forecasts. In addition, AI automatically
creates an optimal power generation plan based on the predicted inflow, which not only reduces
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the burden on field workers, but also maximizes the amount of electricity generated, with the aim
of improving profitability.
⑶ Risk Management through Collaboration with Local Communities
On the other hand, considering that disasters of unexpected scale have been occurring frequently
in and outside the prefecture in recent years, PEB is also investigating the supply of power from
hydroelectric power plants to local communities in the event of a large-scale disaster. Making
the most of the characteristics of hydropower plants, they are working to develop a "community-
coordinated hydropower microgrid" that will enable us to supply electricity to local disaster
prevention centers by establishing at least one power plant in each municipality that can operate
independently even during power outages.
４．Conclusion
In this report, we introduced the disaster-resistant hydropower microgrid construction and smart
conservation initiatives using advanced technologies such as AI and IoT, which Nagano Prefecture
is promoting in cooperation with local communities to achieve zero carbon by 2050. In order to
develop and operate the new power sources needed by local communities, PEB, the driving force
behind the project, is also actively providing support to municipalities, companies, and other
organizations that want to engage in power generation projects by utilizing the expertise and
technology they have accumulated over the past 60 years. The electricity generated by PEB
has been supplied to some companies and organizations in the prefecture and in Tokyo, Osaka,
and Nagoya under the name of "Shinshu Green Denki" with added environmental value since the
renewal of power sales contracts in 2020. Through these initiatives, Nagano Prefecture is aiming
for an energy-autonomous decentralized and disaster-resistant region and economic circulation
within the region.
References
［1］ Nagano Prefecture "Management Strategy"（revised in 2021）
［2］ "Zero Carbon Declaration" by the Governor of Nagano Prefecture（presented at a COP related event in 2019).
［3］ "Power Business Strategy" by Public Enterprise Bureau, Nagano Prefectural Government（2021).
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Functional Verification and Structural Evaluation of a transfemoral
prosthetic knee mechanism for running
Mai Murabayashi1, Koh Inoue2

Graduate school of Engineering, Kagawa University, Japan1,
Area of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Kagawa University, Japan2
s20g524@stu.kagawa-u.ac.jp1, inoue.koh@kagawa-u.ac.jp2
Abstract
The function of the existing transfemoral prosthetic knees for running is simple. Therefore,
transfemoral amputee runners who are not sufficiently skilled, particularly beginners, face the
risks of falling down owing to unintended knee flexion during the stance phase. We had designed
a passive mechanism for the prosthetic knee to address this concern and developed a rough first
prototype. The purpose of the present study was to verify the function and evaluate the strength
of the proposed mechanism. The mechanism of the proposed knee mechanically limits only flexion
during the prosthetic stance as the gear teeth around the knee axis and stopper are meshed by
the ground reaction force. The function of the mechanism was verified by a gait experiment with
an intact subject. The subject who used the prototype and simulated thigh socket performed a
level walking. The motion tracking data of the links of the mechanism indicated that flexion of the
prosthetic knee was limited during the stance phase. Structural analysis was performed with the
prosthetic knee alone using a three-dimensional computer-aided design system. The von Mises
stresses on the mechanism were obtained by input loads and moments. The structural analysis
revealed the strength of the mechanism. Moreover, it was shown that the present structure of
the housing for the mechanism did not have sufficient strength for the internal/external moments.
Strength for such rotation is important for practical use including curve running. These results
may lead to the redesign of the proposed mechanism such as miniaturization and weight reduction.
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Soft capacitive tri-axis tactile sensor based on level sensing
T. Usui, H. Ishizuka, T. Kawasetsu, K. Hosoda, S. Ikeda, & O. Oshiro

Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University1
usui@bpe.es.osaka-u.ac.jp
Ⅰ．Introduction
Recently, soft tactile sensors have been developed to integrate into soft robots or wearable devices.
However, most conventional soft tactile sensors have stiff materials embedded in soft materials,
reducing flexibility and durability［1]. In this study, we propose a soft capacitive tri-axis tactile
sensor. The proposed tactile sensor has four chambers and channels in a silicone rubber body
and encapsulated air and water in the chambers and channels. An applied force to the tactile
sensor causes the displacement of the interface. The interface displacement is measured as the
capacitance change of the sensor detection part using level sensing. Also, the capacitive tactile
sensor based on level sensing does not require ohmic contact between a contact part and detection
parts and contributes to improved flexibility and durability. The proposed tactile sensor has four
capacitances at the detection part. The combination of the four capacitance changes depends on
the direction of the applied force. Thus, the proposed tactile sensor can detect the direction of
applied force using a combination of the four capacitance changes.
Ⅱ．Implementation & Operation Principle

Figure 1 shows the implementation image of the proposed tactile sensor. The proposed tactile
sensor consists of a soft contact part using silicone rubber and a detection part. Four chambers and
channels are formed into the soft contact part and are encapsulated air and water. The detection
part consists of 3D printed components to which copper electrodes are attached. The detection
part is attached, sandwiching the channel and detecting the air-water interface's displacement
as capacitance change by level sensing. Figure 2（a）represents the state in which no force is
applied to the sensor. When the normal force is applied to the sensor, the chambers deform, and
the water in the chambers flows into the channels because of its incompressibility, as shown in
Figure 1. Implementation image of the sensor Figure 2. Operation principle of the sensor;（a）without
force,（b）applied normal force, and（c）applied
shear force.
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Figure 2（b). Then, the air is compressed, and the interface between air and water is moved. The
four capacitances of the sensor increase equally the interface between air and water position is
displaced equally in all channels. On the other hand, when the shear force is applied to the sensor,
one side of the chamber is compressed, and the other side is expanded. The displacements of the
interface between air and water are different depending on each channel. Therefore, each of the
four capacitance changes depends on the direction of the applied force. The proposed sensor can
estimate tri-axis applied force using a combination of four capacitance changes.
Ⅲ．Conclusion
We proposed a soft capacitive tri-axis tactile sensor using displacements of the air-water interface.
The proposed tactile sensor forms four capacitances and measures capacitance changes caused by
the applied force. We will evaluate the response characteristics of the proposed sensor under an
applied force in future works.
References
［1］ S. Hamaguchi, T. Kawasetsu, T. Hirii, H. Ishihara, R. Niiyama, K. Hosoda, and M. Asada,（20202）, Soft
Inductive Tactile Sensor Using Flow ‒ Channel Enclosing Liquid Metal, ,5
（2), 4028-4034
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Challenges and concepts for the evaluation of usable and satisfying
VAs according to DIN EN ISO 9241-11 and -110
Dominik Pins & Dennis Paul

Dominik.Pins@fit.fraunhofer.de, Dennis.Paul@fit.fraunhofer.de
Ⅰ．Abstract
AI Systems are built to increase efficiency, productivity, and reliability from an economic
perspective. Assistance systems like voice assistants（VAs）belong to this kind of interactive
technology; yet based on the Intelligence Augmentation approach, they should primarily
support the users capabilities and allow them to continue acting with self-determination.
Nevertheless, those systems are usually perceived as a black box. Thus, on the one hand, VAs
can be seen simply as a tool for fulfilling a task, although on the other hand, the conversational
interaction always raises expectations and needs for humanlike interactions. According to the
international norm ISO9241-11, a system is one that can be used to achieve specified goals
with effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction. We use this definition of usability to delineate a
framework for the design and evaluation of VAs, based on current literature and international
norms. Our aim is to provide guidelines that move the development of VAs towards enhanced
usability and human-centeredness. Considering each usability level in turn, we discuss first, how
to fulfill context-based and requirements in order to ensure effectiveness of the VA
interaction. To address the efficiency level, we develop evaluation guidelines for VAs based on
the according to ISO9241-110. Regarding user satisfaction, we posit that
certain human values like trust and welfare are crucial for a satisfying user experience with VAs.
Specifically, the system should support psychological in order to ensure the users
self-determination ‒ for practicing design and evaluation of VAs in a wholesome manner.
Ⅱ．References
Adams, A & Sasse, M. A.（1999). Users are not the enemy. Communications of the ACM 42, No. 12: 40‒46.
Fischer, G.（2020). Quality of Life in the Digital Age: Exploring Design Trade-Offs between Artificial Intelligence
and Intelligence Augmentation. http://l3d.cs.colorado.edu/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/paper-for-
Homepage.pdf
International Organization for Standardization（2018). Ergonomics of human-system interaction ‒ Part 11: Usability:
Definitions and concepts（ISO Standard No. 9241-11:2018). https://www.iso.org/standard/63500.html
International Organization for Standardization（2020). Ergonomics of human-system interaction ̶ Part 110:
Interaction principles（ISO Standard No. 9241-110:2020). https://www.iso.org/standard/75258.html
Ryan, R. M, & Deci, E. L.（2017). Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Needs in Motivation, Development,
and Wellness. Guilford Publications.
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Workshop 7
Human Security and Sustainability
Chairperson
Dr. Lars Vargö, Director Japan Center, Institute for
Security and Development Policy (Sweden)
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AI and HCI come together for the Digitalization of the Maritime
Industry to Foster a Sustainable, Innovative and Safe Work
Environment
Renée Schulz
JRCS Co. Ltd.
renee@jrcs.co.jp
Ⅰ．Digital Transformation in the Maritime Industry

The maritime industry is facing serious challenges due to an aging crew, the risk of human
errors（MacLachlan, 2017; Popkin et al., 2008）and growing concerns for sustainable shipping.
Optimization and digitalization of processes is needed to increase safety, efficiency and
sustainability of everyday tasks on vessels. However, our preliminary analyses found that crew
members of all age groups have very mixed digital literacy and different experience levels when it
comes to the usage of software and hardware devices. Not only is the work environment of crew
in the maritime industry a challenge, but we also need to take the diversity of the crew members
into account when developing for their user experience.
Ⅱ．Supporting the Crew and Towards Autonomous Vessels

Human-Computer Interaction（HCI）and Artificial Intelligence（AI）are slowly making their way
into the different workplaces. However, the workplace on a vessel is different from common office
workplaces and therefore comes with new challenges. The basic principles are the same. With
a digitalization of processes, work tasks also change as we have to regard the socio-technical
system on a vessel as a whole（Popkin et al., 2008). Task management, the need for an integrated
overview of information（gathered by automated systems and sensors), the need for help to
increase productivity or optimization and support for collaboration as well as the requirement
to cope with overload must be taken into consideration when designing new systems for the
workplace（Colbert et al., 2016). A highly iterative and user-centred approach is recommended to
foster the best possible outcome（ISO, 2019; JIS Z 8530:2021, 2021). Workplaces on vessels differ
a lot. E.g., the environment of the engine room as a workplace is very different from the bridge.
Therefore, we include all different user groups into our analysis, development and testing（Figure
1).
Towards autonomous vessels, many different aspects of the system have to work seamlessly
together. These systems include, e.g., video streaming, computer vision and ML for the recognition
of objects on the sea（and shore), vessel integrated systems including sensors, alarms, and vessel
controls.
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Figure 1. HCI process based on ISO 9241 ‒ 210（ISO, 2010）including the integration of ML to support areas such as decision
making for routing with vessel recognition on the sea. Left side shows the recognition of vessels from the video
material and the right side shows the visualization within the interface showing vessel name, speed, distance and
direction.
Ⅲ．Conclusion
For the future of autonomous vessels and optimized, sustainable shipping, an interdisciplinary
approach is necessary to cover all aspects for the safety of the crew and vessel. Continuous
analysis, testing and user requirements refinement as well as development for sensors, connectivity
and AI/ML models is required.
IV．References
Colbert, A., Yee, N., & George, G.（2016). The digital workforce and the workplace of the future.
MacLachlan, M.（2017). Maritime psychology. Springer International Pu.
Popkin, S. M., Morrow, S. L., Di Domenico, T. E., & Howarth, H. D.（2008). Age is more than just a number:
Implications for an aging workforce in the US transportation sector. Applied ergonomics, 39（5), 542-549.
ISO 9241-210（2019). Ergonomics of human-system interaction. Part 210: Human-centred design process for
interactive systems. Geneva:ISO
JIS Z 8530:2021 人間工学―人とシステムとのインタラクション―インタラクティブシステムの人間中心設計
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Sustainable Mobility Scenario Modeling, Evaluating Future
Resilience of Modular Concepts for Electrified Trucks
Colin de Kwant1,3, Rikard Bodén2,3, Arne Erlandsson1,3

KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Centre for ECO2 Vehicle Design1, KTH Royal Institute of
Technology,
School of Industrial Engineering and Management2, Sweden Modular Management3
colin@kth.com, +46 8 456 35 00（office）
Ⅰ．Abstract
Facing a myriad of megatrends such as sustainability, digitalization, electrification, and automation
one of the greatest concerns for companies is ensuring their fitness for future markets. Predicting
how the future will unfold is impossible yet failing to timely prepare organizations and products
for the future may cause substantial losses for businesses, societies, and the environment.
Consequently, many companies have drawn their interest to flexible product development
strategies to cope with rising complexity, risks and changing requirements. Research has
highlighted modularization as one such strategy. But how does one modularize against the
uncertain future? Guided by this question our research aims to apply futures studies and
scenario techniques along innovation and modularization processes from product planning to
modular system and product platform development. The system-of-interest and case for this
paper is electrified trucks including power infrastructure. Dialogues with key industry expert-,
research- and management stakeholders guided the creation of a model to evaluate modular
truck configurations against multiple scenarios and design pathways. Aiming to close the futures
studies to modularization method gap, we replaced needs-based market segmentation input to
modularization with both qualitative and quantitative data based on mobility scenarios. The main
conclusions to date are two-fold. One: such model may provide insight to improve future resilience
of modular concepts and product platforms in the early stages of platform development. Two: such
model can support recurring assessments of modules and system architecture, guide optimization
of module variants to and product configurations to prepare towards multiple and evolving future
scenarios.
Key words: scenario modeling, modularization, product planning, platform development, electric vehicles,
sustainability, digitalization, conceptual design evaluation
For use in the EJEA-2021-Conf key note presentation and publication in the journal "Frontiers in Artificial
Intelligence"
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Character Development for Artificial Intelligence
Sudha Jamthe1, Charles Ikem2 and Viola Miebach3

Stanford University1, Univ. of Granada2, Barcelona Technology School3
mailto:sujamthe@gmail.com
Ⅰ．Abstract
Artificial intelligence（AI）engages with humans and affects us emotionally like a movie character.
Film Characters have nuanced personalities with a production team managing the character's
impact on audience emotions. Today AI is trained by data scientists as a continuous learning
system using data to improve its predictive algorithm models without any consideration for its
character evolution over time. There is no clarity on what are the core ethical values of the AI as
a character and who manages the personality evolution of the AI to build a relationship of trust
with the people it serves.
Our proposed approach is to engage the user experience（UX）designer throughout the AI
lifecycle and utilize the user interaction data to define the AI s character with tenets of trust,
transparency and fairness that represent the core ethical values of the AI and develop these
tenets into behaviors and personality that adapts to the change in relationship between the AI and
the human.

Our paper will build on prior researchers' work on trustworthy AI and AI ethics to create a
framework to engage the UX designer throughout the AI lifecycle to ensure that AI has character
development that ensures that the AI remains ethical.
Figure 1: Proposed character development approach for AI
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Ⅲ．Conclusion
We proposed an approach that engages the UX Designer all through the lifecycle of the AI
product and their role is to collect user interaction data for AI that informs the user s mental
model（for context）in shared spaces and to iterate and refine the AI Personality AIX elements
to ensure that the ethical values remain fixed throughout the AI Lifecycle. Further research is
proposed to test this concept using quantitative approaches to separate the data used to train the
AI as two streams to be used by the data scientist and the user s evolving relationship with the
AI to be used by the UX designer. This will then be validated using a qualitative approach by
defining the AI s core values and personality in the design process and test that the personality
can be adapted while keeping the character fixed using data from industry. We will measure our
proposed hypothesis by surveys, interviews, shadowing and desk research.
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SDGs in the Anthropocene: A Gandhian Critique
Kazuya Ishii
Kagawa University
Abstract
Today many people across the world wear 17-colour badges to support the SDGs. Their good
will should never be denied, as the badges express their compassion for others on the globe.
Governments, NGOs and corporations are so eager to promote the goals that they appear to have
almost become the agendas of the whole humanity. In the pursuit of that development, however,
are we not plunging into the planetary boundary and causing the Anthropocene, the era when
humans have completely transformed the earth into an unlivable place for species?
Mahatma Gandhi, who thought as ideal a village-based India, advocated that we need to
spontaneously reduce our material want. From that viewpoint, the argument of SDGs might be
insufficient, if we only invite people, both in the present and future generations, to participate
in global development. We also have to question about material abundance provided for a small
number of people in the present global society. It is indeed the rich that should fundamentally
reduce their material wants, at the same time as we talk about enhancing living standards of the
poor. In this presentation, I would like to indicate a small critique of the SDGs from a Gandhian
viewpoint.（199 words）
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A Proposal of Numerical Approach of Quantitative Verification
of Check List to Support Human Digital Security through Kansei
Engineering
Masatoshi Imai1, Katsunori Shimohara2, Yoshiro Imai3, & Tetsuo Hattori3

Kagawa Junior College1, Doshisha University2, Kagawa University3
imai1@kjc.ac.jp
Ⅰ．Background
Internet access is now an integral part of everyday behavior for many users. This access certainly
provides convenience to the user. However, at the same time, there are many cases where
the personal information of the user is absorbed by the Internet and the information becomes
"hostage".
The reason is that, rather than improving the personal environment of users, it is used by
companies hidden behind the Internet to formulate near-future strategies based on the personal
information obtained. Therefore, the more such personal information will be obtained, the better
the quality of the strategy will be distilled, and this composition that drives companies to acquire
more information will be expanding.
Frankly speaking, it would not be asserted that it had been harmful to be the basic information of
the near future strategy. It is also a fact that an environment is provided in which the individual
user feels "comfortable" as one of side effects of the above behavior. Paradoxically speaking,
however, it can be said that "virtual comfort" and "intervention in decision-making and imposition
of values" are probably proceeding at the same time.
Specifically, the purchasing behavior should not be "virtual comfort" that is arbitrarily guided in
a specific direction but does not make one aware of it. Historically and ironically, it is reminiscent
of the dangerous similarities between imperialism and colonial policy. Sorry but these would be
terrible images to sell opium and refer to slave trafficking. Of course, we wish that it should be our
overstatement.
The idea of taking countermeasures against "virtual comfort" by preparing some code of conduct
on the user side may be considered. For example, in the simple and easy-understandable case, if
you buy furniture, you normally don't want to buy such furniture of extra luxury, unnecessary
storage capacity, acceptance of colors you don't like, and so on. In the case of shopping that seems
unnecessary, it is considered that it can be avoided by presetting the "evaluation items" that
regulate the purchasing behavior.
In this research, we would like to propose some numerical scheme of evaluation that contributes to
avoiding excessive theft of personal information by being confused by "virtual comfort".
Ⅱ．Discussion
Our approach is based on how we discuss, point out, and protect our daily but sometimes-harmful
decisionmaking/behavior towards Internet access（namely providing personal information as
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"hostage" due to "virtual comfort").
Previously we have researched "collaborative design" process and visualization of its process
by means of numerical scheme together with Kansei Engineering［1]. The key idea is based
on classification of reserved keywords and priority specification for decision-making criteria.
Since some of many processes may involve complex decision-making variables, traceability and
confirmation are very important to validate the consistency of decision making toward results.
We will describe our approach and its trial solution to demonstrate confirmation of consistency in
evaluating behavior in Internet access based on priority-specified criteria using the AHP-based
calculation for confirmation［2]. And we are sure that we will be able to apply our previous
approach and solution about utilization Kansei Engineering-based decision-making process and
quantitative verification of designed results through AHP methodology to show some good
example how to protect daily but sometimes-harmful decision-making.
Ⅲ．References
［1］ M. Imai, Y. Imai and T. Hattori: "Collaborative design and its evaluation through Kansei engineering
approach," International Journal of Artificial Life and Robotics, Vol. 18, No.3, pp.233‒240, 2013.
［2］ M. Imai, K. Shimohara, Y. Imai and T. Hattori: "A Study of Collaboration of Product Design Supported by
Kansei Engineering," IEEJ Transaction on Electronics, Information and Systems Vol.140, No.8, pp.971-978
（2020-8-01）
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Workshop 8
Educational Change: New Models and
New Thinking in Intercultural Concepts
Chairpersons
Prof. Dr. Toshihiro Hayashi, Kagawa University (Japan)
Prof. Dr. Anders Törnvall, Linköping University (Sweden)
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Extended mind as a way for education in the networked world
Michal Cerny1
Masaryk University in Brno1
mcerny@phil.muni.cz
Ⅰ．Abstract
Changing the school's principal education parameters takes the necessary advent of modern
technology（AI, big data), though it often prevents schools. We must abandon the idea that
knowledge, learning, the ability to solve problems is a matter of the isolated individual, and we
must attach knowledge to a dynamic structure of interactions.
These interactions are not just an only human phenomenon; we must include all information
agents, entities capable of information interactions and forming one mutual information space - the
infosphere. The usual way to model the extended mind is to consider the cooperation between the
individual and the paper notebook, which serves as his extended memory. These two entities can
then be thought of as one cognitive system.
However, we need a significantly more robust model ‒ a model that replaces a paper notebook
with a smartphone with an Internet connection, which can use a large amount of available
information, own analyses and other services, and a person who can be in touch through this
device, with many other actors. It is precisely this newly grasped system of extended and
distributed cognition, which will significantly influence how we will solve problems, communicate,
cooperate.
This paper aims to explore and describe this topic in terms of the impact on education, its
importance, character, and the fundamental values emphasized in it. To show that technology is
not just a passive tool in human hands, but an active element that co-creates our reality.
Ⅱ．Introducion
The traditional model of cognition（and thinking）in antiquity was based on the primacy of the
individual, which is separate from the environment in which he cognizes. In Aristotle, we can see
the manifestation of this approach in the subject-object model（Mensch, 1991). The cognitive and
cognitive are clearly separated from each other. Their mutual interaction has only a superficial
character. What was perceived as intensely social in antiquity was ethical behaviour（"let
everything be for the benefit of the community"）- a virtuous person must behave in such a way
as to promote the interest of the polis, not his private goal. Scholasticism and occidental thinking
continued in this model, including the discourse of analytic philosophy.
Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann（1966）transform this model and say that ethical behaviour
and knowledge are socially determined. A man knows through and within the community,
he cannot be excluded from this ecological epistemic structure. It is precisely the society that
structures his thinking, ways of solving problems, understanding the world. Society shapes
institutions and language as two specific tools for modelling human existence. The basic epistemic
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unit in social constructivism is not the man himself but man as part of society.
Andy Clark and David Chalmers（1998）extended this model when they claimed that the basic
structure of cognition does not have to be an individual but a particular system. The so-called
Otto problem（Rupert, 2009）illustrates this model. Otto does not have long-term memory, he can
remember only a few minutes, but he can quickly write information to a notebook and read from
it quickly. Notes thus play the role of his long-term memory, so Otto may manage life in the world
because his memory has an external character. It is impossible to determine whether Otto is
thinking or interacting with the notebook. We must adopt the epistemic model that thinking and
cognition are integral to the Otto system and the notebook.
However, the reality of today's world is more complicated. Otto will not only have to use a
notebook but a smartphone connected to the Internet. What does it mean? Cognition, search,
evaluation, structuring of knowledge is not just a matter of Otto and the notebook but of the
whole intricately interconnected structure of a million other actors. Solving a specific problem,
learning, working on a project is never an atomic process but a complex structure of reality.
Every knowledge changes us, but at the same time, we change the structure and essence of what
we know by our being. Reality no longer has sharp boundaries between online and offline, between
the individual and his environment, between technology and human.
This fact forces us to re-structure the whole foundations of the Western way of thinking. In
our case, Otto integrates Berger and Luckmann's ideas into the concept of an expanded mind.
At the same time, we must emphasize that the smartphone uses systems and tools that are
not just deterministic algorithms but work with artificial intelligence. While the notebook Clark
and Chalmers worked with was a passive, isolated object that only Otto could read, the current
situation is that the notebook is connected to other information and cognitive sources, has its
autonomy, and actively enters into the interaction process. Therefore, the use of technology differs
fundamentally from Martin Heidegger's model of the zuhandenes（Heidegger, 2010）in that it has
its own（albeit limited）autonomy.
This fundamental epistemic and ontological, and ethical change will mean a lot - among other
things for the very foundations of what we understand as the goal and meaning of education. We
would therefore focus briefly on two general tendencies in philosophy and education is analysed to
explore new character.
Ⅲ．Culture of copying and culture of creativity

In the school environment, we can identify two fundamental cultures, as certain ideal pure types
（according to Webber), which are applied to varying degrees in real school - the culture of copying
and the culture of creativity. The culture of copying is based on the idea that the school aims to
pass on to students a particular predetermined structure of knowledge, knowledge and skills. We
work here with textbooks that pass on the correct procedures that students learn and with the
help of which they can solve problems that appear before them. Assessment is summative in this
culture and assesses how the student has approached the learning outcomes outlined above.
The limit of this approach is that it assumes certain immutability（Bauman（2013）would use
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the word "fortress"）of the world while everything around us changes. We live in a time of
liquid modernity when many professions disappear or arise when the contents of work and their
structure change. The automation of work leads to the loss of easily automated jobs（Frey &
Osborne, 2017）based on a copying culture because repetition of procedures is not adequate.
Therefore, the school as an institution must transform - from a culture of copying to a culture of
creativity. This culture reckons that learning is a way of achieving dynamic balance in a constantly
changing system. The school cannot teach only or dominantly standardized procedures but must
lead students to find these solutions in cooperation with others. Who is the other one? No longer
just a classmate or colleague, but also to a system with artificial intelligence.
The culture of creativity is an approach that seeks to teach students to recognize not in
the categories of atomic objects and tests but a broader context. He works with formative
assessment, which seeks to develop the ability to achieve balance, problem-solving as a general,
incomprehensible process. Students are thrown into situations where the path is not the
implementation of procedures or autonomous, isolated work but the diligent search for ways（with
the expectation of failure and success）in hybrid teams.
We believe that the school will either go in this direction or, as an institution, disappear entirely
（Seufert et al., 2018).
Ⅳ．References
Bauman, Z.（2013). . John Wiley & Sons.
Berger, P. L. and T. Luckmann（1966）,
, Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.

Blossfeld, H. P., Bos, W., Daniel, H. D., Hannover, B., Köller, O., Lenzen, D., ... & Wößmann, L.（2018）.
. Münster: Waxmann.
Clark, A., & Chalmers, D.（1998）. The extended mind. analysis, 58（1), 7-19.
Floridi, L.（2014). . OUP Oxford.

Floridi, L. eds（2015）The Onlife Manifesto: Being Human in a Hyperconnected Era. Springer International
Publishing.
Frey, C. B., & Osborne, M. A.（2017). The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation?.
, 254-280.
Heidegger, M.（2010). . Suny Press.
Mensch, J. R.（1991). Aristotle and the Overcoming of the Subject-Object Dichotomy.
（4), 465-482.
Rupert, R. D.（2009). . Oxford University Press.

Seufert, S., Guggemos, J., & Tarantini, E.（2018）. Digitale Transformation in Schulen-Kompetenzanforderungen an
Lehrpersonen. （）Retrieved January 16, 2021, from https://
www.alexandria.unisg.ch/256741/1/BzL_182_175-193Seufert.pdf
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Extracting learning path data from learning history
Sy Khalifa, Gotoda Naka, Rihito Yaegashi & Hayashi Toshihiro

Kagawa University
s19D621@stu.kagawa-u.ac.jp
Ⅰ．Abstract
E-learning is a tool that is used by both educational institutions and private companies. There is
a tremendous amount of content on e-Learning platforms such as Udemy 100000 courses. learned.
Developing a way automate design of learning plan for e-Learning is the purpose of this research.
To achieve this, we use learning history collected using survey to identify skill mismatch. The
learning path（Jih, H. J., 1996）of ICT professionals informs on skill mismatch（EU commission,
2020）when confronted to an academic learning path. People have a finite amount of time to
achieve as much as possible. Learning path adaptation allows saving time on training. This gain of
time allows people to seek the balance between skills diversification and specialization.

Our first step was to collect through surveys the learning history of information technology
graduates. We collected data on what do professionals have to learn between graduation and
the end of their first year of employment. With this information we can identify skill mismatch.
Professionals will have during their school to work transition to undergo training and acquire extra
skills. Their purpose is to adapt better to their new environment. In 2019 Japan corporate training
expenditure was over 529 billion Yen. This represent a tremendous investment. It also shows
that retraining is occupying a great deal of time for countless people. By relying on professionals
experience the need for retraining can be reduced. But also reduce skill mismatch. The goal is to
simplify as much as possible the learning path. To build by addition of selective content a short yet
personalized learning path. As can be seen in table one while skills learned in school are critical
some skill such as Debugging cannot be easily discarded.
Table 1: a professional in ICT learning path
Skills
Logical thinking, problem solving, fundamental
In School
engineering, ability to reach consensus.
Programming skills（development, debugging, test),
Inhouse
Critical thinking.
This data can be complemented by using information in resume and curriculum vitae. The data
generated by these operations may prove to be valuable to the content providers to see if the
learning path generated through this data can affect the conception of curriculum（P. Stabback,
2016). As they would bring the learning institution closer to the market they prepare students for.
Using the survey, Professionals can express their learning history in terms of skills learned. Based
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on this history undiscovered or expressed learning path can be deduced. Some disadvantages
come with the survey method. First is memory, we do not necessarily remember the details of our
learning history mainly some main points. Second is time industries change, in order to provide
useable data, we need to maintain up to date information on market requirement.
Ⅲ．Conclusion
In conclusion in order to improve the quality of education, identifying the skills required for
learning path generation is critical. As an additional source off data consulting professionals is a
viable method. If we can account for what is forgotten.
Ⅳ．References
［1］ EU commission（Skill panorama), 2015, skill mismatch, Last accessed the 10th of june 2020 https://unevoc.
unesco.org/home/TVETipedia+Glossary/filt=all/id=568
［2］ Jih, H. J.（1996). "The impact of learner s pathways on learning performance in multimedia Computer Aided
Learning". Journal of Network and Computer Applications. 19 367‒380.
［3］ P. Stabback What makes a quality curriculum? , B.I.E, 2016 pp 36 ‒ 38
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Online Japanese Language Education for Elementary Level
Learners
TAKAMIZU Toru
International Office, Kagawa University
takamizu.toru@kagawa-u.ac.jp
Ⅰ．Background
Foreign language education is important in the sense that it is a prerequisite for students to
communicate with one another. However, due to COVID-19, it is not easy for educators to provide
in-person opportunities to learn a language.
There are several possibilities to overcome this situation: 1）students use self-study materials
and learn by themselves, 2）students use on-demand materials and learn by themselves, and 3）
students take online real-time courses. The materials in 1）are typically books. This presentation
will focus on 3）because the other two are generally difficult and less effective for most students
and 3）is a practical alternative to an in-person class.
1）and 2）are the same in that these are basically self-study, even if there are differences between
them: through traditional means or online, or, with or without supervision by a teacher. Self-study
is difficult or less effective for many learners. In contrast to these two, online real-time courses
are much closer to normal classes. However, there are several challenges in order to provide
effective real-time courses.
Ⅱ．How to Overcome the Challenges

In this presentation the presenter will show what was/could be difficult and how to overcome
these challenges in Japanese language online education in detail, especially for elementary level
learners. Just replacing all elements with online alternatives results in an inferior version.
Difficulties Suggested means

Basics of writing It is not easy to recognize By using a portable visualizer, interactive feedback
what is wrong and is possible
interactive instant feedback
is impossible
Reading practice Reading together does not Following means are able to solve the problem
work because of latency ・reading short sentence（s）one by one
・giving up or reduce reading together practice
in class: instead, use more time for role playing
・alternatively, giving students reading（and
recording）assignments
Feedback on It is not easy to understand Combining written feedback with real-time model
submitted reading points that an instructor is reading helps students understand and improve
assignments discussing easily
By introducing these suggested means, online courses worked in a proper way. The learners could
experience effective alternatives made possible by technologies and techniques.
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Ⅲ．Conclusion
Because the Japanese language has its own unique properties, it is not easy to teach online,
especially to elementary level learners. However, by some adjustments, providing desirable
opportunities for learners is possible, and students could master the elementary level and proceed
to the next level.
It is easier for intermediate and advanced learners to learn online compared to elementary learners
when in-person courses are not available. However, the technologies and techniques discussed
above could alleviate the situation and these means can be partially applicable to wide range of
language education. These means are not too difficult to purchase or introduce. In addition, the
courses can be switched to in-person ones and vice versa depending on the situation because
experiences that these means provide do not change fundamental elements of a class.
More opportunities of in-person courses will be available in the future even if nobody can predict
when the impact of COVID-19 will be gone. Educators are required to provide alternatives and
improve them.
Ⅳ．References
Russell, Victoria and Kathryn Murphy-Judy（2020).
. Routledge.
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The Transition from Traditional to Online Learning: what are the
new approaches and challenges for higher education during the
pandemic?
Nik Ani Afiqah Tuah1,2, Ph.D., Lin Naing1, M.D

1
PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam.
2
Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
Ⅰ．Abstract
Many universities have moved from traditional forms of 'in-person' lecture-based teaching
to other modes, utilising online, distance or electronic learning（Moran et al., 2018）during
COVID-19 outbreaks. Online learning helps to minimise disruptions in teaching and compromising
students' learning outcomes（Tuah & Naing, 2020). The most commonly used approaches in
distance learning（DL）consist of blended learning（BL）
（Sajid et al., 2016);（Kiviniemi, 2014),
live teaching（tele-teaching)(Mian & Khan, 2020), flipped classroom（flipped virtual classroom),
online practice questions, video conference, teleconference and telehealth（Chick et al., 2020;
Tuah & Naing, 2020). BL is a current teaching method and is considered vital to education in the
context of pandemic COVID-19. BL refers to a combination of two instruction modes: e-learning
and didactic（face-to-face）teaching（Kiviniemi, 2014; Sajid et al., 2016; Tuah & Naing, 2020). It
offers flexibility, a student-centred approach and a collaborative learning atmosphere（Kiviniemi,
2014; Sajid et al., 2016). Nonetheless, it may aid or impedes active learning, technological use
（challenges with information technology), support（due to stress in managing worklife balance）
and communication（between students and teachers)(Jowsey et al., 2020）while practising social
distancing measures during COVID-19 pandemic. Educators may consider the critical factors when
designing and implementing BL: interaction and communication rules, the teacher's role, careful
selection of collaboration tools, and technical preparation（de Jong et al., 2014). Educators must
examine the nine practical approaches before transitioning from traditional to online learning
during the COVID-19 pandemic. Educators must account for the availability of internet access
（using broadband, mobile phone）on sites, teaching and learning online platforms that are freely
available（such as CANVAS）and free video conferencing software（for example, skype, zoom）
which individuals widely use when setting up the virtual classroom（VC). Also, educators need
to choose appropriate pedagogy, including using flipped classroom（FC）approach to facilitate
students' collaboration, communication, building and applying the concepts during learning. It
helps increase student engagement with content, increase and improve faculty contact time with
students, and enhance learning（Rotellar & Cain, 2016). Besides, educators need to plan teaching/
learning activities for pre-class（lecture MS PowerPoint slides, notes, articles, videos, quizzes）and
post-class（online discussion and feedback）using pages, links, and file features in CANVAS. The
purposeful design of teaching plans for courses covering only useful information and estimating
ample time to complete assigned tasks to achieve the learning outcomes. These approaches
can influence how students engage with content during online learning（Jowsey et al., 2020).
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The teaching methods to enhance active learning can promote collaboration, interactions and
participation among students（e.g. small group work and discussion, quizzes, case-study). Then,
educators can set online discussions, case studies, and short answer questions（SAQs）after VC.
Also, students can use online discussion to enhance their experiences in blended learning（Sajid
et al., 2016). The assessment options include quizzes, assignments, writing reports, and voiceover
slide presentations（using readily available software such as Microsoft PowerPoint and ShareX).
The typical online assessment methods used at higher education institutions（HEIs）include online
quizzes, continuous feedback, multiple-choice questions, and automated assessment for essays.
The online tools for formative assessment in higher education include feedback, self-test quiz and
discussion forums. The critical strategies recommended managing online examination, setting up
online questions using freely available software and utilising free video conferencing tools such as
mobile phones for invigilation purposes. Educators must consider readiness among students and
teachers, cheating practices and student diversity when employing online assessment at HEIs.
Also, educators must evaluate the methods and their impact on students' learning outcomes.（Tuah
& Naing, 2020). At the end of the workshop, the participants will learn practical approaches for
educators transitioning from traditional to online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic, using
freely available software and resources.
Ⅱ．References
Chick, R. C., Clifton, G. T., Peace, K. M., Propper, B. W., Hale, D. F., Alseidi, A. A., & Vreeland, T. J.（2020).
Using Technology to Maintain the Education of Residents During the COVID-19 Pandemic.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2020.03.018
de Jong, N., Savin-Baden, M., Cunningham, A. M., & Verstegen, D. M. L.（2014). Blended learning in health education:
Three case studies. （4), 278‒288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40037-014-0108-1
Jowsey, T., Foster, G., Cooper-Ioelu, P., & Jacobs, S.（2020). Blended learning via distance in pre-registration nursing
education: A scoping review. In （Vol. 44). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.nepr.2020.102775
Kiviniemi, M. T.（2014）. Effects of a blended learning approach on student outcomes in a graduate-level public
health course. (1), 47. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-14-47
Mian, A., & Khan, S.（2020). Medical education during pandemics: A UK perspective. BMC Medicine, 18 （1), 100.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01577-y
Moran, J., Briscoe, G., & Peglow, S.（2018). Current Technology in Advancing Medical Education: Perspectives for
Learning and Providing Care. (6), 796‒799. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-018-0946-y
Rotellar, C., & Cain, J.（2016). Research, Perspectives, and Recommendations on Implementing the Flipped Classroom.
(2）, 34‒34. PubMed. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe80234
Sajid, M. R., Laheji, A. F., Abothenain, F., Salam, Y., AlJayar, D., & Obeidat, A.（2016). Can blended learning and the
flipped classroom improve student learning and satisfaction in Saudi Arabia? 7, 281‒ 285. https://
doi.org/10.5116/ijme.57a7.83d4
Tuah, N. A. A., & Naing, L.（2020). Is Online Assessment in Higher Education Institutions during COVID-19 Pandemic
Reliable? (5）. http://he02.tcithaijo. org/index.php/sirirajmedj/article/view/246342
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Poster Presentations
 12 poster presentations including 4 presentations of high

school students were presented.
 Face-to-face presentation: Olive Square Multi-purpose
Lounge of Kagawa University on 23 October 2021
 Online presentation using SpatialChat: 22-24 October 2021
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Education Support System for Newcomer Nurses
at Visiting Nursing Stations
Sachiko Somaki*1,2, Yukie Majima*2,3, Seiko Masuda*2,3, Yumiko Nakamura*3

*1 Faculty of Nursing, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University,
*2 Graduate School of Humanities and Sustainable System Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University,
*3 Research Institute for Advanced Nursing Technology, Osaka Prefecture University
Email: sachiko.somaki@ompu.ac.jp
Ⅰ．Background and Purpose

By 2025, Japan will become a super aging society with a low birthrate: approximately one in four
people will be 75 years old or older. Visiting nursing stations（stations）are expected to play an
important role in the community for supporting people's lives and medical care. Most newcomer
nurses are expected to be effective at their tasks immediately. Most are mid-career nurses with
various degrees of clinical experience1). However, about 60% of newcomer nurses feel difficulty
in their duties2). About 30% of their educators feel difficulty in educating them according to their
individual careers3). Therefore, we propose an educational support system for newcomer nurses at
the station and discuss its contents.
Ⅱ．Analyses of Current Situation, Challenges, and Proposed System Functions

Most stations are micro-enterprises. Education of the newcomer nurses is left to each station.
Only about half of the stations use educational tools1). Some problems arise when using them,
such as being too busy to spend time and difficulty in tailoring training to different experience
levels. To resolve these difficulties, an educational support system based on experiential learning
theory4） and instructional design（ID)5） that uses experience and promotes independent learning
is examined. This system can enhance education at the stations.
Ⅲ．System Specifications
The target audience is the educators of newcomer
nurses. This educational support system uses an
information and technology communication tool
（Microsoft Teams®）to connect educators mutually
and to provide a mutual learning function. Through
system Function 1, educators acquire knowledge
and skills in experiential learning theory and ID-
based education methods. They learn in advance by
viewing links and videos on Teams, and learn skills
through online meetings and face-to-face training.
Function 2 allows participants to practice education
using personnel training tools. A link to application Figure 1. Educational Support System Overview.
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of the tool is provided. To address issues arising in educational practice, the team chat function is
used to promote mutual learning by allowing educators to exchange opinions and receive opinions
of educational experts.
Ⅳ．Summary, Future Issues and Developments

Using the system, educators at the station can learn basic educational methods. A community of
educators will be formed for mutual consultation and sharing of necessary information for system
development.
Ⅴ．References
1） Sachiko Somaki, Yumiko Nakamura.（2021). Factor Affecting Association and Relations Between Staff
Education and Newcomer Nurse Professional Identity at Visiting Nursing Stations. Journal of Japan Academy
of Nursing for Home Care, 9（2), 10-19.
2） Mitsue Watanabe., Michiko Takeda.（2019). A Strategy for with the Difficulty by Newly Appointed Visiting
Nurses While Carrying out their Duties. Journal of Japan Academy of Nursing for Home Care, 8（1), 11-19.
3） Kanagawa Prefecture Visiting Nurse Promotion Council（2015). Report on the actual conditions of human
resource development in visiting nursing stations; http://www.pref.kanagawa.jp/uploaded/life/951216_3011643_
misc.pdf（2021.7.8）
4） D. A. Kolb,（1984). Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development, Second
Edition. 19, Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River.
5） C. M. Reigeluth,（1983). Instructional-design theories and models: an overview of their current status. Edited
by Charles M. Reigeluth Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
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Proposal of a System Enhancing Self-affirmation Using LINE
Chatbots for Elementary School Students
Koji Mikami1, Yukie Majima1, & Seiko Masuda1

Graduate School of Humanities and Sustainable System Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University1
Koji Mikami1 saa01251@edu.osakafu-u.ac.jp
Ⅰ．Introduction
"Self-affirmation" is "self-assessment that one's attitude is favorable". In recent years, young
Japanese people have been found to have a significantly lower sense of self-affirmation than
other countries such as the United States［1]. In Japan, many lesson-style educational practices
reportedly increase the self-affirmation of elementary school students. Nevertheless, no method
other than the lesson format exists. Reportedly, no educational practice can be characterized as
an effective method for all children［2]. Therefore, for this research, we developed and proposed a
system that enhances the self-affirmation of elementary school students using a method other than
the lesson format.
Ⅱ．Proposal System
The authors have developed, evaluated, and verified LINE chatbots that enhance self-affirmation
by introducing "Three Good Things," which lists three good things every day for university
students.［3]. Results demonstrate that self-affirmation was higher after system introduction than
before system introduction. In recent years, more than 50% of elementary school students use
smartphones［4]. The use of LINE increases as the grade level increases. One in three students
use it in the sixth grade［5]. Therefore, we decided to introduce a similar system for elementary
school students.
To make it easier for elementary school students to accept the icon, we used an image of a cat
and appended "Meow!" to the end of the word. I set it to send a message urging "Three Good
Things" every day before going to bed（20:00）. If you reply to this, then you will get a random
reply selected from the following three. "Thank you for telling me! Let's do our best tomorrow!"
"Great! Can you tell me tomorrow?" "Meow, I heard good things! Tell me tomorrow!" In addition, if
one talks to the chatbots, then one can enjoy the conversation from the TALK API provided by
Recruit.
Ⅲ．Experiment Outline
The evaluation plan is described next. This system will be introduced into the upper grades of
elementary school students who have a high LINE usage rate. Self-affirmation is evaluated using
the Japanese version of the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale（RSES-J）by Mimura et al.［6]. Twice
before and after the introduction, after 10 items are evaluated on a four-point scale, they are
compared. Additionally, we will investigate the good points and improvement points of the system
from the questionnaire survey. Furthermore, by analyzing conversation logs, one can expect to
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discover factors that increase self-affirmation and characteristics of younger elementary school
students.
Ⅳ．Conclusion
This study presents a system for elementary school students to increase self-affirmation using
LINE chatbots. In the future, based on the evaluation plan, we will evaluate the upper grades of
elementary school students.
V．References
［1］ Ministry of Education, Reiwa 1st Year White Paper on Children and Youth（Summary Edition), 2019,
https://www8.cao.go.jp/youth/whitepaper/r01gaiyou/s 0_1.html
［2］ Kana Matsui, A study of educational practices to enhance children s self-esteem in elementary schools:
Through the examination of research papers on practices for higher self-esteem, Mukogawa Women's
University Graduate School of Education Research, No. 2, 2017, pp. 47-55
［3］ Koji Mikami, Yukie Majima, Seiko Masuda, Proposal of a System that Increase Self-affirmation Using LINE
Chatbots, Transactions of Japanese Society for Information and System in Education（Posting）
［4］ Cabinet Office, Survey of youth Internet usage environment, 2021, https://www8.cao.go.jp/youth/kankyou/
internet_torikumi/tyousa/r02/net-jittai/pdf/sokuhou.pdf
［5］ Children's smartphone wisdom bag, Can I use LINE on kids' mobile phones? LINE usage rate and LINE
registration conditions for elementary school students, 2018, https://www.eagle-inc.jp/kids-keitai/line-is-not-
available-in-kidskeitai/
［6］ Chizu Mimura, Peter Griffiths, A Japanese version of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale: Translation and
equivalence assessment, Journal of Psychosomatic Research 62, 2007, pp. 589 ‒ 594
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Development of the second prototype of a half drone inverted
pendulum transportation robot to improve the safety and the
controllability
Naoki YAEMOTO, Shoichi MAEYAMA

Kagawa University, Kagawa University
Ⅰ．Abstract
In recent years, the labor shortage due to the increase in demand in the delivery industry has
become a problem. To solve this problem, drones and vehicle-type transportation robots have
been developed［1]. In our laboratory, a half-drone inverted pendulum type transportation robot
that integrates a drone and wheels has been developed. This is a robot that uses a new mobile
mechanism that can overcome the short cruising range of the drone, the small load capacity,
and the difficulty of raising and lowering the steps of the wheeled vehicle. This paper proposes a
second prototype designed based on the findings obtained from the primary prototype developed
for theoretical research［2].
The appearance of the second prototype is shown in Fig. 1, and the system configuration is shown
in Fig. 2. In the second prototype, two rotors are placed at the bottom of the loading platform to
prevent contact with the outside of the rotors. Although safety can be ensured by this, the balance
of the loading platform cannot be controlled by this alone. So, a DC servomotor is attached to the
rotating shaft of the loading platform.
Figure 1. Half drone inverse pendulum Figure 2. System configuration for Prototype2
transportation robot Second Prototype

Several experiments were conducted to verify the validity of the structure of the second
prototype. First, in this robot, it is thought that the air flow is obstructed by the bottom surface
of the loading platform and the thrust of the rotor is attenuated, so the degree of the effect was
measured. As a result, it was confirmed that the thrust of the rotor used in the selected actual
machine had a damping of at least 24%.
Next, the thrust of the rotor was measured in a state close to that of the actual machine, using a
device that reproduced the tilted state of the machine. As a result, it was found that the thrust
of the rotor was further attenuated by about 8%. At this time, the sum of the thrusts of the two
rotors satisfies the required thrust, but the counterrotating rotor does not simply add the thrusts,
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and the thrust is further attenuated. Therefore, it is necessary to design in detail in consideration
of these. Since the control of the inverted pendulum robot is the same as that of the primary
prototype, the control of the loading platform is integrated with it.
Ⅲ．Conclusion
This paper described the second half-drone inverted pendulum type transportation robot and the
verification of the validity of the design of the loading platform drone section. Future goals are
the development of the control system for the loading platform drone and the integration of the
control system.
Ⅳ．References
［1］ Kenichiro Nagaiwa，Shoto Takeda, The Future of Logistics in the Rural Area ,NAVIGATION, pp.7‒12, 2018.
［2］ Rintaro Hoji，Shoichi Maeyama, Position Control for Half-Drone Wheeled Inverted Pendulum Robot ,
ICMA2021 Proceedings, to appear.
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Location of wells and groundwater distribution in Teshima Island,
Japan. Environmental humanities approach and hydrological
simulation
Masataka YATSUZUKA1, Masahide ISHIZUKA2, Satoshi MURAYAMA3,＆Toru TERAO3

Graduate school of Engineering, Kagawa University, Japan.1, Faculty of Engineering and Design,
Kagawa University, Japan.2
,Faculty of Education, Kagawa University, Japan.3
s21g410@kagawa-u.ac.jp1
Ⅰ．Introduction
The islands of the Seto Inland Sea are prone to water shortages due to low rainfall amount
and small isolated spaces. However, Teshima Island（14.4km2, Fig.1), Tonosho Town, Kagawa
Prefecture, is an unique place in terms of its water environment because it has a spring called
"Karato-no-shimizu," which does not run out even in the period of extreme drought, and has a lot of
rice paddy fields. Based on the relatively abundant water resources, people in the island have been
utilized the tube well. For this, the well might have an important role but these characteristics
have not been described in detail in previous studies.
Ⅱ．Method
This study focuses on the wells, which have been used as a source of water for daily life, and
aims to elucidate location of wells and changes in their use in Teshima Island. In addition, the use
and location of wells are also related to the hydrological cycle such as precipitation, infiltration,
underground storage and river runoff. In this study, both of environmental humanities and
hydrological approaches were demonstrated. As an approach to environmental humanities, we
conducted field surveys and interviews to the people live in Teshima Island about the distribution
of wells and the changes in their use. As a hydrological approach, the hydrological cycle in
Teshima Island, especially the groundwater distribution, which is strongly related to wells location,
is estimated by using the two hydrological models: RRI（Rainfall-Runoff-Inundation）Model and
GETFLOWS（GEneral purpose Terrestrial fluid-FLOW Simulator).
Ⅲ．Results & Discussion

We showed the distribution and usage of wells in Teshima Island, which were found by
the field surveys and interviews. The field survey was conducted twice in September and
December 2020, and a total of 57 wells were identified（Fig.1). Most of the wells are used as the
household well, except the common-use well, and electric well pumps are used to pump up the
water（Fig.2). Currently, the piped water supply coverage ratio is over 95% in Teshima Island,
and most of households do not use the well water for drinking. Before the construction of the
piped water supply system, the well water has been used as a source of water for domestic use
including drinking, but it seems to have been gradually out of use due to problem of the water
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Figure 1: Locations of "Karato-no-Shimizu" and wells in Teshima Figure 2: Household well and wash place at Ieura-
Island Suzuri（2021.12.13）
quality. However, some households still use the well water for the purpose of watering plants and
vegetable, removing mud, and other outdoor uses.
Ⅳ．Concluding Remarks
The field survey partly revealed the distribution of the wells, their uses, and their change
in Teshima Island. Even now, after the construction of the piped water supply system, some
households still use the wells on a daily basis, and this gives possibility that the well water can be
used for different purposes, such as drinking and outdoor uses as it used to be. Though, this study
does not investigate all wells and there are many unknowns, including the timing of changes in
the well pumping methods and the seasonal fluctuations of the well water levels. We will continue
to investigate not only the well s characteristics but the hydrological cycle in the island, including
the estimation of groundwater distribution using the hydrological models. We will show some
preliminary results of the hydrological simulations at the poster presentation in October.
Ⅴ．References
１．Research Institute for Comparative Culture of Tokushima Bunri University: Teshima no Minzoku, p.7, 1986（in
Japanese).
２．Ozaki Y. : Flow simulation in Musashino Plateau using GETFLOWS, master's thesis, Tokyo Metropolitan
University, pp. 52, 2016.（in Japanese).
３．Yamzazaki D., J-FlwDir:Japan Flow Direction Map, http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ yamadai/JapanDir/, 2018.
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Verification of human resources development methods for
continuous disaster prevention and crisis management unique to
local governments
Takeshi Kasai1 Atsuko Nonomura2

Graduate School of Engineering, Kagawa University1
Faculty of Engineering and design, Kagawa University2
Ⅰ．Introduction
In Japan, large-scale disasters such as the Great East Japan Earthquake, the Kumamoto
Earthquake, and the heavy rain disaster occur almost every year. Local governments will be at
the forefront of disaster response. However, in disaster response, there are disasters in which past
experience is not always utilized in local governments that have little experience of disaster. In
recent years, there are systems that can analyze data on past disasters caused by the development
of AI and give advice, but it is humans who make the best use of that data, and it is also humans
who make the final decision. In addition, the on-site response should be done also by human.
Therefore, human resource development is an important issue because it is necessary for AI to
entrust data aggregation and analysis, and for humans to make decisions and respond, collaborate,
and coordinate on-site.
Therefore, in this study, the local government staff
training system was developed. In the training
system, first, the local government trained disaster
prevention / crisis management specialists as
instructors of organization itself for a year 1). In the
next step, the specialists trained other members who
belong to the organization through 10 hours training
program, which is prepared by the specialists. In
this paper, the effectiveness of the training program
was verfied in Sakaide city Hall.
Fig1.New education system image
Ⅱ．Results
In this study, local governments independently train
specialists within their own organizations, and the
specialists provide disaster prevention and crisis
management specialized training to all staff. It is a
circular training system. There are two points in
this training system.
This is a sound-cycle training system in which
specialists are trained within their own organization Fig2. Grouping of specialists
and the specialists continue to provide specialized
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training to all staff（Fig1).
This is a guidance system in which the specialists who provide guidance are divided into a group
in charge of managing each training and a group that examines the preparation of materials and
standardization of teaching methods（Fig2).
In the event of a large-scale disaster, lectures, workshops, and exercises were used with the
aim of raising awareness and improving disaster prevention and crisis management capabilities
so that all offices could respond. The content of the training is "disaster prevention knowledge",
general disaster prevention, damage estimation / hazard map. The "plan" is the operation, support
and support system of the disaster countermeasures headquarters. As a "training / workshop",
there are simulation training, Satasen, action card, and crossroads on the map to imagine disaster
response. As a "system," we conducted training on the handling of the prefectural disaster
prevention information system and the earthquake and tsunami observation and monitoring
system（DONET).
Regarding verification, we exchanged opinions after the training with the instructed specialists,
conducted a questionnaire survey, and conducted a questionnaire survey with the participants.
Specialists（16 people). In the exchange of opinions, there was no particular problem with the
guidance, but there was an opinion that it was necessary to change the contents and order of some
programs in progress. From the results of the questionnaire, 69% of the respondents answered
that the system for rotating the group that is mainly in charge of training is generally good.
However, 12% gave a negative answer. Regarding the guidance system that divides the program
in charge, 100% answered that it is generally good.
Participants（total of 88 people in the two training sessions). Regarding the sound material-cycle
training system, 89% answered that it was generally good. Those who take it negatively not in.
Ⅲ．Discussion.
The exchange of opinions by specialists raised issues for progress, but as a result of immediate
consideration and reflection in the second program, all responded that the exchange of opinions
after the second training was good. It is possible to respond immediately to issues by having
the instructor plan and manage within the organization. In addition, from the results of the
questionnaire, there was a negative opinion from 12% about the system that rotates the group that
is mainly in charge of training, which is considered to be anxious to be mainly instructed（Fig3).
Considering the teaching method based on this, 100% of the methods for standardizing materials
by dividing and examining the programs in charge are positive（Fig4), so each group considers
it positively. By standardizing materials and teaching methods, it is considered that a system that
allows mutual follow-up is good even if there is little teaching experience. Until the guidance of
each specialist gets used to it, the group in charge of each program will respond flexibly.
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Specialist questionnaire
Fig3.Do you think that the method in which one group is Fig4.Do you think it's a good idea to group your programs
mainly in charge of each training is good. and review them to standardize your material
From the results of the questionnaire from the participants, it can be said that the system that
trains specialists in the organization and provides disaster prevention / crisis management training
to all staff is understood within the organization regardless of age and position（Fig5).
Questionnaire for trainees
Fig5.Is this training system good.
Ⅳ．Conclusion
Based on the above results, the method of a cyclical training system in which specialists who
provide guidance within their own organization are trained and the specialists instruct all staff,
and a group system in which the specialists divide the training into groups and programs are
in charge. By planning, operating, and instructing the specialists themselves, it is possible to
directly feel the training that the participants are interested in or the training that is low in the
questionnaire results and directly, and there is an advantage that any problems can be corrected
immediately. In addition, the style of dividing the program, dividing the specialists into groups,
narrowing down the programs in charge, creating materials, and standardizing the teaching
method is such that specialists with little experience and anxiety about teaching receive support
from specialists in charge of the same program. You can gain experience. In addition, since the
training content is standardized even if the specialists instructing are changed, it is possible for
the trainees to take the same training with a certain level of quality, so it is considered to be an
effective training system.
Ⅴ．References
Takeshi Kasai Atsuko Nonomura
Development of human resource development methods for local disaster prevention and crisis management.
JSNDS, Vol 40,No.1,pp67-79,2021
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NOx reaction analysis of ammonia flame burner
with hydrogen stabilizer
Matsuda Naoya1, Tsubota Tomohiro1 & Okumura Yukihiko1

Kagawa University, 2217-20, Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa, JAPAN1
Ⅰ．Abstract
Ammonia is considered ideal fuel that does not emit greenhouse gases（i.e., CO2, CH4 etc.).
However, if ammonia is forcibly combusted, a large amount of NOx（toxic substance）will be
generated. For fuel utilization of ammonia, the low-NOx combustion is required（Kobayashi, 2019,
pp.109-133). In this study, NOx formation/reduction area formed in flame and the rate of reaction
are especially identified by using numerical simulation. This study aims to develop a turbulent
burner that can simultaneously achieve NOx reduction.
Ⅱ．Equipment & Calculation method

The burner has a structure of triple tube（Figure 1). In an experiment, a stable flame was
obtained by separately supplying ammonia, hydrogen, and air in central, duplex, and triple tubes,
respectively（Figure 1). The burner developed in this study can supply a high-velocity airflow（<10
m/s), the velocity could be changed. For the coaxial diffusion flame, another coaxial high-velocity
airflow was added to the space between the central fuel jet flow and the surrounding airflow. This
additional airflow produced strong turbulence to the flame front area.
Turbulent flows were investigated using Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes（RANS）and the
Chen model, which was suitable for determining the rapid changes in turbulent flow energy（）
and its dissipation factor（ε）. CRECK mechanism（31 species, 203 reactions）
（Stagni, 2020, pp.
696-711）is employed to calculate oxidation of ammonia and hydrogen.
Ⅲ．Result & Discussion

Figure 2 shows profiles of temperature and rate of reactions by numerical simulation. The
maximum temperature of flame is approximately 2200 K and the low-temperature area formed at
inner flame where fuels are not combusted. Figure 2（c）shows the distribution of NOx reduction
rates reacting with N, NH, or NH2 radicals. Simultaneously, Figure 2（b）shows the reaction rates
of NOx formation. When the right and left phenomena are simultaneously examined, the reduction
reaction of NOx is found to intensely generate on the slightly inner side of the high temperature
region（i.e., NH3-fuel rich region), thus inhibiting NOx increase. NOx formed by the NH3 combustion
is decreased in the reduction region and the net NOx formation is prevented since NOx reduction
area
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Figure 1. Burner structure（center tube: NH3, duplex Figure 2. Calculation results.（（a）temperature,（b）rate of
tube: H2, triple tube: air with high velocity）. NOx formation,（c）rate of NOx reduction）
Ⅳ．Conclusion
⑴ NOx formation/reduction areas in flame of ammonia burner with hydrogen stabilizer are
identified by numerical simulation.
⑵ NOx formed by the NH3 combustion is decreased in the reduction region and the net NOx
formation is prevented since NOx reduction area locates on NOx formation area. A reduce
mechanism by which NOx is reacted with NH3 works simultaneously to inhibit increase in
NOx formation.
V．References
Kobayashi, H. et al.（2019). Science and technology of ammonia combustion, Proceedings of the Combustion
Institute, vol. 37, pp. 109-133.
Stagni, A. et al.（2020). An experimental, theoretical and kinetic-modeling study of the gas-phase oxidation of
ammonia, Reaction Chemistry & Engineering, vol. 5, pp. 696-711.
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Effect of reaction scheme on the structure of ammonia
turbulent flame
Tomohiro Tsubota1, Naoya Matsuda1, & Yukihiko Okumura1

Kagawa University Faculty of Engineering and Design, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0396, Japan1
Ｉ．Abstract
In recent years, global environmental problems, particularly global warming due to carbon dioxide
（CO2), have become substantially evident. It is therefore necessary to investigate novel and
efficient energy utilization methods, to significantly suppress CO2 emission, and thus preserve
the environment. Ammonia（NH 3）is a fuel that does not emit greenhouse gases. However,
the burning velocity of NH3 is below 0.06 m/s, which is much lower than that of conventional
hydrocarbon fuels（oil-based fuels), making it difficult to achieve stable combustion of NH3. If NH3
is forcibly combusted, a large amount of NOX（toxic substance）will be generated. In this study,
the calculations were performed using three chemical kinetic mechanisms（GRI Mech 3.0, Okafor
Mech, Creck Mech), and the best mechanism was selected by comparing the experimental and
calculation results. The GRI Mech 3.0（Smith, et al）has a common reaction that has been used for
the combustion calculation of many hydrocarbon fuels. The Okafor Mech（Okafor, et al, 2018）was
improved NH3 reactivity based on GRI Mech 3.0 and Tian Mech. The Creck Mech（Stagni, et al,
2020）was a newly created mechanism and the mechanism for promoting the NH3/H2 reactions
was added to the conventional scheme. By comparing the experimental and numerical data（i.e.,
flame structure and laminar burning velocity), it is found that that the Creck Mech was judged
to be the most suitable chemical kinetic mechanism for ammonia burner with hydrogen flame
stabilizer.

The analysis object of ammonia burner is shown in Figure 1. A stable flame was obtained by
separately supplying ammonia, hydrogen, and air in central, duplex, and triple tubes, respectively
（Figure 1). The burner developed in this study can supply a high-velocity airflow（8m/s). Figure 2
shows the comparison of flame structure between experimental and numerical result. In particular,
NH3 consumption height from burner rim well agreed, and the distributions of temperature and
chemical species by Creck Mech well agreed with experimental result. Figure 3（a),（b）shows
laminar burning velocities of NH3-H2（50-50:vol%）/Air flame, and stoichiometric NH3-H2/Air
flame, respectively. represents the ratio of H2 in NH3-H2 mixture fuel. From Figure 3（a),（b),
the Creck Mech can takes account of the improvement of burning velocity and reactivity when H2
is added to NH3.
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Figure 1. Ammonia burner Figure 2. Flame structure at central axes of flame Figure 3. Laminar burning
velocity
Ⅲ．Conclusion
⑴ From a point of view with the flame structure and laminar burning velocity, the calculation
results obtained using the Creck Mech well agreed with the experimental results.
⑵ In GRI Mech 3.0 and Okafor Mech, the flame length became longer because the burning
velocity（NH3/H2）due to the addition of H2 was not taken into consideration. Then, the GRI
Mech 3.0 and Okafor Mech are underestimate reactivity when H2 are added to NH3.
Ⅳ．References
Smith, GP., Golden, DM., Frenklach, M., Moriarty, NW., Eiteneer, B., ... & Goldenberg, M., URL:http://www.
me.berkeley.edu/gri_mech/.
Okafor, E. C., Naito, Y., Colson, S., Ichikawa, A., Kudo, T., Hayakawa, A., & Kobayashi, H.（2018). Experimental and
numerical study of the laminar burning velocity of CH4‒NH3‒air premixed flames. , 187,
185-198.
Stagni, A., Cavallotti, C., Arunthanayothin, S., Song, Y., Herbinet, O., Battin-Leclerc, F., & Faravelli, T.（2020).
An experimental, theoretical and kinetic-modeling study of the gas-phase oxidation of ammonia. Reaction
Chemistry & Engineering, 5(4), 696-711.
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Combustion characteristics of NH3/H2 premixed flames
and mechanism of NOx formation
Kosuke Hoshika1, Kira Kagawa1, & Yukihiko Okumura1

Kagawa University Faculty of Engineering and Design, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0396, Japan1
s21g520@kagawa-u.ac.jp
Ｉ．Abstract
Recently, ammonia fuel which doesn t emit CO2 is being developed to reduce global warming and
to realize a sustainable society. However, the burning velocity of NH3 is below 0.06 m/s, which
is much lower than that of conventional hydrocarbon fuels, making it difficult to achieve stable
combustion of NH3. If NH3 is forcibly combusted, a large amount of NOx（toxic substance）will be
formed. To improve the flame reactivity of NH3, cofiring NH3 with H2 has been elucidated. The
characteristics of NH3/H2/air flames is clarified by experiment and numerical analysis.

Figure 1 shows the effect of the equivalence ratio on the blow-off gas velocity for each fuel. The
area below the lines for each fuel represents the stability region, and the area above lines is
the blow-off region. We selected the flame（NH3(50%)/H2(50%)/air）which has a same burning
velocity as hydrocarbons. In Figure 1, NH 3（50%)/H 2(50%）/air flame is hardly blow- off
compared to hydrocarbons（CH4, C3H8), because the H2 contributes the selectivity of molecular
diffusion and sustainable radical supply. Figure 2 shows the effect of H2 fraction and equivalence
ratio on NOx emissions calculated by Creck-mech（Song, et al., 2019). represents the initial
temperature of mixtures（298K), P shows pressure（1atm), and is the volume fraction of H2 in
blended fuels in Figure 2. The NOx emission level increased with the increase in . The reaction
rate of NH3→NH2→HNO→NO, which is the main pathway of NOx formation increases as
increases. In addition, the increase in adiabatic flame temperature due to H2 addition has a positive
effect on NOx formation. The equivalence ratio greater than 1.0（φ>1.0）contributes the reduction
of NOx, because the NOx reduction rate promotes by the NH2, NH, and N radicals produced from
rich NH3 in the mixture.
Fig. 1 The effect of the equivalence ratio Fig. 2 The effect of and equivalence ratio on NOx
on the blow-off gas velocity. emission level.
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Ⅲ．Conclusion
⑴ NH3(50%)/H2(50%)/air flame has a wider range of stability region than that of hydrocarbons
due to the high molecular diffusion of H2.
⑵ The H radicals play an important role in the formation of NOx in NH3/H2/air flames. In order
to reduce NOx emissions, it is required to reduce the volume fraction of H2 in the fuel.
⑶ In NH 3/H 2/air flames, NO x emissions can be controlled by the equivalence ratio. The
equivalence ratio greater than 1.0（φ>1.0 ）contributes the reduction of NOx.
IV．References
Song, Y., Marrodán, L., Vin, N., Herbinet, O., Assaf, E., Fittschen, C., ... & Battin-Leclerc, F.（2019). The sensitizing
effects of NO2 and NO on methane low temperature oxidation in a jet stirred reactor.
(1), 667-675.
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Study about relationship between walking habit
and lack of exercise
Funahashi Izumi
Marugame High School
hashi-27.ikyn@icloud.com
１．Motive
In 2016, WHO published a result of a study that more than
one hundred and forty people in a group of adults older
than 18 in the world is regarded as lack of exercise. And
they can have high risks to infect second type of diabetes,
cardiovascular disease, cancer, and dementia.⑴ As one of
the reasons, the development of transportation. In this time,
we can go anywhere with only sitting, and a family have
at least one car. So, more and more people do not feel like
walking. Thinking about what I can do to solve the present
conditions, I came up to the recommendation of walking,
most of people can do. There are three actions called X, Y, Z,
in human s movement. X explains the motion of right and
Figure1. Three pivots when we are walking
left. Y is the motion of level turn. If there is a single error of
these, we would have stress on our body. The error of X occurs by shaking our upper body with
dissymmetrical. Y occur by that of twist of upper body. Z occur by putting our weight on the foot
we step forward［sliding one s feet].（figure1）I think the goal of this study is improving these
errors.
２．Importance
By improving the habit while we are walking, like posture, and how to put our weight, the people
who do not willing to walk will be able to do it more easily and voluntarily. This way affects the
problem, lack of exercise. And when I looked up diabetes, the disease occurs by disorder lifestyle
included lack of exercise, and particular Japanese easy to suffer from, I found that in the case of
women, the risks to get the disease will be higher after menopause because of lack of female sex
hormone.⑵ That is, I can also reduce the number of diabetes patient by targeting at menopause
women.
３．Question
１．Is it possible to search the parts of body put the stress related in our habit on and promote
natural improvement?
２．Is it possible to prevent establishment of our form when we are walking by breaking women s
habits when walking before menopause?
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４．Hypothesis
１．It is hard to promote improvement by only the force of human because menopause women
may have already established their habit.ＡＳＩＣＳdeveloped new machine to grasp our
motion when we are running, called［MOTION SENSOR].
When the machine put on our west, it calculates more than 20 kinds of indexes about our
form. This mechanism may be able to use to improve walking form.⑶
２．Improvement of habit before menopause is certain easier than that of habit in menopause.
And, it will also affect lack of exercise. I think the young we start, the more effective we can
prevent establishment of habit when walking.
５．Reference
⑴ www.seikatsusyukanbyo.com
⑵ style.nikkei.com
⑶ www.watch.impress.co.jp
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To increase the recycling rate of Marugame city
Anna MIMURO
Kagawa Prefectural Marugame High School
Ｉ．Research Background
The reason I chose recycling is because I watched
Zero Waste in Kamikastu on TV. Residents sort
trash into 45 types and recycling rate reached 80%
in 2019. Marugame city s recycling rate reached 12%
（population100,000-500,00）in 2019 and the figure
was low in municipalities.（Figure1）
Although Marugame city works attempts on
recycling, it doesn t seem to be rising percentage.
I wondered why don t recycling rate rise, the Figure1. Top10 recycling initiatives municipalities
（Population 100,000-500,000）
difference between Marugame and Kamikatsu.
That s why I tried to investigate the factors that work of Kamikatsu works well and get hints
from it.
Ⅱ．Research method
Study tour of Zero Waste Center
Hearing to staff in Zero Waste Center
Ⅲ．Research purpose
① How did Kamikatsu town get residents approval
② Necessary points to sustain work
IV．Research result
① At the start of it, there were many residents
that disagreed the initiative and flied tipping staff
researched opinions from residents and pursue the
convenience of residents such as increase opening
day of center, resident staff.
② There is system that residents can get knowledge
on recycling and through sorting residents can
communicate each other such as sorting with staff,
use center as a place of relaxation. Figure2. Income and expenditure related to the trash
Ⅴ．Consideration
Through this research I consider that the difference of Kamikatsu is less opportunities to
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encounter recycling. That s why I want to suggest that we conduct education of recycling from
childhood and the city is display sing about income and expenditure related to the trash we take
out on the garbage collection boxes.（Figure2）
Also, I think it good if we can combine existing facilities and staff to create something new system.
For example, we install the system that children can separate their garbage themselves at nursery
school in Marugame city. Through the experience get children to make it daily routine or I make
picture book about recycling and ask nursery schoolteachers to put on the book there.
VI．References
・ Ministry of the Environment HP：Waste treatment technical information/Survey results of the first year of
Reiwa〈https://www.env.go.jp/recycle/waste_tech/ippan/r1/index.html〉
・ Ministry of the Environment HP：Waste treatment technical information/Discharge and treatment status of
general waste（as of 18, 3rd year of Reiwa）

〈https://www.env.go.jp/recycle/waste_tech/ippan/r1/index.html〉
・ KAMIKATSU ZERO WASTE CENTER HP: WHY KAMIKATSU ZERO WASTE CENTER〈https://why-
kamikatsu.jp/〉
・ Public relations pamphlet：KAMIKATSU ZERO WASTE CENTER & HOTEL WHY
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Investigating the Mechanism of the Marsilea Mutica’s
Nyctinastic Movements
Kokoa Shirakawa, Yuna Tao, and Sora Kondo

Kanonji Daiichi High School
Ⅰ．Abstract
It is known that Marsilea mutica shows nyctinastic movements, however, we haven t figured out
the reasons. The reasons for nyctinastic movements of land plants similar to Marsilea mutica are
related to turgor pressure and growth movements. Pore opening and closing movements are also
likely affected. First, we counted the number of stomas in a specimen of Marsilea mutica. More
stomas were observed on the tops of the leaves than the under sides of the leaves, both outside
of and under the water. In the water, the difference of the number of stomas is very large and
it is not related to whether or not it shows nyctinastic movements. From these results, it seems
that decreasing the amount of water in the leaf and the heat of vaporization caused by rising
temperature affect the number of stomas. In the future, we plan on researching our hypothesis
and investigating the relationship between the turgor pressure and growth movements.
Ⅱ．Results and Discussion

The factors of nyctinastic movements seem to be the number of stomas, and pore opening and
closing movements, Growth movements, and Turgot pressure movements. In experiment ,
we use both Marsilea mutica both under and above the water, and apply a nail polish to the top or
bottom of each leaf.
We let them dry and stick cellophane tape to the leaves and peel it off with the nail polish. We
then place it on a slide glass and observe it with a microscope.
Figure1. Nyctinastic movements of Marsilea mutica under the water and above the water
Ⅲ．Conclusion
Marsilea mutica can t exchange gases under water so the stomas are degenerated. Marsilea
mutica（grown above the water）contains more stomas and shows more pore opening and closing
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movements. The factors for an increased number of stomas are: A decreased amount of water in
leaves, and heat of vaporization caused by rising temperature.
Ⅳ．References
Suzuki M, Maruyama Y, and Nagaoka K(1994）
−240−
The Relationship Between the Crystalline Lens and Vitreous
Humor’s Quality in Fish Freshness
Haruchika Onishi, Natsuki Koyama, Airi Toyoura

Kanonji Daiichi High School
Ⅰ. Abstract
In general, the freshness of fish is often judged by the turbidity of the crystalline lens. In our
study, we re going to investigate the relationship between the crystalline lens and vitreous
humor s quality in the freshness of fish, because they haven t been focused on so much in previous
research. In our research, we investigated whether we could see a difference in the size of the
crystallizations depending on the freshness in fish. First, we took out the crystalline lenses from a
mackerel and put them on a slide. Second, we dried them with a high temperature dryer（30℃）
for20 minutes, and then observed it with an optical microscope.（magnification 40X).
Ⅱ．Results and discussion

The results are as shown in Fig1 to Fig6 below.
On the day of death three-dimentional radical crystallizations are observed clearly
1st day after death almost no change from the date of death
2nd day after death the quality of crystallizations got worse
3rd day after death crystallizations became smaller
th
4 day after death the quality of crystallizations got worse and the size of them became smaller
5th day after death the size of the crystallization became much smaller and almost couldn t be found
（Fig.1）On the day of death （Fig.2）1st day after death （Fig.3）2nd day after death
（Fig.4）3rd day after death （Fig.5）4th day after death （Fig.6）5th day after death
From these results, it seems that the freshness of trout affects the quality of crystallization. On
the 5th day after death, we observed that the crystalline lens became cloudy, so it seems that
the freshness of the fish, the number of its crystallizations and the size of its crystallizations are
related to each other.
−241−
Ⅲ．Conclusion
We believe that vitreous humor s quality is something to do with the freshness of fish. To
further investigate the relationship between the freshness of the fish and the crystalline lens s
quality, we plan on researching how much the amount of bacteria on the gills affects the quality
of crystallizations and what materials make up the crystallizations. In addition, we are going to
research the difference in crystallizations among different kinds of fish.
Ⅳ．References
魚の眼球硝子体の結晶像と鮮度との関係について：1968-07｜書誌詳細｜国立国会図書館サーチ（ndl.go.jp）PPTX ファ
イルビューアー ¦ Microsoft Teams
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【 Proceedings 】
Human-centered Sustainability and Innovation
for an AI-assisted Future:
New Interdisciplinary Education & Research
for the Next Stages in Japan and Europe
$,͗ࢩԋͤΖາཔͶ޴ͪ͜ਕؔ஦ৼ͹γητ΢ψϑϨτΡͳ΢όϗʖεϥϱΝߡ͓Ζʁ
৿ͪ͵ητʖζ΃಍͚ೖຌͳϦʖϫρϏ͹ָࡏద͵‫گ‬үͳ‫ڂݜ‬͹়ղ
PROCEEDINGS
−245−
List of accepted proceedings
The Journal of Kagawa University International Office invited all presenters to submit manuscripts
of conference proceedings and 13 submissions were made and accepted.
Workshop presented
Author name Title of manuscript
at EJEA Conference
Development of Air Supply System for

Kaisei Harada, Daisuke Sasaki,
Wearable Robot -Effectiveness of Hollow
Hayato Yase, Jun Kadowaki
Cylindricalshaped Variable Volume Tank 3: Innovative
Theoretical research aiming at highefficiency Technologies for New
Takaki Nishimura, Tatsuya Industry Creation
hydrogen production using solar
Kodama, Genta Sakane,
thermochemical energy for the goal of
Tomohiko Ishii
sustainable energy supply
Environmental humanities: a long-term local

Satoshi Murayama
history approach to living space
Nazmul Huda, Toru Terao

Remote sensing spatial analysis of waterlogging 4: Environmental
Atsuko Nonomura, Yoshihiro
due to natural hazards in Bangladesh Humanities: Water,
Suenaga
Air and Land for
Gaurav Vikash Bhuyan, Deepa Sustainable Living
Pradhan, Barasha Rani Das, Community Response to Local Environment: Spaces
Manash Jyoti Bhuyan, Sourav Reflections in Certain Micro- Landscapes of the
Saha, N. Deka, P. Bhattacharya, Brahmaputra River Valley in Assam, India
A.K.Bhagabati
Lena Bruch, Elisabeth Stein, Towards an Integration of Sustainability Efforts

René Reiners in the HCD Process 6: GRANITE - Human-
Challenges and Concepts For the Design and Centered Research
Dominik Pins, Dennis Paul, Evaluation Of Usable and Satisfying Voice and Transfer to
René Reiners Interfaces According to DIN EN ISO 9241-11 Application
and -110
Sustainable Mobility Scenario Modeling,

Colin de Kwant, Rikard Bodén,
Evaluating Future Resilience of Modular
Arne Erlandsson 7: Human Security
Concepts for Electrified Trucks
and Sustainability
The SDGs in the Anthropocene: A Gandhian
Kazuya Ishii
Critique
Khalifa Sy, Naka Gotoda, Rihito A method to convert learning history into data 8: Educational Change:
Yaegashi, Toshihiro Hayashi for learning path study in Sub- Saharan Africa New Models and
Online Japanese Language Education for New Thinking in
Toru Takamizu Intercultural Concepts
Elementary Level Learners
Masataka Yatsuzuka, Masahide Study on wells distribution and water balance

Ishizuka, Satoshi Murayama, in Teshima Island. Environmental humanities
Toru Terao approach and hydrological simulation
Poster Session
Verification of human resources development
Kasai Takeshi, Atsuko
methods for continuous disaster prevention and
Nonomura
crisis management unique to local governments
−246−
Development of Air Supply System for Wearable Robot
-Effectiveness of Hollow Cylindrical-shaped Variable Volume Tank
Kaisei Harada1, Daisuke Sasaki1, Hayato Yase1, Jun Kadowaki1

Division of Intelligent Mechanical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering,
Kagawa University1
Ｉ．Abstract
Recently declining birthrate and aging population have been causing serious labor shortage. In
order to reduce the burden on workers and improve productivity, devices such as wearable power
assist robots have been developed. Pneumatic actuators are used in various wearable power assist
devices because of their high power-to-weight ratio and flexibility［1]. To drive the actuators, air
supply systems are required. The air supply systems are composed of air compressors, tanks,
valves and various sensors in most cases. For usability and maneuverability in practical use, the
air supply systems are expected to be portable as well as the wearable power assist devices
themselves.
Okui . proposed a portable power source using chemical reaction of sodium bicarbonate and
citric acid［2]. Kitagawa . suggested an air source by using dry ice［3]. The authors have
developed a portable air supply system for retrieving and re-compressing exhausted air using a
variable volume tank［4]. Conventional air supply systems have employed constant volume tanks.
If a small constant volume tank is used in order to downsize the system, inner pressure of the
tank drops significantly when compressed air is supplied to the actuator.
In contrast, the variable volume tank expands when compressed air flows in, and by storing
part of the energy of compressed air as elastic energy, it decreases the amount of pressure
change. This effect is called pressure relaxation characteristics. However, physical properties of
elastomer affect the characteristics of the variable volume tank. Therefore, to increase relaxation-
pressure, the tank became thick and heavy. Although a double layer variable volume tank［5］was
developed to increase storable pressure without increase in thickness and weight, it became large.
In this study, a hollow cylindrical-shaped variable volume tank is developed as a solution to this
issue. This paper describes the effect of decreasing pressure drop based on the pneumatic energy
characteristics when compressed air is stored in the developed hollow cylindrical-shaped tank. We
also explain the feasibility of achieving the desired energy characteristic at high pressure by multi-
layering the tanks to increase outer pressure.
Ⅱ．Hollow cylindrical-shaped variable volume tank

The variable volume tank expands and converts compressed air energy into elastic energy. This
effect decreases pressure change. Large internal volume requires high energy to reach the desired
pressure for driving the actuator. The spherical-shaped variable volume tank in the previous study
has large initial internal volume. If the internal volume is reduced, required energy to increase
−247−
pressure can be reduced. Also, it contributes to downsizing of the tank as much as reduced
internal volume. In order to provide a solution to reducing the internal volume, we have developed
the hollow cylindrical-shaped variable volume tank. Figure 1 shows the overview of the hollow
cylindrical-shaped variable volume tank. This proposed tank is made of silicone rubber（Shin-Etsu
Chemical Co., Ltd.: KE-1316）diluted by adding diluent（Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.: RTV-thinner）
of 10 percent of the mass of the silicone rubber. The tank has an outer diameter of 60［mm], a
height of 13.2［mm］, and a thickness of 6［mm].
（a）Initial state. （b）Pressurized state（Top view). （c）Pressurized state（Side view).

Figure 1. Hollow cylindrical-shaped variable volume tank.
To measure stored energy characteristics of the hollow cylindrical-shaped variable volume tank, an
experiment was conducted. Figure 2 shows the experimental setup. First, the three-port solenoid
valve（KOGANEI: 100E1- LF）on the inflow side was opened. And the outflow side was closed. In
that state, the tank was pressurized with the servo valve（FESTO: MPYE-5-M5-010B）at 0.6［L/
min］until the internal pressure of the tank reaches 65［kPa]. The inflow energy was measured
with the flow sensor（KEYENCE: FD-A1）and pressure sensor（KEYENCE: AP-43A）on the
inflow side. Then, the three-port solenoid valve on the outflow side was opened. And the inflow
side was closed. The internal air was exhausted at 0.6［L/min]. The outflow energy was measured
with the flow sensor and pressure sensor on the outflow side. Figure 3 shows the measurement
results of the energy characteristic of the hollow cylindrical-shaped variable volume tank. For
comparison, Figure 4 shows the energy characteristics of the constant volume tanks, of which
volume are 0.1［L］and 0.75［L], respectively.
We set a hypothetical condition of driving an actuator by applying 40［kPa]. As Figure 4 shows,
the 0.1［L］constant volume tank reaches the target pressure of 40［kPa］with small energy.
However, pressure keeps rising after it reaches the required pressure. That is, in order to store
the same amount of energy as the 0.75［L］constant volume tank, the 0.1［L］tank is required to
store higher pressure than the 0.75［L］tank. The 0.75［L］tank demonstrates smaller pressure
change, but after it supplies air to the actuator, the remaining energy that is unusable for driving
the actuator is large.
On the contrary, the initial internal volume of the hollow cylindrical-shaped variable volume tank
is small. Therefore, as Figure 3 shows, it reaches the target pressure with a small amount of
stored energy. After that, by storing part of the energy of compressed air as elastic energy, it
decreases the amount of pressure change. Therefore, the pressure drop in the tank that occurs
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when the tank supplies air to the actuator can be decreased compared with the conventional
constant volume tank.With this effect the compressor does not need to compress air higher than
the actuator requires. Since the initial volume is small, remaining air in the tank after supplying air
to the actuator can be also decreased. That is, remaining energy is small. These characteristics of
the hollow cylindrical-shaped variable volume tank lead to low energy consumption of the entire
air supply system.
Figure 2. Experimental setup of hollow cylindrical-shaped variable volume tank.
Figure 3. Energy characteristic of hollow Figure 4. Energy characteristics of constant

cylindrical-shaped variable volume tank. volume tank.
Ⅲ．Multi-layered variable volume tank

In addition, we propose the multi-layered variable volume tank to improve energy characteristic.
In the previous study, the double layer spherical-shaped variable volume tank was developed to
increase storable pressure without increase in thickness and weight, but it had large volume. The
hollow cylindrical-shaped variable volume tank has small initial volume, as a result, multi-layering
the hollow cylindrical-shaped variable volume tank can be smaller than the double layer spherical-
shaped variable volume tank. Figure 5 shows the multi-layered hollow cylindrical-shaped variable
volume tank. The hollow cylindrical-shaped variable volume tank shown in Figure 1 is used as
the inner tank. The inner tank is inserted between two outer tanks. The outer tank has an outer
diameter of 92［mm], a height of 12.6［mm], and a thickness of 6［mm]. The expansion of the
inner tank is restricted by applied pressure between the inner and outer tanks. As the inner tank
expands, pressure between the inner and outer tanks increases. However, pressure change is
limited because the outer tank is also a variable volume tank. So, the outer tank presses the inner
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tank keeping the applied initial-pressure.
We conducted an experiment to measure the energy characteristics of the multi-layered variable
volume tank. Prior to the experiment, we measured the energy characteristics of the inner and
outer tanks, respectively, using the experimental setup shown in Figure 2 for measuring the
energy characteristics of the hollow cylindrical-shaped variable volume tank in the previous
chapter. As shown in Figures 6（a）and (b), we observed that the inner tank demonstrated
pressure relaxation at approximately 60 to 75［kPa], while the outer tank demonstrated pressure
relaxation at approximately 35 to 55［kPa]. If the tanks are pressurized exceeding the upper limits
of 75［kPa］for the inner tank and 55［kPa］for the outer tank, it may cause permanent damages
to the rubber material of the tanks. Therefore, we set the pressure values as the upper limits.
Figure 7 shows the experimental setup of the multi-layered variable volume tank. In the
experiment of the energy characteristics of the multi-layered variable volume tank, first,
compressed air was supplied to the outer tank using the electro-pneumatic regulator（CKD: EVD-
1100-008AN). The outer tank was closed with the manually operated valve. Then, in the method
similar to that of the experiment conducted on the hollow cylindrical-shaped variable volume tank,
the inner tank was pressurized and exhausted with the servo valve at 0.6［L/min]. The inflow
energy and outflow energy in the inner tank were measured with the flow sensor and pressure
sensor. The pressure change of the outer tank, which was generated by expansion of the inner
tank, was measured with the pressure sensor.
（a）Overview. （b）Structure
Figure 5. Multi-layered variable volume tank.
（a）Inner tank. （b）Outer tank.
Figure 6. Energy characteristics of inner（left）and outer tank（right).
We tried two experimental conditions in applied pressure. To get the difference of 75［kPa］
between the inner tank and the outer tank, which is the upper limit of the applied pressure to the
inner tank, 20［kPa］was applied to the outer tank and air was supplied to the inner tank until it
−250−
reached 95［kPa]. 50［kPa］was applied to the outer tank and air was supplied to the inner tank
until it reached 125［kPa]. Figure 8 shows the energy characteristics of the multi-layered variable
volume tank measured under the two conditions. The figure includes the energy characteristic
of single hollow cylindrical-shaped variable volume tank as well. As the figure shows, the value
of relaxation-pressure and the amount of stored energy improves by multi-layering the tanks.
Moreover, the results indicate that the value and amount improve when higher pressure is applied
to the outer tank. Figure 9 shows the relationship between pressure in the outer tank and stored
energy in the inner tank. As Figure 9 shows, the outer tank keeps the pressure as high as initially
applied due to the effect of limiting pressure change. Because of the effect, the pressure of the
outer tank does not exceed the outer tank upper limit of 55［kPa].
Ⅳ．Conclusion
In this paper, the structure and characteristics of the hollow cylindrical-shaped variable volume
tank were described. By reducing the internal volume, the tank was downsized and energy
characteristics of the tank improved. The results suggest that the hollow cylindrical-shaped
variable volume tank leads to low energy consumption of the entire air supply system. We also
proposed the multi-layered variable volume tank composed with hollow cylindrical-shaped tanks.
The hollow cylindrical-shaped variable volume tank has small initial volume, as a result, the multi-
layered hollow cylindrical-shaped variable volume tank can be smaller than the double layer
spherical-shaped variable volume tank. The experimental results indicated that the value of
relaxation-pressure and the amount of stored energy in the tank increased. These results confirm
that the multi-layered hollow cylindrical-shaped variable volume tank will enable us to realize
portable air supply systems which can provide high pressure. We will develop the portable air
supply system which retrieves and re-compresses exhausted air using the multi-layered variable
volume tank.
Figure 7. Experimental setup of multi-layered variable volume tank.
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Figure 8. Energy characteristics of multi-layered Figure 9. Relationship between pressure in the
variable volume tank. outer tank and stored energy in the
inner tank.
Ⅴ．References
［1］ T. Noritsugu: Development of Power Assist Wear driven with Pneumatic Rubber Artificial Muscle , Journal
of the Robotics Society of Japan, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp.222-227, 2015.
［2］ M. Okui, Y. Nagura, S. Iikawa, Y. Yamada and T. Nakamura: Proposal of Portable Pneumatic Power Source
Using Chemical Reaction of Sodium Bicarbonate and Citric Acid with Small Sized Pressure Booster ,
Transactions of the Japan Fluid Power System Society, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp.17-23, 2017.
［3］ A. Kitagawa, H. Wu, H. Tsukagoshi and S. H. Park: Development of a Portable Pneumatic Power Source
Using Phase Transition at the Triple Point , Transactions of the Japan Fluid Power System Society, Vol. 36,
No. 6, pp.158-164, 2005.
［4］ D. Sasaki, M. Takaiwa and S. Taki: Development of Portable Air Supply System for Pneumatic Wearable
Device -2nd Report: Estimation of Pneumatic Energy and Control of Air Supply System- , Journal of the
Robotics Society of Japan, Vol. 33, No. 7, pp.490-496, 2015.
［5］ D. Sasaki and K. Emori: Development of Double Layer Variable Volume Tank for Portable Air Supply
System , The Proceedings on Spring Conference of Japan Fluid Power System Society 2019, pp.4-6, 2019.
−252−
Theoretical research aiming at high-efficiency hydrogen production
using solar thermochemical energy for the goal of sustainable
energy supply
Takaki Nishimura1, Tatsuya Kodama2, Genta Sakane3, & Tomohiko Ishii1

1
Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Kagawa University,
2217-20 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0396, Japan,
2
Department of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Igarashi
2no-cyo, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
3
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridaicho, Kita-
ku, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
s20d552@stu.kagawa-u.ac.jp.
Ｉ．Abstract
This study aims to theoretically explain the experimental facts of the thermal redox reaction by
means of the first principle calculation called Discrete Variational Xα（DV-Xα）molecular orbital
calculation. It is indicated that the relation between the effects of the transition metal doping
into cerium oxide（CeO2: ceria）and the hydrogen gas production in the thermal redox reaction.
The calculation results showed that the bonding between the metal ions and the oxygen ions in
the doped ceria is stronger than that shown in the non-doped ceria. In addition, the Mndoped
ceria showed the most robust bonding among the transition metal（Mn, Fe, Co, Ni）doped ceria.
These results suggested that the magnitude of the crystal structure stabilization affects the redox
reaction efficiency in each doped ceria. We summarized that the bonding strength in the doped
ceria is one of the critical points considering the redox reaction efficiency.
I-1．Introduction
Novel energy styles and energy productions are so required, hydrogen energy has been much
attraction from the viewpoint of the environment. Many utilities of the hydrogen energy have been
studied, and industry studies of the hydrogen have also been done［1-4]. In Fig. 1, it is shown that
the hydrogen production facility in Jülich, Germany. The "Green hydrogen technologies" project
has been demonstrated［5-7], and the hydrogen gas has been sourced continuously from solar
heat［8-10]. It has the advantage of storing sustainable
"solar energy", which can be irradiated from the sun
to the earth in the form of "hydrogen energy". So,
it makes good sense to convert intermittently solar
energy（clean energy）to hydrogen energy（clean
energy). Considering these points, Kodama et al.
have studied new energy production of the solar
thermochemical production by an oxidation-reduction Figure 1. DLR concentrated solar thermal test site at
Jülich image@DLR（Ref: SolarPACES）
reaction of the cerium oxide（CeO2: ceria）
［11-12]. In
−253−
Fig. 2, the hydrogen gas production facility uses the solar
thermochemical process at Miyazaki University in Japan
［13]. The flow of the hydrogen production is shown in
Fig. 3. Then, the sunlight can be concentrated by many
heliostats and converted to thermal energy. The thermal
redox reaction can generate a hydrogen gas with control of
the reaction temperature. Moreover, the redox reaction is
the cycle reaction that consists of twostep reactions, which Figure 3. Floor plan of solar reactor concept
makes it possible to produce the hydrogen gas efficiently. for a circulating reaction measure.
If the solar energy can be supplied stably, we can get

hydrogen energy continuously.
The two-step thermal redox reaction is used for
the hydrogen gas production; much research has
been done up to now［11-14]. The two-step thermal
redox reaction has the reduction reaction（1st step:
eqn.1）with oxygen desorption at high temperatures
（>1,000℃）and the oxidation reaction（2nd step: eqn.2）
Figure 2. The solar thermochemical production at
with oxygen adsorption at low temperatures（< 1,000 Miyazaki University.（Ref: Google map.）
℃). In the thermal oxidation reaction（2nd step), water molecules gas can be decomposed under
high-temperature steam, and the hydrogen can be produced efficiently［15-16].
1st step: MxOy → MxOy-δ + δ/2 O2（eqn.1）… Thermal Reduction（TR）reaction

2nd step: MxOy-δ + δH2O → MxOy + δH2（eqn.2）… Water Decomposition（WD）reaction
In the experimental results, Kodama . reported that the thermal redox reactivity and
cyclicality increase in the case of the Mn or Fe-doped ceria［17-18]. It was suggested that the
transition metal doping would cause electronic state change into ceria. Theoretically, it is crucial to
clarify the difference in the hydrogen production activity in the thermal redox reaction due to the
transition metal doping.
The thermal redox reaction is the oxygen adsorption/desorption reaction. The hydrogen and
oxygen gases production is associated with the oxygen absorption reaction（WD reaction）and
the oxygen desorption reaction（TR reaction). These reactions indicate the bonding state changes
between the metal ions and the oxygen ions in the ceria. The thermal redox reaction can be
referred to as the oxygen adsorption/desorption reaction. Therefore, it was considered that the
effect of doping transition metals into ceria could be explained theoretically by clarifying the
differences in the bonding states between metal ions and oxygen ions. The Discrete Variational
Xα（DV-Xα）molecular orbital calculation method was used for evaluating the bonding strength.
I-2．Calculation method
The DV-Xα molecular orbital calculation（DV-Xα method）was developed by D. E. Ellis and H.
−254−
Adachi［19-22]. The electronic potential of the DV-Xα method is proposed as "Xα potential" by J. C.
Slater. It is one of the advantages that the DV-Xα method has numerically evaluated a substance's
electronic state. Therefore, the or -orbitals of metal ions can be accurately calculated. This study
focuses on the bonding state between metal and oxygen ions. The accurate calculation of the
metal s or -orbitals is critical.
The calculation model is the M@Ce12O836+ cluster model composed of 12 cerium tetravalent ions
（Ce4+）and 8 oxygen ions（O2-）, in which the central ion is substituted with another metal ions
（M4+）, M = Ce（non-substitution）and M = Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni（substitution）. The reported
experimental data determined the cluster models［17-18]. The cluster model（M@Ce12O836+）has
the fluorite type structure（Fm-3m）with the lattice constant of 5.411 Å. It has the substituted
central metal ions（M4+）, the 8 oxygen ions around the central ion, and additional 12 cerium ions
located outside each oxygen ion.
Moreover, the oxygen ion defect models are also prepared. The prepared models are the M@
Ce12O736+ cluster models. The cluster model（M@Ce12O736+）corresponds with an oxygen ion
desorbed from the previous cluster models（M@Ce12O 836+）after taking two electrons into
calculations. The lattice constant is assumed to change with the oxygen adsorption/desorption
reaction（WD/TR reaction）processes. Therefore, calculations were also performed for the two
cluster models（M@Ce12O836+ and M@Ce12O736+）with varying the lattice constants around 5.411 Å
（5.250 Å to 5.600 Å). On the computational run of the DV-Xα method, the atomic positions are not
to change comparing between before and after calculating the cluster models. Taking advantage
of this calculation condition, we considered it helpful for examining the effect of the oxygen
desorption for each metal-doped model.
The calculations are performed self-consistently until the difference in orbital populations between
the initial and final states of the iteration is less than 0.0005 electrons. The calculations were also
performed considering the Madelung potential in each cluster model.

In this study, to discuss the stabilization of the metal-doped crystal structure, we considered
the bonding strength between the doped central metal ion and the surrounding oxygen ions in
the cluster models（M@Ce12O836+ and M@Ce12O736+). We discussed the stability of the crystal
structure in the doped ceria by comparing it with the BOP values, as explained below.
It was evaluated that the magnitude of the bonding strength between the central metal ions and
the oxygen ions by means of calculated parameter called the Bond Overlap Population（BOP).
The BOP means how much electrons are occupied in bonding orbitals. If the BOP value becomes
larger, there is more overlap in the wave functions between the two atoms, which becomes a
strong bonding.
II-1．The M@Ce12O836+ cluster models without oxygen defect（before TR reaction / after WD

reaction products）
In this part, it is shown the calculation results without the oxygen defect models. The models
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correspond to the sample obtained in the experiment, before TR reaction / after WD reaction
products. In Table 1, the BOP values are shown in each M@Ce12O836+ type cluster model, M = Ce
（non-substitution）and M = Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni（substitution). The horizontal cells show the type
of the doped metal, and the vertical items show the lattice constants（Å). The lattice constant of
the doped metal was varied from 5.250 Å to 5.600 Å.
Table 1. The BOP values for the M@Ce12O836+ cluster models（M = Ce, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni).
Bond Overlap Population Value（BOP）for the M@Ce12O836+ cluster models

Lattice Constant（Å） 5.250 5.300 5.350 5.400 5.411 5.420 5.425 5.430 5.435 5.450 5.500 5.600
M = Ce（pure ceria） 0.261 0.409 0.541 0.679 0.681 0.681 0.712 0.722 0.733 0.763 0.857 1.011
M = Mn（Mn-doped） 1.456 1.460 1.459 1.463 1.463 1.463 1.461 1.460 1.459 1.456 1.445 1.413
M = Fe（Fe-doped） 1.400 1.401 1.399 1.401 1.400 1.400 1.398 1.397 1.396 1.393 1.380 1.346
M = Co（Co-doped） 1.317 1.321 1.321 1.325 1.324 1.324 1.322 1.322 1.321 1.318 1.307 1.277
M = Ni（Ni-doped） 1.185 1.190 1.191 1.196 1.196 1.196 1.194 1.194 1.193 1.191 1.182 1.156
In Table 1, the BOP value changes are shown in the doped metal with the lattice constant changes.
The lattice constants between 5.400 and 5.420（Å）resulted in higher BOP values. On the other
hand, as the lattice constant increased, the BOP values also increased in the undoped ceria. It is
probably that the 4 orbitals of the cerium outermost shell orbitals do not overlap well with the 2
orbitals of oxygen. Therefore, when the lattice constant was expanded, the interelectron repulsion
between the cerium and the oxygen ions decreased, and the BOP values increased.
The BOP values were large in transition metal-doped ceria than that in undoped ceria. Remarkably,
the bonding strength was determined by the doped metal species from Table 1. It meant that the
transition metals doping into ceria would stabilize the ceria crystal structure（space group: Fm-
3m）. It was apparent that the bonding between the Mn ion and the oxygen ions becomes stronger
than the Fe, Co, and Ni-doped ceria. While such results were obtained, it also suggested that even
in those of the Mn-doped ceria, when the metal doping amount was a few moles, the oxygen ions
around the Ce ions are easily defected rather than that around the Mn ions. This is because the
BOP values are lower in the undoped ceria. The bonding between the central cerium ion and the
oxygen ions can easily deviate.
Moreover, Kodama . reported that the Mn or Fe-doped ceria shows the stoichiometric thermal
redox reaction, whereas the Co and Ni-doped ceria shows the nonstoichiometric thermal redox
reaction［17]. The BOP values are compared with the experimental results of each metal-doped
ceria（doped with M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni). The calculated BOP values of Mn and Fe-doped ceria had
larger than that of Co and Ni-doped ceria. From this fact, it was assumed that the doped ceria
crystal does not easily collapse while maintaining the oxygen adsorption/desorption capacity.
When the bonds are weak, the doped ceria crystal easily collapses. The BOP values suggested that
the contribution of doping to the stabilization of the crystal structure of ceria.
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II-2．The M@Ce12O736+ cluster models with the oxygen defect（after TR reaction / before WD
reaction products）
Next, it is shown the calculation results with the oxygen defect models. The models correspond to
the sample obtained in the experiment, after TR reaction / before WD reaction products. In Table
2, the BOP values are shown in each M@Ce12O736+ cluster model. Other calculation conditions are
the same in the M@Ce12O836+ cluster models.
Table 2. The BOP values for the M@Ce12O736+ cluster models（M = Ce, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni).
Bond Overlap Population Value（BOP）for the M@Ce12O736+ cluster models

Lattice Constant（Å） 5.250 5.300 5.350 5.400 5.411 5.420 5.425 5.430 5.435 5.450 5.500 5.600
M = Ce（pure ceria） 0.099 0.228 0.344 0.447 0.457 0.474 0.484 0.493 0.502 0.529 0.612 0.744
M = Mn（Mn-doped） 1.257 1.262 1.261 1.256 1.248 1.247 1.246 1.245 1.244 1.242 1.229 1.193
M = Fe（Fe-doped） 1.179 1.180 1.178 1.171 1.163 1.162 1.161 1.160 1.159 1.155 1.142 1.105
M = Co（Co-doped） 1.098 1.096 1.090 1.080 1.072 1.070 1.069 1.068 1.066 1.063 1.048 1.048
M = Ni（Ni-doped） 0.995 0.994 0.988 0.979 0.973 0.971 0.970 0.968 0.967 0.963 0.949 0.913
From Table 2, the lattice constants between 5.250 and 5.350（Å）resulted in higher BOP values. As
the lattice constant increased, the BOP values increased in undoped ceria. Compared to the M@
Ce12O836+ cluster models, the overall values of the BOP were found to decrease in the case of the
M@Ce12O736+ cluster models. This result indicated that the bonding between the doped ion and
the surrounding oxygen ions is weakened due to one oxygen ion defect.
It was also found that similar trends as the calculation results of the M@Ce12O836+ cluster models.
The BOP value changes were also remarked at the difference of the doped metal species. The
difference in the BOP values was obtained in that the BOP values were large in the transition
metal-doped ceria than that in the undoped ceria. The Mn-doped ceria had a stronger bonding
than other ceria. These points were the same pattern for the M@Ce12O836+cluster models. It
indicated that the transition metals doping into ceria could stabilize the crystal structure even with
an oxygen ion defect. If the crystal structure is unstable and its fluorite structure easily collapses
after the TR reaction, the reaction efficiency would show less reactive because it will have small
cyclability in the undoped ceria. On the other hand, if the crystal structure is stable without
collapse, the reactivity and the cyclability will be enhanced in the metal-doped ceria.
When the transition metals are doped into ceria, the crystal structure becomes more stable.
The redox reaction is more likely to proceed without crystal deformation. However, the oxygen
adsorption/desorption reaction is considered less likely to proceed when the crystal system
becomes excessively stable as the doping amount increases. In other words, it is considered that
oxygen elimination is difficult to progress due to the crystal system being excessively stabilized.
This correlated with a decrease in the efficiency of the thermal redox reaction when the metal was
doped by 30 mol% in the experiments［17-18].
The calculation results showed that the interatomic bonding in Mn or Fe-doped ceria becomes
stronger than that in undoped ceria. It makes the crystal structure stabilization more suitable in
the thermal redox reaction. Although it may seem contradictory, metal doping contributes to the
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thermal reduction reaction while maintaining its oxygen-deficient capacity.
In the oxygen adsorption/desorption reaction, the crystal structure of oxygen-desorbed ceria
should remain intact without interfering with the entry and exit of oxygen ions as much as
possible. The metal doping into ceria plays a role in both the oxygen desorption and desorption
reactions and the stability of the crystal system.
Ⅲ．Conclusion
We have mentioned the theoretical discussion of the two cluster models M@Ce12O836+ and M@
Ce12O736+considering the doping effects on the ceria. The BOP values between the doped metal
ion and the surrounding oxygen ions can predict the bonding stability. From the theoretical
calculation results, the Mn-doped ceria has the high ability to maintain the fluorite-type crystal
structure among the transition metal doping（M = Ce, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni). The stabilization
of crystal structure also leads to the improvement of the cyclicity and efficiency of the thermal
redox reaction. Moreover, the theoretical calculation results are compared with the demonstration
experiments. The following correlations were derived.
⑴ The large BOP in the Mn and Fe doped ceria relates to the stoichiometric thermal redox
reaction.
⑵ The small BOP in the Ni and Cu doped ceria relates to the nonstoichiometric thermal redox
reaction.
It can be understood that when the bonding is strong, the doped ceria crystal structure does not
readily decay, but when the bonding is weak, the doped ceria crystal structure readily decays. We
have shown that the BOP values help evaluate the stabilization of the metal-doped ceria with the
process of the oxygen adsorption/desorption reaction.
Acknowledgement
The authors appreciate Prof. H. Adachi（Kyoto Univ.）for permission to use a computational program. This work
was supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research（A）

（JSPS KAKENHI）Grant Number 20H00362.
Ⅳ．References
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Environmental humanities: a long-term local history approach to
living spaces
Satoshi Murayama
Professor Emeritus / Co-Convener of the International Consortium for Earth and Development
Sciences, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan
murayama.satoshi@kagawa-u.ac.jp
Ⅰ．Introduction: changing cultural landscapes in Japan

At a time when we urgently need to respond to climate change, the most important thing is to
make the most of the power and resilience of nature. However, Japan's current situation is not
heading in that direction. Japan s cultural landscape is in a period of rapid reorganization. The
population decline is especially pronounced in mountainous and remote areas: many fields have
been abandoned, forests are no longer cared for, and the old plantation landscapes are a thing
of the past. Of course, there are still some fields that have survived, and agriculture, forestry,
and fisheries are still being maintained. However, small-scale farmland in mountainous areas will
remain abandoned if no one lives there as the population ages. Rural landscapes that have been in
existence since medieval or even ancient times are now becoming a thing of the past.
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This essay is based on my recently published article regarding a farming village near Kyôto
City. It is a long-term local history of the village of Kuta from medieval times to the present day.
Kuta, located about 40 km from the center of Kyôto, still retains its traditional paddy rice farming
landscape, but in Kutsuki-Oisugi, a village more than ten kilometers over a several passes from
the center of Kuta, most of the paddy fields have been abandoned in recent years. Each of these
villages has a long history, but in the case of Kuta, even though the village is mostly populated by
elderly people, agriculture was maintained because their relatives live in Kyoto City. In the case of
Kutsuki-Oisugi, it was necessary to travel along narrow mountain roads, and the distance from the
city seems to have been decisive.
In Japan, a country that relies on foreign countries for most of its basic resources, the living spaces
that existed when the country was not involved in the global economy are likely to disappear.
Most of the old living spaces relied on the capability of organic economies of the land inherited
from generations of ancestors. Even today, there is still the customary ritual of welcoming the
ancestors in the middle of August. Nevertheless, can we really let everything disappear? Let me
introduce you to the writings of Amartya Sen, Nobel laureate in economics:
The demise of old ways of living can cause anguish, and a deep sense of loss. It is a little
like the extinction of older species of animals. This is an issue of some seriousness, but it
is up to the society to determine what, if anything, it wants to do to reserve old forms of
living, perhaps even at significant economic costs. （Sen, 1999, p. 241.）
There are the big differences between Asia and Europe in living spaces due to the distribution of
precipitation and temperature. The spread of human settlements differs greatly. In Asia, the living
spaces are composed of a wide range of regions, from low to high temperatures and low to high
precipitation. In Asia, only a small part of Japan and other countries has a climate pattern like that
of Europe. Japan has a climate pattern that is extremely favorable for paddy rice cultivation, with
relatively high temperatures and moderately high precipitation from around May to October. It
would be a shame if we were to abandon these conditions for the most part.
Figure 1a Figure 1b
Source: Source:
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Table 1: Number of humans and livestock in Amakusa
Year 1768 in% 1868 in%

Humans 97,336 95.5% 157,677 92.6%
Horses 4,385 4.3% 9,184 5.4%
Bulls and Cows 226 0.2% 3,418 2.0%
Sheep 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
Pigs 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
101,947 100.0% 170,279 100.0%

Figure 1c Source:
Source: , bearbeitet von Heinrich - Year 1768: Amakusa-Gun Meisai-Chô [A detailed account
Albrecht, Hessische Ortsbeschreibungen 7, book of Amakusa County], Ueda House Archive.
Marburg/Lahn und Witzenhausen: Verlag Trautvetter - Year 1868: Amakusa-Gun Mura-Mura Taka Kosû Jinkô
und Fischer Nachf. sonohoka Torishirabe-Chô [An investigation report of
productivity, household numbers, population of villages
in Amakusa County, Nagasaki Museum of History and
Culture.
In addition, even if it is not only due to these climatic patterns, a comparison of pre-modern villages
in Japan and Germany shows a very clear difference in the size of animal populations, including
humans. It may come as some surprise, but both humans and livestock are counted here without
distinction. In Japan, the number of humans is relatively overwhelming（88% of an agricultural
village, Kuta（population of humans: 480）and 92% of a forestry village, Hanase（population of
humans: 775), for a comparison）
（Figure 1a/b), while in Waldkappel（population of humans: 758）
in Hesse, Germany, the number of sheep is much higher（54%）as a percentage of humans in 30%
（Figure 1c). Around 1880, only cattle were recorded in Kuta in terms of livestock. The fact that
only bulls were recorded in Kuta is also unique compared to other villages, and it is highly likely
that the cattle were used for farming and the main labor force in agriculture.
The villages around Kyôto are referred to in （The Imperial Gazetteer: Topography
of Imperial Kingdom), which was compiled and submitted to the government by the Kyôto
Prefecture and covered the eight counties of Yamashiro Country, an administrative unit of early
modern Japan. The data for Otagi County are an example of remaining manuscripts. Unfortunately,
the exact year cannot be traced for the data for Otagi County, and thus, I speculate that they
are from the early Meiji period, around 1880. The present research used the data of 56 villages
derived from the documents regarding the （topography of Kyôto Prefecture）
that are archived by the Kyôto Prefectural Library and Archives. In Hanase, also belonging to
Otagi County, horses were also kept. This record is from around 1880, but the condition of the
animals before that time is not considered to have changed much. In Amakusa County, Kyûshû, in
southwestern Japan, where the human population increased from less than 100,000 to more than
150,000 between 1768 and 1868, the percentage of humans was still 95.5% and 92.6%, respectively
（Table 1). This kind of population growth was rare in early modern Japan, but we can assume
that the proportion of all domestic animals in the population did not change significantly. While it
is not possible to examine these differences in detail here, I will now briefly introduce some of the
issues that have emerged from a long-term local history analysis of the village of Kuta, Japan.
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Ⅱ．Historical evidence derived from a long-term local history of Kuta, Kyô-Otagi,
Japan
Let me begin by setting up the central question for this essay s discussion: 1. The world, with
its vastly different climatic patterns and natural conditions, now seems to be operating under a
unified economic system, but is that really the right choice? 2. Can artificial intelligence help the
people who live at a place to maintain their living spaces? Although we are already using this
term, let me briefly explain the concept of living spaces. Living Spaces is a term devised by my
research group to represent a holistic spatial concept that includes all life forms living in a certain
environment. It embraces the spatial relationship and organic interactions between humans and
nature（Murayama and Nakamura, 2021, pp. 117-8 and Notes 22, p. 119).
Kuta first appeared in historical documents in Kôhei 7（1064), when it was described as a temple
territory of the Hôjô-Ji Temple in Kyôto. Furthermore, in Heiji 1（1159), Kuta had 15 chô（1 chô
= about 10,000 square meters）of paddy fields, which were under the jurisdiction of the temple,
whereas the development of other fields was free. There was also a soma mountain, which
was positioned as a soma site for the repair of Byôdô-In Temple and Hôjô-Ji Temple. The word
soma means timber forest. Twelfth-century sources on the taxes shouldered by the inhabitants of
Kuta show us a unique but possible story; they were entrusted with the preservation of majestic
temples, such as Byôdô-In and Hôjô-Ji, and at the same time, were given the freedom to develop
the land. In other words, they were guaranteed, in exchange for their contribution in maintaining
cultural buildings, the economic freedom to survive.
This can be considered the starting point of village autonomy, or a communal village system in
Kuta, which was a multidimensional regional representation that existed over a long term, and
simultaneously the origin of the accelerated administrative power that reached its heights in
World War I（the administrative revolution of John Hicks）（Hicks, 1969).
A land survey ledger, Kenchichô, was compiled in Keichô 7(1602), the year before the start of the
Edo period(1603). At this time, Kuta was made up of five villages: Nakazaichi, Kami, Kawai, Shimo,
and Miyanotani. The land survey of 1602 provides a clue to the birth of the territorial fiscal state,
which determined all the village boundaries in Japan. The total tax amount for these five villages
was calculated to be 389.65 koku（amount of koku = putative rice yield: one koku was enough yield
to feed one person for one year in the Tokugawa period). The （village productivity）
was almost unchanged at the end of the Tokugawa period, more than 260 years later, amounting
to 391.21 koku.
Some villages during the industrialization in Japan specialized in forestry and distribution and
formed new supply areas of living resources. Kuta became one of the multiple suppliers of firewood
and charcoal, without experiencing any decisive change; as a result, it appears to have maintained
the rural landscape of the Edo period（early modern times). Until the 1970s, almost every farmer
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in Kuta kept a bull for cultivation, and the women s memories of Kuta, compiled in 1993, tell of the
life in Kuta and their diligence.
Fumi Shimizu（born in the 1930s） A Mountain of Memories （Murayama and Nakamura, 2021,
pp. 116-7.):
When the world awoke from its long winter sleep and the nightingale began to sing,
everyone became busy in the rice fields, in the crop fields and in the mountains. I would
go into the woods to collect tree branches from very early in the morning to help make
charcoal and to prepare bundles of firewood. I would till the land, getting blisters on my
hand until the end of April. They were very challenging days.
Now that I think of it, the one or two days a month that we got off were a long time
coming for the young bride. When we had finally finished planting rice in the wind and
rain, the next day would be another early morning starting with cutting grass for the
bull［draft cattle: the house cattle played an important role in farming, so they were well
cared for and fed. People used to say that one looks at the bull and you could see what a
hard worker the wife was.]. I would spend the afternoons cutting grass in the mountains.
After a while, I would go into the barn［which was often a part of the main house］to
take the bull dung out. Day after day, the hot weather would continue. As the weather
got a bit cooler, we would start reaping the rice. When it rained, I would gather chestnuts
and horse chestnuts, so there was no time for me to rest my shoulders. On sunny days, I
would spend the evening carrying the harvested rice under the stars.
There were many hardships, such as hanging the rice on wooden racks to dry and
dealing with the elderly. I would stay up until very late each night threshing the rice.
This work would go on and on until the end of autumn, in November. Then, we would
begin preparing for the winter, gathering firewood, and carrying charcoal in a bicycle-
drawn cart to Ume-no-ki（in the neighboring prefecture Shiga).
Since the mid-1970s, cultivators, tractors, and power threshers were introduced; therefore, the rice
harvested by combine harvesters could be hulled and packed into bags on the spot. The month-
long process of hanging rice on wooden racks to dry could now be done in a single night. Until
the 1960s, the traditional role of rice, wood, and charcoal suppliers did not change so dramatically.
Today, the mountainous living spaces are only made use of for leisure facilities, such as campsites,
and the processing of wild vegetables. In order to save living spaces that are losing their countless
productive realities, which are not recognized as a grand heritage like those featured in the
Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems, it is necessary to have regionally original
representations that reflect the realities of each region, such as those seen in Kuta's past.
Ⅲ．Artificial intelligence for environmental humanities?

It is thought that humanity has faced environmental problems at every stage of its history since
ancient times. In other words, if we do not consider environmental problems to be unique to our
time, there are a variety of relationships between humankind and nature that have always been
problematic, and when faced with these environmental problems, how do we make decisions, in
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what contexts do we make decisions, in what relationships do we make decisions? What kind
of social institutions do those decision-making processes produce, or do they result in economic
stagnation, decline, or constant economic growth? Or can we find optimal solutions to, for example,
contemporary energy problems?
Is one universal system, such as an economic system, the right choice for a climatically and
ecologically diverse world? The evidence from a long-term local history of Kuta is as follows: in
medieval times, free environmental decision-making of the inhabitants; in early modern times,
proper fiscal management and austerity; in modern times, sustained economic growth that
continues to produce the weak.
After nationwide capitalist economic and public policies reorganize living spaces in every corner
of Japan, what is crucial, however, is that the long-term history of locations such as Kuta may end
sooner or later. A new multidimensional regional representation in the future will be needed as an
alternative to maintain local living spaces. Can artificial intelligence（AI）help the people who live
there to maintain their living spaces? All tools should be useful, but the question is which kind of
living spaces are to be chosen. Could AI help us for such a decision-making? How does AI directly
relate to future economic or public policy, which has dramatically changed living spaces in Japan?
The time has come to fundamentally rethink economic policy, the economy of local living spaces,
and administrative power. The question is whether it is possible to minimize the loss of local living
spaces by creating new multidimensional representations of the region through the mobilization
of experience, knowledge, and new science and technology, including AI. It may be that I am
assuming a task that is impossible and improbable, such as the restoration of the local economy
defined by the environment: the environmentally local economy. However, it is certain that
the current economy is based on a more insecure foundation than, for example, that of Kuta in
medieval times, which was of 500 years duration.
This is because we have lost sight of the local organic economy. In this respect, the historical
data that can be extracted from the most spectacular experimental sites of the past, digitized,
and quantified, may become a treasure trove for future AI applications. What is the meaning of
freedom in human decision-making in an administratively highly controlled society? Is the organic
economy, which uses photosynthesis as its core to generate sources of energy resources, limited
only to the supply of food resources? Can AI have any effective relationship with the fundamental
problem of human reproduction in a hyper professionalized society of the division of labor ?
Kuta s case study shows how the sustainability of human life forms as a group is possible over a
long period of time in specific local living spaces. Viewed from the perspective of long-term local
history and economy in Japan, Kuta s inhabitants have experienced the long medieval leap in
transition to the tragic 19th century in a prolonged term:
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The industrial revolution is usually depicted as a success story… however, the industrial
revolution may come to be regarded not as a beneficial event which liberated mankind
from the shackles which limited growth possibilities in all organic economies but as the
precursor of an overwhelming tragedy̶assuming that there are still survivors to tell the
tale. （Wrigley, J. E., 2016, pp. 204-5.）
Ⅳ．Discussions on environmentally local “economy”

The era of workers marginalized by capital is not over. The situation is even more serious than
in the 19th century when Marx and Engels lived. Climate change is becoming more and more
apparent, and extreme weather events are becoming an everyday occurrence. If we divide nature
into water and air （Nature A）and land and resources （Nature B）
（see Figure 2/3), it is easier
to understand the current climate crisis. The former, water and air, which should be considered
public goods, are creating a critical climate situation for land and resources, while the latter, land
and resources, because of the enforcement of property rights, are increasingly thrown into the
movement of giant capital, which continues to reproduce a climate crisis through the emission
of greenhouse gases. In other words, if we think of the problem of workers alienation as the
alienation of human beings from nature in this sense, it has become an ecological crisis common to
almost all human beings.
There are two combinations of axes embedded in the following diagram（Figure 2). The first
is a combination of the vertical axis of social technologies and science and technology, and the
horizontal axis of the living spaces of the place（local living spaces）and the multidimensional
regional representation by humans. The other is a combination of diagonal axes: The first axis
of nature A of water and air and nature B of land and resources, and the second axis of natural
sciences and the humanities and social sciences. People and all living creatures that live at the
intersection of these axes, and a new practical-research group, called HAELE（to be explained
in what follows）has its place there. The local living spaces are the material world, and the
multidimensional regional representation is the cognitive world of human beings.
Figure 2. Place and aims of the HAELE among environmental, academic, and economic fields
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Figure 3. Two kinds of economic growth in pre-modern Eurasia: Nature A（water and air）and Nature B（land and resources）
The global economy, which is self-propagating, has made it almost impossible for humanity to
produce in precise response to nature, and we continue to look to the fiscal stimulus generated
by the collective selfishness of nationalism, which divides the global environment. A major part of
the tax money taken from the people is spent on economic growth. However, the global economy,
driven by the old-fashioned belief that economic growth enriches the people, will not be able to
stop the tragedy of global warming. This is because it was the global economy of the Industrial
Revolution that ended the era of the organic economy, which was unstable and at the mercy of
nature, and created the geological age of the Anthropocene, which devours the fossil and mineral
resources of the earth.
The Industrial Revolution was a regional economic movement that started in Britain, but its
essence was the accelerated utilization of the earth s resources. It was a movement that quickly
spread to neighboring countries and, in the long run, to the entire globe. As a result, humans, who
can only sustain life through the medium of money, have been forced to live through an era of
climate change that has destabilized the life-supporting roots of water and air. The nature in the
lower right of the above diagram is land and resources, but the global economy began to erode the
nature of water and air in the upper left, and humanity finally entered an era of population decline
that would lead to its own extinction.
The setting of the four fields is based on the four factors of modern economic growth: capital,
market, population size of humans, and technological progress and innovation. Originally, Joel
Mokyr examined this typology of economic growth, which was reexamined by O. Saito especially
for the division of labor in pre-modern times, as a Smithian growth（Saito, O., 2008, pp. 47-78).
In Figure 2, these four fields of the factors of economic growth can be further divided into two
categories of nature other than living organisms, creating four more fields, and then eight fields in
total, which can encompass more issues than expected. This will depend on future discussions.
The future of the human species depends on how we rethink capital-led economic growth（Field
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III）in the lower right（Figure 3）
（See Moore, 2016, and Saito. K., 2016). I believe that the era
of de-economic growth calls for a revolutionary shift that is linked to other factors of economic
growth, such as technological innovation and division of labor. It is safe to say that we have
entered an era in which we must move away from the lower right field of capital and address not
only the population of the human species, but also the populations of all life forms. Ester Boserup s
argument that population pressure has given rise to agricultural innovation needs to be extended
far beyond the matter of humans population. The division of labor（Field IV), in line with Adam
Smith, and technological innovation（Field II), as discussed by Joseph Schumpeter, are also
considered factors that generate economic growth.
I believe that the rethinking in this essay of ecologically diverse populations and humans
reproduction based on specific localities, e.g., local living spaces such as Kuta s, will lead to a
new review of the economy, which might lead to a future of an AI-assisted, human-centered
sustainability of local living spaces. There is also a need to maintain regional autonomy, which
can put a stop to the excessive global economy that is being led by capital. To achieve this, it will
be crucial to construct a new multidimensional regional representation（see the right center of
Figure 2/3）that takes both natural environments（A and B）and the relation between capital and
divisionof labor into consideration. For this purpose, coordinated with the International Consortium
for Earth and Development Sciences at Kagawa University, the Historical Association for
Environmentally Local Economy（HAELE）
（http://dlpweb.ed.kagawa-u.ac.jp/main/?page_id=462）
was launched by the author and his research and educational colleagues on November 20, 2021.
Ⅴ．References
１．Hicks, J.（1969). . Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press（Oxford paperbacks: 163).
２．Moore, J. W.（2016). Über die Ursprünge unserer ökologischen Krise.
, Heft 185, 46. Jg. 2916, Nr. 4, 599-618.
３．Murayama, S. & Nakamura, H.（2021). Industrious revolution revisited: a variety of diligence derived from
a long-term local history of Kuta in Kyô-Otagi, a former county in Japan. , 1（3), 108-121; https://doi.
org/10.3390/histories1030014
４．Saito, K.（2016）. . Frankfurt a.M./New York:
Campus Verlag.
５．Saito, O.（2008). ［Comparative Study of Economic Development: A Historical
Approach], Iwanami Shoten.
６．Sen, A.（1999). . New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press.
７．Wrigley, E. A.（2016).
. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Funding: This research is supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science（JSPS), Grant-in-Aid for
（20H01523）and JSPS/MESS Bilateral Joint Research Project.

Scientific Research（B）
−268−
Remote sensing spatial analysis of waterlogging due to cyclones
and storms in Bangladesh
Nazmul Huda1,2, Toru Terao3, Atsuko Nonomura4, & Yoshihiro Suenaga4

Graduate School of Engineering, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0396, Japan1,
Department of Humanities, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology（BUET),
Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh2, Faculty of Education, Kagawa University, Kagawa 760-0016, Japan3,
Faculty of Engineering and Design, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0396, Japan4
hudasociology@gmail.com or hudasociology@hum.buet.ac.bd1,2, terao.toru@kagawa-u.ac.jp3,
nonomura.atsuko@kagawa-u.ac.jp4, & suenaga.yoshihiro@kagawa-u.ac.jp4
Ｉ．Abstract
Ground impacts of seasonal natural hazards, such as cyclones and storms, are enormous in the
Bengal delta. This remote sensing study aims to estimate the intensity of inundation on physical
settlement generated from two cyclones and one storm between 2007 and 2019 based on 2,282
mauzas or villages between inland and coastal districts in the southwest of Bangladesh（SWB).
Based on reliable secondary data such as Landsat observations, elevations, physical settlement, and
mauzas, it appeared 348.8 km2 of the coastal and 26 km2 of the inland district was either high-risk
or risk zone of waterlogging due to the cyclone in 2007. Similar waterlogging risks were observed
around 399.6 and seven km2 in the respective districts from the convective storm in 2012. The
cyclone in 2019 generated the lowest risk compared to the others in both districts. For the cyclone,
891 and 395 mauzas in inland and coastal districts, respectively, were appeared without any
surface water. The inundated area in the mauzas>50% water pixel was enlarged in the inland but
reduced in the coastal by the cyclone in 2019 compared to storm in 2012. The study provided the
credibility to investigate village-level waterlogging risks generated from cyclones and storms in
the coastal area of Bangladesh.
Ⅱ．Introduction
The hydro-meteorological disasters generated over the Bay of Bengal during the post-monsoon
（October-November, sometimes in May), defined as a cyclone, is considered one of the most
destructive natural hazards in the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta that covers India, Bangladesh,
and part of Myanmar. Among them, Bangladesh experienced the most severe ground impacts
of the cyclone due to its geographical position. The country has a long history of such storms
earliest recorded in 1584 according to Banglapedia（https://en.banglapedia.org). Moreover, future
climate change such as global warming, sea-level rise（1）will accelerate the ground impact of
cyclones and storms in Bangladesh because of the existing vulnerable socio-economic condition,
high density of population, low elevated land, and lack of preparation and prevention mechanism.
After investigating existing elevation, population change, and climate conditions, a study found
that an estimated 0.9 million people may displace by direct flooding in 2050 from the coastal
area of Bangladesh（2). The most recent fatal cyclones of the country were in 1970 and 1991.
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The death toll increased by around 500,000 in the first and 138,958 in the latter. Though the
number of fatalities decreased after 1991, damage to physical infrastructure and property is still
in concern due to the frequency of the storms in Bangladesh（3). After the 1991 cyclone, a shift
from response or recovery to preparedness has been observed in the disaster management cycle
in the country that focused on empowering the community to be resilient against natural hazards
（4). However, the preparedness phase of the cyclone demands accurate estimation and design for
possible ground impacts even for a small area of interest where population density is high such as
southwest of Bangladesh（SWB).
Although remote sensing data such as optical, thermal, and Synthetic Aperture Radar（SAR）
can produce such risk assessment tasks in every phase of the disaster management cycle（5),
an enormous interest observed in the prevention phase since 2005. These remote sensing studies
often use before and after optical imagery of the most recent cyclone event to detect the changes
in land use land classes（LULCs）where the dominant land class is vegetation（6). Such multi-
class classification of land use through remote sensing method in the Bengal delta lacks the proper
definition and estimation of the land cover area from a reliability and validity point of view. The
Bengal delta, covering 60% of Bangladesh, is a highly populated wetland. The coastal area of the
country is likely to be affected by cyclones where people experience the immense seasonality of
waterbodies around their locality（7). The major livelihood option is Aquaculture（8). Thus, we
selected our study area in the coastal area of the Bay of Bengal located in the SWB.
Previous remote sensing studies focusing on ground impacts of cyclones did not provide a clear
definition of settlement（9）or built-up（10). Multi-classes land covers damage estimation, from
heterogeneous land classes, based on satellite imagery remains a challenge（11). The physical
settlement denotes any built-up such as rural and urban housing, institutions, industries, parks,
roads, etc. defined by the source. And the area of physical settlement was collected and processed
from a reliable source. The present study will primarily estimate the expansion of surface
water on the physical settlement area after cyclones and
stormthat refers to as waterlogging in the study area. We
assume physical settlement as the most crucial land cover in
Bangladesh. Because recent modernization and urbanization
may accelerate people to rely on physical settlements more
especially where physical settlement land is scarce such as
SWB. The study, hence, aims to estimate the waterlogging
risk developed from two cyclones and one severe storm
on the physical settlement area based on zonal statistical
analysis. Although we assume that the elevation does not
fluctuate much in the Bengal delta, the study will further
report the causal association of elevation and its waterlogging
spatial distribution on physical settlement. Figure 1. Location of the study
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Ⅲ．Methodology
: The study area has been selected purposively at SWB, the downstream coastal area of
the Bengal delta, where seasonal cyclones and storms create huge ground impacts. Figure-1 shows
that the study further selected two adjacent administrative boundaries of Bangladesh, intending to
compare cyclone ground impact between inland and coastal land. The inland and coastal districts
names are Jessore and Satkhira. The geographical extent of the area is 88.84E‒88.56E and 21.65N‒
23.37N, where the inland area is 2,578.4 km2 includes 1,315 mauzas, and the coastal area is 2,306.5
km2 with a total of 967 mauzas. The total population of the inland and coastal area is 1.8M and 1.3M,
based on population census-2011, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics（BBS）
（http://www.bbs.gov.
bd/). The highest elevation of the study area is 14.2m., whereas the lowest is -01.3m. The mean
elevation is higher in the inland area than that of the coastal. Mangrove forest which occupies the
southern portion of the coastal district was excluded from the present study due to the absence
of physical settlement. The area is under a sub-tropical climate, and usually, cyclones develop
during post and pre-monsoon. As a delta region, the area is open to numerous rivers, channels, and
canals. The rivers and their distributaries have either direct or indirect connections with the Bay
of Bengal. The coastal district of the study site is widely known for its aquaculture. And physical
settlement is denser in the inland district than that in the coastal（Figure-1).
: According to historical natural disasters data emergency events（EM-DAT）‒（1）
a category-5 cyclone named Sidr with a maximum wind speed of 260km/h and lowest pressure
of 944hPa., landfall on 15 November 2007 in the SWB generated
a 3m. surge around the coastal area. At least 4,234 people have
confirmed the death, with 8.9M affected. Estimated damage from
the Sidr is around $2.31B.（2）A convective storm transited
through SWB on 6 April 2012 with a maximum wind speed of
56km/h. The total number of fatalities reported was 25, and
around 55,121 people had been affected.（3）A category-1 cyclone
Figure 2. Conversion of vector data to
named Bulbul with a maximum wind speed of 195km/h landed （30 × 30）m raster
on the Indian coast on 9 November 2019 affected SWB as well.

The Bulbul caused 40 deaths. The total number of people affected
by Bulbul was 251k. The estimated damage was $31.6M. The
Bulbul also generated storm surges and flash floods（https://
www.emdat.be/). The crucial reasons for selecting these natural
disaster cases are（a）the availability of the LS data immediately
after the disasters, and（b）EM-DAT data shows the disasters
had significant ground impacts.
: For estimating the surface

water area, the study used three United States Geological Survey
（USGS） archival level-1 collection-1 Landsat （LS） missions
Figure 3. Mauza or village map
satellite reflectance observations which have 30m. ground
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resolution. The Satellite observations from LS-07 of 21 November 2007, 24 April 2012, and 22
November 2019, have been used to estimate surface water originated from 15 November 2007, 6
April 2012, and 9 November 2019 cyclones and convective storm respectively. The existing gap
mask and radiometric rescaling were fixed to complete the full-scale images and for atmospheric
correction of the LS file. Wavelength ranging from（0.52‒0.60)μm and（0.77‒0.90)μm for Green
and Near Infrared（NIR）bands of LS-07 observations utilized to produce Normalized Difference
Water Index（NDWI）image introduced by McFeeters（12). The NDWI>0.0 is considered as
water pixels. Thus, binary layer legends, water, and no-value were finalized for all the images. The
NDWI>0.0 equals water Table 1: Inundation after the disasters
has already been proven Surface water（SW）
SW >50% SW >（10-50%） No SW
a reliable threshold value Natural Area Area Area Pct.
District No. of Pct. of No. of Pct. of No.of
between water and non- Hazard in sq. in sq. in sq. of
Vil. land Vil. land Vil.
km. km. km. land
water pixels of LS image Sidr Inland 138 247.2 9.6 232 537.2 20.8 271 361.1 14.0
Coastal 232 722.4 31.3 252 647.7 28.1 158 209.5 9.1
in SWB by our previous Storm Inland 14 28.1 1.1 107 197.7 7.7 852 1479.0 57.4
research method （7). The Coastal 205 642.4 27.8 222 543.2 23.5 334 643.5 27.9
Bulbul Inland 93 178.2 6.9 79 156.1 6.1 891 1596.3 61.9
30m. ground resolution Coastal 135 477.8 20.7 202 574.3 24.9 395 715.3 31.0
elevation data of 2002 had

been collected from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission（SRTM), USGS. However, we used
the high-resolution spatial map of physical settlement of the study area provided as GIS shapefiles
compiled by the Local Government of Engineering Department（LGED), ministry of Local
Government, Rural Development and Co-operative, Bangladesh in 2015（https://www.lged.gov.
bd/). The QGIS tool allows converting the vector shapefile into 30m. raster image data. Figure-2
shows the conversion of the vector data layer into a raster layer. The raster layer of physical
settlement has been used as a reference layer.
The physical settlement raster layer legends have been
arranged in a binary manner like the water pixel layer of the
LS. Change matrix tool used to overlap the water raster layer
on the physical settlement raster. Finally, the water pixels that
overlapped on physical settlement pixels were separated and
considered as the waterlogging pixels. For zonal analysis, we
used the small area atlas of mauza or village level shapefile
of the study area developed by the statistics and informatics
division of Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics（BBS）in 2012
published in 2016, which presented in Figure-3（http://www.
bbs.gov.bd/). The mauza or mahalla name and area are often
alternatively used as a village name and boundary respectively
in Bangladesh, which is considered as spatial zone. A total of Figure-4. Waterlogging risk due to the
cyclone Sidr in 2007
2,282 such villages was identified in the study area presented in
Figure-3. We calculated the mean elevation, percent of physical settlement, percent of water pixels,
and percent of waterlogging pixels from each village. The mauza containing >75% waterlogging
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pixels, considered to very high-risk zone derived by cyclone or storm. Similarly,（>50‒75)% as risk
zone,（>25‒50)% as moderate-risk zone,（>0‒25)% as the low-risk zone, and the area without any
waterlogging pixel as a no-risk zone were defined as waterlogging risks.
Ⅳ．Results
: We have already mentioned that the study area was divided
into 2,282 mauzas or villages. A total of 1,315 villages covers the inland district, and the rest of
them, 967, covers the coastal one. Around 198 villages covering 295.6 km2 in the inland district
and another 126 villages covering 178.7 km2 in the coastal have no physical settlement raster.
Hence, physical settlement exists in 1,958 villages of the entire study area. Furthermore, the mean
elevation of each mauza was calculated that indicated the average value for the inland district is
7.7m. compared to 4.7m. in the coastal one. The maximum and minimum mean elevation of the
villages in the inland district is 14.2m. and 1.0m., respectively. Similarly, the values are 12.7m. and
-1.3m. for the coastal（Figure-1). Almost all the villages containing no physical settlement have
relatively low mean elevation observed high intensity of water pixels in both districts in 2007, 2012,
and 2019 NDVI images.
: Table-1 shows the nature of inundation after cyclones and storm. Three types of
villages were observed and presented ‒ 1. mauza containing >50% water pixels, 2.（10‒50)% of
water pixels, and 3. without any water pixel. It appears that
cyclone Sidr generated the highest number of villages that
contain over 50% of water pixels compared to the storm and
the Bulbul both in inland and coastal districts. The Bulbul
seemed a higher impact compared to the storm in the inland
district. Because, after the Bulbul, similar villages increased in
the inland district and decreased in the coastal. However, the
Sidr produced the highest and the Bulbul produced the lowest
number of villages that hold water pixels between 10 and 50
percent in both the districts. Although a lower number of
similar villages was observed after the Bulbul compared to the
storm, the percent of the area inundated appeared higher in the
coastal district. Even so, the Bulbul developed the highest and Figure-5. Waterlogging risks due to
convective storm in 2012
the Sidr left the lowest number of villages without any water
pixels in both districts. The area and percent of land follow the same.
: Th study found eight villages covering 12.7 km2 and nine villages covering
13.9 km2 in the inland district appeared as high-risk and risk-waterlogging villages, respectively,
due to the Sidr presented in Figure-4. Around 54 km2 containing 34 villages were identified as
moderately-risk waterlogging. Again, around one-third of the land, which has 323 villages in total
covering 862.3 km2 in the inland district, has been observed as a low-risk zone. The waterlogging
risk was not identified around 63.4% of the land covering 941 villages in the inland area after the
Sidr. Figure-4 also shows that waterlogging risk is much more severe in the coastal district due
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to the Sidr. A total of 70 villages covering 220.9 km2, or 9.6%
of the coastal district land appeared as high-risk villages, but
only 5.5% of the area containing 45 villages categorized as risk
villages. A total of 70 villages covering 321.9 km2 appeared as
moderately-risk villages. One-third of the coastal district land
remained without any waterlogging risk after the Sidr. Figure-5
shows the waterlogging risk generated from the convective
storm in 2012. It appears that only two villages in the inland
district are categorized in both high-risk and risk zones
accommodating, 4.6 and 2.9 km2, respectively, due to the storm.
However, only one mauza covering only around three km2 is
identified as a moderate-risk area, while 61 villages covering
179.7 km2 as low-risk zones. A significant portion of the inland Figure-6. Waterlogging risks due to the
cyclone Bulbul in 2019
area containing 1,249 villages covering 92.6% of the district land
remains without waterlogging risk after the convective storm in 2012. But the waterlogging risk
is noticeably high in the coastal district. Figure-5 also shows that around 209.8 km2, containing 79
villages, were identified as high-risk waterlogging zones in the coastal district. Again 62 villages
cover 189.5 km2 and 61 villages covering around 241 km2 are distinguished as risk, and moderate-
risk zones, respectively. However, nearly half of the coastal district land remained somewhat
waterlogging risk in 2012. Lastly, Figure-6 shows that waterlogging did not widen in the inland
district due to the category-1 cyclone in 2019. Only one and three villages in the inland district,
both covering around two km2 have been observed as highrisk and risk zone of waterlogging,
respectively, due to the cyclone Bulbul. A total of nine villages covering 166.1 km2 has been
distinguished as a moderate-risk zone, while 58 covers 166.1 km2 which is around six percent of
the inland district observed as the low-risk zone. But over 90% of the inland district land remains
without waterlogging risk after the Bulbul. But Figure-6 shows a significant waterlogging risk in
the coastal district. Because 34 villages cover 169.6 km2, and 14 villages covering 28.9 km2 have
been categorized as high-risk and risk zones, respectively, in the coastal district due to the Bulbul.
Again, a total of 32 villages covering 120.1 km2 has been observed in the moderate-risk zone. And
one-third of the coastal district land cover 192 villages separated as a low-risk zone. However, more
than half of the land in the coastal district covers 1265.6 km2 remained without waterlogging risk
after the Bulbul.
V．Discussion
: The study analyzed physical settlement that was compiled from a reliable source
and considered mauza or village-level zones as a unit of spatial analysis. It defined the settlement
pixel overlapped by water pixel from two cyclones and one severe storm between 2007 and 2019 as
waterlogging. The data and result may not deliver for the whole scenario of waterlogging, but the
investigation does not limit initiating an experimental method for future investigation considering
more cases of natural hazards and other possible elements of waterlogging. The area of different
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types of waterlogging risks in inland and coastal districts was
compiled in Table-2. Different types of waterlogging risks were
impacted differently depending on the districts. Sidr created
the highest highrisk and moderated-risk zones in both districts.
But the storm in 2012, created the highest risk zones in the
coastal district and the lowest moderate-risk zones in the inland
district. Area of low-risk zones for both the districts suggested
that the waterlogging is widening for recent natural hazards
compared to the previous. However, the spatial distribution
of the study area analysis shows that cyclone Sidr of 2007
created the most severe waterlogging in both districts. And,
both cyclones and convective storm generated significant
waterlogging risks in the coastal area. However high-risk and
risk villages of waterlogging appeared in the southeast region
of both districts（Figure-4, 5 & 6). The physical settlement near
the rivers appears the riskiest for waterlogging from cyclones Figure-7. Average elevation distribution
of each village; a. without water
and storm（Figure-3 vs. 4 & 5). Convective storm and the
pixel in inland, b. without
Bulbul created the least and almost similar waterlogging in the water pixel in coastal, c. with
waterlogging percent 50%
inland district（Figure 4 & 5). And cyclone Sidr and convective in inland, d. with waterlogging
percent 50% in the coastal
storm generated the most similar severe waterlogging risks in
district.
the coastal area（Figure 5 & 6). However, the villages without
any physical settlement either have water pixels or no water pixels located mostly in the north
and northwest part of the inland district. Similar villages are observed in the northwest part of the
coastal district（Figure-4, 5 & 6). Table 2: Waterlogging risks area
Natural Waterlogging risks area（sq. km.）
: We assume
Disaster District High Risk Moderate Low None
that elevation may influence both Sidr
Inland 12.7 13.9 54.0 862.3 1635.6
Coastal 220.9 127.9 321.9 890.0 746.3
the existence of surface water and Inland 4.7 2.9 3.0 179.7 2388.0
Storm
Coastal 209.8 189.6 241.0 529.0 1137.5
waterlogging risks generated from
Inland 1.9 2.3 22.0 166.1 2385.9
Bulbul
natural hazards. Thus, the mean Coastal 169.6 28.9 120.1 722.7 1265.6
elevation from extreme villages was calculated separately. The villages have been selected based
on two criteria 1. the mauza having no surface water after the hazards（Figure 7.a & b), 2. the
mauza has 50% of waterlogging pixels（Figure 7.c & d). Figure 7 shows the comparison of the
mean elevation for both districts in all three events. Data arranged in boxplot where marker and
line-mark are for the average and median value, respectively. The upper limit of the box is for the
75th percentile, the lower limit shows the 25th percentile, upper whisker for maximum, and lower
whisker for minimum value. It is perceivable that the higher elevation precludes surface water in
both coastal and inland districts（Figure 7. a & b). The physical settlement in the lower elevation
area has a much higher chance of waterlogging risk generated from cyclones and storm（Figure 7.
b & c). However, cyclone Sidr accelerated more waterlogging villages in high-elevated areas in the
inland district compared to the storm in 2012 and the Bulbul（Figure 7.c).
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Ⅳ．Conclusion
The study described the waterlogging risks on physical settlement developed from two cyclones
in 2007 and 2019, and a convective storm in 2012 based on 2,282 mauzas or villages analysis. The
observed mauza analysis showed a higher chance of inundation where physical settlement is
low in percentage and vis versa. Around 7% of the villages without settlement were found no
inundation pixel in 2007, while 50% of the similar zones experienced at least 80% of inundation
pixels. The chance of waterlogging risks is very high in the mauza when the percent of inundation
is high, and the percent of settlement is low. The spatial distribution of the villages appeared
that cyclones and storm generated significant waterlogging risks in the coastal district. High-risk
and risk zones of waterlogging remained in the southeast region of the study area. The physical
settlement near the rivers seemed riskier than the others located in the north and northwest part
of the inland and the northwest of the coastal districts. The investigation provides credence that
remote sensing research is workable even for the village-level ground impacts such as inundation
and waterlogging caused by hydrometeorological hazards.
Nevertheless, the risk of inundation on physical settlement from cyclones and storms depends on
other factors. Cyclone tracks, storm surges, precipitation, ground elevation are crucial indicators.
This research rigorously considered inland and coastal administrative boundaries to compare the
waterlogging risks. Future development for spatial analysis requires considering the cyclone and
storm land tracks for presenting a holistic waterlogging risk. Existing SAR imagery penetrating
the cloud might produce a better ground scenario than LS observation. The LS observation also
limits timely and useable data to analyze the ground impacts of hazards due to the cloud. Present
research only considered waterlogging risks in the aftermath of the events. Thus, the SAR
imagery might be more suitable to check the existing waterlogging scenario before the natural
hazards as well. Field surveys regarding existing socio-economic conditions of each region, and
distance from river and emergency facilities may help develop other risks developed from natural
hazards.
Acknowledgement:
This research was supported by the Fellowship grants of 2018‒2019 Fiscal Year（3rd Round）for
Higher Education and Research in ICT , ICT Division, Ministry of Posts, Telecommunication and
Information Technology, Government of the People s Republic of Bangladesh; The 8th Precipitation
Measurement Mission（PMM）and the 2nd Research Announcement on the Earth Observation
（EORA）by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency（JAXA), and; the Grants-in-aid for scientific
research（20H02252 and 20H01523), by JSPS. This work was conducted as a joint research
program of the Center for Environmental Remote Sensing（CEReS), Chiba University（2020 and
2021).
Ⅶ．References
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Community Response to Local Environment:
Reflections in Certain Micro-Landscapes of the Brahmaputra River
Valley in Assam, India
Gaurav Vikash Bhuyan1, Deepa Pradhan2, Barasha Rani Das3, Manash Jyoti Bhuyan4, Sourav Saha5,
N. Deka6, P. Bhattacharya7 and A.K.Bhagabati8
1-5
Research Scholar, 6Assistant Professor, 7Associate Professor and 8Professor
Gauhati University, Assam, India 781014
gauravvikashbhuyan@gauhati.ac.in
Ｉ．Abstract
With an area of 56,194 sq. km., the Brahmaputra river valley in Assam, India is an
environmentally unique area characterized by the presence of a variety of micro-landscapes
within its broad geographical framework. Endowed with various natural resources such as
habitable lands, fertile soils, water bodies, fauna and flora, these micro-landscapes have attracted
people of different ethnic backgrounds from around for settlement since time immemorial. These
people have responded to their local micro-landscapes sustainably, and in course of time set good
examples of harmonious living with nature. However, due to the rapid growth of population
and growing external influences during the recent period, these landscapes have experienced
remarkable change in their ecological and cultural characteristics.
The present study is an attempt to investigate the process and pattern of response of the
communities to their local environment and how the micro-landscapes shared by them are getting
modified in course of time. It has been observed that certain unconformities have already emerged
in the process of nature-culture interaction leading to a number of environmental and socio-cultural
problems in the concerned landscapes. The study is mainly based on field survey carried out in
selected landscapes within the valley and systematic interaction with the targeted communities
sharing the landscapes through generations. The landscapes are mapped using conventional and
modern techniques in order to understand their environmental characteristics and modifications
made by the associated communities.
Key words: Micro-landscape, ethnic communities, nature-culture interaction, Brahmaputra valley.
Ⅱ．Introduction
The nature-culture model is the representation of nature as the ecosystem physically
integrated with human society（Bocking, 1994; Ignatow, 2006). Nature has always been effective in
all aspects of human life and livelihoods and thus it plays a dominant role in shaping the associated
culture（Salman and Munir, 2016; Thakur, 2018). The unique drama of existence is going on with
changing socio-economic experiences over time. For man, no matter how he becomes aware of
himself or exalts himself above, the world always draws the means of his existence from one and
the same source-nature（Laptav, 1979). It is precisely labour, raising man above nature, that again
unites him with it, realizing itself as a process in which both man and nature participates, and in
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which man of its own accord starts, regulates, and controls the material reactions between himself
and nature （Marx, 1975). More than 40 percent of the earth s surface is made of Arid and Semi-
Arid Lands（ASALs）with its major inhabitants being pastoral and agro-pastoral communities
（UNDP, 2013; Irungu ., 2021). The structure and composition of different landscapes, as well
as changes in them, influence the distribution, abundance and dynamics of different species or
elements（Morris, 1995; Wiens, 1995; Andren, 1997). Landscapes of the Brahmaputra Valley of
Assam are the outgrowth of interaction of different ethnic communities with the respective natural
setup which is reflected in various land use patterns, settlement pattern, house type, diet and
dress and mode of living in the Valley（Deka, et al., 2011). This study is an attempt to examine the
processes and patterns of different communitys responses to their microlandscapes.
Ⅲ．Study Area and Methodology

The Brahmaputra valley extends from 25045' N to 27055' N latitude and from 8904' E to 9602' E
longitude. It accounts for 71.54 per cent of the total geographical area of the State of Assam with
26.4 million human dwellers（2011). Inhabited by several ethnic communities（Bharadwaj, 2016),
the valley has at present 20,472 inhabited villages. Significantly, the ethnic communities of the
Valley are different from each other in terms of their food habits, dress habits, worshiping, housing,
customs and rituals, traditional skills and belief systems. Most of the rural people are considered as
ecosystem people who sustain their lives and livelihoods based on the available natural resources.
The study is based on personal field observations, authenticated secondary data collected
from Directorate of Census and Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Assam.
Participatory rural appraisal（PRA）and focus group discussions（FGD）were conducted to
understand and analyze the village resources, spatial pattern of homestead design and community
ecological practices. Oral interviews with some aged people were arranged to collect information
about nature-culture interactions, their perception towards the change in practices and its impact
on rural life and livelihoods. Maps were prepared using Google Earth Engine and Arc Map
software.
Figure 1: Location of the study area
Ⅳ．Result and Discussion

Case-I: Northern Foothill landscape
The foothill zone of the Brahmaputra Valley covers a geographical area of 9688 Sq. km. with
a population of 3,151,047 persons（2011 Census). The area is inhabited by different tribal and non-
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tribal communities, mainly the .
Scarcity of water is the most common problem of the foothill landscape of the valley. Therefore,
the local communities of this area have traditionally developed a unique irrigation system, locally
known as to support their agriculture and livelihood. Despite various physical
constraints, the local communities with their collective efforts, indigenous skills, and practical
experiences have developed this traditional water management system befitting to their local
physical situation. This is a diversion-based gravity flow irrigation technique where the river
or natural spring water is diverted into the manmade irrigation canals by using gravitational
force. The diverted water is flown through earthen canals called dong. The diversion are
constructed by locally available building materials such as boulder, stone, sand, tree branches,
creeper, bamboo, bushes and tree leaves. Depending upon the micro-variation in the slope pattern
within the command area of major , the villagers designed the network of befitting
to the existing terrain conditions of the area. The systems are developed by the
local communities through their collective effort and co-operation. The villagers have formed
some water user associations called Committee for managing the common irrigation
systems.
Figure 2: Diversion based irrigation system
The morphology of settlements in the foothill region of the valley is largely influenced by the
network of . The villagers of this area prefer to settle near the irrigation canal because of the
easy accessibility of water resources. Therefore, the settlement patterns are mostly found to be
linear along the irrigation canals and roads. Similarly, the other rural land use patterns of this area
such as residential lands, water harvesting ponds, home gardens, kitchen gardens, agricultural
lands, fallow lands, etc. are also largely determined by the accessibility to and availability of
water.
Figure 3: Pattern of settlement distribution and its relation with water canal
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Case-II: Magursila village（hill landscape）
Confining within 26 º03'12.20'' N to 26º04'39.29'' N latitude and 91º59'35.42'' E to 92º02'8.64''E
longitude, Magursila village is situated on the southern side of Kamrup metro district. Unlike other
areas of the Brahmaputra Valley, where different communities live together, the village is solely
inhabited by the Karbi people, who have adapted to the natural environment, and have evolved a
cultural landscape based on the physical set up applying their ethnic knowledge, beliefs and age-
old customs which are reflected in their land use pattern, house type, settlement pattern, land
cover status, production system, homestead design, occupational structure, rituals, food habit,
dressing etc. The linear type of settlement pattern of the village along its roads,
and nearby agricultural fields, source of water and means of livelihoods reflect man's adjustment
with the hilly environment. For the easy pursuit of agriculture within the village, the people who
earlier lived in the hilly parts have now moved to the plain areas within the village and they have
started settling there permanently as the declining productivity of the fields on the hills is
now unable to support the ever increasing population of the village. Thus, without making much
alteration to the natural setup, the villagers have developed settlement patterns which reflect their
interaction with the local ecological settings.
Across the Brahmaputra valley, the spatial variation in physical setting has caused variations
in house types. While the Mishings, living in the active floodplain of the valley, construct
to cope up with the flood water, the people in the built-up areas, on the other hand,
construct Assam type houses to get rid of earthquake damages and to accommodate with all
peasant needs（Chetia, 2020; Das, ., 2014）. However, the hilly environment in the concerned
village has induced to opt for thatch roofed houses, tin roofed houses, wood fitted thatch or
tin roofed houses, Assam type houses etc. Most of the housing materials including bamboo to
construct house walls as well as boundary fencing along with few grass species such as
for roofing etc. are directly obtained from the hills and hillocks of the village which shows
people's response and adoption to its natural settings. The people of the village are dependent
on the agricultural activities as well as the hill resources to sustain their livelihoods. Though, at
present, few modern inputs and implements like tractor, chemical fertilizer and insecticides have
made inroad the agricultural system, the agricultural practice of the village is still characterized by
traditional methods. The paddy fields of the village are traditionally irrigated by the water
and are fully dependent on the monsoonal rain. Besides, broom cultivation, bamboo gardens, betel
nut gardens, orange gardens, rubber cultivation etc. have been providing a good economic support
to the villagers. Moreover, though, the villagers used to go to the nearby fishing, due to
the degradation of the by increased human encroachment, they now rarely visit the .
They have now created some artificial ponds within their homesteads which provide them good
economic support.
While going through an evolutionary process, every society gets transformed under the
influence of modern social processes resulting in the changes in traditional socio-economic and
cultural life. As a result, the ecological landscape of the concerned community also gets affected.
Similarly, the ongoing modern socio-economic process has started transforming the socio-cultural
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landscapes of the village, which is well reflected in the declining use of traditional tools and
knowledge system. The assimilation of the Karbi people with the neighbouring Assamese society
has resulted in remarkable socio-cultural transformation in traditional village life with respect to
food habit, dress pattern, festivals and other socio-cultural practices（Phangso, 1989; Roy, 1999).
Moreover, many modern inputs have also entered into the traditional village agriculture. While the
various traditional agricultural tools have got replaced by modern tools, such as tractors, power
tillers, etc. on the one hand, the use of pesticides has degraded the soil fertility on the other. The
fields are now being used for commercial cultivation of brooms, bamboos, rubber, betel-nuts,
orange, etc. which provide a good amount of earnings to the local people. The traditional home
gardens are also getting changed into plantation of economically valuable trees. Besides these, the
traditional diet pattern which include boiled food items, dried fish, dried pork,
etc. has also got transformed by the use of salt, oil and other market-based food items. The
dependency on easily available market-based food items has decreased the visiting frequency of
local people to the hills for collecting necessary food items. The traditional cooking process has also
experienced some change. The use of （a small part of bamboo）for cooking food items is
now replaced by （a cooking pan）which is easily available in the markets. Apart from these,
the traditional house building materials such as bamboos, woods, jute ropes, thatches, etc. are now
getting replaced by modern materials, such as bricks, sands, cement, tin etc. The thatch-roofed
houses have been gradually replaced by tin-roofed houses. Besides, changes have
also been observed in the traditional fishing gears, musical instruments, kitchen utensils and so on
which are now replaced by modern tools and materials.
Figure 4: Recent transformation in various aspects of traditional socio-economic life of the villagers Note: A, B - Change in the
use of banana leaf due to disposal plates and glasses in the village; C, D- transformation of traditional to LPG; E,
F- transformation of - traditional rice pounder to rice mill machine; G- Joboka- a modern agricultural tool which
has replaced traditional bamboo made agricultural tool used to remove weeds from ploughed lands; H- conversion
of field to commercial rubber plantation
Case-III: Sadiya region（riverine landscape）

The Sadiya region is the easternmost part of the State of Assam with an area of 790 sq. km. It
lies between 27044/N to 27057/N latitudes and 95028/E to 95054/E longitudes. This region is a part
of the Brahmaputra floodplain and is composed of old and new alluvium. The northern part of the
area is bordered by the foothill zone of the Arunachal Himalaya, and the other three borders are
marked by rivers, such as Balijan river to the east, Dotong or Gango river to the west, and Lohit
river to the south. Along with these rivers, other streams like Kundil, Dibang, Jia, Ghurmura, and
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Horu Balijan also drain the area creating an ideal riverine landscape. The natural landscape of
the area is modified by the different ethnic groups living in the region leading to the formation of
beautiful cultural landscapes.
Figure 5: Ethnic distribution of population in Sadiya
The population of Sadiya is a mosaic of heterogenous communities which include Ahoms,

Bodos, Kaibarts, Misings, Nepalis, Kacharis, Adivasis, Biharis, and Muslims, etc. These communities
are mostly engaged in primary activities like agriculture, fishing, piggery, dairy farming, poultry,
etc. From among the communities of Sadiya, the Mising population is taken into consideration for
the present study. The Mising people reside in the active floodplains areas of the Dibang river
and Dotong river in the Amarpur Gaon Panchayat of Sadiya. They build their houses one to two
feet above the ground so that the floodwater doesn't flow into their households. The area was
dominated by grasslands and sandbars with only 4 to 5 villages since the 1990s. It was only after
the 2000s, when Mising people from Gohpur, Dhemaji, Tezpur, etc. have migrated and settled
in the area. The migration took place in search of habitable active floodplain as their previous
settlement was washed away by the river water. Economy of households is mainly dependent
on piggery that is done on a commercial scale. Rabi crop cultivation is also one of the livelihood
options which has been practiced as the soil quality of the area is very much suitable for crops
like bag wheat, sesame seeds, black grams, maize, etc. Along with these two prime economic
activities, the people are also engaged in dairy farming due to the availability of grasslands and
grazing grounds in their habitat. The area is, however, having problems of connectivity as the
road condition is not well developed and the commuters need to cross the Dibang river by ferry
to visit the Sadiya town area. In the flood season, the areas become unreachable. However, low
or moderate intensity flood is considered to be a gift of nature for eco-friendly agriculture and
livestock rearing.
Case-IV: Hydrological environment in a mid-valley district- Nagaon

Nagaon district, mostly being a plain in character supports large number of population. The
settlements have developed along the banks of the river Kolong, and then gradually radiated out.
The houses are of the typical Assamtype in nature. Rice is the staple food of the people. Moreover,
meat, eggs and the locally available fishes are common. The area, being mostly composed of
alluvial soils with congenial climate, has enabled the farmers to grow a variety of crops e.g., rice
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（major rice varieties are winter rice（ ), autumn rice（ ), summer rice（
), rice, jute, mustard, pulses, vegetables, etc. However, most of the autumn rice fields
（）are now converted into built up areas, as a result of which, at present rice is also
cultivated in some moderately higher elevated winter rice fields（ ). On the other hand,
rice（a typical rice variety）is cultivated in the lowlying areas. With the growth of population,
the number of settlements is increasing, and in the process, the agricultural lands are getting
converted into built up areas. Previously, for constructing a house, people usually used to dig a
pond in their premises so that the excavated land can be used to pile up the foundation of their
houses. With a pond at their premises, the people came up with the idea of integrated rearing of
fish and duck. Notably, there has been a distinct decrease in waterscapes in the district as many of
the wetlands have been filled up to build settlements and other infrastructures on them. However,
the number of artificial ponds（）has been significantly increasing. Thus, with increase
in settlements, the number of has also increased. Normally, all the fishes are not caught.
Smaller ones are left to grow in size. However, in certain years, people catch all of them whenever
they foresee the possibility of water level going down below 2.5 feet. Interestingly, there has been
a general decrease in the depth of the wetlands due to a variety of factors like siltation, dumping
of waste, etc.
Figure 6: Agricultural field（A）, Traditional fishing（B）
Case V: The char landscape

The bed of the river Brahmaputra and its major tributaries in Assam are dotted with
innumerable large and small sand bars and islands, locally called . Agriculture and
livelihoods of the dwellers are mainly determined by the flood dynamics. Unlike the built-
up and foothill plains of the Brahmaputra valley, cropping in the in monsoon period
is very limited because of excessive flood. The hardworking farmers have developed a
peculiar type of agricultural system, called sandbar cropping system . It is noteworthy that the
Brahmaputra valley, as a whole is a mosaic of diverse land use patterns and processes. This can be
ascertained from the homestead systems that provide sustenance to the ecosystem people across
the communities living in this unique river valley. In order to compensate the loss of agricultural
produce in the summer season the -dwellers used to cultivate a large variety of crops
during the winter season. Therefore, the landscapes of the Valley have at present become the
hub of vegetable products.
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Figure 7: Agriculture in
Ⅴ．Conclusion
The study reveals that the same community living in the Brahmaputra valley exhibits different
responses to its different landscapes. Contrary to this, the same ecosystem is also shared by
different communities. While the northern foothill landscape portrays slope based
system developed by local efforts and cooperation, communities in char landscape make fit
themselves to the concerned micro-environment irrespective of flood dynamics. On one hand,
communities adjust with their different traditional housing, food and other cultural patterns
according to the nature of physiography; people transform traditional means of living to
mechanization on the other. Conflict between human-induced activities and natural forces leads to
ecological problems. Amidst the system of the common ownership, especially among the agrarian
people and means of production with equity, the natural resources as well as environment as a
whole is concentrated in the hands of people by common goal and nature-based belief system.
In this aspect, the societies of the Brahmaputra valley are still in a position to offer examples of
naturefriendly alternatives to other societies in different socio-spatial contexts.
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Towards an Integration of Sustainability Efforts
in the HCD Process
Lena Brüch, Elisabeth Stein and René Reiners

{lena.bruech, elisabeth.stein, rene.reiners}@fit.fraunhofer.de
Ｉ．Abstract
Today, it is the global challenges that play an important role for economic and political work.
Especially sustainability has become a widely recognized topic raising global alliances, which
develop frameworks such as the Sustainable Development Goals（SDGs）established by the United
Nations. When it comes to production and consumption, they emphasize that more sustainable
products and services must be designed. In the field of, mostly digital, product development one
well-known approach promoted over the last years is the human-centered design（HCD）process.
In this paper, we aimed at bringing together both, sustainability efforts and human-centered
product development by integrating a specific SDG and related targets into HCD activities.
To illustrate our approach, we used a fictive example to demonstrate what kind of practical
implications this integration brings to light. The proposed outline shows that on a theoretical
level it is possible to follow a specific target through the HCD process and could therefore be a
practical asset to all designers daily work. Further projects with industrial partners will show the
practicability for the daily context and potential needs for adapted as well as new methods and
process steps. In addition to practical implementation, we identified several research questions
for the field of Sustainable Human-Computer Interaction（SHCI), e.g., concerning the connection
between rebound effects and the HCD process.
Ⅱ．Introduction
Our society today consumes significantly more resources than our planet provides. This excessive
consumption is already leading to ecological, social, and economic problems, and will continue to do
so in the future（Stengel, 2011).
Moreover, effects of climate change that can be observed all over the world, demand new
solutions in politics, but also society. The German Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and
Climate Action describes the protection of climate and environment, the changes brought by the
digital transformation, demographic change, and the fight against COVID-19 as the major current
challenges for Germany and Europe（2021). But these challenges are also seen as an opportunity
to develop the economy in a more sustainable way and support individual industries. On a global
scale, the United Nations formulated 17 Sustainable Development Goals（SDGs）
（United Nations,
n.d.). The Blueprint was adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015.
The adoption of the sustainable development plan by all United Nation Member States highlights
the political importance to take the topic of sustainability in account. However, not only politics but
companies themselves have to deal with the issue of sustainability. On the one hand, Andrew J.
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Hoffman from the University of Michigan claims, that today 90% of Chief Executive Officers（CEOs）
say that sustainability is important to their company's profit and success leading them to e.g.,
adapting their linear business models to circular ones and by that, saving raw materials（2018).
On the other hand, Hernandez-Pardo et al.（2013）found a barrier of knowledge in small and
medium-sized enterprises（SMEs). There is a lack of knowledge and awareness what kinds of
implications might arise for the company when transforming their actions towards sustainability.
The latter mean requirements for necessary technological invest but also positive effects after
managing the change towards sustainability. Still, Shuaib et al.（2014）state that the improvement
of product sustainability has become a global trend. They perceive the trend as a result of rapidly
depleting global resources, continuing climate change and increasing environmental pollution, and
the associated growth in customer awareness. Jawahir & Bradley（2016）explain that traditional
design and manufacturing was until now based on a range of product characteristics, such as
functionality, performance, cost, time-to-market, etc. The suggestion is that today s product
designers should integrate not only economical components, but also numerous environmental and
societal aspects in their solutions. Thus, to realize sustainable product development, it is therefore
essential to integrate sustainability aspects intoproduct development activities.
For product development, Human-Centered Design（HCD）is an established approach that
allows designers to focus on users needs, the context of use and relevant stakeholders rather
than the question what kind of technology can be used to realize a product or system. One of
the most important advantages of following the HCD process is a high user satisfaction due to
a good usability and user experience（UX）of a system（ISO, 2019). This allows companies to
develop useable, useful as well as accepted products. In practice, there is still an ambiguity: Most
interviewed experts（73 %）state in the annual UX Trend Report 2021 that UX is very important
for the business success even though 51 % of those experts see the potential of UX exploited little
（Youspi Consulting, 2020). This report suggests that, at this point, organizations still must find
ways to integrate user satisfaction and a good UX more. This could be achieved by integrating a
step-by-step approach like HCD in their strategic vision and practical work processes.
The paper is structured as follows: we will first introduce the concepts of HCD, SDGs and SHCI
in more detail, which will be followed by presenting our approach to extend and adapt the HCD
process by integrating SDGs and corresponding targets. After a methodological and content-
related discussion we will close with a short conclusion.
Ⅲ．Related work
Human-centered design（HCD）
According to the international standard ISO 9241-210（2019）HCD is an approach to systems
design and development that aims to make interactive systems more usable by focusing on the use
of the system and applying human factors/ergonomics and usability knowledge and techniques
（2019, p. 8).
In contrast to classical product and system design, in which the limitations of existing technologies
drove design decisions, HCD（former: User-centered design）introduced a changed perspective:
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The user, the context of use as well as the users needs became crucial to design decisions.
There are multiple benefits for product and system development when following HCD activities,
the ISO 9241-210 even states that HCD has substantial economic and social benefits for users,
employers and suppliers （2019, p.10). First, the process improves the effective and efficient use
of systems as well as the users satisfaction with the product or system（ISO, 2019). Moreover,
user acceptance of systems and products can be increased and costs of reworking the released
product can be reduced（Bias & Mayhew, 2005). Another advantage is that core elements of HCD
help companies to financially succeed as a study by McKinsey and Company in collaboration with
Deloitte examined（Sheppard et al., 2018). In this study, 300 companies were analyzed over five
years to investigate what economic value design measures have. Results show that investing in
four key areas led companies to be more successful: UX, cross-functional responsibility, iteration
and analytical leadership. In ISO 9241-210（2019）the first three key areas are described as core
elements of HCD.
Ⅰ Human Focus: HCD focuses on the behavior of humans in specific context situations and by
getting to know them, designing useful and usable products and systems. But not only end users
are the center of attention, it is the consideration of various stakeholders directly or indirectly
affected by the use of the product or system and their needs that ensure the realization and
acceptance of design solutions. This will lead to an overall good UX.
Ⅱ Interdisciplinarity: HCD integrates interdisciplinary teams in the design process and therefore
brings together different perspectives developing a working and yet human-centered solution. A
team across different disciplines helps to react to fast changing situations as stated in a report
about accelerating innovation in companies: If you think about how fast technology is changing
and how fast customer expectations are changing, to deliver what the customers are looking for,
you have to organize as cross-functional teams, （Kane et al., 2019, p. 10). This holistic view allows
organizations to mature providing solutions that meet human needs.
Ⅲ Iteration: Fast changing markets, technologies and users expectations require an iterative
approach. This means insights from users and stakeholders have to be gathered and integrated in
the development process as early as possible to avoid foreseeable mistakes.
The HCD process is described in four phases representing different kind of HCD activities（see
Figure 1).
１．Understand and specify the context of use
２．Specify the user requirements
３．Produce design solutions
４．Evaluate the design
After planning the human-centered activities, the HCD process usually starts with the activity
of understanding and specifying the context of use, in which the product or systems will be
or is already being used. Building on this, user needs are identified to be used to specify user
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requirements. Those describe capabilities or prerequisites that the product or system must fulfil
or possess. With the help of the user requirements, further prototypical design solutions can be
designed and implemented. In the fourth step, the design solution is evaluated by the user. The
results of the user feedback form the foundation for the next iteration. The process ends when the
designed solution meets the requirements and further iteration would not advance the product
quality significantly such that the cost/benefit ratio is no longer given.
Figure 1: Human-Centered Design activities. Adapted from ISO 9241-210（ISO, 2019, p. 18).
Sustainability Development Goals（SDGs）

The 17 SDGs（see Figure 2）are part of a blueprint to ensure peace and prosperity for people and
the planet today and in the future（United Nations, n.d.）. They can be structured based on the
three pillars sustainability , environmental as well as social and economic .
Figure 2. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals by the UN（United Nations, n.d.).
The development of the SDGs has a long history. Starting with the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil, where more than 178 countries adopted a plan of action to build a global partnership for
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sustainable development with the goal to improve human lives and protect the environment. The
plans and goals were further developed and adapted. In the Year 2015, the General Assembly
established the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development（United Nations, 2015）with 17 SDGs at
its core（United Nations, n.d.).
The 17 goals have 169 sub-goals, the so-called targets. They include various aspects that have an
impact on sustainable development. Amongst others these include the fight against poverty and
hunger, the creation of more justice, sustainable consumption and production, sustainable cities
and the preservation or restoration of the environment.
Sustainability Human-Computer-Interaction（SHCI）
Sustainable Human-Computer Interaction（SHCI）is a relatively new research field within Human-
Computer Interaction（HCI). Hansson et al.（2021）describe the paper of Eli Blevis（2007）
concerning Sustainable Interaction Design as a starting point for sustainability research within
HCI. The term SHCI was established by Di Salvo et al.（2010). Hansson et al.（2021）consider
the design and evaluation of eco-feedback technologies（Froehlich et al., 2010), emerging energy
systems and trends in HCI（Pierce & Paulos, 2012）and how persuasive technologies can lead to
unsustainable behavior（Knowles et al., 2014）as core topics of SHCI.
Moreover, Hansson et al.（2021）argue for the use of the SDGs as a framework because of their
strong influence on policy development at the national, but also at the global level. In addition,
the SDGs are relevant as guiding goals for work in the SHCI field because they cover multiple
areas that influence sustainable development. To identify blind spots, they therefore analyzed
the focus of SHCI by mapping the papers that have emerged in the SHCI field in the last decade
to the SDGs. When mapping the SDGs on 51 papers from the field of SHCI（2010-2019）Hansson
et al.（2021）found that 42 paper could be mapped on SDG 12 Responsible Consumption and
Production . Five other SDGs that papers could be mapped on, where SDG 2 Zero Hunger ,
SDG 7 Affordable and Clean Energy , SDG 9 Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure , SDG 11
Sustainable Cities and Communities and SDG 13 Climate Action . One paper that was assigned
to target 12.2 "By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources"
deals with shifting energy consumption to times when it is sustainably favorable. Jensen et al.（2018）
conducted an experiment with four families over one month. The families could only use their
washing machines, while regenerative energy was available. According time slots were presented
on an additional box designed by the authors. If there was no regenerative energy available at a
specific time families still could wash by pushing an override button. This project is an example
for a humancentered evaluation of a design that helps achieve target 12.2 by creating awareness
of regenerative energy consumption. For 11 of the 17 SDGs Hansson et al.（2021）could not find
corresponding papers. We assume that the SDGs that will be integrated most into the HCD
process in industrial projects are the ones that were mapped to SHCI papers. For some SDGs, the
focus on humans is more obvious than for others. For example, SDG 14 "Conserve and sustainably
use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development" is further away from the
usual implementations of the HCD process in product development than SDG 12 "Responsible
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Consumption and Production."
The attempt to integrate SDGs in the process of HCD contributes concretely to the steps that
Silberman et al.（2014）identify as next steps for SHCI researchers to promote sustainability. They
state in one step the ambition to specify and operationalize sustainability goals in［SHCI] work
and articulate approaches to evaluating［SHCI］work in view of those goals （p.68). Another step
claims to address the full diversity of sustainability issues （Silberman et al., 2014, p. 68). The
SDGs capture a very broad range of all the issues that contribute to sustainable development,
which is why we chose them to be focused on in this paper.
Ⅳ．Outline of the HCD process extended by SDGs

In the following, we look at each of the four phases of the HCD process and identify adjustments
or additional process steps to strategically change the perspective towards a sustainability-
sensitive and yet human-centered process.
As mentioned before, SDGs are one global way of tackling sustainability efforts. In the HCI
discipline, most papers were assigned to SDG 12 "Responsible Consumption and Production"
（Hansson et al., 2021). 12 of the before-mentioned 42 papers were mapped to the particular target
12.5 By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and
reuse . To foster and evaluate our approach, we will follow target 12.5 to make it easier to measure
all design decisions towards this target.
As guiding example illustrating our proposed SHCI design approach, we present the development
of a specific, but fictive product idea for an online shop for products. The aim is to target waste
reduction through prevention, reduction, recycling, and reuse. We chose this example because
digitization in particular demands a high level of metallic raw materials. Initiatives like AK
Rohstoffe （work group raw materials), that are publicly funded, claim that mining of these raw
materials is questionable in the context of human rights violations and environmental destruction
（AK Rohstoffe, n.d.). A change to more sustainable products, especially in this area, makes sense.
Planning phase
Before entering the HCD process, human-centered activities must be planned. This means,
defining who is responsible, what kind of methods should be used and what kind of procedures
must be developed to ensure communication（feedback, dependencies with other departments or
processes）and good time management. Here, overall goals and milestones have to be addressed as
well, in this paper including relevant SDGs.
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Phase 1
In the first phase, the goal is to thoroughly understand and then specify the context in which
potential users would use the system or product including the organizational, technical and
physical environment（ISO, 2019). Characteristics of user groups or users are captured, which can
include knowledge, skill, experience, education, training, physical attributes, habits, preferences and
capabilities （ISO, 2019, p. 19). One common method to get to know relevant characteristics is to
interview the potential user groups with qualitative interviews. For the goal of integrating SDG
12, we here see the opportunity to understand underlying assumptions and behavior of the users
regarding the reduction of waste. Rather than only focusing on tasks and needs directly linked to
the usage of the product, an interview guideline should involve questions towards understanding
needs, problems and constraints （ISO, 2019, p. 19）when reducing waste. Like that, important
insights to achieve the SDG can be considered when going to the next phase.
Questions usually belong to specific topics like background , context of use or the use of
product . Typical questions in qualitative interviews to understand the context of use and typical
behavior of the user groups are e.g., What is a description of a typical day/week/month at your
job? or What are the major tasks that you need to complete successfully to accomplish your
goals? （Wilson, 2013). In consequence one specific topic could be sustainability behavior aiming
at collecting answers regarding situations that influence sustainable behavior.
In summary, in this phase we identified the needs of the users in relation to the target 12.5 by e.g.,
involving questions about the users sustainable behavior.
Phase 2
The second phase aims at concretizing the relevance of insights from the first phase by specifying
user requirements and also identifying other stakeholders and their needs. While we might have
understood the users assumptions and behavior regarding the SDG 12.5 in the first phase, it
is necessary to involve relevant stakeholders and understand their needs as well. Here, these
could be sustainability experts, who have a particular view on sustainability matters within
the organization, such as the relationship between production and resource consumption. In
consequence, further requirements can be derived by looking at both, user and stakeholder
needs, making sure to foster a holistic approach of interests. In a practical context this might lead
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to conflicts between user and stakeholder requirements that have to be resolved trading them
off against each other（ISO, 2019). We believe that a strong standing of involved stakeholders
advocating sustainability and relevant SDGs is key to reach the most possible fulfillment of those
goals.
In summary, in this phase we are contributing to target 12.5 by generating requirements based on
the insights on the user needs and the needs of the sustainability expert towards SDG 12.
Phase 3
After the second phase the defined requirements will be transferred into concrete design solutions.
The third phase "Producing design solutions" has a significant influence on how the subsequent
system or product will contribute to SDG 12.5. In concrete terms this means how many boxes, and
thus packaging waste, can be saved in our product example. This influence is based on the design
decisions made in this phase, which in turn influence the UX and thus the extent to which certain
actions contributing to SDG 12.5 are attractive to the user. The principles for design（from ISO
9241-110（2020）
）assist in designing the interactive system to ensure satisfaction, effectiveness, and
efficiency of the user in completing their tasks.
In addition to developing and refining the design solutions, communicating them is an important
part of the phase. By involving both, those responsible for the implementation of the designs and
the sustainability expert in the communication of the design solutions, the likelihood that the
designs will be accepted and topics around the set sustainability goal will be discussed is increased.
In summary, in this phase we are contributing to target 12.5 by creating design solutions that are
based on the user requirements and evaluation findings connected to SDG 12.
Phase 4
The fourth phase is about the evaluation of the design. The goal is to provide feedback about
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the strengths and weaknesses of the design solution from the users perspective. The feedback is
provided iteratively through userbased testing and inspection-based evaluation. With user tests,
specific tasks and interview questions can be integrated into a usability test to support SDG 12.5.
The overall aim is to find out what prevents the user from achieving their goals effectively,
efficiently, and satisfactorily. The results are used for further development of the designs. One
possibility of inspection-based evaluation is to validate whether specific requirements have been
fulfilled. In this step, a usability expert checks, among others, all requirements related to the target
12.5. The design change based on these evaluations can lead to a better fulfilling of the goal. Also,
in addition to the usability expert, the sustainability expert could carry out an inspection of the
design solution. The aim here is to identify strengths and weaknesses of the design solution and
potential risks for rebound effects. The findings are then used to improve the design.
In summary, we are contributing to the target 12.5 by generating findings in relation to SDG 12
based on including related tasks and questions in user tests. In addition, the findings based on
inspections of whether the user requirements connected to target 12.5 have been met, contribute
to the fulfilment of SDG 12. Moreover, findings based on inspections by the sustainability expert to
exclude rebound effects and thus pay towards the target 12.5 in the long term.
Ⅴ．Discussion
As HCD is a well-known process for product development and the issue of sustainability is getting
more present in all terms we aim at overcoming barriers to integrate sustainability in product
development. SDGs are an accepted framework that is relevant on the one hand because of its
strong influence on policy development, and on the other hand because it covers many issues that
influence sustainable development. We developed an extended approach of HCD by integrating
SDGs in corresponding HCD activities. We highlighted that certain SDGs are more likely to be
integrated into projects than others, which are more distant from HCD use cases. We described
that it is theoretically possible to contribute to fulfil a specific target of an SDG within every phase
of the HCD process and emphasized the practical consequences with an example of a fictive online
shop. This integration is also of great importance as both, the core elements of HCD and the issue
of sustainability are receiving more and more attention in companies.
When it comes to the practicability of HCD, findings from a research report by MIT Sloan
management review in collaboration with Deloitte Insights show that 47% of interviewed
organizations are currently using crossfunctional teams（core-element of HCD: interdisciplinary
teams). The report explains that teams across disciplines are an integral part of the innovation
efforts of digitally maturing organizations （Kane et al., 2019, p. 16). Companies therefore
must invest in structures that support and foster interdisciplinary work when aiming at being
innovative and digitally mature.
This also is the case for working in iterations. The report from one year earlier states experiments
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and iterations are essential emphasizing the importance of working in short but many cycles
rather than in a traditional waterfall process. Organizations according to the report have to (1）
encourage new ideas to be shared and tested at all levels of the organization;（2）encourage
feedback and iteration to learn how to work in new ways; and（3）share feedback of failed
experiments to increase organizational learning （Kane et al., 2018, p. 10）which makes the HCD
process a suitable approach to meet those requirements. In addition to the attention companies
are paying to human-centered approaches, the development of sustainable products has grown
into a global trend.（Shuaib et al., 2014）The reasons for this growth include customer awareness
of sustainability issues. Although the integration of SDGs in the HCD process is generally possible
and helps exploiting potentials like described, some limitations must be considered.
First, the HCD process is standardized by the ISO 9241-210（2019). which on the one hand helps
the international community to have a common understanding of how to develop products and
systems successfully in a humancentered way. On the other hand, organizations experience
challenges when they integrate standardized processes in their daily business. Challenges are e.g.,
a lack of method competence; cultural change, which is necessary to be open to a human-centered
mindset, and distributed teams due to e.g., IT departments working from other countries, which
might not be involved that easily in development processes（Almughram & Alyahya, 2017). It is
therefore necessary to have a closer look at implications in practice when integrating HCD and
sustainability efforts. A company, for example, could already use established design methods which
are not compatible with the approach described in this paper. Insights like this would have to be
considered when reworking the approach for practical use, which could even include finding new
methods or process steps.
The integration of the SDGs in the HCD process is only valid if it is done from the first stage of
the process on. If companies only partially implement the phases of the HCD, or start with an
advanced phase, the goals cannot be fully integrated. For example, the context of use related to
the target must be taken into account. This allows the requirements to be defined accordingly and
the designs to be developed based on them.
There is a risk of rebound effects since behavioral change of people cannot be predicted. A
rebound effect is an unintended negative impact due to increased efficiency（Sorrell, 2010).
Let's assume that in our scenario the user has rarely ordered new products because he shies
away from having boxes lying around at home. As now several products are shipped in one box
only, he might buy more products at once. This would then be a rebound effect leading to more
consumption and therefore waste, which originally was intended to be reduced. This rises followup
questions on how rebound effects could be considered in the design process and therefore HCD.
Also, it is an interesting question whether the HCD process reduces the probability of rebound
effects through the specific study of human behavior.
Further, it is not possible to do justice to the complexity of sustainability, or even a single target.
To develop products in a sustainable manner, the entire product life cycle should be analyzed
（Shuaib et al., 2014). Consider for example the target "By 2030, substantially reduce waste
generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse" of our scenario. Even if we focus
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on the online shop and leave out the production of the products sold, based on this target all the
waste associated with the online shop still has to be considered. For example, in connection with
the servers on which the data is stored, but also the waste generated in the product warehouses
from which products are shipped. Further, a question is if and how the HCD process could be
extended with e.g., evaluation methods from the sustainability debate, such as life cycle assessment
（Shuaib et al., 2014）to ensure a holistic integration, also in practice.
Ⅵ．Conclusion and next steps

In this paper, we introduced an approach to combine sustainability efforts and human-centered
product development by integrating SDGs in the HCD process. By that, we aim at offering a
practical, sustainabilitysensitive framework for designers when developing human-centered
products, systems, or services. We identified several research questions for the field of SHCI, e.g.,
concerning the connection between rebound effects and the HCD process. Further, cooperation
with companies from different industries will show barriers that make it difficult to integrate the
described process. For the examination of those barriers, it will be essential to look at both, the
integration on a process level as well as in daily business. In consequence, insights will help us to
further develop the process and the methodology. Eventually, we will examine if our proposed
process helps designers to design in both a human-centered and sustainability-sensitive way, in
this case, by reaching a SDG target.
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Challenges and concepts for the design and evaluation of usable
and satisfying Voice Interfaces according
to DIN EN ISO 9241-11 and -110
Dominik Pins, Dennis Paul, René Reiners

（Author）firstname.lastname@fit.fraunhofer.de
Ｉ．Abstract
From an economic perspective, Artificial Intelligence Systems are built to increase efficiency,
productivity and reliability. Assistance systems like voice assistants（VAs）are one example of
this kind of interactive technology; yet based on the Intelligence Augmentation approach, they
ought to primarily support the users capabilities and allow them to act with self-determination.
Nevertheless, those systems are usually perceived as a black box. Thus, on the one hand, VAs
can be seen simply as a tool for fulfilling a task, although on the other hand, the conversational
interaction raises expectations and needs for humanlike interactions. According to the international
norm ISO 9241-11, a usable system is one that can be used to achieve specified goals with
effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction. We use this definition of usability to delineate a framework
for the design and evaluation of VAs. We posit that certain human values like trust and well-being
are crucial for a satisfying user experience with VAs. Specifically, the system ought to prevent
frustration of psychological human needs in order to ensure the users self-determination ‒ for
practicing design and evaluation of VAs in a wholesome manner. Our aim is to provide guidelines
that move the development of VAs towards enhanced usability and human centeredness.
Considering each usability component, we discuss how to fulfill context-based user needs and
requirements in order to ensure effectiveness of the VA interaction. To address the efficiency
and satisfaction components, we develop evaluation guidelines for VAs based on the interaction
principles according to ISO 9241-110 and current literature.
Ⅱ．Introduction
Voice interfaces like Alexa, Siri or Google Assistant are constant companions in the daily lives of
many people. In 2019, 146.9 million smart-speaker devices were already sold worldwide（Watkins,
2020）. Alexa, Siri and Google Assistant support their users in various tasks, like controlling smart-
home devices, entertainment, creating lists or sharing reminders. Users appreciate the many
benefits, such as easy setup and use as well as roomtranscending voice control（Pins et al., 2020).
Nevertheless, users also mention concerns, as the interaction is often prone to error, leading to a
limited use for simple tasks and disappointed high initial expectations at humanlike and intelligent
interaction（Cho et al., 2019; Luger & Sellen, 2016; Pins et al., 2020). Furthermore, media reports
about data use by companies and possible eavesdropping raise concerns and worries among users
（Carr et al., 2019; Gray, 2016; Tabassum et al., 2019）and reduce acceptance among potential new
users（Oberhofer et al., 2019). Further concerns refer to the loss of autonomy when using Artificial
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Intelligence（AI）systems, as users fear to be negatively influenced or even manipulated by AI
and automated decisions（Sankaran & Markopoulos, 2021). The lack of explainability and the
accompanying skepticism and limited or even negative user experience（UX）give the impression
of a black box（Hind, 2019). For example, due to so-called always-listening devices, user feel
unsure about when recording is taking place by a VA（Lau et al., 2018).
Thus, users need to put a considerable amount of trust into the interaction and use of VAs. In line
with Fischer（2020）who describes the field of tension between （AI）and
（IA), we aim to support the users capabilities to allow them to continue
to act with self-determination instead of the system replacing the user. Another aspect of our
concept is as it is laid out in ISO 9241-11（ISO, 2018）by the International Organization for
Standardization（ISO). Accordingly, usability is defined as the extent to which a system, product
or service can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency,
and satisfaction in a specified context of use （ISO, 2018, p. 6). With all the above, we put the user
‒ or rather the ‒ into the center of designing interactive products and systems. In this
way, we are developing a conceptual model as a framework for the design and evaluation of VAs
with a focus on the third usability component satisfaction and with the aim to ensure trust and
well-being for the users. At the center of our approach is the notion that basic deficiencies and
well-being detriments ought to be prevented first（or at least, likewise）‒ before designing for fun,
excitement or personal growth（i.e., positive UX).
Ⅲ．State of the Art

ａ．Standards for Human-Centred Design
Our concept is, in a wider sense, based on human-centred design（HCD), which is defined in the
standard, ISO 9241-210, as an . . . approach to interactive systems development that aims to make
systems usable and useful by focusing on the users, their needs and requirements, and by applying
human factors/ergonomics, and usability knowledge and techniques （ISO, 2019, p. 3). The concept
of captures the intended of use/interaction, which are, besides
usability, （not directly considered in this paper), and .
In line with the fact that all four aspects are interrelated, and that usability reduces harm and risk,
we focus on the concept of usability and especially the definition and implications of satisfaction.
Usability includes three components and , the complete
consideration of which results in a usable system, product or service. The three components
as intended outcomes of use are conceptually built upon each other（although a system can
possibly achieve a higher outcome sufficiently but lack a lower one), with the typical procedure
of inspection starting with the effectiveness component. Effectiveness can be verified by checking
for completeness and accuracy in task completion when using the system. Second, to validate
efficiency, the focus is on the effort and resources used in relation to the results achieved. Finally,
and closely related to the UX of a system, usability includes satisfaction as a third component to
ensure user satisfaction during use.
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There has been a lack of agreement on what satisfaction as the third pillar of usability or the
experience of user satisfaction really constitutes（Hornbæk, 2006): There is the attempt with the
latest version of the norm, ISO 9241-11, to make the concept of satisfaction both less ambiguous
and broader by stating that satisfaction is the extent to which the user's physical, cognitive, and
emotional responses that result from the use of a system, product or service meet the user s needs
and expectations （ISO, 2018, p. 9). Thus, whereas efficiency is rather objective, satisfaction takes a
subjective perspective, which is why the third usability component is typically measured with self-
assessment questionnaires. Satisfaction is obviously closely linked to the concept of UX as the user s
perceptions and responses that result from the use and/or anticipated use of a system, product or
service （ISO, 2019, p. 8).
ISO 9241-110（ISO, 2020), another norm of relevance, comprises the interaction principles. Those
seven principles can be described as requirements or design recommendations and further, can
guide the development and evaluation of user interfaces, leading to improved usability（ISO,
2020). Whereas the majority of the interaction principles arguably addresses the first two usability
components, the principle of , added in the latest version, mainly contributes to
satisfaction ‒ by means of motivating the user, enhancing trust and establishing user involvement
（ISO, 2020). As personalized and automated decision-making of AI systems as well as the
impression of a human-like interaction make VAs appear intelligent, the interaction principle,
, is of particular importance in our approach. Having outlined the basic concepts
of human-centered design and usability, we now turn towards recent work about the usability
evaluation of VAs and conversational user interfaces（CUIs）in general and, in a further step,
towards the conceptualization of trust and selfdetermination, which are integral to our approach to
usability and satisfaction.
ｂ．Recent work about the evaluation of Usability and UX of conversational user interfaces
There are already different approaches to investigate the use and appropriation of CUIs that
focus on the usability and UX（Langevin et al., 2021; Pyae & Joelsson, 2017). Pyae and Joelsson
（2017）conducted an online survey with people who already used a VA and concluded that in
general VAs are convenient and easy to use. Nevertheless, there also occur difficulties regarding
understanding（on the side of the VA). This is supported by other studies that also point out that
expectations regarding capabilities often remain unmet（Beschnitt, 2017; Luger & Sellen, 2016;
Pins et al., 2020; Sciuto et al., 2018). Pyae and Joelsson（2017）used quantitative questionnaires
（SUS and UEQ）to rate usability, UX and usefulness of the devices. By adding open questions,
participants were also allowed to comment on their usability issues. The other highlighted studies
used qualitative methods like semi-structured interviews（Luger & Sellen, 2016; Pins et al., 2020;
Sciuto et al., 2018）or observation（Beschnitt, 2017).
Other research focused more on the development of evaluation and design methods for VAs.
Langevin et al.（2021), for example, propose a set of heuristics for conversational agents
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（CAs), adapted from （Nielsen, 1994), and validated them on two
kinds of CA（chatbot and VA). In comparison to the Nielsen heuristics, the adapted heuristics
and can be used to identify more usability issues because
they specifically address dialogue content, interaction design, help and guidance, human-like
characteristics and data privacy. In a similar way, Sugisaki & Bleiker（2020）adapted the Nielsen
heuristics using a linguistic approach in order to make the interaction more natural and usable. For
this, they developed for each heuristic several checkpoints that should be considered in order to
support design, development and evaluation of CUIs. Murad et al.（2018）synthesized established
guidelines for graphical interfaces into 10 guidelines and examined how speech human-computer
interaction（HCI）literature reflects on them. By doing so, they agree with previous findings that
most issues refer to the cognitive load required, the need to have control and dealing with
errors. In line with Langevin et al. s（2021）adapted heuristics（ and
), the authors proposed two more guidelines: and
considering how （Murad et al., 2018).
ｃ．From trust to trustworthy AI

Trust represents an important component when it comes to interaction, both among humans
and between human and technology, and plays a role in the adapted/added guidelines mentioned
above. From a sociological and systems-theoretical perspective, trust is defined as a function,
condition or tactic that allows higher risks to be taken by reducing the complexity of a（social）
system（Luhmann, 2018). By doing so, ambiguity and unpredictability can be reduced and
transformed into expectable behavior and reliance, suitable for everyday use. Trust can further
be understood as a fundamental need to maintain and continue collaboration between the involved
parties or actors（Endreß, 2002).
Transferred to HCI, trust is needed to ensure acceptance and use of technologies（Constantine,
2006). When thinking of the （IoT）and AI in this context, concerns about
privacy, data collection and use can limit the formation of trust（Chung et al., 2017; Worthy et al.,
2016). Especially in private contexts like the home, trust is important, as people want or need to
know and understand what the devices and sensors are collecting, sharing and processing（Castelli
et al., 2017; Pins et al., 2021; Tolmie et al., 2016). Therefore, the field of （Adams &
Sasse, 1999）aims to enable consumers to be more aware of their personal data disclosure and to
provide usable controls for privacy management（Adams & Sasse, 1999; Cranor, 2008; Whitten &
Tygar, 1999). This includes both usable tools for accessing and managing personal data as well as
support in understanding how and for what purposes the data are processed（Garfinkel & Lipford,
2014; Van Kleek et al., 2017).
However, building or ensuring trust is not only about transparency. For that reason, the EU put
forward the implementation of a framework on how to achieve by offering ethical
guidance to AI（Smuha, 2019). Accordingly, in addition to transparency, which is reflected in
the principle, the guidelines prescribe three further principles:
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and as so-called
. Following from this, seven more concrete requirements that should be considered with
regard to AI systems were derived（Smuha, 2019). Other research in HCI also moves towards
trustworthy AI and proposes guidelines for design and implementation by investigating user
needs,（Constantine, 2006; Cowan et al., 2017; Felzmann et al., 2019; Fischer, 2020; Shneiderman,
2020). Constantine（2006), for example, concluded that [p]eople can find it disconcerting to have
their every need or intention anticipated through behind-the-scenes manipulation （p. 28). Cowan
et al.（2017）conducted a study with infrequent users of Apple s Siri and concluded that trust can
be decreased by consistency and reliability issues that occur when executing a task, especially
when it is about sensitive or interpersonal data. Further, concerns of infrequent users are higher
regarding the collection and use of data or how companies might exploit them（Cowan et al.,
2017). From another perspective, Elkins and Derrick（2013）investigated the extent to which trust
can be measured based on the user's voice by looking at pitch and duration of response（Elkins
& Derrick, 2013). The considerations regarding the adaption of the Nielsen heuristics highlight
the importance of trust in design. Besides, the evaluation of VAs and current research towards
a trustworthy AI underpin the relevance of autonomy, transparency and privacy/security for
ensuring satisfaction from a perspective of trust that can be mapped very well on the interaction
principles（see Chapter IV).
ｄ．Self-determination Theory in the Context of HCI

A basis for thinking about well-being in the context of socio-technical systems provides
（SDT, Ryan & Deci, 2017). As a macro theory of human motivation, it
includes a number of mini theories, one of which is Basic Psychological Needs Theory（BPNT,
Ryan & Deci, 2017). It posits that there are three such needs that are considered nutrients
for long-term psychological flourishing and personal growth. refers to volitional
and self-endorsed behavior, to effectively interacting with and influencing one s
environment and to the closeness to and the care by others. According to SDT,
（social）environments can either be need-supportive, need-depriving（i.e., neutral), or need-
thwarting（Vansteenkiste & Ryan, 2013). On the experiential level, psychological need satisfaction
and psychological need frustration are to be considered as two separate, opposite constructs
（Bartholomew et al., 2011).Whereas need satisfaction provides personal wellbeing, meaning and
growth, need-thwarting environments and the associated experience of need frustration have been
linked to various negative outcomes, such as stress, anxiety, depression, reduced self-control as
well as defiant and immoral behavior（Campbell et al., 2017; Ng et al., 2012; Vansteenkiste & Ryan,
2013; Weinstein & Ryan, 2011).
There are several established UX approaches that focus on the satisfaction of psychological needs
through design（e.g., Hassenzahl et al., 2010). The approach with its
（METUX, Peters et al., 2018). There are several
established UX approaches that focus on the satisfaction of psychological needs through design（e.g.,
Hassenzahl et al., 2010). The approach with its
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（METUX, Peters et al., 2018）model, however, is specifically centered
on the three needs from SDT（Ryan & Deci, 2017), as they constitute universally valid and basal
links between an individual s（technical）environment and their（user）experience ‒ without
devaluing other possible human needs like stimulation or identification（Hassenzahl et al., 2010).
The METUX model describes how to induce satisfaction of autonomy, competence, and relatedness
via the design of interactive technology in various aspects of the UX, including the interface or the
task that is supported（Peters et al., 2018).
The direct application of BPNT to voice assistants is a rather recent development. For example,
de Vreede et al.（2021), investigated in an experimental study how support of the three basic
psychological needs by a chatbot is linked to various outcomes of using the chatbot. They found
that all three needs contribute to user satisfaction, which was in turn related to user engagement.
Yang and Aurisicchio（2021）investigated SDT s basic psychological needs in relation to CAs in
an interview study. Their results show that autonomy depends on conversation flexibility and
control, personalized experiences and users control over their personal data. Competence is
related to utilizing the full functionality of the CA and being effective in the communication with it.
Relatedness satisfaction was shown to be enhanced by the CA s enabling communication between
individuals and with social groups as well as by facilitating social activities. Based on those results,
the authors derived ten design guidelines for CAs, four of which pertain to autonomy support
（e.g., ）and six pertaining to
competence support（e.g.,
）. In this way, adherence to those guidelines is likely to provide
autonomy support and structure to the conversation. Relatedness was excluded, as it arguably
depends on particular features of the system and such features are often not expected. However,
the authors do include the guideline,
（Yang & Aurisicchio, 2021), which, to our understanding, could potentially
induce warmth during the VA conversation. Many aspects of autonomy and competence support
are also reflected in classical usability guidelines like Nielsen s ten usability heuristics（Nielsen,
1994）or, in fact, in the interaction principles from ISO 9241-110（ISO, 2020）as we discuss further
below.
Ⅳ．Towards a usability framework for trust and well-being for VAs

ａ．Taking user satisfaction into focus in the design of usable VAs
As stated in ISO 9241-11, satisfaction as the third component of usability is the user s particular
response that happens when the user s expectations and needs are met. According to our
conceptualization, the resulting UX is neither very positive nor negative. As laid out by
Hassenzahl（2003), （as a form of positive）UX is mainly the result of the expected
and the fulfillment of psychological needs. On the contrary, when expectations and needs fail to
be fulfilled, the UX is likely to be negative, entailing negative emotions and negative subjective
evaluations. This dichotomy is depicted in Figure 1, where on the left side of the spectrum, there
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are negative personal experiences and consequences, which can be called harm or risk to the
user, in line with the definition of （ISO, 2019). Although one could argue
about the appropriateness of basing satisfaction partially on expectations ‒ what if a distrustful
user in fact expects negative consequences? ‒, we hypothesize that in general users who the
system expect not to be harmed or put under risk through their interaction with the system ‒ the
avoidance of such ensuring satisfaction. Whereas usability has traditionally mainly been concerned
with the fulfillment of needs, a new baseline for satisfaction ought to include, according to
our concept, also psychological needs and the prevention of their imparted thwarting and
experienced frustration. Assumedly, if everything works to their benefit, users are likely to be
satisfied, that is, the system is likely to be perceived as satisfactory.
For that reason, satisfaction constitutes the midpoint of the graph in Figure 1, as an outcome that
is dependent on the avoidance or prevention of harm and risk to the user. Notably, ISO 9241-210
（ISO, 2019）situates satisfaction and（avoidance of）harm as two distinct but interrelated kinds of
intended outcomes of use. Personal harm and risk can take on a variety of forms like emotional,
privacy-related, financial or physical, all of which arguably often entail psychological consequences
and detriments to the user s（psychological）well-being. Typical negative outcomes as stated in
ISO 9241-11 include risks to health and safety or risks of stress, fatigue, frustration or lack of
empowerment （ISO, 2018, p. 28).
On the right side of Figure 1 is depicted the positive UX spectrum, which goes beyond user
expectation and user satisfaction. Through the active fulfillment of psychological needs（e.g.,
autonomy, competence and relatedness), （positive emotions and evaluations） or
（meaning and vitality）well-being（Mekler & Hornbæk, 2016）is ensured. In this
way, the users gain benefits（experiences）that exceed their basic user needs and expectations,
which is in line with common UX research and practice. However, from an understanding of
a holistic usability practice, it must be ensured that the UX is at least at that
crucial threshold where any harm or risk to the user is prevented, and not in just a few aspects
while leaving others harmful. Our argumentation is that only viewed via the deficit lense of our
usability approach, basic deficiencies and detriments to the users well-being can be avoided.
Figure 1 Satisfaction（ISO 9241-11）as the threshold between negative and positive UX and consequences.
We now turn towards the application of our satisfaction concept for VAs as a form of AI（or, more
appropriately, IA）system. Thereby, we hope to contribute to a lifting of a veil that metaphorically
often seems to shroud those systems in mystery or creates the well-known image of a black box,
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whereby the users cannot be too sure that their interests are respected. Based on the concept of
value-sensitive design（Friedman, 1997), we focus on the values, trust and human well-being, and
associated factors as intended outcomes of use that contribute to ensuring satisfaction with VAs.
Our concept does not claim to be exhaustive but comprises several factors for VAs that, if not
considered, will likely result in negative UX and satisfaction not achieved. Figure 2 shows those
intended outcomes: constitutes the center of the figure. This reflects the basic premise
to design intelligent systems for the support and thus preservation of the human s capabilities
rather than the complete replacement of the human. This is also closely linked to the notion of
user involvement and user engagement. Autonomy is one factor that is equally linked to the two
principal outcomes, trust and , which are mutually intertwined. All factors within the
model contribute to both these outcomes, albeit each outcome has their respective main factors.
On the one hand, the value of trust means that optimally, users put their trust in the system that
things in and beyond their UX are going in their favor（e.g., upholding their privacy）
（Garfinkel
& Lipford, 2014). Assumedly, without trust, neither will users willingly use the system（including
sharing their data）nor be satisfied. Trust is mainly ensured by supporting the users privacy and
security and by establishing transparency. This is covered by various methods and designs of
usable privacy（Adams & Sasse, 1999). On the other hand, the value of wellbeing in the context
of satisfaction refers to the avoidance of harm or risk including overall stress, specific negative
emotions like frustration, anger and anxiety, or feelings of need frustration（ISO, 2019; Ryan &
Deci, 2017). From a pragmatic perspective, the way to eliminate a number of stressors is by
increasing the VA s usability, which can be ensured by adhering to the interaction principles
and includes the consideration of user needs for the system s tasks（ISO, 2020). Another way is
to take into account basic psychological needs as a baseline for well-being. There are a number
of such needs that a positive UX designer may support in order to make a VA interaction more
exciting and fun and create meaningful experiences（Hassenzahl et al., 2010; Peters et al., 2018).
However, SDT（Ryan & Deci, 2017）has established that certain psychological needs cannot just
be not in a nonpositive sense, they can in fact be in an explicitly negative sense.
Contrasting the experience of the satisfaction of needs, this dark side of human experience has
been referred to as the frustration of human needs that results from need-thwarting environments.
Therefore, in order to guarantee satisfaction with a VA, in the first place, the thwarting of the
three needs, autonomy, competence and relatedness ought to be prevented through the design of
the VA interaction, in line with the conceptual spectrum from negative to positive UX（see Figure
1). This distinction can also be included in evaluation questionnaires（Chen et al., 2015). For the
most part, transparency and privacy/security in the course of VA use are likely to enhance trust
as competence and relatedness are likely to enhance well-being. Moreover, trust is a factor for
well-being and stress reduction itself, as it constitutes a letting-go of suspicion or worry（Luhmann,
2018). Trust in the system that oneself stays free from harm and the freedom of harm itself
assumedly lead to satisfaction and the acceptance of technology.
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Figure 2 Intended outcomes of VA interaction as values to ensure satisfaction（ISO 9241-11).
ｂ．Interaction principles for ensuring effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction of VAs

To define guidelines for the design and evaluation of VAs in accordance with the usability
framework laid out in this paper, we focus on the interaction principles（ISO, 2020). Thereby,
we integrate them with the presented state of the art that forms the basis for our conceptual
framework and with further concepts of communication like （Grice, 1975), which
describe how a successful and purposeful interaction should be structured. Moreover, we draw
parallels to the （Shannon & Weaver, 1998), which describes the basic
process of communication. Thus, we argue to consider in the application of the seven interaction
principles not only pragmatic（efficiency and effectiveness）but also experiential, human-value-
related aspects（i.e., satisfaction).
Starting with the interaction principle, , and referring to Grice's

maxims, it is necessary to design conversations to be informative in a purposeful manner, true
and relevant in its content and, finally, perspicuous in its meaning. This principle is reflected in
all components of usability through ensuring task fulfillment（effectiveness）and avoiding overly
efforts on a pragmatic level（efficiency）. The requirements for the user s task ought to be
based on the users characteristics as well as their needs regarding task, equipment and social or
organizational environment. Furthermore, regarding satisfaction, users whose tasks are supported
are prevented from competence frustration（i.e., feeling incompetent and ineffective）when
interacting with the VA. Taking into account the requirements regarding privacy and security
ensures a usable privacy（Adams & Sasse, 1999), which leads to an increase in trust.
According to , a conversation can be accompanied by many risks and

misunderstandings. That is why a VA should always show or offer the possibility to let the users
know what they need or can do or alternatively, what the VA is doing or will do. By doing so,
transparency generates clarity about hidden processes, which in turn benefits trust, as users
become aware of the ongoing processes and, in conclusion, reduces complexity and unpredictability.
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Thus, self-descriptive VA dialogs ensure that the users' competence is not frustrated during
interaction by minimizing perceived chaos.
is important for an interaction in accordance with the users preferences including

the ability to talk in the users own language or the flexibility of the interaction flow（e.g., asking
queries, or talking about a certain previous step). When controllability is given, the thwarting of
the users autonomy is avoided so that they can continue to act in a self-determined manner and
have sufficient control and power over their personal data, which coincides with trust in the VA.
represents the way the interaction ought to be orientated to

the context of use and its commonly accepted conventions, specifically when thinking about
the user as a customer. In this way, adhering to this principle prevents competence frustration
by eliminating inconsistencies. Respecting this principle makes the overall interaction more
predictable and thus, trustworthy, as users feel more in control about the situation, which arguably
also reduces complexity.
Taking up once the Shannon-Weaver-Model and according to the principle,

a VA should further support the users in avoiding mistakes（e.g., misunderstandings）and in
recovering from such（e.g., providing suggestions about alternatives). This also implies imparting
users with sufficient control（autonomy and competence）to be able to protect themselves from
harms or risks. One hypothesis to explore in further research is that the help offered by the VA
prevents relatedness frustration（seeing the VA as a cold, inconsiderate automaton）in the face of
slips or mistakes during interaction.
The users ability to ask questions further relates to the principle of and is achieved,
for example, when users can ask in every step what they can do. If users can ask for an
explanation to better understand and use the VA, it enhances transparency and clarity about the
VA s capabilities, and consequently, trust in the system. This option to learn again prevents feeling
of incompetence and confusion in the users.
Finally, , is about motivating users to use a VA in the long-term. The way

of talking and articulating by the VA can negatively influence the continuous interaction,
for example, when its responses do not follow Grice s Maxims and instead, are confusing and
ambiguous. This would imply a thwarting of the users competence. In another way, VAs, like
any other AI systems, record and generate data to enable automated and personalized decisions,
which finally results in a data storage that ‒ as the related work has shown ‒ leads to mistrust.
That is why, to empower users in their privacy, consideration of the concepts for usable privacy
（Adams & Sasse, 1999）can enhance the trustworthiness of a system, e.g., by explaining the use
and processing of data. Finally, consideration of the need for relatedness is dependent on the VA s
functionality. In this way, the VA interaction ought to always consider the social environment of
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the user, ensuring that no utterance of the VA or user action results in the user s social contacts
distancing themselves from the user, which would lead to distrust and amotivation in the user.
V．Conclusion
Our proposed framework is an attempt to consolidate the common understanding of usability（ISO,
2018）with more humane aspects related to human values and the avoidance of harm, which, in
turn, is expected to enhance the acceptance and use of VAs. For that, we applied the interaction
principles（ISO, 2020）to encompass privacy and transparency aspects as well as the prevention of
basic psychological need frustration. Compared with the other recent guidelines for VA design that
we presented in this paper, the interaction principles arguably allow for addressing both pragmatic
task-achievement and avoidance of harm as major intended outcomes. Understanding and
analyzing the user s task and context of use considering our proposed framework helps to develop
those harm-free VAs. With the assistance of the interaction principles, VAs can be evaluated in
terms of effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction. Since a common approach is to note usability
problems based on those usability guidelines, we attempt to provide with our considerations a new
lens through which to notice and frame problems that can possibly endanger users privacy and
psychological well-being. Furthermore, quantitative UX assessments should include, in addition
to measures of need satisfaction, also need frustration scales（Chen et al., 2015). Future research
must bring the extended interpretation of the interaction principles into practice and empirically
validate the relevance and applicability thereof for common usability engineering and UX design
and evaluation.
In any case, there is no question that the adherence of the values, trust and human well-being,
is desirable and humane. According to our concept, designing for usable privacy and for self-
determination are two ways to support that. With this, we emphasize that usability means more
than effective and efficient systems development and that satisfaction might have a different focus
than the common understanding of positive UX.
Ⅵ．Acknowledgments
The Project is supported by funds of the Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection
（BMJV）based on a decision of the Parliament of the Federal Republic of Germany via the Federal
Office for Agriculture and Food（BLE）under the innovation support programme.
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Sustainable Mobility Scenario Modeling
- Evaluating Future Resilience of Modular Concepts
for Electrified Trucks
Colin de Kwant1,3, Rikard Bodén2,3, Arne Erlandsson1,3

KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Centre for ECO2 Vehicle Design1,
KTH Royal Institute of Technology,
School of Industrial Engineering and Management2, Sweden Modular Management3
colin@kth.com, +46 8 456 35 00（office）
Ｉ．Abstract
Facing a myriad of megatrends such as sustainability, digitalization, electrification, and automation,
one of the greatest concerns for companies is ensuring their fitness for future markets. Predicting
how the future will unfold is impossible yet failing to timely prepare organizations and products
for the future may cause substantial losses for businesses, societies, and the environment.
Consequently, many companies have drawn their interest to flexible product development
strategies to cope with rising complexity, risks and changing requirements. Modularization is
highlighted as one such strategy. But how does one modularize against the uncertain future?
Guided by this question, our research aims to apply futures studies and scenario techniques along
the innovation and modularization process from product planning to modular system and product
platform development. The system-of-interest and case for this paper is electrified trucks including
their power infrastructure. Regular conversations with key industry expert-, research- and
management stakeholders guided the iterative creation of a logical and analytical model to evaluate
high level modular truck configurations against multiple scenarios and design pathways. Aiming
to close the futures studies to modularization method gap, we replaced a more typical needs-based
market segmentation input to modularization with both qualitative and quantitative data from
mobility scenarios and studies. Our research is still ongoing but our main conclusions to date are
two-fold. One: such model may provide insight to improve future resilience of modular concepts
and product platforms in the early stages of platform development. Two: such model can provide a
structure for recurring assessment of modules and system architecture, to evaluate resilience and
guide optimization of specific module variants and product configurations for multiple and evolving
future scenarios.
Key words: scenario modeling, modularization, product planning, platform development, electric vehicles,
sustainability, digitalization, conceptual design evaluation
For use in the EJEA-2021-Conf key note presentation and publication in the EJEA Conference special issue of the
Journal of Kagawa University International Office .
Ⅱ．Introduction
Our research approach loosely followed the Modular Function Deployment（MFD）modularization
method based its the original publication（Ericsson and Erixon 1999; Erixon 1998）yet in its
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evolved form（Modular Management n.d.）
（See figure 1). A supporting logical and analytical
model was created to evaluate both high level modular truck configurations as well as the module
system s modules and module variants against multiple scenarios.
Figure 1: Research approach illustrated around the evolved MFD method loop
The customer values in this study were defined as Total Cost of Ownership（TCO), Overall
Equipment Effectiveness（OEE), and Sustainability（CO2-emissions). Ongoing work has evolved
the evaluations to assess sustainable development not only as CO2-emissions but also as circular
economic impact.
Goods flow infrastructure and transport operational conditions, requirement variables are clarified
by exploring existing scenarios, literature, and conversations with industry experts.
Variables are connected with the chosen a system of interest, represented as a high level, battery
electric truck architecture concept.
Goods flows physical properties such as distance, hilliness based on inter-urban and regional
transport use cases have been introduced stepwise as needed or requested in iterations of
developing the logical model and later evaluations using the analytical mathematical model.
Structure of this paper is as follows:

Chapter 3 provides the challenge facing transportation and commercial vehicles as background to
clarify why this research is needed.
Chapter 4 describes the research gap and aim.
Chapter 5 introduces the method, starting by introducing our application of future studies as
a discipline and then how it has been applied in this research by presenting the used scenario
framework and Modular Function Deployment based iterative workflow.
Chapter 6 details the scenario evaluation logical model created to enable evaluating the
performance of truck configurations to gain insights on design choices for the enabling module
system and modules.
Chapter 7 presents a view on analytical model and insights gained from its iterative development.
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This included evolution of the logical model and reflection for qualitative analysis and evolving
the scenarios narratives towards a redefining sustainability to also a possible circular economy of
battery modules.
Chapter 8 concludes on the findings and discusses the way forward for this research project. Two
possible pathways are presented based on these conclusions.
Ⅲ．Facing future crossroads in transportation and commercial vehicles

Predicting future market directions is challenging, particularly for industries subject to significant
disruptive change and unpredictable dynamics of megatrends. Failing to timely prepare
organizations and products for future change, as well as failing to achieve sustainable development
goals will cause substantial losses for businesses, societies, and the environment. One such industry
facing substantial transformative pressure to meet sustainable development goals, rising demand
for goods transport, urbanization, environmental standards and technology change is the market
for road transportation and commercial vehicles（trucks）industry（Kluschke et al. 2019). As road
transport is a key source of CO2-emissions（Dominkovi et al. 2018; Kluschke et al. 2019; Pernestål
et al. 2020), political pressure for transformation on truck manufacturers has increased with a first-
ever EU wide regulatory framework to reduce CO2-emissions（EU regulation 2019, EC Climate
Action 2022). Industry s response meanwhile indicate the approaching tipping point towards
electrification of, as manufacturers jointly commit to enable a zero-carbon road freight economy
（acea.auto 2020; sciencebasedtargets.org). The transformation to electric mobility is undeniable
both to enable and introduce electric or other non-fossil-fuel mobility alternatives（Kreitmair, 2021;
caranddriver.com). Manufacturers and related research often link sustainability and electrification
with other megatrends such as digitalization and autonomy of vehicles and fleets for transport.
This myriad of trends and their interactions are complex and while undeniably transformative
for the industries and society, global progress of sustainable development（SD）and outlook on
achieving of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals（SDGs）（sdgs.un.org）or Paris
Agreement（unfccc.int）climate commitments remain uncertain if not bleak. Combined such
myriad of trends, challenges and deep uncertainty can be called a wicked problem or social
mess in the field of futures studies, scenario and strategic planning（Ritchey 2011). Techniques
in futures studies and scenario-based planning best suited to deal with the deep uncertainty
of mentioned wicked problems belong to the exploratory and normative or backcasting type
scenarios（Börjeson et al. 2006).
Aside from the uncertain future, the increasingly global competitive environment has required
many companies to increase variation and differentiation in their product offering and pressure
manufacturers to deliver masscustomization at mass-manufacturing costs（Shamsuzzoha et
al., 2019; Seiler and Krause, 2020). Another central challenge for manufacturers is to provide
configurable or even customized solutions from a wide range of products in a cost-efficient way. On
this topic, modularization can be viewed as a strategy enabling to optimize the tradeoff between
product differentiation by increased fit to customer needs and economies of scale from product
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standardization（Schuh, Rudolf, and Vogels 2014). A modular product architecture is frequently
described as a design or platform with standard interfaces that enables interchangeable modules
and a wide variety of product configurations（Y. Liu, Zhang, and Z. Liu, 2011; Williamsson, Sellgren,
and Söderberg, 2018; Shamsuzzoha et al., 2019). To define such systems of interchangeable
modules, evaluate and optimize the balance between variety of products serving the customer
needs, technology strategy and operational excellence, Erixon（1998）proposed a method: Modular
Function Deployment（MFD), which has been applied and referenced in a growing body of
research and cases in on modularization since then.
Modularization and modular product platforms have evolved strongly in the automotive industry,
including commercial and heavy-duty trucks（Williamsson 2021), as many manufacturers attribute
both their configurable product offering, technology, and industrialization performance to their
modular systems（Scania.com; Volvogroup.com）
（Stenqvist 2018). Yet the pace and rise of electric
and digital technology and its transformative impact on vehicles adds additional challenge. Re-
design of heavy-duty vehicles is remarkably challenging since both the trucks produced and
the modular systems or product platforms they rely on are designed to be used for decades
（Dominkovi et al. 2018; Eriksson and Simme 2020), and their development takes many years
（Greene, Ogden, and Lin 2020). This implies manufacturers need to make long-term decisions and
future predictions to ensure that their modular systems are able if not optimal to deliver products
that fit the market by the time they are launched and the many years that follow. Despite
electrification having gained increasing attention from policymakers, their geographic limits and
elected timeframe of governance leave manufacturers and fleet owners without any perspicuous
plan for development, scale and density of sustainable battery charging and service infrastructure.
Meanwhile, road transport in general is growing, driven by megatrends such as urbanization and
e-commerce, digitalization and evolving customer behavior causing changes in goods flows（Chalkia
et al. 2018; Keseru, Coosemans, and Macharis 2021; Kostiainen and Tuominen 2019). Consequent
changes in the business landscape may reinforce other megatrends such as servitization and
accommodate new players with a different perspective on goods flow performance, vehicle
manufacturing or transport operations. Such trends force incumbent manufacturers not only
to rethink their product, but the larger product service system, the business models and value
capturing mechanisms as margins and profits are shifting throughout the value chain（Jentzsch et
al. 2019).
Ⅳ．How does one modularize against the uncertain future?

Against the background provided above it is both important and urgent to explore multiple
possible future scenarios and use scenario techniques to prepare products and companies for
the future as suggested in futures studies research（Börjeson et al. 2006; Heijden 1996). Scenario
studies specific for inter-urban transportation also underpin several scenarios can unfold in
the future（Chalkia et al. 2018; Keseru, Coosemans, and Macharis 2021; Pernestål et al. 2020).
Consequently, to develop resilient modular systems, able to deliver products facing a perhaps
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unprecedented wicked myriad of megatrends, climate change and social messes , modularization
methods and innovation processes need to include and evolve with such futures scenarios. And
evaluate how multiple scenarios, different customers, goods flow use cases and geographies can
provide insight for or challenge product planning, design and architecture choices. Despite this
paramount challenge, research on how futures studies and scenarios can be integrated into the
modularization process appear limited. Apart from Bonvoisin et al.（2016), who partly touched
upon unknown constraints when proposing modularization for X , little research appears to
have joined modular product architecture and future scenarios. Examples for evaluating the
efficiency of modular configurations against evolving future scenarios were found such as Diba
and Esmailzadeh（2020), F. M, Lehmeyer M, and Lienkamp M（2017), and Sim et al.（2019), who
demonstrated component-optimization in vehicles partly based on futuristic assumptions about
fuels and costs. Yet, no research was found to assess modular architectures overall efficiency
based on key variables for multiple future scenarios. This research is therefore aimed to reduce
the gap between futures studies and modularization methods.
Ⅴ．A method to bridge futures studies to modularization gap

Given methodological objective to bridge futures studies to modularization gap, a key question
was uncovering what, if any, methods connection exists or may exist between the two fields of
research? Studying the fields separately, futures studies are essentially methods enabling to gain
insights about the future. These may be of a predictive（what will happen?), explorative（what
can happen?）or normative type（how can a certain future be reached?）each suited for specific
horizon of timing and range of uncertainties（Börjeson et al. 2006), as illustrated in figure 2. When
applied in a business strategy evaluation context, companies often seek insights about their future
markets and other externalities. In comparison, outside-in modularization methods like Modular
Function Deployment usually start with a needs-based customer segmentation（Jiran n.d.）to
uncover value potential of product differentiation by increased fit to customer needs to balance
mentioned trade-off between market shares and price premium gains with design efficiency and
economies of scale gains from design or process standardization. However, such outside-in needs-
based segmentation oftentimes only focused on the known, analyzed markets and foreseeable
future. But what if we develop insights about the longer-term future by using foresight and
scenario techniques, could such input enable us to design modular architectures and product
platforms that are more future-proof? To answer this question, we replaced the needs-based
market segmentation input to a Modular Function Deployment-like（Ericsson and Erixon 1999）
flow with a market context based on future scenarios. Due to the timeframe constraints of this
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study, scenarios were not generated specifically, instead, already existing scenario framework from
earlier research（Pernestål et al. 2020）was used.
Figure 2 Future studies, scenario types, and typical input considered in modularization
The used scenario framework, presented in figure 3, represents the outcome of a workshop series
that involved more than 50 experts from more than 30 different organizations within the freight
transport landscape. These scenarios were selected as the foundation for this study since they
reflect also other found literature and our industry stakeholders perception on trends, certain
development, and uncertain development. In addition, the scenarios are of exploratory nature,
pointed out as particularly suitable when researching interconnected systems that are affected by
multiple driving forces, and when time-horizon is ranges far into the future（Börjeson et al. 2006).
The authors underline that the four scenarios should not be seen as the most probable futures but
rather as plausible futures with distinctive characteristics, which is the desired scenario feature
for in this study to augment the assessment of modular architecture concepts and subsequent
discussion on modularization.
Figure 3 Scenario framework centered around sustainability- and digitalization-crossed

futures adopted from Pernestål et al.(2020）
The scenario framework and narratives serve as a foundation from which high-level customer
values can be extracted and weighted to amplify the value potential of a solution for each scenario-
specific characteristic. The customer values in this study were defined as Total Cost of Ownership
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（TCO), Overall Equipment Effectiveness（OEE), and Sustainability（CO2-emissions). These
three high-level customer values are apparent across all four scenarios, although their relative
importance will be considered differently. In addition, the customer values were thought to be
relatively easy to quantify and connect to product properties when proceeding in the modular
design process. The modular product configurations analyzed in this study were limited to consider
a few high-level modules with distinctive yet limited line up of conceptual module variants. This
way the complexity that arises for each module and its variants added to the evaluation can be
kept minimal for the initial development and early tests of the simulation model. The modules
used were considered significant, and at the same time, largely independent of other modules. The
selected modules, and module variants enabled us to simulate and assess multiple unique product
configurations of heavy-duty trucks: 42 configurations in a first iteration and 576 in the latest. Each
product configuration was evaluated based on its individual performance in relation to the high-
level customer values across the four scenarios. Consequently, the evaluation can be considered bi-
directional: Outside-in scenario directed and inside-out architecture directed. Inside-out , the
performance of each product configuration results fromits module variants with respect to their
impact on the three high-level customer values. Outside-in , the overall performance is affected by
the weights given to customer values（level of importance consistent with the scenario narrative),
which is scenario-specific. An overview of the method is provided in figure 4 below.
Figure 4 Overview of the method and flow incorporating future scenarios in modular architectures and product configurations
evaluation
Ⅵ．A scenario evaluation model for modular systems

The evaluation model developed during the study has essentially three different layers as
illustrated in figure 5. The system level, in which scenarios characterize goods flows and
transportation infrastructure system, product level including the vehicle architecture and product
configurations, and the module level. Firstly, outside-in properties, like the customer values
importance have been extracted from the scenario narratives. An example being the density of
roadside charging capacity and CO2 impact of electricity sources. The original scenario framework
served as context ensuring consistency in collecting such transportation infrastructure system
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properties. Values are derived from research literature, published forecasts and foresight, or
otherwise assumed and qualified as plausible in conversations with industry experts. Secondly,
transportation and vehicle use case specific application properties are used as input to simulate
the performance with respect to transportation operations. Transport operations or application
properties include factors such as driving distance, cargo weight, and road slope profile to mention
a few. Thirdly, a module variant specification matrix is used to specify each of modules variants
on their corresponding properties. Hence, taking a inside-out perspective on the model, this setup
enabled to simulate many different modular product configurations to serve in many different
applications and in many different futures. Dividing the model into separate levels also enabled
to change input to one level at the time and yet simulate the levels altogether. This proved
advantageous for several reasons such as making it easier to stepwise increase complexity and
scope of use cases or more data becomes necessary on a certain level to improve insights or
consistency.
Figure 5 Schematic overview of the scenario evaluation model
Scenario Properties:
The scenario properties used in the model mainly refer to events described in the scenario
framework that could impact the business landscape of the goods transportation system. Such
properties are typically related to macrotrends and policies, affecting services, vehicle solutions,
infrastructure, and goods flow.
Application Properties:
The evaluation model currently enables randomized and normal-distributed topographic
simulations for four given road conditions: flat, predominantly flat, hilly, and very hilly for a given
transport distance. Further, the topographic simulations can easily be simulated for any given
distance, which enable simulations to reflect a particular or mix of transport use case(s). Three
typical transport use cases are considered so far. One short, that reflects typical urban distribution,
and then one longer regional transportation mission 300km, and finally the longest distance that
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aim to reflect a typical long-haul mission, 500km.
Modular Architectures:
In the first version of the model, a simplified modular architecture, referred to as Modular
Architecture 1 in figure 6, was used to develop the initial proof-of-concept. After the model
proved it could deliver sought insights, a second version was developed with refined input and
increased the detail of the evaluations. At this time conversations with our industry experts
requested increased focus on batteries and architecture. Hence, in the second version modules
such as the hydrogen tanks, fuel cells, and ERS-module were excluded in the second modular
architecture（figure 7, Modular Architecture 2). Yet, increased detail in the second version on both
architectures and transport wider range of transport use cases resulted in an increase of modular
truck configurations to evaluate from 42 to 576 unique product configurations.
Figure 6 High level modular architecture - 1st version
Figure 7 High level modular architecture - 2nd version
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Ⅶ．Insights gained from the scenario evaluation model
Insights from the combined evaluations are many, but most noteworthy is perhaps that
configurations that tend to be most robust when looking at all scenarios at the same time, not
necessarily are the among the top performing configurations when simulated against one specific
future scenario. The subsequent analysis then revolved around the difference between such
product configurations. One finding is that the number of battery modules tends to be crucial
attribute for top performance. For example, when simulating long-haul transportation use case, the
significant difference between the most robust configuration, meaning a top performer across
all scenarios（figure 7, left）and the best product configuration in one scenario（figure 8, right,
scenario: Green Circle）is the number of battery modules. In addition, when evaluating regional
transportation use cases and long-haul transportation separately, the difference between the
product configuration found most robust is again, only the number of battery modules.
Figure 8 Snapshot of the scenario evaluation model highlighting top performing vehicle configurations across all scenarios
（left）
versus only one（Green Circle）scenario（right）
From a modularization perspective, these insights raise new questions on how the battery modules
may be designed to enable upgradability so that the modular architectures not only become
robust against multiple futures, but product configurations may also be re-configurable to become
top performers in specific futures or changed mix of transport use cases. Taking a business
perspective, different business models may be plausible to support and optimize value captured as
well as sustainability impact from such battery upgrading offerings as suggested in figure 9 below.
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Figure 9 Suggested new insights towards modularization strategy and battery module business value potential
Here, co-creation of value between vehicle manufacturer and vehicle customers may been seen
as contradicting, as the vehicle costs for the customer are the manufacturer s revenue. However,
breaking down the factors that affect transporter Total Cost of Ownership（TCO）value and
reducing losses in transport operations（captured as OEE value）might be value shared between
manufacturer and its customers. Non-value-adding downtime is one of the most significant factors
to transporters operational costs and one such example is downtime for charging during the
transport operation. Customer operations could become more profitable by minimizing waste（i.e.,
unnecessary downtime, wear, or end-of-life replacement costs）across are larger scope of battery
（electric vehicle）operations and lifecycles. This could be enabled by operations and lifecycle
data used by manufacturers to ensure provided vehicles and battery configurations are better
optimized for their specific operation lifecycles, such that all parties co-create growth of their
individual profitability, from the elimination of waste and improved battery raw material and
production sustainability（see figure 10 below).
Figure 10 Strategic value co-creation scenario enabled by digitalization and more sustainable, circular battery module lifecycling
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Ⅷ．Conclusions
The results and mentioned potential insights on battery modules upgradability enabled by the
scenario evaluation model will be continued in a next phase of the study in which we aim to build
upon preceding work but narrow the scope to the battery modules even further. Conversations
with industry on this aspect have highlighted battery electric mobility as a very useful case for
futures studies in modular product platform development as well as model refinement. Narrowing
the scope in order to refine the model inherently means other, additional capabilities and future
critical requirements may exist outside our battery-focused view. The dynamics that may
ultimately decide which vehicle（and battery）solution as well as business model will be the best fit
from a（circular）business perspective will always be challenging any system boundary. Therefore,
we will select two different perspectives, to be explored individually but also with the possibility
to create synergies and additional insights if combined. This offers more possible insights and
realistic evaluation but also challenges the model to be modular itself. A modular scenario model
may also, similarly to a modular product, provide ease in upgrading and focused development
on specific new areas of modeling, while reusing data and algorithms in other areas and evolve
the configurations and simulations enabled. Perspectives for the next stage of the project, we
will firstly aim to evaluate a set of future（circular）goods flow scenarios within the mentioned
framework of scenario narratives. The scenario framework used contains a comprehensive
outlook on possible future goods flow which have not yet been studied in detail nor included in
the model. Ideally the more typical needs-based market segmentation input to modularization
can be augmented with such data from mobility scenarios and studies, as each serves their own
insights. Secondly, we will aim to evaluate vehicle battery-oriented business model scenarios from
a modular vehicle design and circular battery product lifecycle perspective. The combination of
the two perspectives is aimed to provide insights on battery module design and lifecycle strategies
with respect to future more circular business models serving the needs and characteristics of
circular and digitalization scenarios for goods transportation.
Ⅸ．References
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The SDGs in the Anthropocene: A Gandhian Critique
Kazuya Ishii
Kagawa University
ishii.kazuya@kagawa-u.ac.jp
Ｉ．Abstract
Today, many people worldwide wear a 17-color badge to support the Sustainable Development
Goals（SDGs). Their goodwill can certainly not be denied, as the badge expresses their compassion
for others on the planet. Governments, NGOs, and corporations are so eager to promote the SDGs
that these appear to have become the entire humanity s agenda. To that end, however, are we not
transgressing the planetary boundary and causing the Anthropocene, a geological era in which
humans have completely transformed the earth into an unlivable place for all species?
Mahatma Gandhi considered a village-based India as ideal and asserted that we need to
willingly reduce our material wants instead of increasing them. From that viewpoint, in the
argument of the SDGs, it may be insufficient for us to only invite people, both in the present
and future, to participate in global development; we would also have to question the material
abundance monopolized by a handful of people in today s society. It is indeed the rich who need
to fundamentally reduce their material wants if we are to enhance the living standards of the
poor. Thus, in this article, I would like to present a brief critique of the SDGs from a Gandhian
viewpoint.
Ⅱ．History of Sustainable Development

To trace the history of sustainable development, this expression first appeared in the World
Conservation Strategy proposed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and
Natural Resources and the United Nations Environmental Programme（UNEP）in 1980. It was,
however, the World Commission on Environment and Development（WCED), chaired by Gro
Harlem Brundtlant, that defined the concept clearly in its final report, Our Common Future, in
1987. According to the WCED, sustainable development is to meet the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs （WCED1987:
16). Through this definition, it expressed its concern regarding the earth s limited resources and
environment and compassion toward people in intergenerational relations. This attitude should be
highly valued as it presents a possibility for humans to coexist.
Sustainable development was also considered in the Rio Declaration on Environment and
Development and Agenda 21 at the 1992 United Nations Earth Summit. The UN s concern
for development and the environment was taken further at the World Summit on Sustainable
Development in 2002.
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While it was impossible to achieve the Millennium Development Goals（MDGs）to their fullest, the
UN General Assembly adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in 2015 to further
and promote the ideals of the MDGs in the form of the SDGs.
Ⅲ．Critique of SDGs
However, the concept of the SDGs seems to assume that it is possible for everyone in the world
to attain the same living standard as that enjoyed by the average people in the richest societies.
Currently, the nominal per capita income of the United States, $63,380, is 243 times that of the
Republic of Burundi, $261（IMF 2021). In terms of ecological footprint, the average American
already utilizes four to five hectares of land, even though there is only 1.5 hectares available for
each person in the world（Wackernagel and Rees 1996: 13). Only a small portion of the world s
population̶mainly those living in the richest societies̶is rapidly depleting resources, destroying
the environment, and pushing species toward extinction. Therefore, before we discuss sustainable
development, we must question whether development itself is sustainable.
Kohei Saito regards the SDGs as opium for the masses, which, according to him, would allow
people to misunderstand that they are tackling the global warming without taking any bold
actions （Saito 2020: 3). Observing capitalism as the chief cause of the climate crisis, he criticizes
all growth and de-growth arguments not based on Marxism, as they do not consider labor-
capital relations in that system of economy（ibid.: 126‒29). He describes the Anthropocene as the
era when peripheral labor, environment, resources, and foods̶objects for humans to exploit̶
have been exhausted at the frontier［of capitalist expansion］
（ibid.: 31). Although I doubt Saito s
assertion that ideas of what he calls de-growth communism are found in the late works of Karl
Marx, I agree with his argument that global capitalist development is now bringing us to the
fringes of the planetary boundary.
From a non-Marxist viewpoint, Serge Latouche observed US business groups lobbying activities
behind the UNEP s proliferation of the notion of the SDGs. He found that the UNEP s purpose was
to rescue the religion called economic growth that confronts the ecological crisis（Latouche 2019:
5). According to him, by parting from developmentalism based on productivism and fusing anti-
developmentalism with ecologism, we would reveal the deception of sustainable development, so as
to provide a foundation of the project alternative to the dominant model［of society］
（ibid.: 6‒7).
According to Latouche, it is modernity that should be questioned. It has liberated humans from
the world of religion that governed medieval society and replaced divine rules with those based
on human reasons. However, the beloved freedom that the people won encompasses freedom to
deprive nature and ruin the planet without any sense of shame and exploit others in a shameless
manner （Latouche 2019: 36). As a result of their pursuit of that freedom, Latouche states,
regenerational capacity of the earth has become unable to catch up with the demand［of people]
（ibid.: 38). This is causing the Anthropocene, in which the biosphere would coevolve with human
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activity and be altered by it （ibid.: 119).
Ⅳ．Gandhism in the Anthropocene

Latouche was deeply influenced by Gandhi, who had severely criticized modern civilization.
Looking at the capitalism developed in the Western world since the Industrial Revolution, Gandhi
found materialism to be the main characteristic of that civilization. He opposed the idea that India
be industrialized like Europe or the United States as, for that, it would have to find other places for
exploitation. Instead, he advocated hand spinning and hand weaving as ways for India to become
independent both politically and economically; this was based on his conviction that the country
should remain frugal and, thus, at peace with the rest of the world.
Gandhi s movement to revive spinning wheels might appear absurd to people living in modern
society. Even in his time, machine-made cotton cloth dominated textile markets in India, which
was 63 times more productive than hand spinning and hand weaving. Why then did he continue
with this project? In short, 1/63 productivity by hands would mean that if we used them instead
of machines, we could provide the poor with 63 times more work opportunities（Ishii 2010: 104).
To borrow Ivan Illich s concept, Gandhi wanted to establish a convivial society in which economic
fruits would be shared by as many people as possible.
V．Conclusion
In order for us to escape the Anthropocene, it may not be enough to invite everyone to the stage
of economic development; we must also question the legitimacy of the richest societies. It is in fact
such societies that should first reduce their needs so that every one of us can coexist on this earth.
The idea of sustainable development should be remolded to this line of thought. At this point, the
following words by Gandhi that Ernst F. Schumacher quoted would give us a fundamental insight
when we consider development in both intra-and intergenerational contexts: The earth would
provide enough to satisfy every man s need, but not for every man s greed （Schumacher 1973: 29).
Ⅵ．References
International Monetary Fund（IMF）
［2021］Statistics.（https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@
WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD）
Ishii, Kazuya［2010］ Gandhism in the Age of Globalization: Beyond Amartya K. Sen s Criticism, ,
New Delhi: Gandhi Peace Foundation.
Latouche, Serge［2019］ , Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
Saito, Kohei［2020］（ ), Tokyo: Shueisha.
Schumacher, Ernst F.［1973］ London:Blond &
Briggs Ltd.
Wackernagel, Marthis and William E. Rees［1996］ ,
Gabriola Island: New Society Publishers.
World Commission on Environment and Development（WCED）［1987］ Our Common Future ,（https://
sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5987our-common-future.pdf）.
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A method to convert learning history into data for learning path
study in sub-Saharan Africa
Sy Khalifa, Naka Gotoda, Rihito Yaegashi & Toshihiro Hayashi

Kagawa University
s19d621@stu.kagawa-u.ac.jp
Ⅰ．Introduction
The global focus on the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals（SDGs）has prompted
African countries to try to improve their societies. Special attention has been paid to the topic
of education related to SDG 4. As of 2019, many countries in sub-Sahara Africa（hereafter
abbreviated to SSA）were unlikely to meet their goals, despite their best efforts.
E-Learning has great potential to help SSA states succeed in reaching their goals of SDG4,
particularly if learning paths or pathway generation is adapted to the learners and their
environment. Jih stated, Learning pathways also reveal learning traits while learners traverse any
interactive environment （Jih, 1996). In other words, while learning is a lifelong journey, a learning
path is the specific route a person takes to reach a desired outcome, knowledge, or achievement.
A properly constructed learning path can provide effective knowledge and skill acquisition and
reduce the skill mismatch. The European Union Commission defines skill mismatch as, a situation
of imbalance in which the level or type of skills available does not correspond to labor market
needs （EU Commission, 2020). Skill mismatch is also a serious problem for young professionals
including recent graduates in SSA, particularly those in the Information and Communication
Technologies（ICT）sector. With considering skill mismatch, the learning path must be customized
for each young professional based on her/his learning history. Usually, a lot of data as learning
history are needed to generate a proper learning path. However, such a big data approach for
data collection is not suitable for SSA due to cultural, educational, and even linguistic diversities
and computer resources. We propose an alternative data collection method to use a limited set of
learning history which consists of First-Hand Knowledge, Official Transcript and Record, and Log
Data in this paper.
Ⅱ．Educational situation and the use of e-Learning in African countries

With Africa containing 44 of the 79 most underdeveloped nations in the world, it also holds 57%
of the world s poor. SDG 4, which seeks to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and
promote lifelong learning opportunities for all （The Sustainable Development Goals Center for
Africa, 2019), has been particularly difficult for many SSA countries to achieve.
Although education for all might be obtainable for many developed nations, SSA countries have
found it to be consistently out of reach. The outbreak of COVID-19 and its subsequent extended
school closures only proved to perpetuate turbulent preexisting conditions such as frequent
teacher strikes, civil unrest, and long-term power outages（Balogun & Ahlan, 2015; Kituyi &
Tusubira, 2013; Adelakun & Omolola, 2020). Trained teachers in primary education were estimated
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to be at 67.9% in 2019. The effect of these chaotic conditions was evident in September 2021, when
the UNESCO Institute of Statistics placed literacy in SSA countries at under 66%. To compensate
for such unstable learning conditions, many students seeking to attend university have turned to
e-Learning for technical skill acquisition instead of traditionally formatted education.
Some e-Learning services can provide their users with customized learning paths, but the system
requires a lot of data to generate them. Collecting the data is often far easier for Western users
than for those in SSA. In addition, such data and their subsequently obtained learning paths
generally do not have much relevance with current educational and economical situations in SSA
countries. Thus, SSA students need learning paths that fit their unique situation and environment
（Balogun & Ahlan, 2015; Kituyi & Tusubira, 2013). If their projected learning paths were made
more accessible and relevant, it is possible that the impact of learning interruptions could decrease.
It is worth stating that while some might argue that e-Learning is not practical in an area that
struggles with infrastructure challenges, it is encouraging to note the progress of the mobile
economy in SSA. Mobile device internet penetration reached 46% of the region s population by the
end of 2020, a 4% increase（or 20 million users）from the year before（GSMA, 2021). Therefore,
SSA students would indeed be able to access their customized learning path platforms.
Ⅲ．Data collection for learning path generation

The purpose of our research is to find a method to collect proper learning history to create
learning paths for young professionals in SSA. A lot of information about learning history can be
obtained from log data in e-Learning platforms such as Moodle（Moodle documentation, 2020).
The typical data collection method for generating learning paths often done in developed nations
is based on the big data approach with the concept that learning history equals log data. However,
this method is not appropriate for SSA, because the log data are often scarce and hard to access.
Therefore, other information must be used to formulate proper individual learning history. The
target users of this research are young professionals in SSA, so we can focus on the period from
their graduation at an educational institution to becoming young professionals. We think individual
learning history can be formulated by collecting information about learning related to the period.
Ⅳ．Data collection method

To best understand how learning paths relate to real-world skills, we limited our participant
selection to recent graduates and young professionals working in the ICT sector. Seeking as
comprehensive an understanding as possible regarding one s current learning status, we selected
three main sources of data:
１．First-Hand Knowledge
２．Official Transcripts and Records
３．Log Data
These data sources, while diverse, are processed to produce usable training data for learning path
generation.
1 - First-Hand Knowledge; Written questionnaires and verbal interviews are used to inquire about
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the subject s experience and skills. The questions are intentionally short and left open-ended to
allow the respondent freedom in answering. The questions asked are:
・ Tell us your occupation name and characteristics.
・ What skills did you have when getting your job?
・ What skills did you have to acquire during in-house training?
Their current occupation is asked to see if there is a direct correlation between what they studied
in school and their vocation. Often interviewees would describe the same course using different
names. A learning data collection tool must be able to understand the association between
relatively interchangeable subjects terms. Revealing correlations between these subjects with
different names but similar contents helps to expand the default learning path with skills that
could be otherwise overlooked.
2 - Official Transcripts and Records; We collect the student s academic background, that is, the
subjects studied. These include both the subjects in their field as well as any other general courses
they may have taken before graduation. These are obtained directly from the students rather
than asking the respective educational institutions. This helps to add to our understanding of what
learning choices have been made to that point in time; Students may individually have enrolled
in courses that are not required for their major. Those courses would be part of their learning
path. In the case of e-Learning to progress to the next course, the current course must be passed.
However, several courses are taken concurrently in the case of the transcript. This is why in the
current case; grade or performance evaluations didn t have to be used.
3 - Log Data; According to（Rotelli et al., 2021）several cases must be considered while processing
log data. In addition, there is a different level of detail that can be acquired. Therefore, restricting
the scale of data collected becomes necessary; Here we collect two types of data - the student ID,
and subject titles.
E-Learning is becoming an important factor of SSA education. Commonly, producing a Learning
path would require having a large sample of e-Learning users data. If that large sample is
unavailable, the workforce is. In an environment of high cultural diversity, identifying the local
needs is critical to making adaptable learning tools.
Figure 1: Default learning path
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Fig. 1 shows an example of a default learning path containing the most commonly studied subjects
in computer science. Dashed arrows show relations between a subject and the more concrete
subjects. From the scientific viewpoint, system architecture, introduction to programming,
and operating systems are fundamental and necessary knowledge to understand the workings
of computers. In the learning on software development, the goal becomes to understand the
practical application. Such learning starts the first programming language（FPL）by providing
the introduction of programming by C language in the case of Fig.1. In addition, this learning
path order is not absolute but it may be changed by the curriculum policies of universities
and e-Learning service providers. For example, if the operating system is regarded as a more
important subject than FPL on the curriculum policy, it may be moved before FPL.
V．Results and discussion

Our first step was to collect the learning history from four technology graduates in SSA by a
survey. We gathered data on what professionals learned during school and between graduation
and the end of their first year of employment. The interviewees were an AI engineer from Guinea,
a database administrator from Cameroon, a data coordinator from Senegal, and a software engineer
from Senegal. Every individual has a different learning path in regard to IT. Table 1 shows
examples of data collected from former students in computer science in Senegal. These students
have different specializations in IT after graduation.
Table 1: Example of collected data
Status Skills Category Source

Data coordinator Video editing Unknown In house
Software engineer Computer Introductory Transcript

architecture
Software engineer C Programming Programming class In school
Database MERISE modeling Unknown In school
administrator
Data coordinator Web cartography Unknown In-house
With this information including data shown in Table 1, we could identify a case of skill mismatch
as video editing is not part of the main computer science learning path. MERISE is a modeling
methodology for software engineering（Avison, 1991). As a subject, it is less common than the
Unified Modeling Language. Many young professionals had to undergo training and acquire
extra skills during their school-to-work transition, to better adapt to their new environment. This
highlights the fact that what is currently being taught in a subject at school is not adequate for
real-world survival, in other words, skill mismatch. By relying on professionals experience and
skills, future skill mismatch can be minimized and the need for retraining reduced.
Categorizing the courses allows identifying the course that is missing from the default learning
path. They can be reviewed for identification of the ones that are related to IT such as MERISE.
Such a method can be used to expand the default learning path. The others would not be part of
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an IT learning path.
It is important to note that skills and subjects are not mutually exclusive. In other words, the
outcome of studying a subject is often a skill. However not all skills will be taught as a subject,
some will form after being repeatedly solicited through the studies of various subjects. From the
viewpoint of e-Learning, subjects will be considered. Which subject must be studied to acquire a
specific set of skills? While from the viewpoint of skill mismatch skills are being considered. What
skills are required to meet specific market demands or needs?
Our goal is to simplify, as much as possible, one s learning path by personalizing it through the
addition or deletion of selective content. This might include potentially adding skills that appear
unrelated to subjects, like debugging shown in Table 1. Debugging is not often what comes to
mind when someone mentions being good at critical thinking. While debugging is certainly an
important skill, and one that can be used as a foundation for other skills later, the knowledge of
that ability would not have been discovered exclusively through log data generally obtained. That
is that such log data would not show that debugging is a skill possibly needed for critical thinking.
Using the survey, professionals can express their learning history in terms of skills learned. Based
on this history, undiscovered or unexpressed learning data can be obtained.
While having a comprehensive history will help in learning path generation. However, it might be
impossible to generate a learning path, unless one can provide a full picture of her/his learning
history to that point. This data can be complemented by using the information in resumes and
curriculum vitae to give an overall picture of individual learning history. In another viewpoint, the
data generated by these sources may prove to be valuable to the content providers to see if the
learning path generated through this data can affect the conception of the curriculum（Stabback,
2016).
Our proposed method has some disadvantages. The first one is missing memory in the acquisition
process of First-Hand Knowledge. We do not always remember all the details of our learning
history. In general, only the best courses are remembered. To reduce the influence of this
disadvantage we can use cross-referencing information from people that have studied in the same
institution and time. Such cross-referencing information can fill the missing memory. The second
disadvantage is hidden information on Official Transcripts and Records. For example, if a student
audits a class, it will not be reflected on her/his transcript. Asking for such hidden information
explicitly is a simple and effective way to avoid this disadvantage. The third disadvantage is Log
Data recorded on plural e-Learning platforms. Generally, Log Data for a user is recorded on a
specific e-Learning platform. However, some people may use more than one e-Learning platform.
Several tools to visualize or analyze Log Data are being developed as not all content providers can
use such data directly（Jugo et al., 2014; Rotelli et al., 2021). Integrating such Log Data remains in
future work.
Ⅵ．Conclusion
This paper described a data collection method for generating useful learning paths for young
people in SSA. To improve the quality of education in SSA and assist in reaching SDG 4,
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generating a personalized learning path from locally provided data is vitally important. Using
multiple and diverse local sources further helps to ensure the paths relevancy. Consulting recent
graduates and young professionals proves to be a viable source of information and provides
unique insight into skill acquisition, something that is missed through official transcripts and Log
Data alone. This First-Hand Knowledge data collection has the potential to not only create highly
culturally specific learning paths but also reduce skill mismatch drastically, leading to a more
educated and productive workforce in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Online Japanese Language Education for Elementary
Level Learners
TAKAMIZU Toru
International Office, Kagawa University
takamizu.toru@kagawa-u.ac.jp
Ｉ．Background
Foreign language education is important in the sense that it is a prerequisite for students to
communicate with one another. However, due to COVID-19, it is not easy for educators to provide
in-person opportunities to learn a language.
There are several possibilities to overcome this situation: 1）students use self-study materials
and learn by themselves, 2）students use on-demand materials and learn by themselves, and 3）
students take online real-time courses. The materials in 1）are typically books, while those in the
others are typically online. This presentation will focus on 3）because the other two are generally
difficult and less effective for most students and 3）is a practical alternative to an in-person
language class because it is able to be interactive.
1）and 2）are the same in that these are basically self-study, even if there are differences between
them: through traditional means or online, or, with or without supervision by a teacher. Self-study
is difficult or less effective for many learners. Self-study materials are improving and becoming
more available especially online. However, the lack of interaction is an unsurpassable obstacle.
In contrast to these two, online real-time courses are much closer to normal classes. Although
there are still several challenges in order to provide effective real-time courses, by introducing the
suggested means below, the learning experience will be much better.
Ⅱ．How to Overcome the Challenges

In this manuscript, what was/could be difficult and how to overcome these challenges in Japanese
language online education will be discussed in detail, especially for elementary level learners. Just
replacing all elements with online alternatives results in an inferior version due to these difficulties.
For language education, interaction is not only a way or mode of teaching. It is one of the purposes
of language education and a key to an effective online class.
Another thing we would like to take into account is the level of a course: Elementary courses are
more difficult than the other levels because there is a big gap between the very first step and the
second step and thereafter. If the students have too little knowledge of pronunciation, alphabets,
grammar, or vocabulary, it is very difficult to teach them online at the same pace as in-person
classes because they do not have basement.
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Difficulties Suggested means
It is not easy to recognize
what is wrong and By using a portable visualizer, interactive
Basics of writing
interactive instant feedback is possible
feedback is impossible
Following means are able to solve the problem
・reading short sentence(s）one by one
・giving up or reduce reading together
Reading together does not
Reading practice practice in class: instead, use more time for
work because of latency
role playing
・alternatively, giving students reading（and
recording）assignments
It is not easy to Combining written feedback with real-time
Feedback on submitted
understand points that an model reading helps students understand and
reading assignments
instructor is discussing improve easily
In this regard, the very basics of writing is difficult to introduce online. The most basic alphabet,
Hiragana, is not easy for learners to write correctly due to its shape. Even if there are many online
and printed materials available, to recognize what is wrong is difficult. In an in-person class,
Japanese language teacher usually walk around in a classroom and check the students writings.
They can correct the students mistakes immediately and interactively.
Under online environment, using a portable visualizer or a tablet will help instructors show how
to write and what is wrong interactively by which the students will recognize their own wrong
points.
The second example is reading together practice: In in-person classes, it is common and effective
especially for elementary level students. By listening and speaking at the same time, students
can adjust their own pronunciation. However, in online classes, due to latency, if speaker A tries
to follow the timing of speaker B, it will be a problem for speaker B because speaker B will hear
delayed sound from speaker A.
Instructors can avoid this by doing alternatives: When there is a paragraph with seven sentences,
let speaker A read sentence 1, followed by speaker B who reads sentence 2, and so on, instead
of reading together. Latency is not a big problem in this practice. Another way is putting more
emphasis on role playing, which will work naturally online. Also, instructors can give reading
and recording assignments to students. This way is now easy for both instructors and students
because it is reasonable to assume that students have smart devices recently.
The last example raises another matter to discuss, how to give feedback on submitted reading
assignments. In an online class, non-verbal clues are less available, such as facial expressions,
gestures, timing, and indicating by a finger. Especially when students have little knowledge, in in-
person classes they can utilize much information from non-verbal communication. Under these
limitations, the students cannot easily understand the points that the instructor is discussing. When
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in-person classes are impossible, utilizing visual or written information is recommended. Combining
written feedback with real-time model reading and explanation helps students understand and
improve easily. Also, when online real-time sessions are not possible either, instructors can use
recorded audio files with written comments.
Another possibility is that the problems described above will be solved by developing related
technologies. While zero latency is theoretically impossible, better input devices including high
quality touch pen is highly possible. In addition, when both students and instructors get more
accustomed to various tools, the situation will be easier to overcome.
By introducing these suggested means, online courses worked in a proper way. The learners could
experience effective alternatives made possible by technologies and techniques.
Ⅲ．Conclusion
Because the Japanese language has its own unique properties, it is not easy to teach online,
especially to elementary level learners. However, by some adjustments, providing desirable
opportunities for learners is possible, and students could master the elementary level and proceed
to the next level.
It is easier for intermediate and advanced learners to learn online compared to elementary learners
when in-person courses are not available. However, the technologies and techniques discussed
above could alleviate the situation and these means can be partially applicable to wide range of
language education. These means are not too difficult to purchase or introduce. Lutes, Takamizu
and Chambers（2019）stated that it is important not to replicate the classroom experience,
considering the abovementioned disadvantages , where the disadvantages include ease of use
and familiarity. Now, due to COVID-19, many language courses were forced to switch to online
and at least the world got familiar with video conferencing. As a result, the disadvantages were
alleviated. In addition, the courses can be switched to in-person ones and vice versa depending on
the situation because experiences that these means provide do not change fundamental elements
of a class.
More opportunities of in-person courses will be available in the future even if nobody can predict
when the impact of COVID-19 will be gone. Educators are required to provide alternatives and
improve them.
Ⅳ．Acknowledgements
The author thanks Dr. Lrong Lim for correcting grammatical mistakes of the first draft, and the
reviewers for comments that greatly improved the presentation and manuscript.
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Ⅴ．References
Lutes, Peter, Toru Takamizu, and Arran J. Chambers（2019). Developing a Framework for the Application of
Information Technology（IT), . 10, 1-9.
Russell, Victoria and Kathryn Murphy-Judy（2020).
Routledge.
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Study on Dug Well Distribution and Water Balance in Teshima
Island: Environmental Humanities and Hydrological Perspectives
Masataka YATSUZUKA1, Masahide ISHIZUKA2, Satoshi MURAYAMA3, & Toru TERAO3

Graduate school of Engineering, Kagawa University, Japan.1, Faculty of Engineering and
Design, Kagawa University, Japan.2, Faculty of Education, Kagawa University, Japan.3
s21g410@kagawa-u.ac.jp
Ｉ．Introduction
The islands of the Seto Inland Sea are
climatically characterized by low rainfall
and topographically characterized by low
altitude, low-lying mountains; geologically,
the region is characterized by impermeable
granite that does not retain water in some
regions that only have a few surface-water
systems. Therefore, freshwater resources on Figure 1. Map portraying of Teshima Island
the islands are scarce, and the islands are

prone to water shortages and droughts1).
Notably, Teshima Island in Tonosho town
（area: 14.4 km 2, Figure 1), which is our
study area, has a unique water environment
with abundant water resources, compared
Figure 2. Spring water Karato Figure 3. Communal dug well
to other islands in the Seto Inland Sea; this no Shimizu Maegawa
region hosts the Karato no Shimizu spring （December 13, 2020）
2)3）
that flowed even during the severe droughts in 1994 and 1995 （Figure 2）and large scale rice
terraces that use substantial amounts of agricultural water.
On Teshima Island, dug wells were used as a source of water for daily life before the
construction of a piped water supply system, owing to the abundant water resources（Figure
3). Therefore, dug well water plays an important role as a water source for life in this region.
However, detailed investigations that focus on dug wells have not been conducted in this area to
date. Furthermore, there are only some fragmentary descriptions of dug wells on Teshima Island,
most of them in local historical literature4). The distribution and number of dug wells, as well as
their usage, have not been determined since the construction of the piped water supply system to
the present.
Through this study, we determined the distribution of dug wells on Teshima Island, described
their characteristics, and analyzed the changes in their usage. As the distribution of dug wells and
their use are strongly related to the natural hydrological cycle, such as rainfall and infiltration into
the ground, we estimated the water balance at one of the river basins in Teshima Island using a
hydrological approach and analyzed its relationship with the island s water use.
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Ⅱ．Method
In general, there are two types of water cycles:
1）natural hydrological cycle, which includes rainfall,
evaporation, and infiltration into the ground, and 2）
artificial hydrological cycle, which includes the use of
dug wells, piped water supply systems, and sewage
treatment plants（Figure 4). The artificial hydrological
cycle is synonymous with human water use, and the
distribution and use of dug wells is the prime factory Figure 4. Interpretation of natural and artificial
hydrological cycle
that drives this cycle. However, because the natural
water cycle is strongly related to anthropological use, it is necessary to also consider natural
water recharge. Therefore, to determine the supply from dug wells and the water balance in
Teshima Island, we adopted an approach that combines two different fields, namely, environmental
humanities and hydrology.
１．Environmental Humanities Approach

In the environmental humanities approach, we mainly focused on the distribution and use of
dug wells and the related anthropological water use, including the usage of dug wells as a source
for the piped water supply system. The methods applied in this approach included field surveys,
interviews with residents, and the analysis of local historical literature and administrative statistics.
In the hydrological approach, we focused on the natural hydrological cycle and estimated the
water balance on Teshima Island using a hydrological runoff model simulation.
２．Hydrological Approach
In the hydrological approach, we focused on the natural hydrological cycle and estimated the
water balance on Teshima Island using a hydrological runoff model simulation.
２.1．Hydrological runoff model

In this study, we used the Rainfall-Runoff-Inundation（RRI）model, which is a distributed
runoff analysis model5). The RRI model simulates river runoff depending on the rainfall and
flood inundation in the entire river basin in an integrated manner; notably, it even considers the
inundation caused by inland rainwater in low flat basins and river branches6). Owing to its wide
applicability, the RRI model has been applied to mountainous river basins, low flat areas in Japan,
overseas river basins, and small and medium-sized rivers in Kagawa Prefecture7).
２.2．Datasets
The RRI model uses elevation（digital elevation model, DEM), land cover classification（land
cover), soil classification（soil), and rainfall data（Table 1). In our study, the Japan flow direction
map（JFDM）was used as the elevation data8). The JFDM is a surface flow direction map of Japan
with a grid size of approximately 1 s（approximately 30 m). Land cover classification data（land
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cover), collected by the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer（MODIS）in 2008, were
obtained from the International Steering Committee for Global Mapping（ISCGM）
（Terra and
Aqua)9） and soil texture classification data（Soil）were acquired from the Food and Agriculture
Organization（FAO)10） to include as defaults in the RRI model, with spatial resolutions of 15 s
（approximately 380 m）and 5 min（about 7.6 km), respectively. For the rainfall data, we used
the observations from a rain gauge installed at the top of Mt. Danyama（34.48168 °N, 134.07820
°E; elevation: 339 m; Figure 1), which is the highest peak on Teshima Island, by the river and
sediment control division of the civil engineering department in Kagawa Prefecture.
Table 1: Input data set used in RRI model in our study
２.3．Concept of water balance Figure 5. Concept of water balance
As a case study, the water balance, - = , was estimated to evaluate the natural hydrological
cycle on Teshima Island, especially with respect to groundwater storage（Figure 5). In the
equation, is the total amount of rainwater, which is equal to precipitation×basin area, is the
total amount of runoff from rivers, and is the difference between and （Table 2). In our
study, included the amounts of evaporation
Table 2: Parameters of water balance equation - =
and storage（groundwater). For the calculation
of , the discharge at the downstream end of
the river was obtained using the RRI model.
２.4．Target river basin

In our study, we selected Kasuga River, which has the
largest basin area（1.96km2）on Teshima Island, for our case
study to estimate the water balance（Figure 6). The Kasuga
River flows through the northern part of Teshima Island and
traverses Ieura, which is the most populated area on the island,
from south to north. The river channel and basin area were
simulated using ArcGIS Pro ver.2.8.3（Esri Inc.）using the Figure 6. River channel and basin area in
Kasuga River
elevation data acquired from JFDM.
２.5．Calculation period
The simulation was conducted for one year from 00:00h on January 1, 2015, to 00:00 h on
January 1, 2016. The reason for selecting this period was because the average annual precipitation
（1150mm）in the past 30 years（from 1990 to 2020）observed at Takamatsu of the Japan
Meteorological Agency, Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System（AMeDAS), is similar
to the annual precipitation in 201511). Notably, the annual precipitation at the top of Mt. Dannyama
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on Teshima Island in 2015 was 1257 mm.
２.6．Topographical conditions of target basin

The land cover classification data acquired from the Global
Land Cover by National Mapping Organizations（GLCNMO）
used in the RRI model had a total of 20 classification patterns.
In the case of Teshima Island, most grids could be classified
as mountainous land areas, such as forests（mainly, green or
orange color), except for flat cultivated land（pink）in the
lower Kasuga River basin（Figure 7). Figure 7. Map of land cover of Teshima
Island using data acquired from
The soil classification data used in the RRI model, acquired GLCNMO
from the digital soil map of the world（DSMW), indicated that

clay was distributed over the entire area of Teshima Island;
notably, clay has small inter-particle pore spaces and low
permeability.
２.7．Calculation conditions for RRI model

In the RRI model, the land cover classification data
Figure 8. Set Parameter（Zone）
were used to determine the infiltration models through
the application of Darcy s law in mountainous areas Table 3: Calculation parameters of RRI model
（default）
and the Green-Ampt model in flatland areas. The soil
classification data could delineate the parameter values
for the infiltration model.
The application of Darcy s law for mountains areas
does not allow the use of vertical saturated hydraulic
conductivity（ksv）in the calculation, and the application
of the Green-Ampt model for flatlands does not allow the
use of lateral saturated hydraulic conductivity（ka). Therefore, according to Darcy s law, water
only infiltrates in the lateral direction and not in the vertical direction, whereas the Green-Ampt
model assumes that water infiltrates only in the vertical direction and not in the lateral direction.
In the case of Teshima Island, the entire area was classified into three parameter sets or
zones（Zone 1, Zone 2, and Zone 3）
（Figure 8). The infiltration model and calculation parameters
for each zone are presented in Table 3.
Ⅲ．Result of Environmental Humanities Approach

１．Distribution of Dug Wells and Their Characteristics
A total of 57 dug wells were confirmed throughout Teshima Island by conducting field
surveys twice in September and December, 2020（Figure 9). To portray the characteristics of the
dug well location clearly, the layers of dug well location, land use, elevation（JFDM), and landslides
were visualized and overlaid. For the land use layer, we used the land use subdivision mesh
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provided by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism（MLIT）
（grid size: 100
m)12). It was clear that most of the dug wells were located in residential areas. This means that
dug well water was used as a source of water for daily life（Figure 10).
Figure 9. Distribution of dug wells on Teshima Figure 10. Distribution of dug wells with land use
Island
In most areas, the altitude at which the dug wells were located was less than 10 m above
the mean sea level（MSL), except in the Karato Oka area. The dug wells in the Karato Oka
area were located at much higher elevations, between 101 and 150 m above the MSL（Figure
11). Furthermore, the location of these high-altitude dug wells overlapped with the topography
of landslides（Figure 12)13). Notably, most of the dug wells, along with the spring Karato no
Shimizu and rice terraces, are located near the landslide topography around Karato Oka. It was
assumed that the landslide topography strongly contributes to the rich storage of groundwater in
the region.
Figure 11. Distribution of dug wells and elevation Figure 12. Distribution of dug wells and
topography of landslide
２．Changes in Dug Well Use and Purpose of Usage

The introduction of piped water supply on remote islands in Japan progressed as part
of the Light and water on remote islands project which was a part of the Remote Islands
D e v e l o p m e n t A c t i m p l e m e n t e d i n 1 9 5 3 1). T h e
Table 4: History of piped water supply system on
construction of the piped water supply system started
Teshima Island
in 1955 on Teshima Island, the year that the island s
jurisdiction was merged with Tonosho（Table 4) 14).
During this time, piped water supply was introduced in
the Ieura area, which is the most populated region on
Teshima Island.
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However, in 1970, 15 years after the introduction of
the first piped water supply system, the water supply
coverage rate remained at 44.6%, and more than half of
the population still used dug well water（Figure 13)15).
In 1980, the water supply coverage rate rapidly increased
to 95%. Corresponding to the increase in the piped water
Figure 13. Changes in population using dug wells
supply coverage rate, opportunities for using dug wells water and piped water from 1970 to
decreased, and ever since, their use as a source of water 2010
for daily life has been declining.

Based on our interviews with local residents about the current use of the dug wells, we
obtained testimonies that they no longer used the dug wells as a source of drinking water because
of the easy access to safe water via the piped water supply system. However, some households
still use dug wells, albeit only for outdoor water use, e.g., for watering plants and vegetables and
cleaning purposes. Thus, residents use different water sources according to their needs.
Ⅳ．Result of Hydrological Approach

１．Default Topographic Conditions（Darcy s Law）
Using the RRI model under the default conditions Table 5: Water balance in Kasuga River basin
（default condition）
（Table. 3), we considered the runoff at the downstream
end of the Kasuga River in 2015 as the output and
calculated the water balance（Table 5). For the given
amount of rainfall（ ), 90% was observed as the runoff
（）from the river; 10% was the residual difference（ ). The Q estimated in our study exceeded
the estimates calculated in previous studies that estimated the water balance of Ishima Island,
which is located to the west of Teshima Island; notably, our estimate did not reflect the actual
situation.
To address this issue, the soil cover classification of the region was changed to sand, which
has a higher hydraulic conductivity than clay and is known to have a higher permeability（Table
6). The water balance was calculated again using the calculation conditions listed in Table 6. The
results were the same as those obtained for clay, where accounted for 90%, and for 10% of
total （Table 5).
The reason why accounted for 90% was Table 6: Caluculation parameters of RRI model（sand）
because of the similar infiltration conditions in each
zone. The default infiltration model uses Darcy s
law over a wide area of Teshima Island（Tables 3,
6, and Figure 8). In Darcy s law, rainwater does not
infiltrate vertically and only laterally, regardless of
soil conditions. Therefore, it was considered that
most of the given rainwater did not infiltrate into
the ground and flowed into the river.
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２．Changes in Infiltration Conditions（Green-Ampt Model）
To reduce , the Green-Ampt model was used as Table 7: Calculation parameter of RRI model
the infiltration model for all zones in the Kasuga River （Green-Ampt model）
basin（Table 7). Notably, in the Green-Ampt model,

water infiltrates in the lateral direction and not in the
vertical direction. Generally, when the soil layer is
saturated with water and infiltration exceeds the limit,
excess infiltration is discharged as surface flow.
The water balance using the Green-Ampt model
for the Kasuga River basin indicated that when the soil
type was clay, approximately 60% of the water was
discharged from the river as , and the remaining 40% was （Table 8). However, when the soil
type was changed to sand, although the / ratio was slightly（2.5%）different from that when
the soil type was clay, approximately 60% of the water was discharged from the river as and
40% was , similar to that observation for the model that considered the soil cover to be clay.
Next, the temporal variations in river discharge Table 8: Water balance in Kasuga River basin（Green-
under clay and sand cover were compared. Ampt model）
Although there was no significant difference in

over one year, the maximum discharge and temporal
variations in the discharge differed depending on the
soil type. For example, in April, the maximum discharge for clay soil was 1.75 m3/s, while that for
sandy soil was 0.21 m3/s, more than 8 times greater than that for clay soil（Figure 14a）. Notably,
clay has a low infiltration capacity, and with time, water can infiltrate the subsurface; however,
when it rains continuously, it is difficult for water to infiltrate into the subsurface in a short time.
Therefore, in the case of clay, most rainfall does not infiltrate the ground and flows out as surface
flow. As a result, river discharge can be expected to increase. In contrast, in the case of sand,
the soil pore sizes are large and the permeability is high; thus, rainwater can easily infiltrate the
ground.
In April, there was no excess water infiltration, and the amount of water flowing into the river
as surface flow was less because rainwater infiltrated into the ground. Moreover, with respect
to the data for June, there was almost no difference in the maximum discharge and temporal
variation of the flow rate between clay and sand（Figure 14b). The reason for this was that
both clay and sand were saturated with water in June, and the precipitation that exceeded the
saturation level did not infiltrate into the ground and flowed out to the river as surface flow.
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Figure 14a. Hyetograph and hydrograph（April, Figure 14b. Hyetograph and hydrograph（June,
2015） 2015）
Ⅴ．Conclusion and Future Scope

In this study, the distribution and locations of dug wells on Teshima Island were clarified
using environmental humanities and hydrological approaches. It was found that dug wells are still
used as a source of water for outdoor use other than drinking, 60 years after the construction of
the piped water supply system, even though the piped water supply coverage ratio was almost
100% during our study period.
The hydrological runoff model was used to calculate the water balance in the Kasuga River
basin. The water balance equation revealed that significantly changed because of the different
infiltration conditions considered by Darcy s law and the Green-Ampt model; furthermore, we
deduced that the soil conditions largely contributed to the temporal variations in river discharge.
Notably, the residents informed us that there may be dug wells inside old houses, and it is
highly possible that a greater number of dug wells may exist than the 57 dug wells determined
in this study. In addition to the usage of dug wells, we obtained information on the characteristics
and quality of the dug well water, such as changes in the water level of the dug wells and the
water salt content. In the future, we would like to identify the number of existing dug wells
throughout Teshima Island, study the changes in their water level, and analyze the water quality.
The provisional water balance was estimated using the RRI model, but the accuracy of the
simulation results was not determined because of the lack of observational data. A3L（low cost,
long life, and localized）water level gauge was recently installed in the middle part of the Kasuga
River by the Kagawa prefectural government17), and this could be used to calibrate the output of
the river discharge.
In this study, we only calculated the water balance and did not estimate the specific
groundwater flow and storage in Teshima Island. Notably, groundwater flow and storage are
considered to be closely related to the distribution and use of dug wells. In a future study, we
would like to clarify the relationship between the groundwater flow/storage and the distribution
and use of dug wells in the region using higher-resolution land cover and soil data, along with a
hydrological cycle simulation model specialized for groundwater flow.
Ⅵ．Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science（JSPS）
KAKENHI, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research（B）
（Grant. No. JP20H01523).
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Ⅶ．References
1） Shimmi, O.(2007). Bisan Seto Island Hydrological Magazine and Regional Transformation -Focusing on
fieldwork from the 1980s-,Modernization and acculturation of life on the islands of the Bisan Seto area, Kagawa
University Seto Inrand Sea Island Study Group, 7‒42（in Japanese).
2） Konishi, T.（1995）. Distribution of springs in Kagawa Prefecture and its physiographic characteristics.
15, 36‒46（in Japanese).
3） Shimmi, O.(1999). Visit to valuable water springs(47)in Kagawa Prefecture.
41(4), 337‒345（in Japanese).
4） Research Institute for Comparative Culture of Tokushima Bunri University（1986). Teshima no Minzoku,
Research Institute for Comparative Culture of Tokushima Bunri University, 156p(in Japanese).
5） Sayama, T.（2017). Rainfall-Runoff-Inundation Model ver. 1.4.2, 124p.
6） Sayama, T., Takebe, Y., Fujioka, S., Ushiyama, T., Yorozuya, A., & Tanaka, S.(2013). An emergency response‒
type rainfall-runoffinundation prediction for 2011 Thailand flood.
69（1), 14‒29（in Japanese with English abstract）
7） Nishikawa, R., & Ishizuka, M.(2021). Runoff simulation in small and medium-sized rivers using digital elevation
models with different spatial resolutions. 77(2), 283‒288（in
Japanese with English abstract).
8） Yamazaki D. Japan Flow Direction Map（J-FlwDir.). Accessed December 5, 2021, from http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.
ac.jp/ yamadai/JapanDir/
9） The International Steering Committee for Global Mapping（ISCGM). Accessed December 3, 2021 from https://
globalmaps.github.io/glcnmo.html
10）FAO. FAO Map Catalog. Accessed December 3, 2021, from https://data.apps.fao.org/map/catalog/
11）The Japan Meteorological Agency. Historical weather data search. Accessed December 3, 2021, from https://
www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/index.php
12）The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism. Digital national land information, Landuse
Subdivision Mesh. Accessed December 3, 2021, from https://nlftp.mlit.go.jp/ksj/gml/datalist/KsjTmplt-L03-b.
html
13）The National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience(NIED). Digital archive for Landslide
Distribution Maps. Accessed December 3, 2021, from https://dil-opac.bosai.go.jp/publication/nied_tech_note/
landslidemap/gis.html
14）The Tonosho Town Magazine Editorial Committee(1971). Tonoshocho-shi, Tonosho town, pp. 1015（in
Japanese).
15）The Center for Research and Promotion of Japanese Islands. Annual Report of Statistics on Remote Islands,
1970‒2010.
16）Shimada, J., Momota, H., & Ono, Y.（1980). Role of groundwater in the bedrock for underground oil storage,
Oxford: Pergamon Press, pp. 393‒400.
17）The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism. Disaster Information for River. Accessed
December 3, 2021, from https://www.river.go.jp/index
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Verification of human resources development methods for
continuous disaster prevention and crisis management unique
to local governments
Takeshi Kasai1，Atsuko Nonomura2

1
Crisis Supervision Office of Crisis Management, Sakaide City Hall
Graduate School of Engineering, Kagawa University
2
Faculty of Engineering and design, Kagawa University
Ⅰ．Introduction
In Japan, large-scale disasters such as the Great East Japan Earthquake1） and the Kumamoto
2)
Earthquake and heavy rain disasters occur almost every year. Local governments will be at the
forefront of disaster response. However, in disaster response, there are some disasters where past
experience is not always utilized in local governments that have little experience of disasters. In
recent years, there are systems developed by AI that can analyze and advise on past disaster data,
but only humans can make the best use of that data, and humans must make the final decision.
In addition, humans need to respond in the field. Therefore, human resource development is one
of the important issues because it is necessary to outsource data aggregation and analysis to AI,
make human decisions, and respond, cooperate, and coordinate in the field.
Therefore, in this study, a training system for staff of local government was established. In the
training system, the local government first trained disaster prevention and crisis management
specialists for one year as the leader of the organization. In the next step, the specialist trained
other members of the organization through a 10-hour training program prepared by the specialist.
In this study, the effectiveness of the training program was verified at Sakaide City Hall.
Ⅱ．Outline of the training system

１．System features
In this study, local governments independently train specialists within their own organizations, and
the specialists provide disaster prevention and crisis management specialized training to all staff.
It is a circular training system3). There are two points in this training system.
1）A cyclical training system
Local governments train specialists in disaster prevention and crisis management education by
themselves, and the specialists continuously train all staff. By doing so, it can be expected that the
disaster prevention and crisis management capabilities of the entire organization will be enhanced.
Expert training will be held in the first year, disaster prevention / crisis management training for
all other staff in the second, third, and fourth years, and expert training again in the fifth year. By
using the system, we will continue the system on a regular basis and enhance the training content.
In short, it is a cyclical training system（Fig1).
2）We divide the 16 specialists into 4 groups, A to D, and one of those groups mainly provides
professional training. The main group rotates for each training session. G1 to G4 members are in
−350−
charge of training for the same program, and each group reviews the materials and slides used in
the training（Fig2）
Fig1. New training system image Fig2. Grouping of specialists
２．Participants in specialist training

The target audience for experts is the staff of the crisis management office, the staff of the former
crisis management office who have been transferred to other departments, firefighters, and trained
applicants will be designated under the guidance of experts in future. The reason is that the staff
of the Crisis Management Office play a central role in disaster response in the city, such as the
operation of the disaster response headquarters, and firefighters participate in disaster sites on a
daily basis. In addition, participants in designated training sessions are also eligible. This system
can increase the number of specialists year by year. In the first phase, a total of 16 professionals
were trained, including 5 staff from the Crisis Management Office, 5 staff from the former Crisis
Management Office, and 6 firefighters.
３．Training content
To that end, we have formulated a 40-hour specialized training curriculum by expert（Fig. 3）and
a 10-hour designated training curriculum by specialists（Fig. 4).
The designated training content was conducted in the form of classroom lectures, workshops, and
exercises. The training content is "disaster prevention knowledge", general disaster prevention,
damage estimation / hazard map. The "plan" is the operation, support, and support system of
the disaster prevention headquarters. "Training / Workshop" includes training, action card
creation, and simulation training, which are systems for imagining disaster response on a map
and experiencing disasters. As a "system," we conducted training on the handling of prefectural
disaster prevention information systems and earthquake / tsunami observation / monitoring
systems（DONET).
−351−
Fig3. Specialist training curriculum Fig4. Training curriculum for all staff underexpert
guidance
Ⅲ．Result
Regarding verification of the training system, we exchanged opinions and conducted a
questionnaire survey with the specialists who provided guidance after the training. We also
conducted a questionnaire survey of the training participants. From the specialists（16 people）,
there was no particular problem in teaching in the exchange of opinions, but there was an opinion
that it is necessary to change several contents and order of some programs in progress. From
the results of the questionnaire, 69% of the respondents answered that the system for rotating
the group mainly in charge of training was generally good（Fig. 5). However, 12% of them gave
a negative answer. Regarding the guidance system that divides the program in charge, almost all
answered that it is good（Fig. 6). From 89% of the participants（a total of 88 people in the two
training sessions）answered that the circular training system was generally good. No one took it
negatively（Fig.7).
Specialist questionnaire
Fig5. Opinion about the method in Fig6. Opinion about grouping your
which one group is mainly in programs and standardizing
charge of each training is good. materials is good.
Ⅳ．Discussion
After the initial training, after exchanging views with specialists, some progress issues were
raised. As a result of urgently considering and modifying the second program, there was a reply
that it was good to exchange opinions after the second training. In addition, from the results of the
questionnaire, 12% of the respondents had a negative opinion about the group rotation system,
which is mainly in charge of training. This may be due to lack of confidence in teaching. The
solution is to divide the program into groups, take charge of teaching materials and teaching
−352−
methods, and standardize them. A system that enables Questionnaire for trainees
mutual follow-up even with little educational experience is
considered good. The group responsible for each program has
the flexibility to work within the group until each specialist
becomes accustomed to education.
From the results of the questionnaire to the participants,
it can be said that the system that trains the experts of
the organization and conducts disaster prevention / crisis
management training for all staff is an effective training Fig7. Opinion about the training system is
good.
system within the organization.
V．Conclusion
Based on the above results, we have established a regular training system to train specialists
within the organization and instruct all staff. In addition, we utilize the rotation group system that
is mainly in charge of training and the style of creating and standardizing teaching materials for
the programs and support specialists who are unfamiliar with and uneasy about teaching. It is
effective because the specialists can improve their skills through those programs. Furthermore,
this training system is just a framework, so each organization can freely set the curriculum
content, training time or number of participants, considering the characterictics of the regio.
Moreover, it the number of specialists or the number of people in a group is set freely, the system
can be introduced regardless of the size of the organization.
Ⅵ．References
1） Kesennuma City, Miyagi Prefecture Great East
Japan Earthquake Disaster Response Report
Record collection
2） Kumamoto Earthquake Reconstruction Note Collection "Voice" Kumamoto City
3） Takeshi Kasai, Atsuko Nonomura,
Development of human resource development methods for local disaster prevention and crisis
management. JSNDS, Vol 40, No.1, pp67-79, 2021
−353−
Closing remarks
The EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawa was conducted online from October 22 to 24, 2021.
About 200 participants from 13 countries delivered 80 presentations in the conference.
After the conference, all presenters were offered the opportunity to submit their work to be
published as journal articles in one of two journals, namely the Kagawa University International
Office Journal （ISSN 1884-8745）and the Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence / AI for Human
Learning and Behavior Change .
13 submissions were received by the Editorial Committee of Kagawa University International

Office Journal. For each manuscript, 2 reviewers were appointed.
The Editorial Committee also decided to publish the abstracts of all the other papers from the
conference. Furthermore, records related to the preparation, the actual event, and the follow-up
activities of the conference were also included.
This special issue acts as an archive for the EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawa. Hopefully it
can be used as a reference material for the next EJEA Conference which is scheduled to be held
in November 2022 in Berlin, Germany.
Finally, the Editorial Committee wishes everyone involved in the EJEA Conference 2021 in
Kagawa good health and much happiness and hopes that everybody stays strong to overcome the
COVID-19 pandemic.
March 11, 2022

Editorial Committee of Journal of Kagawa University International Office
−354−
結　語
2021年10月22日∼24日にオンライン開催された、EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawaでは、13カ国

からの約200名の参加登録者に80演題の発表を届けることができた。
本カンファレンスでの発表者には、論文として発表できる機会を提供した。一つは、Frontiers in
Artificial Intelligence / AI for Human Learning and Behavior Changeであり、もう一つは、香川大
学インターナショナルオフィスジャーナル（ISSN 1884-8745）である。
後者には、Proceedingsとしての掲載を希望する13のmanuscriptの投稿があった。香川大学イン
ターナショナルオフィスジャーナル編集委員会では、各manuscriptに２名の査読者を指名し査読を
行った。また、その他のカンファレンスでの発表については、アブストラクトを掲載することとし
た。それに加えて、EJEAカンファレンス開催にあたっての準備から当日の運営と開催後の処理まで
に係る様々な記録も掲載し、今回のカンファレンス開催のアーカイブとなるように企画した。
次回のEJEAカンファレンスは、2022年11月にベルリン（ドイツ）での開催が予定されており、そ
の参考になればいいと願っている。
最後に、日本で初めて開催したEJEAカンファレンスに関わった全ての方々が、新型コロナウィル
ス感染症に打ち克って健康で幸多かれと願い、結びの言葉とする。
2022年３月11日
香川大学インターナショナルオフィスジャーナル編集委員会
−355−
香川大学インターナショナルオフィスジャーナル第14号
発行日令和４年３月31日
発行者香川大学インターナショナルオフィス
〒760−8521 香川県高松市幸町１−１
TE L：087−832−1194
FAX：087−832−1192
印刷所株式会社ムレコミュニケーションズ
TE L：087−822−2600（代）
FAX：087−822−0567, 826−1448
ISSN　1884−8745
香川大学　インターナショナルオフィスジャーナル　第号
第 14 号

Vol. 14
14
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ISSN 1884−8745

Journal of Kagawa University International Office

Journal of Kagawa University International Office

International Conference on Human-centered Sustainability and

Innovation for an AI-assisted Future: New Interdisciplinary

Scenes from the conference ………………………………………………………………………………… 1

Opening Ceremony（Day 1）: Opening Ceremony（Day 1）:

Opening Ceremony（Day 1）: Opening Ceremony（Day 1）:

Opening Ceremony（Day 1）: Group Photo at Opening Ceremony（Day 1）

Keynote 1: Dr. Yuko Harayama, Keynote 2: Prof. Dr. Fredrik Heintz,

Keynote 3: Prof. Dr. Satoshi Murayama, Keynote 4: Dr. Lucas Paletta,

Workshop 1: eHealth and Medical Engineering Workshop 2: Smart City

Workshop 5: Distributed Cognition in Learning and Workshop 6: GRANITE - Human-Centered Research

Closing（Day 1）： Closing（Day 2）:

Closing Ceremony（Day 3）: Closing Ceremony（Day 3）:

International Organizing Committee of EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawa

Prof. Dr. Dietrich Albert University of Graz（Austria）

Mrs. Sabine Ganter-

Prof. Dr. Yoshiro Imai Kagawa University（Japan）

Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology FIT

Prof. Dr. Anders Törnvall Linköping University（Sweden）

Prof. Dr. Masaaki Tokuda Kagawa University（Japan）

Dr. Lars Vargö Institute for Security and Development Policy（Sweden）

Dietrich Albert Sabine Ganter-Richter Yoshiro Imai René Reiners

Anders Törnvall Masaaki Tokuda Lars Vargö

髙橋 悟 副委員長、GRANITE セッション

Organizers, Sponsors and Supporters

In publishing the special issue of EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawa

EJEA（European Japan Experts Association）is a non-proﬁt organization established in 1995

March 11, 2022

EJEA（European Japan Experts Association：ヨーロッパ日本有識者協会）は、日独センターベル

EJEA国際カンファレンス 2021 開催（高松市）

EJEA International Conference 2021

October 22nd - 24th, 2021 in Takamatsu, Japan and online

The conference is planned to be held in hybrid-style（physical meeting in Takamatsu,

Oﬃcial language of the conference is English.

Aim of the Conference

・ Green Sustainable Societies and SDGs（sustainable development goals) are gaining

Call for Contributions

・ eHealth / Tele-Medicine / Medical Engineering:

５．Visits at Local Companies

Please write into the email subject line: 2021EJEA_Conf_Regist

EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawa開催趣意書

下記のように、EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawaを香川大学において2021年10月に開催します。

ONLINE Zoom Conference

7 KEYNOTE LECTURES 8 WORKSHOPS

EJEA Conference in Kagawa 2021

October 22nd - 24th, 2021

◆ Online（on-demand, not live）poster presentations for all participants:

◆ On-site poster presentations for participants in Kagawa only:

Official Language: English

香川大学は、The European Japan Experts Association（EJEA), Fraunhofer Institute for Applied

香川大学は、The European Japan Experts Association（EJEA), Fraunhofer Institute for Applied

EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawa

EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawaを、香川大学がEJEA（ヨーロッパ日本有識者協会）と共同主

１．JETRO（Japan External Trade Organization）Kagawa

２．Nissin Kikai Co., Ltd.

３．Melody International Ltd.

４．Innovation Design Institute, Kagawa University

Greetings from Kagawa University, Japan.

１．Educational Change: New Models and New Thinking in Intercultural Concepts

For Poster Presentation:

Masaaki Tokuda, M.D. Ph.D.

EJEA Conference 2021 in Kagawa on

ISSN　1884−8745

髙橋悟副委員長、GRANITE セッション