Prepared by the Engineering Conferance of the Conveyor Equipment Manufacturers Association Belt Conveyors for Bulk Materials SECOND EDITION : (CBI Publishing Company, Ine. 51 Sieeper Street seston, Massachusetts 02210 = CyContents Prifece Acknowledgment 31 Introduction 30 Chapter Bet Conveyor General Aplications and Economics 1 Conveying ofa variety of materns, Wide range of eapacies. Saamcdiny vo path oftravel. Loading, dicherging, and ae ar ayant. Procts functions. Rebcbilty nd stoekpling oP ironmental avaniages, Safety. Low erm, and memtenance Coss. Long-Aistance labor Pendons examples of conveyor systems, Investment Transport sonveyors verdus treks: Owning and opzating (one present wort. Chapter 2 Design Considerations a Conveyor arrangements. Resumes of Chapters 33. Chapter} Characeitis and Conveyablity of Bulk Materials Po ate) eharaceriies:behevior of materials on 2 noving belts fect of inclines and decines; material class. CChapter# Capaciles, Belt Widths, and Speeds st ‘Bet wide, Lump size considerations, Belt sped: ae mended snasmm speeds Yor specie teri Saraveyor capaci, Troughed belt oad ares. Pie el load reas Capacity tables and thei we,= = a ow es oe es os os = 6 ow aD coma snd Accessories ur Chapter 10. elt Takeups, Cleaners, elt takeupe: bet stretch; takeup movement; manual akeups Bet eecmyakeups. Cleaning devies: types of bel cleaners; utorat pt leaner, el turnover scheme; pulley w prs Tosation pal cleaning. Aseessry equipment: weather ‘team: spillage protection; tramp iron detectors: sa Esmpling devices. Chapter 11 Conveyor Loading and Discharge I Toading te be: direction of loading; transverse belt ‘retactnent leading an Inclined bek conveyor impact at leading deere eet eding cules and skrtbords. Feeder. poi gs of discharging! dicharge ovewihevend pulls, Towering chutes, THippers. Plows, "Blulaing and ploting normal materia Wek comeyor tdscharge ete Discharge trajectories: Pajares; hozontal, ineind, and de trast, Chapter 2 Motors and Controls 3 ‘Torque characteristics. Reduced Miage maring, Accelerating time and starting Fear Spegenertive braking. Wound-rotee fregueneys able-speed drives. Ambient condition and Motor enclosures. Electrical Computer contol and multiplexing. Motor seen temperature interlocking. Chapter 13. Operation, Matotenance, and Safely au Operation, Maintenance, Safety: gileline for sae fperation and maintenance Appendices 33 "A. Guide fr Use of SU (Metre) Units BL Nomenclature : 23 33 Indes 339: Chapter 5 Belt Conveyor idles o Requirements and claciestons. General types of belt conveyor idles troughing eareying Idlers; Impact ides; bet traning suspended idler, return idler; two-roll °V" return fale, Idler spacing. Idler selection, ler rating, Bel alignment (Chapter § Belt Tension, Power, and Drive Engineering % asic power requirements. Blt tension calculations, CEMA horsepower formula. Drive pulley relationships. Drive arrangements. Maximum and minimum bel tensions ‘Tension relationships and Belt sag between idles. Acceleration and deceleration fores, Analysis of acceleration and fecsleration forces. Design considerations. Conveyor honepower determination—raphieal method. Example of belt tension and horsepower calculations: 6 problers. "Bet Conveyor dive equipment, Backstops. Brakes. Braker and beckstops in combination, Device fr acceleration, ectleraton, nd torque control Brake cequirement determination (Gectleration calevlations) Chapter? Belt Selection 1 Factor in the composition of conveyor belting: covers: adhesion ales belt caren; breakers. Grades of conveyor beling and (Conveyor belt splices: vulcanized versus iy fastened; applicable sevice conditions. Conveyor tet selection: tension trghabilty, pulley consideatons; load support impact resistance; cover considerations loacing ‘onsieratons;exonamic considerations. Chapter Pullysand Shatls 204 CConveyor pulley: types: Ingzing: weights; load ratings diameters face widths crowa; overloads. Shaftirg esutant radia loud; selection; deflection. Chapter Vercal Curves m0 ‘Concave verte curves! design; erapicalconsncton: precautions for design, Convex vertical curve: design; ier {pacing: se of bend pulleys.Chapter 1 Belt Conveyor General Applications and Economics Contents Conveying of a variety of materials. Wide range of capacities. Adaptability to path of travel. Loading, discharging, and stockpiling capabilities Process functions. Reliability and availability. Environmental advantages. Safety. Low labor, power, and maintenance costs. Long-distance transportation. ‘Examples of conveyor systems Investment decision—belt conveyors versus trucks. ‘Owning and aperating costs. Present worth: required rate of recun“The subject of bet conveyors is. of primary interes to all engineers managers and sihers who are responsible for selecting equipment for ban- ‘Tune Bak atari, This book is primarily a design manual, but Chater a ete acount the reader with the many uses of bell eonveyors and ‘hac advantages under widely varying conditions of opertion. Sar creyors have stained s dominant postion intransporsing bulk rmateiie Soe to fuch inherent advantages a8 their economy and safety of Bon, realy, vetsaiity, and practically unimited range of crete! tn addon, they are autable for pesforming nanerous processing enetion in connection with thee normal purpose af providing a continuous TOES fara) between operations. Recently, ther conformity to fo einen! requirements has provided a frther incentive for selection of ‘a conveyors over other means of transportation. reeehor tnd low energy requirements are fundamentl with belt conveyors compared with other means of tansporsaior. The dramatic in- cae eeeipperning, costs hee placed conveyors in an extremely TRESS poston for applications that Were not considered afew years ago. Sek Conveyor manufacturers have consistently aniipate the needs cofindusiy with improvements in designs and with components that have CEBer a known requirements, Relbiliy and safety arz outstanding now Gee Slike and more durable belts are avilable, as well as greatly im: ea nee ania pars and highly sophisticated clecrcal controls and Safety davies. Shacied and deserbed inthis chapter re some of the advaniages of bet conveyors, which ate performing a wide variety of intraplan functions ea cordon ina more innovative manner than is possible with other means aerermportng bulk materials, Algo included are examples of relative long Roane eet eS qwayor systems which are being used extesivly because they Saree eth ipeant benefits a relly safety, and low cos er ton of material ansprted. Conveying of a Variety of Mate -Thesize of materials that ean be conveyed is imited only bythe with of the Ta aecrns can rane from vey fine, dusty chemicalsto large, lompy ore, be ei or pulpwood logs, See Figure 1.1. Closely sized of {tiable eres ace caried with minimum degradation, Becanse rubber bel ae Tidy teistant to corosion and abrasion, maintenance costs are com ahi Siew when handling highly corrosive materils ar those that ae ex, Ftemely abrasive, such es alumina and sinter. ‘atari that might eause sticking or packing if ansported by other means ive often handled successfully on belt conveyors, Even auch Bet eeteals us foundry shakeout sand, coke, sinter, and iron ore pellets are onveyed sucessfully| [ee hr of abate reo inne ‘Wide Range of Capacities Currently availabe belt conveyors ae capable of handling hourly capacities in excess of any practi! requiement, See Fgute 1.2. Yet thay are alo wed ‘eb spay soloing fact.18 canoe Cent Appin td Eon economically in plants for transporting materials between process unit at 8 (ide range of rater—somedimes a ite as a mere debe, ‘Bet conveyors operte cntinuovsly—around the clock and around tne calendar when resuired—without los of time for loacng and unloading Ce Shaty return tips, Seheduling and lgpstcing are necessary a8 the itera i loaded to and vnloaded from the belt conveyor automaticaly. Goeraing Iabor costs difer litle, repardess of eapaciyy ratings. Overall Ceirpertion decrease Gramatialy, however, as annval tonnage haadled in {fesien, Such economie considerations are Mutated Inte in this chapter. ior these reasons, bel conveyors are capable of handling tonaages of bulk spteral thet mould be more cory and often impractical to transport by other means Path of Travel Path of Travel Adaptabilty ‘elt conveyor systems provide the means of wanspotirg materials via the {howe latanee between the requied loading and unloading points They an follow existing terrain on grades of 30 co 35%, compared withthe 6 10 fu eilectve limits for truck haulage, Ser Figure 13. Trey ean be provided sath structures ‘which prevent the escape of dust to the surrounding at- tere and are weather protested, Sveh structures areeconomial and are ‘Mpable to special requirements, See Figures 1.4 and 1.5. Belt conveyors provide « continuous flow of atrial while avoiding the confusion, delays, Bie safety hazards of ral and motor traffic in plants and other congested‘nvanmesel protection. Frome 1. Gable supended rie provide spp for comarar Paths of travel canbe quite Gexble, and the length af the routes can be extended repeatedly, ax required. In some open-pit mining opertions, ‘conveyors thousands of feet fong are shied latrallyn the bench to fll’ the progress of excavation at the face, Loading, Discharging, and Stockpiling Capabilities Belt conveyors are very Mexible in their capabilites for receiving materia) ‘rom one of mare locations and for delivering it to points er areay as te- ‘quired by pant flaw shets. They can provide the main aneporation artery hile being loaded at several points (Figure 1.6) or anywhere along thee Tength by equipment which providers uniform feed to tie bl Figure 1-7). 5fms ead ape i fn son al athtang, urn and Scion Comming “They ate particulary uefa in tunnel beneath stockpiles, trom which they an tela and, where required, blend materials fom varios ples (Figute 418). Material can simply be discharged over the head end ofeach conveyor (gure 1.9) or anywhere along its length by means of plowsor traveling tip- pers (Figure 1.10, b ooeer ed pul ene 1. Maile fers ua eh cir cen ‘elt conveyors, with thee stackers and reclalers have become the only practical means for latge-sealestockpling and recaiing of such bulk atrial as coal oe, and taconite pellets. See Figures 11 and 1.12. The ‘Combination tackerreclaimer in Figure 112 Mustrates the trend tn mogern 7ct neers fhe ig conor apy fed vo sted coneyr em allo ship terminals. Even the shiplders are equipped with conveyors For {ling and trimming the holds of vessels at controled rae, See Figur 113. ‘Sttunloading ships and lake vessels (iguse 1-14) equipped with belt conveyors ean be unloaded in all ports, even those which do not have ‘Sockside unloading equipment (Figure 1-15). Unloading cspacties of such ‘Shaan are ually greater than thore of several rab bucket unloaders, re uitng les turnaround time and lower labor and other operating costs, ‘fe contrast win he sbovemeativud. hishsapacty unlonding systems, cerain matelale, such a8 foundry sand, can be plowed from the BIS leur 16) a1 specie locations in quantiles corrolled by the re {uirements of the application= ‘eres Eater led fed inch conveyor pater a sand from fat eit conveyor Process Functions ein 16, Suni i is repli 1800 ene 1.16: Yop plow diets fry ‘Although belt conveyors are generally ured to transport and distribute ‘materiale, they are also tne with atliary nqipnest lor performing ‘umerous funesons during vavlousstager of processing. A hgh degree OF blending i accomplished as materials are bedded into sad relamed from. stockpiles, See Figure 17, Several desinlar materials can te proportioned continuously onto a eomsnon collecting bl. >el acaimer roves 8 fee Of Und row rare plone “Accurate samples ofthe material conveyed can be cbiained by devices : which Qitesegh the tyeam of material ast lows from one conveyor 10 aac ca aie objects ean te removed from the material. While being wae peered om the conf, Tails can also be weighed accurately and carly or they eo: sorted, picked, or sprayed. many cases, such contjgns are nt onl jtformed more effectively In ecnnection with belt Conveyors but ae the only practi! means. Reliability and Availability “The reliability of bet conveyor ha been’ proved over decades end in peas ray yaousey. They are operating with ee wimestrlalliy, many cay thal process units whore very suczss depends on continous ope: seins va Pipandng coal in power plants, and transporting raw Bulk ‘ions eae tel plans, in cement plats, and to and ‘rom ships in ports, Were downtime is very soy. Se eons ar operated atthe touch of «buton (Figure 118), 2 any time af tne day ox week, When required, they ca and often do operate 20y nuowaly shift after shift, They can be housed so that both they and cht cae betie transported are protected from element that would impede aan ane of tks and cerin oer means of Usnsportation.& Esra fro cota eer tk fovbe dupiy pon ond puto = Environmental Advantages at conveyors are environmentally more acceptable dan other means of : itasporting bul mateals; they neither pole the sit nox defen thee i “They operate quiet, often in thelr own ensures which, when desirable, E anbe located above the confusion and snfetybaacds of ace aio in {eval tunels—out of sight and hearing, See igure 119. Furthermore, they a Abnot contaminate the air rh dust orhyrocarbons. Ai waster, dust can 4 be contained within transfer chutes or coeed with suitable equipment, if pecrsay. Finally, overland bel conveyor stems ean be eid (ond f inothe landscape, ling a nacared, qu, and polton re operat ton See Figure 120. cin 1.18. Coneer in comply ened galery Few 1.20. Ovid contro se ng ¢ Er I fod fy ovr avg anprnce Sone ppt sue roi» Pn ppearnce From ghey oa aie Blending wi hence ”safely ‘net conveyors operate with an extremely high degree of tlt. Few person- Bal omweyor for operation and they are exposed 10 fever hazards than Bea rears of wrensporation, Mterial is contined onthe bel and rae int arent endangered by fling lumps or the maluntion of hugs are comport vehicles, Such vehicles also involve polis lability, apetner thy operate over highways o nother areas acesbe to the public dae ercjon offer les hazard ( careless personnel tunis inerent in Also, conveyor ore dng bull materiale The conveyor exuipment itself eens Mrotected from overload and malfonction by bult-a mechanical and ‘ecarial afey deve ‘Low Labor Costs “The labor hour per ton required to operate bel conveyor tems are usa Ter fines of any method of transporting bulk mateies. Like other low eae Gre, nigh automated operations, bek conveyors have Tow BpSting con and provide a igher return on fnvestmert than competitive aera Mort functons ofthe system can be monitored. rom & central con Tat pare! or controlled by computer, allowing a misimum mumber of el Ring perenael to inspect the equipment and report ondtons that may quire attention by the maintenance department sree ioe rained for maintenance personnel is also minimal. As ‘oted below in egatd to maintenance cots, tepals and weplacements ofthe pene ivelyemall pans can be made quickly atte site. Most belts can even Be raed sone altand sore bes have conveyed wd oer 100,000,000 ‘enlacsfone wearing out. Later in this chapter several examples of long Soest soveyor systems ilsrate the effet ef lov labor costs. ‘Low Power Costs “The increasing coe of energy emphases the importance of power and its ‘Rhation tothe om per ton for transporting bulk materia, Because belt con were re operated by eletse power, they are lst aleced by the prices Tee ees abs other Hitations of Uguid fuel. They eonsume power only rao are being wed. Ther sap need for empty retro trips or idling Weta ke nex oad, On Jong eyems the declined portion often assist in aoe ae am ncined or horizontal portion. Some enveyer ssi a crometelyrgtnertve. See Figre 1.3. The cost of pover for belt conveyor Paar tis ays contibuted to thet exremely low operating costs, a5 Tree muse har pcrensed substantially with the rsein the cost of guid fuelLow Maintenance Costs | Maintenance cout for belt conveyors ae extremely low compared with most | ‘other means of transporting bulk mates. Extensive suppar systems, such 45 those commonly associated with tuck haulage, are nt required. Compo- ‘ent parts are wuly housed and have very long life compared with that of ] motor vehicles. Usually, they need only scheduled Inspetion and tubrica tion. Any reptce or replacements can be anticipated and unscheduled downtime avoided. Parts are small and sccesible so ceplacemeats can be | ‘made on the site quickly and with mininal service equipeent. Also, ade ‘quate inventories of spare parts san be muintained ata low ext and require | Felaively le sorage space, [Long-Distance Transportation ‘The economic beefs of low operating cst for Ibor and energy, a well as some ofthe other advantages outlined above, have led 108 widespread edop- ton of belt conveyor syetems ara mesne of teneportng ble mata over Increasingly long ditanes. Not only were these systems the best investments atthe time they wer installed, but the recent dramatic increases in the costs cof both labor and liquid fuel have greatly enhanced their present value. A few of these systems ate deserbed below. Seattle, Washington a ‘The system shown in Figure 1.21 established a landmark inthe use of belt conveyors for longistance transportation of bulk mater. In the late j i L2fly mover ected mater rough rari sco ef 0 see BPela, lovers 2,00 ph of 0 do Sip ae wale ppg eerie 18205 contractor pioneered the use of belt conveyors for relatively longs lstace haulage by transporting $,000,000 yards of excavated materia fom Denny Hil downtown Seattle to scows Waiting inthe harbor. It was so ighly profitable sd dependable that such systems were later adopted by tthe contactors, Now they are commonplace in the construction industry in cases where large tonnages must be transported economically, Lost Creek Dam ‘A recent example of belt conveyor haulage on a construction projec isthe {1d instalation at Lost Creek Dam on the Rogue River near Bedford, Greeon, (See Figure 1.22.) Army Corps of Engineers plas had indicated & fo,o0o-foot, 8% haul road down steep mountaiside Tor handling 7,000,000 tons of shat rock fram the quarry to the dam ste. However, the Satzactor used one St-Inch wide by 3,000 feet centers bt conveyor down a 1M decline to underbid his competitors by several milion dollars. The following benefits were revealed by his economie sud 1. An inal saving of $1,800,000 investment in traces was celled, ‘idan entiated 1.37800 gallos of diesel fue ove theif of the Drojet wat nat required, 2. The cost of constructing the haul rosd was avolde, as wells the tnuch greater cst of restoring the terrain as requirsé by the Corps ff Engineers specifications. 3, The conveyor was reeneralive and its motor generators supplied Enough sleseca energy for the projest and returned the exess 10 the local public uty. 4, A substandal saving in manpower enabled the corracor to bid & price 33,200,000 below his next competitor.5. The project was completed ahead of time becaute tie conveyor handled 2000 sph, whereas che Schedule was based cn 1200 tp. 6. Thesafty hazards and maintenance cot for trucks operating down ‘an 8% winding road were eliminate. One man monitored al exitcal points of the system on dased-irauit TV from his staion on the loadout hoppec. The system was protected by humerous safety devies, including magnetic braker whch stopped the loaded conveyor within 23 feet fom 450 fp. (Oklahoma Cement Plant ‘Another example ofthe economy and adap: ability to terris ofthe belt cone ‘eyor Is use in this Simi sytem (rm quarry to ml st an Oklahoma cement plant (Figuge 1.23). The eximated total ditect and fret cots per ton for flload, truck, and conveyor haulage areas showe below atimated Cost Per Ton Belt conveyors Truck allroad Half prodvetion base ae Full production 26 ates 3 ‘Trucks were ruled out not only because of thee higher costs but because of| hilly terain and the necessity for eossing two railroads an two highways. ‘The disadvantage of rail ransportation Was the need for exeasive trackage, ‘witeers, loading and unloading, and storage. Also, eeheduling and dis- etching would pose problems for full production, ene 123. 34 me reson comer gate allows materia {Si mans imecone fom gary fo een ma |‘After the fst year of operation it was found thatthe cost per ton for conveyors for ful production was only 13.3 cents, compared with aa tstimated 21.6 cents or 2.4 cents per tonsmilel For half production it was Ss cents pr ton. This was doe fo an extended depreciation petiod and the fact thatthe enti eystem was operated and maiatloed by ely two men and supervisor. ‘Texas Iron Ore Mine to Stel MAI? ‘A Texas see! plait was faced with mounting costs for eranoportg sky, brasve iron ore from the nearby mine to an ore-washing plant adjacent to the ml. When the operation began in 1946 the mine was about a mile from the plant, but by 1964 te haol had Increased to 5.5 miles. At that distance the haul lone wae costing 6 cets pe ton-mile which represtted 55% of the total est pr ton for mining and delivering the are othe washer. Te was then that an eaaustive feasibility study was made of all operitons, from ex- ‘avating and loadiag inthe pit through transportation tothe washer. "The elimination ef trucks sea shutle between loadig machines and mainline haulage war not considered, cue 1 the rapid prozess ofthe min- ing machines In the shallow ore bodies andthe need fo mx ores from severl Toeations The problem was to determine the best method of ransporting the ore from trek dumping station atthe mine to the washer A rll was fled ut because of the lege capital investment in equipment and terminal Facts a5 well anticipated eiffcues ia handing the sicky lumpy ore “pipeline for the mala transport appeared promising aetording to preliminary estimates, but further consideration was abandoned because of 1 The dificlis of eruhing the sticky ore to minus 2 or 3 inches at the mine 2, Unavallabity of water and reservoir sits. 3, The problem of desiging pump suitable for such coarse, sbrasive fore, a wel se Wear and mafntenance costs Of pipe and pumps. 4 Undesrabiity of eeating exces fines and the need for ther subse. quent agglomeration Dewatering ane storage of ore at che rill {Gearing the pipeline in cate of mil stoppages ‘An alltruck haulage operation, with an-investmeat in nev, lrser trucks, was eslimated to be much mare cosdy than belt conveyor haulage ‘Aso te ditference would increase athe shallow ore bodes were mined out fnd the length of haul increased (Figure 1.24), Inezeases in he costs of labor fd ig fusle could not be sntepate atthe time this study was made, or the estimated economic vantage of belt conveyors would have been much reser, Jamaican Bausite Mine to Seaport “The adaptability and economy of belt conveyors for tansporting bulk ‘haterlals over rugged train derpite adverse weather cond fons is Mustratedvag of te ‘roe ng of ht eer en as eae eee id by this system designed to deliver 130 ih of bauite frm are dryers tthe mine to port fcity in Jamalea, Se Figure 1.25, “Tae investment decision for this system was based on an intensive ‘economic stidy when was derided to incense production a the mine, The "ammo 30 ph of ut er ‘sed ein om mn pt ly ”aoe ont Art existing tran was inadequate forthe increase so the economies of truck, SERRE Stumling, pipeline, and conveyor haulage were analyzed and such arte eras api, reliably, and the effects of weuther wee 2on- Sidereds The eesls ofthe sudy are summarized below, Economic Comparizon* Conver Rairoad—Trumlng Truck. Distance from mine 0 or ils) 6s 140) 6s We Relsvewansporaion east per tnvmile 1.00 te oe 10 [elas anoperen sot parton 10 13s 26 Bele api cost 100 a “The pipeline method was rected besause ofthe serious problem of dewatering ihe sured bauxite, Truck eosis per ton were not only higher sree SSnveyor cons but operating problems were anticipated due to tropical ae teen sanfall of six inches per month and frequent dense fogs). A WSvead Grould also ental high operating cots because ef the ereitous rant own long erades and over deep gles subject. floating. The profile veeie conveyer route (Figure 1.26) soguess the considerably Tonger lsances that would have bean required for both trucks andrairond because criti inablty to neyotiate steep grades. The resulting higher costs are seo pave, Actual power consumption by the belt conveyors i low since RS'ny Toned system fe virally in balance, The power generated by the PRnT escent ofthe material is about equivalent tothe power demands 10 onsale belts Spare pars are minim beease al belts are identical and aoe ae ni tuo aes of speed reducers and thre sites or types of motors ‘Par jt re covered to protect the dried bauxite from the weather and the se pelts are of the "turnover" type to prevent buldep of ore on the eum ile ‘Ove and Waste Haulage from an Arizona Copper Mine? CCharactristc ofthe open-it copper mines in Arizona ander parts of the nee Gide pret depth. Often tis necessary to remove several seat fet of wane fock and alloval gravel 1o reach the uppermost ore andi ay operaens employed raloads to haul th ore and waste over 2 aa eae geo the trface, Then orks became more economies! fr the decree Iading shovels up 80k grades to thecres of thepit, and on tothe primary crushers. gab cgew mine was opened in Aszona where the ore was overlaid with 700 feet of waste rock and alluvial gravel. Based ou cahausive wren ree feasnlty studies, bet conveyors were installed to vansport seenemg inch waste and ore from primary rushers nth pit wo the surface mittjon to waste dump and ml. See Figures 1.27 and 16, The sytem sue ree tals justifies peetmvestment calculations. A fringe tenefit of the belt eeB a ee a i pio ts i Fame 126 conor patie ‘conveyor system eit environmental dsrailisy—there i pracealy no dust i ischarged to the air and noise pollution is practically nonexistent. This is particulary important because of nearby relrement commusiy ewe 1.2 Agdacpacy conser ote ft 3.00 ph of ato oper oe frm prnary eases pt pond anor moa|e Campa Cann peo ad Ewan night ofthe experience at ths min, a study was conducted in 1973 to comeuttsnveyor and irk baulage for a similar but hypothetical opra= +e cor coy rae based on recovering in 20 years 200 milion tons of re ‘ion oe ih 20 fet of waste rock and gravel, where the wase rock/Ore ore il Individual studies were made fr ore and waste a5 well s for cs ee nd trek mses. The combined resus are summarized in the Soret am fe heures foreach sytem Include & 40D-foot haul from pit tae acme dump and a 1000-fo0t haul for ore to mil, The adverse grade tobi ret for tucks was figured at 8% and for conveyors 25% “comparsn of irk vss conveyor Maalag pit with annual rma af 30 ition ‘Samifton waste 10 lion oe 108) sone ised rrcincay commen “anno i cin ena th Sale ne eer re a S ghee BSE oh eRe ee 2 Soe i ESS ik ee ie a ee Cbviously, for these tonnages the conveyor was the best veskmet for ait Sv eso fet: and would become more proftableas the depth ofthe pit Increased, reir comparison today would be more faverale 10 conveyors ‘peeause of ineeassin the costs of tabor and mor fuel aswel a the efTect bestiaton on the replacement cost of trucks. Repaciment costs for the aoa would te limited to beking anda few reatvey small mechanical Sand eletieal components. Moving a Mountain 19a Cement Plant tn contrast withthe sbove examples of conveyor systems operating Ove UE In sontin’and fom deep pit res, this 4mile sSiem operas Over ed eave Adtona desert, See Figure 1.28, The system haul the stone, te ad lc atx substantially Tower cost per ton thantrocks, eventhough ‘REC are excellent rads between mine and plant Te esGhign 1a tz economic advantage over tucks, the conveyor system has inereang design fetures: 1L The system consists of only two conveyors one. vonveyor pide to the design ofa high percentage of conveyors which are required to Dictate under retsonably normal conditions. However, some conveyors CRerate under conditions for which complete data are beyond the scope of| ‘ie Book, These design problems usualy require brosd expesience for & ‘htisfactorysoluon. A CEMA member should be consulted in such eases 5 Te erin he denign of very large conveyors or complex conveyor systems DNasutance from CEMA members in meeting special design requirements will, insure optimum economy and performance. {uit conveyor design considerations and the leaton of dts pertain- ing to them are outlined below. Conveyor Arcangements Bek conveyors can be arranged to follow an infinite numberof profiles oF paths of trwvel, Among theze are conveyors which ae horizontal, inclined er eatingd or; wih ihe inclusion f concave and convex curve, any com ination of ese, also, numerous atrangements are posse fo loading 1° land digehrging from the conveyor. The Romencatue of typical belt conveyor components is strated below in Figure 2.1, Various arrangements are iiustated in Figures 2.2 ewe 21. Nomen of componns ofa pi Bl omer aa through 2.9; loading and discharging arangements are shown in Figures 2.10 ‘hrough 2.18. In addon, belt conveyor stackers can be connected {0 a Inainline conveyer to stockple material several hundred feet on ether of both sides into pies of any practical length, as shown in Figure 1.1 in Chapter |. Ore combination stacker elalmer (Figure 112) an be wsed (0 ‘stockpile material oo resaim and return it tothe man bel conveyor. ‘Belt conveyors can be designed for practically any dered path of| travel, limited nly by the strength of bel. angle of ineine or decline, oF a Svalabe space, Some ofthe profes shown below ate more desirable than t thers, For example, ransfers beteen conveyors should be avoided where possbiedveto acdional wear on the ella he Hoang pois, Justis, Ena possible plugging in the transfer eles. For Cree reason, the arrange. tment in Figue 23 i preferable to those shown In Figute: 2.$ and 27. = = ‘TYPICAL BELT CONVEYOR TRAVEL PATHS ——— = — Fee 26. Arceaig and Rou Jat hes vane Oo oer — = ran 23, Hone on cme Gent utlanton, and reasonable if expectancy ofthe equipment.Chapter 3 Characteristics and Convyeyability of Bulk Materials Contents Material characteristics. Behavior af materials on a moving belts Effect of inclines and declines; Materla cass“The succesful design of a belt conveyor must bepia with an secure “ppmanal of the characterises of the material to be tanspored. A few l Jimpoctant characteris require definition. ‘The angle of repose of material i the angle which the scface of a normal, freely formed ple makes tothe horizontal. A ‘The angle of surcharge ofa materials the angle to the horizontal ‘which the sutface ofthe material assumes while the mati i at rst on & Tnoving conveyor bel, Tie angle usually is 5" to 15" esr than the angle ot fepose though in some material it may be as much as [0° less “The lowabily of a materi, mr mestured by sang of repose and angle of surcharge, determines the cross-section of the material Lond which {ay can be carted ona el Italo is an index ofthe safe ange of incline (ofthe bet conveyor. ‘The lowabiityis determined by suek material characterises as: size 1 and shape ofthe fine patces and lumps, roughness or smoothness ofthe Mitac of the material patie, proportion af fines and lumps present, and mole cootent ofthe materia. | ‘Table ol ilustrates and defines the normal relationship ofthe fovea9~ ing properties andthe general characterises of materia y | Sanu3-L_ maby Ange of Sersege—Anale of Repo rahe 4 FES | runnin |__ aversion mai Le ated | Wagar | ie aeaee |i age? ple areca [arene |e ree I me er Poe | eat | etme | Pyro | “ormoa Ta hrc 1 aon | set] rr, wn- | Toa co | i, Galore Ree aa | tee anay | menue | wine rs, [ane | Sens, | Soeirel | Sth ca | ng ie 1 cater naar] maa, | Mcrae || Gaerne wae See Speen Seo Smuce we 1 cae = 11 »1 charcttad Con Mat Consideration should alzo be giv. tothe weight per eubie foot ofthe material; Ha Gusiness, wees, ste sess, abrasivents; its chemically Corrosive action; and its temperatore. ovine general information concerning ‘hore properties of many materials Is given in Table 3-2. Table 33 gives alist, ff materials wih ther piyscal characteristics and clasification code ‘esignatons, Ie must be understood the: the data given inthis table ae for Sverage conditions and average mates. Each characteristic may vary in Specific instances, especially angles of repose and maximum conveyor inclinations Proper consideration must pe givew to these materials, the characterates of which vary under various conditions of handling, Stmosphere humidity, age, or long storage. In some eiss, accuracy may Fequire chat carefully conducted tests be run t establish the materiel Characteristics under the required conditions. ‘Materials or characterises omitted from Table -3 may be roughly appeared by comparison wth sted materials ofthe same general type Behavior of Materials on « Moving Belt ‘Autention must be drawn to he fact thet the normal characterise of saterals ae considerably influenced by the movement, slope, and speed of the conveyor belt that caries them. ‘As the conveyor bel pastes successively over each carrying ile, the material onl correspondingly agitated, This agitation tends to work the Inrger pices tothe surface of the load and the smaller particles or fines othe ‘potions I alo tends io fatten the material surface slope (Le. the angle of Surcharge) and explains why this angle let than the angle of repose "Any cfernce between the forward velocity of th materia sits be- ing loaded snd he conveyor bel that i receiving it must be equalized bythe Ssecceration of the material This acceleration cause: turbulence in the materia. “Any vertial velocity of the material sit is beingloaded mst be ab sorbed in the eesilent construction ofthe conveyor bell nd the impact ilers {eed uader the loading pont. In this proces, a further inrease in material ‘urbulence is produce. “These ive influences are emphasized when the conveyor belt igon an Incline o dcine, and azo when the eonveyor bel is opeated at high speeds ‘These influences are emphasized ern more when the matetlal banded is Tbuce and contains ree rounded | ng, such ar cone washed gravel, he tendency of which ist Bounce an= all on the eonveyor bel. fect of Inclines and Delioes “The nominal eros section of the material on a horizontal conveyor bet is ‘measured ins plane normal to the bs". On an inlined or declined conveyor Deli gravity necesiates thatthe asual eross section of the load be eoint Cuts sidered in a vesteal plane. To maintin the total width of te materi oad on the bel and to mainiala unchanged surcharge angles, the sross section of te load pouble onan inclined or declined belt most be les than that on & horizontal bel-Referting to the diagram wed inthe derivation of belt con- Noyoreapacty (Figure 42) the area A, doesnot change although thearea 4, ‘does decree athe cosine ofthe conveyor sone. ‘The total effects fafluenced by the surcharge ange at which the material will ie on the conveyor belt. However, in most eases, the actual Tose of capacity i Tess than 3%, Si folowing three precautions may well be obseved: lumps are more ley terol aff the efgreof inclined conveyor belts than horizontal ‘es; for bells of constant slope, the spillage of material x more likely to ‘cast immediately beyond the loading point, materials which aerate ex- keavey, suchas some very fine ground cements, o materials in which the Sraporon of water fs high that a slurey is ereate, must be eared on in- nes and at such a conveyor bet speed that the tendency ofthe material (0 tlie back is uly offset. Tone33._ Maver Cas Deseoion Material harris aa] "Wey fine 100 mesh ad under Fint—I/Sineh ad under Sie Granale—Under 1/2 inch impyesonalning lamps ove 172 inch Iireguareingy, eek, mate topes Fowablig | Very trelowingange of repo les than 9 semen | Fr owing ane af repose 20" 1029" fepese IAveaueMowingeanle of repore 30" 1 39° Siogat—sogle repose #0” and over ‘Nonsbeave JAbrasinenes | Very abrasive "yary sharp gure bl covers UAraes and develops Sid characters Consing exsist Micelinecus | Contamina, affecting or saleby ‘Ghoraensics | Degeadabl, feng ue ot slesiiy dcuangwzzr|esaulaens|mooe> (Goneiines Gives off barmulfures or das “more thon one | Highly corosve Gritee | Milly ease Choractertir | Hygroseone 8 ‘mar apei) | Ineloeks or mats ‘iso chemin present may afet rubber ‘ery Hgbt ane ty maybe windswept Elves temperature : Someta ene nce oa wa con psn wold“Tame 3:3. Material Charis ond tight Per Cubic Fo OO Aiea Recommended Average weight “repose. maxima Material fissperca])_(dewees)__inlinrian code ifs weal 1” 4 er ‘fal pallets Aa 9 a ‘ais ed qos 2 B26 ‘Atmonds, broken or whole 20 sone 80) ime toe 50 so ms ‘um, ly soe a Bos ‘aura 065 2 os BM “Ataris chins as & eae ‘Atuminor hyarate ® 4 no con ‘Riuminam ore ies be - ‘Atuminam once » iam ‘Aluminum sete Soe Biss ‘Aluminom sulphate 2 ” By ‘Ammonium elo, crytaline so Boss, ‘Ammen nz so seasnus ‘Amvmonfum sulphate (rants) « sastu ‘Anuimonr powder soe ne ‘ple joe Rs ‘ater, plverictd 229 ory Arsenic onde soe perry ‘ebro Fe or rock ne ome ‘arsests, seed & EasKy Ath, nac, round 2 ” B35 ‘Ashes omy. 3 ich & under & Deer ‘ones coal wet, Soe & under % bast ‘Rene, 9 a ms amt ‘Repl bade for Fain cas ‘Ripa rushes inch ender sou as Bagase 6 Eesy Bekele & sme plats ‘Gowsered) s Bas Baste sot 26 Bevan erbonate 6 re Burm enfbonate Mer eke 2 a6 asim Hysrate a he Barium ove hes Burk, wood fuse 6 » Easvy Baer 2 ioas B25N Basalt oe m6 Brow, grounds dey 09 » 2s Basie mine Fi i Bt Brute crushed, 3 ooh under joss 0 or Bean, castor, wise 2028 bie ease ‘Beans, esr, eal Bi Beans oar. 07 » es Feesett Cmts; poe Sine gis of Recommended Average wet “rouse” matimam Marie spore) __Gegrec)___Ininion Cade eas, ay steeped @ 340 Bs Boe pulp iy ras Es es pl, wet 254s 56 Bee, whe a 2 = Bentonite crude 3540 aa Diex ‘Benoni, 100 mesh & under 50-8 a » de Bone sso S te Boneack, 109 mesh 2 wader nas 20 sy Bonechar 0 sos im Bonemea! 50-8 soos 26 Bors of fine o jose a Boron, Velnch sreeinge $5.00 io oe Borat 2 och snd under on jose Bs Boreal ne Ss ne baer Ban oan sos Bashy ve ain, spent ey 3330 6 es Brower rainy spent me 50 Pa oor Brome chips 50-30 sr bo Buckwheat moa 3s BIN Cali aide (rushed 1-30 sow as Grbon etvateds dy ae 20 a8 mst Gatton viet pleted nas 3s md Extson tack: powder a sos “as ateorunum, 9 inch an under 100 m9 bar Sceen 38 sos Bis Gas on chips 3-120 ‘ os oust soda oe 45 a6 Cement, Poland 99 sos 20-23 aM emer, Porand, arated 7s net Coren, rock Ge inestone) toostio bis Cement anger 15098 so-so br Sea ty 55 s Dis Charcoal tas 35 sg ‘Chrome ore chromite) asst soe Dan Cinder, ast tarnuee a Fi west inde, coat “ 3s Ey a Git Gre ato bentonite, atomaceous earthy filles « fark, Kalin, and Mat a 2 iy. ales 0-100 im Gay, exami, de, Hes 0. sos as Gay, dy cs foosi20 3s wa a ay dr apy eos is e0, Bas Ginter Cement Ge cement ines) E Clover teed a 2 " ‘Coal antrate, river, or ln, me 1/8 inh ad unde o 3 6 mr eume ad Cnn fo Mat ‘Fue cond oe Average weight “repose maximum Moveril (iseper caf) (depes)___lnsinaion code “Coa anit, sed ee oat bwin, mined $0 mesh ‘ander soe 6 “ Bast cont iinous, ined & Sed ass % is Dist eat ituminons, mined, ‘mat ne ws s ” post coat biruminens, mined, slack, "inch der 0 o 2 ost cou, borin, sipping, "ot cleaned 0-60 ser. os cy 2 ser ws sos 330. Eecoe avs 3s ne Gs Corte, call 2 29 baswy ‘Coffe, een bean has iow oss esa) Coffe, pound 2s B ra as Cole, fasted bean as casPqu ‘Goffe, sble 8 BASF eke, oose Bs wot ws BuIQVT Cote pstleum clened sas fae Fy boey (Coke eet, i neh and under 28 woe on cr Eempost ie-50 East Genera, cinder 0-100 1230 bie Copper oe 120-180 most 2 “Da Copper ulate Ts.88 Ff » Dae Cork ranslated ims as Gorm cached 4550 sw Comm ea se orm, sett & 2 o con ‘Corn 3 ary Bs Gorm germ 2 BSW Cora gt fos pst Baw Sorneal m0 is a ssw CContonsce, dey, deinted Zao » 16 sw eironeed ry oe de-ted isas Fa 8 osw ‘Coonseat eae, crushed rary ou + B35 Coonseed eke, PY fous jou Disw ‘Couonseed pul 2 S *Bay ‘Coventet teal 30 3 2 Bas avtoneed mets * cose BSW racking ered, inc der os0 6 pes notte tus 350, soe 6 ‘Chale my iv poe Bee Gilet to-120 io » Bz Dfatomacsous earth nae wots axa 20.50 s iesMant Che in continued eee ‘© a Average weight “repose, aia } Morait (ibaperce fe inelnation code ‘izodiam phospate 25-01 30-48 meQr fy Bolom, try ‘e-00 ost n De | atomite pulverize “ a bie | ath as etcaated—ry 0-80 3s 20 mse } Exh; we, conning cay too-10 & a Bas Fi Btonits cuted ich & onder 65-70 ed cs Eprom sats foo Sout as © Retdspar, eine eeennas ros ss 1s Bs elspa sto 3aneh lm sito ue a Bae Feldepe, 200 mes foo soe ro 1 Ferrous eartonate i590 so B36 Ferove slate Sots os Perouse oss 09 Gs Filer pest med, soe factory 0 Als ik meal 3540 basw Fish evap 0 BW f) Fsseed 6 a a msNw sted mea s ow Bisw Flour, west ss40 3 2 ASSEN Flue dus, baller house, ry 30 co Aumre Forepa, ich serecaines Sscios s 6 Forepary |i t0 Sick lamps Hota a bes Founy flor sidan coer, ee, 70=100 soe baz f) aes ear, iy sos » Bas. Pls ene, oly ous no Bas Flere eat oer, burned o mo 326 pp Palle eh oi iter, aw 40 as 30 +25 (lena (ead sue) 0260 sot a6 ‘Giss batch exe ibe sla) roy o-10 ‘ism ‘Gass batch (woot & cone) ‘00 so on Dasz ‘Gein granted 2 a asa ‘Glue, ground 1/4 inch and under o oe ae Shue peat o B ” es luc, vxsable, powcered o fonts lutca eal o sone asp rain itr, spent, ey 0 soe Bay Gain ly, spent, met a0 s cay © Granta, eine sereeninas m9 ar (Granite, 17-0 ne amps as-50 ce ber Grae, broken 95-100 sot bar Take o so 5 Graphite, our a na x Grapite ore ss sos or Grae seed tok. so BSNGave, ba | Grave, dy, sharp (Grave, pebbles Gypsum, vine sreeings Gypsum, (eto dneh lumps Gane, ey Honiey Hops spt dry Hops spent, wet dee, rushed Iron oe Irom ponte Iron suphate Iron slice Kaolin ay, 3 ach and under Laie Usd ene Lind etvonte Und oer Lind odes 16 oes, avert {end si, panaated 6 ta paver a mae Ups sicred tiered 9 oh and under me Sprated, 78 ch under Une tert pulverized ime pebble Limestone earl Tia neh ander Lesions, estes Uae ake, pense Lines eal Magnesium ehorde eM tgr armed, 8 och and ‘nae Mat dey, whole ft per ef), fe-00 8-10 a0 0 sr50 Sess ass toni60 "00.200 bets 275 faosias e 2 imam 0 2 3020 woes 20 ss 5-50 3 fes0 2 oes asle oT ‘Recommend ‘moose man (days) __incnaior_ote_ 3 Ey oat iss xo 2 Die « a 6 x 5 Bae das me ost = 4 Es ‘ Est 8 bis soe 5 us 20 bas so Bas bsrq sos joe cas jose Ed as 8 ss owe aasrx, 6 Bas noe Aon x 1s ie 6 Soe dost a 2 a a you me x is Sex yout sw x 0 Es “ os ot unk ae av 6 os=e ome continued. “le of ‘Recorded Avwage wight “repore maximum ert (is peru fi) (degre) Inelnaion cote Wa, wal 16 soe ms Manganere once © : Manganese re as. 2 0 Mangsoese oxide ta sas Manganese cllte 0 joe Marbles cute, oss jou Mew Sosy soot takes roa i» I: died, aked sé jos yey power i s ils sated eas & Mik, whole, powdered a moe Mat scale fons 6 Mil maize 6 caw sMebyodenite, powdered io o as Malyodenu ore i o Monososism phoephte o ue Masta sted ss a9 maw Nephelene aye soutas so B36 Niacin 3s sot 26 Nickelcobal sft ore too so sort Oats, rolled a0 Sota Gay Steak 0 & Dew ral sc cryatat o sous Bassu Oyser sels ound, under och S40 joie csr ‘Oyster ses, whole » so bisty Paper pulp sock om » ssisMv Peanut, in els ise ose asq Peanuts, shel sss oe cq Pear ded is ‘aisng Peirleum coke (ee coke) = Phoephat ai, fern @. Pa a mast Phosphate ipl super, round etic sos 6 Py past Phoepate roe, broken, dry iss 5.29 ins Dis Phosphate rock, pulverted a o 3 Bis Polyctsene piles ss B 32379 Polysyrene pels s a BasPQ Polyvinyl corse ooo ‘ AGRE Potash multe ey mo an Potash (uit) ie ran 3 oe Br, Potash sal, sie, ee. % 209 bast ,“Tam cominue Materia Poussum elorie, pellets Pres, von, 2 10 neh homps yes, pallets (quar, Ynchsrenigs Gaara, eta Since Rice, hlled or polhed ie, rut Rie wis Rock crushed ‘Roky sot excavated with shovel Rubber, poled ‘Robbe, ela Bye ye meal ‘Sstoner ake ‘Sitfower meal ‘Siler sect Sabie acd Sst, common dry, coarse Sal common sy, ine Sal cake, ay, cscs ‘Sa eake, dy, pulverized Salpeter Send, bank, éamp ‘Sina, bank dry Send, core ‘Sind, foundy, prepared Sing, foundry Hakeout ‘Sand, sie, ory Senaione, broken ge, diet ‘Some sae, ma Site, broken Shelae ‘Shes, powdered ar pranlaed ‘Sis ge lin ad, ry Average welsh {ibe perc 1) o-10 tei0 ae asias 0-00 90 seat Bas estes too-ii0 30 aus 3500 0 oss & oats Tos-t30 sito 6 f-00 $100 S100 50 pa 0 ass 50-100 190 0 3 Aone aezres 2023 so ne ry & so ms oe 3029 s 2 iB ou sa Pa Xe ne & a » 29 5o Pe & Recommrnded incinion na a Ey nn Ger basruw Berw, Bent ast Br By Ba De ay Bsw Dasoz ae cas Sispy ert — > oy = = Materiat Sine Sg, Dat fornace, erated Slag, furnace, ganar, dry Sag, fernace, granular we Sat, eushed ch under Soap teas or granules Sods ath, biquetes ‘Soda ath bears Soda ah, abe Sodium suminate, around ‘Sodium slaminum sue Soclum antimonts, crushed Sedlum arte ‘Sodium phospate Seatum slit ry Sorghum sed Soybeans, racked Soyoeans, whole Soybean ce, ove 4 inch Soybean fakes, ra Soybean meal cold Soybean meal, bot ‘arch Stel chips, crushed Ste riminge Sugar a, ape Sugar, fined, arama, dry Sugar cefiod, pana, wet Sugar beet pip ry Sagar beet pul, wet Sonar cane, soiog Sulfate, ershed, Hach & under Sulfate, powdered ‘Sulfate, 3 toh and under ‘Sonflower txt “Taconite, pees Tale, vein seeeings ‘Tle Weta Sach laps Tnoay seed Tian onde Tianiun Sponge ‘Tobacio stems Average weight is perce 100-135 90 ass 0-100 tom sas Ey 2 % ss % ina soo oe « * 25-50, rid 65 5s 5565 2s 0-8 aoas 116.130 50 55.95 Fraleor rnpose ears Fa = sot 2 sos Soot 3 B & x Bae 2 na joe ioe 3s 4 ma ins Sot ioe jose ne ne co % % % bas 02 is i» 2 saa ra 1620 a cote ‘az cu Be a6 50) Ge Aer Bae 6 “Das 336 Bis eaeNw con basw sy as Bist Bs barwe BV Basrx Basu casx. ex. Gsns DasNs pag es 336 BAQy base Buy orTame3- continued, Gasie af Recommensed Averoge weight “repose mania Moree, (ibe per cat inetination code “Trapror, 2-1 S.neh lamps 100-110 3044 ba ‘Taleium phosphate 21-30 ie as eso phosphate o De ‘Teen phoepnate, eraser 2 vou " me Tetum phosphate, puvered $0 © 2B Bas ‘Ui pile, ry as a Bs ernie, expanded 6 s cosy Vernet oe 80 2» Day Walnut shel, rushed seas soe Bn Went rar FA 2 sy ‘Wheat, cracked ss out Bsn ‘wheat gem, ry eas m2 Bas nie le 3s.100 sos ASM Wood cise 1030 & 2 easwe Wood chips, hogae, fut 525 a Des ood shavigs Bis sv Zine concentrates sto Bas Zine sre, crushed 1 2 : Zin oe, roaee no x6 Zine oxide, peavy 50-35 nex. Zine suse ame ons Aesi a Chapter 4 Capacities, Belt Widths, and Speeds Contents Belt widths. Lump size considerations. Belt speeds. General recommended masimum speeds for specific matertals Belt conveyor capacities. Troughed belt load areas. Flat belt load areas. Capacity tables and their use. F j : 1Bele Wiethe as eeeeeeeeeeeSSFSse ‘The width of eomunyne belts euttomaily i express in aches. The belt widths treated in this manual—and which are avaiable (roms eeeeiny alt ‘manufactrersin the United States~are a follows: 1,24, 30,36, 42,96, of, 0, 72,84, and 96 inches, (Generally, for given speed, the belt width and the bek conveyor ‘apaciy increase together. However, the width of the nareowerbeke mse governed bythe size of lumps to be handled, Blt must be wide enough So {at any combination of prevaling lumps and finer material does not load the lumps too close cosh edge ofthe conveyer bel, Also he Inde diners slons of loading chutes and the distance between sir boards ms be sal ‘ent fo pass vatlous combinations of lumps without jamming, Lump Size Considerations eens ‘The lump sine influences the bel specifications andthe choie of carrying Sales. There is also an empirical relationship between lump sine aad beh with. ‘The recommended maximum lump ste for vious belt widths is as follows: Fora 20° surcharge, with 10% lumps and 90% fines, Ihe reco ‘mended maximum lump sie is 1/3 the belt with (0/3, With al loos aed no fines, the resommended maximum lump sae i 1/5 the beh width (b/9), For 2 30° surcharge, with 109% lumps and 90% fines, the recor, ‘mended maximum lump sie is 1/6 the belt with (0/6). With al longs aod no fies, he recommended maximum lump sie ie 1/10 he bel width (3/10), Another way to determine belt with fora specific hump ss f luseated in Figure 4.1. This simple chart shows the belt width neecuy for a sven sie lump, fr various proportions of lamps and ne, and for rarieus {areharg loadings, Batt Speeds ‘Suitable belt conveyor speeds depend largely upon the cheacteriatics of the rxterial 19 be conveyed, the eapaciy deed, and the belt tensions employed Powdery materits should be conveyed at speds low enough 19 ‘minimize dusting, particularly at the loading and discharge patos, Frageeons. Bel ii ear fore een mp se Fines a2 ‘Power tha 119 mena pe ‘materials also limi bel speeds. Low speeds are necessary so that degradation Df teagile materials will not occur at the loading and discharge point a the conveyor belt and the material being eatied move over the ier. Heavy, sharp-edged materials shouldbe card at moderie speeds, ‘Thisis good practice because he sharp edges are kel to wear the belt cover unduly, parculacy if the loading velocity ofthe materia ia the diection of ‘elt tov! i appredably lower than the ble speed, (General recommendations for maximum speeds of tlt conveyors are shown in Table 1 A Under favorable loading and waster conditions, for troughed con ‘veyor belts wider than 30 inches, speeds in exces of those speed in Table 441 ae used for fine materials, damp sand, coal, earth wit no large lumps, tnd ered sone, increase in bel speed permit decrezes in bet with And tension, However, these benefite must be weighed sgsnst the possible Gindvantage of increased belt Wear, material degracatio, windags loses, lump impact on carrying idlers, and generally reduced Ue of all conveyor ‘components, Consulta CEMA member company when essiering opera Hon at these higher speeds. “The design of the loading area and the dscharge ofthe material over the nead pulley algo must be considered when choosing the bel sped. If the materiale dy and fine and the belt velocity is high dusting of the material tay be intolerable, Also, i the material is henry or contais lege lumps, oF if the partis edges are angular and sharp, a high velocity of seenarge may fause undue wear on the discharge or transfer chutes“Tamedt. Recommended Maximum Bel Speeds ‘Belt Beir pects wit Material Sing conveyed om) fines) [Grin or eter free owe, 30 it onabrasive mata 700 230 0 ica 100 i656 Gal, tap ey, 20 ore, 00 it Serburden an eat, e- x0 atte Shahed sone 00 a0 100 7256 eno, bard carpal oe, 30 7 oust-rued one so 236 @ over 36 . Foundry and, prepared or das Enaceot send with smal cores, 330 Ay wi vith or without mal castings Gro hon enough to harm Belin) Prepared Foundry sand aba inl Esra (or dry sorasve) arias 200 any wit duchraed from be by rbbet= dae plows Nonabraive mates ihartee 2, “ay wi From bel by means of plows excep or swood ple, shore 3002 Foster bt, fat or wound, For feding ie, nonabrasive, OF sarc | Any wisn ately abrsive mater om Belt Conveyor Capacities ror given speed, belt conveyor capacities increase asthe bet width in- Fadat Nios ine capaciy ofa bel conveyor depends on the surcharge angle Sha on te Wctination ofthe side rolls of thre-rol toughing idler. “The tommnal crows seton ofthe material ona belt is measured in a plane normal to the belt On an inclined or declined conveyor, the material Page co conform to its surcharge angle as measured in a vertical plane, Thi sees he area, Ay, atthe cosine of the angle of conveyor slope. See ‘Bgure 4.2 However, fn most ces, the actual loss of eapacty is very smal.Assuming a uniform feed tthe conveyor, the crossectional area of the load onthe conveyor belt isthe determinant ofthe beltconveyoreapac- 1 In this manual, the cross-sectional area is based upon ie following two Conditions Fs, the material loed onthe roughed belt doesnot extend to he bet edges, The distance from the edges of the material oad tothe edges ofthe belt is et at "standard edge cstance," which s defined a 0.0550 + (9 inch, where bis the width ofthe belt in inches. Troughout his manval, andar edge distance is presumed to be in effect unles otherwise specified, ‘Second, the top ofthe loa ofthe material ithe are of a cil tangent, at the ‘edges ofthe ond, fo the surcharge ange of loading ‘Areas—Slandard Rage Distance Refering to Figure 42; the area of losd eros szation is dvided into wo parts, Ones the trapezoidal area, A; the other Is the cesar segment area, Fee vgn stermed the surcharge ren. The sum of hese wo areas (Ay +A) ‘Sats whi isthe total crosesetional are, Diaper” rane ele ‘ieaniaccpese / ‘fen ein i fee ene 42. Are of oad er sen ‘Based on an analyse of the theee-equal-roll roughing idlers of eight rmanufactorers, the length of the fat surface of te eener roll averages ‘O371D, wher bs the bee width in inches. raphieal fll-ale analysis of & Sly ble with finch and 1/32Jneh covers, lying on an average three- quaL-oll coughing idle, indicates thatthe Nat isance onthe bltearrying SOeace over the center lds eol i 1/inch seater than center roll length: Se: Trapesoidl are, Ay Let 4) 1 areatapeia asco), =( 4 2. Width beh, @ = f+ 2m + 26B haley f= mech 12031 + 0.25 c= 0058) + 09 § Lose + 0.25 + 2m + 20.0856 + 0.9) 2m = b = 04816 — 2.05 r= 0.5985 ~ 1.025, Fe mcos f= (0289Sb ~ 1.025) cos P 4p = 20.25950 ~ 1.025) cos 12 osnte + 0.25 + 20.2595b ~ 1.025) cos B 4, [t= GST 025 + o3Tb + 0.25 + 202598 — Lumeots a z = 03710 + 0.28 + (0.2595 ~ 1.025) cos F 5. j=msing 42 (0.25050 — 1.025) snp 6 ares oftrperois 4, = EH 7 TOsTib + 0.25 + (0.28956 ~ 1.025) cos A x ((62s880 ~ 1.025) sin A Crculr segment (surcharge) area, A, 20 360 48. Area angle (ACD) = “#228 15, Acea whole setor (ABCD) = 9, Area segment (ABCE) A, - Aide Aca A, wre Eo rales : pu BaTIb + 025"+ 2025950 — 1025) cos? Tang 018556 + 0.25 + (02595 — 1.025) cos ine ve ae (eushsgu soa unas) At, a, Total Area, A + 4, (00) = 4Flat Belt Load Areas—Standard Edge Distance tier Pre 43. at Dl ong 2u'e 1, Area sectot (ABCD) = G8. = AE ‘rea angle (coe) = CE S4eHOD _ ade wit inde ? ? i ~ "2 ‘Atea wiangle (ACD) = A, = Area secog sch 2 h=28C=2rsine re phe For standard edge distance, ¢ = 0.0550 + 0.9 inch. [on b= 2e =D ~ 2.0880 +03) = 8905 — 18 0018 _ 488 — 09 zane sie a= (astbe88) (op a) 4 or Mat bet, (fe) = AL since Ay 4. Forftarbet ,() = Ae Belt Conveyor Capacity Tables and Their Use “Teoushed and fle bet conveyor capacities are detailed is Tbles 42 crush 4:5. These tables ae setup for 20%, 35%, and 45 roughing idler shapes and for Nat belts or various degrees of surcharge anges whieh corespond tothe sumping characteristics ofthe materials o be conveyed an for belt speeds ‘of 100 fom. aTFomabe te bet oe of tase abe, he folowing steps should be taken: 1 neering Tales 1 and33, determine De UGA 0 the ering oT areal he averee, wa B10 15° than the angle of revo anne AES So cetemine he ey of heme in pounds per eae fot tbe aoe eps suite to he mates and co CONNER (robin. Refer to Chaptet §- 1 robe Ra Senucmmened Mam Bel Ses" Se: 1 ute conveyor belt speed 5 an Set somane per out (9) 10 be comet 12 the ce tfeat in cable per ROR (27). sg = DX 2000 o/s = ates density omen the dese cpu inci er Rour foe eS Santry at a belt speed of 100 fom seceeqanienn = 00 * area RTT) 4, sg te equlalen capac 29 foun, rf so TEES? through eee Pind the appropriate bel width, 1 {St fad Spy, eek he secede wl a 2b Te amp te may GevermigSsBalt wth core BN gtd bl speed tay regis revlon rane e208 Touphed Tie Eu Ras Sndert Eee DE 028th + 09 Ink ‘Cepai 9 100 FP eerie) SurcharaeArsle A= Cra Seton oF Load (ei) oe ee a) SS am m8 hey Sap ap ee) th Se Wo th a ls 9] eS oe 24 33 ae ie tee ma ES on Pear <3 SE Soo sine 1amh 12) oe a SB 28 A Von | a So STE | ant 3897 CML BO LR 2S sine bon 2388) 22 TS soem at rons Was 13552 idm ane batt 2 bio namn 20i2| 108 2 1S ap ent 15205 16876 He L3tl 17 bon 3ane 2708 43RHOS Tey ats {bipp apare 22310 24607 page 30 2288 220) Sous sass |iamy WOR 28 She ssa) 5osit 33813 000 4551 £05 ai [pts 23ene 27781 316 987)i ame, 35° Touhed Bel Tiree Equa Rol Standard Ege Distance © 0.0880 + 09 Inch ; Seimei ony IF i ma ‘mii o-|s a Tose bs dinchess| O° 5°10" _15* 20" ase aoe] OF 5°10" is? m°_ 25°30" aia aaa] 9 oe Th f HE [SS So Sud foe 25 ne] scot sr 20m mat aon eo 07 * 30 | 455. 506 557 609 662 716.772] 2733 3039 3346 3658 395, | BL SN Rl Sh So va vel ast on ot Ss 5 |S es cst cat be a] Soe ae att |B [Se 13k 138 12a tas tg 2om| tor Bie sie re vas @ i998 2429 26st 2876 3.107 3.345| 11966 13269 14880 15906 17257 18642 21058 i G2 |b5ts Saas dsr sam aor asnz dara] tree topo zizns aszis sien a7i96 2975 Bo |B fees 222 20 250 Site cle edu soar ase Sout rt osu © |S SS SS8 Gas 30h alts alse So Joe ns tine ie Se f & “ane tt 48° oeed Be qu Rl Smid El ite = 0054+ 9 ch : SS aim ond consi | fe ‘ni be - mate Surcharge Anse ‘Surcharge Ana SoS eee ee i 2 a0 a6 2a] 1 SS aA SSE a3) AS a] Be ie We Be Be a doe $92 43 Ma[ an hue dn con doe an i SR de sim chal fe hie at st Geo at an or fe le tea ce ete er tse rt oe (ms LS Line Su] Sos auc uy sos i cae 4 YEE 100 20S Esl ate ot tet oy Li hi 225 U3 Hy|ige ins tora oe tt a at EELS) Sib|oat ia aor kes Sty devo Snr : S2E-G23 CA fal sac nso da aoe te 351 Sino iy Salons cot Gon tu tnt 0 Tosue 5. Flt Bet Capciy Standard Ed Diance = 0550 + 69 Inch 1am of Dod ra = mn ‘nin . = Saco a Sashone ge Bees ee ee rn ‘i 508108 ae a GOT a yoy in an se ei oor ane ws % os lw ie tse a) on ine fo = te ho he ee ian lan aa au 80 & ta st an mo oe Se la aim io ioe ame 3 10 30 jn ae sae ost so tit Sas ie a 23 ois vos 1303 (2 jim San fan fro ssn . 2 Sr 2 clu 12 toy Lea] im at fue fos eo send : = Bb colp (ais bite dose 30] an am fr its tne ost x St tay ios guns fa eae ate ce tae 0 280 »Chapter 5 Belt Conveyor Idlers Contents Requirements and classifications. General types of belt conveyor idle roughing carrying idlers; Impact idiers; Bele trainings Suspended idlers; Return idlers: Twovoll “V" return idler Idler spacing. Ialer selection. Idler rating. Belt alignment.So on = oo os = = eo oe oe a {alee Requirements Important requirements for ders are proper supper ané protetion forthe belt and proper support for the load being conveyed. Bat conveyor idlers for bulk materials are designed to incorporate rolls with various dlameters, The rolls ae fited with antivaion bearings fnd seals and are mounted on sats Frictional restance of te fet wil iafucaces be tenon and, com sequently, the horsepower requirement. Roll dlameter, bearing design, and Seal requirements constitute the major components affecting frcional "Tit manual does not discuss the elative merits ofthe various ante friction bearings used, nr the merits Of the sal to protect these beatings from dit and moistare and to stain the ubriant. Each bet conveyor idler Imanufactorer chooses a particular beating and seal arrangement. Much ine enulty has been excised by thee fler manufacturers to provide depend Able ielers Selection ofthe proper rol diameter and siz of bearing and shafts based on the type of service, operating condition, lad exried, and bet speed. For fare and aectracy of lr election, the various ile designs ean be grouped Into clesifeations ae shown in Table 5-1 ToS fer Clacton Former | comer . ctasipeation | sever. | inches) | _Duserison aM t * ght dy a t 5 oa a u 4 : Bs i 5 not ce a 4 | eam ey Ss ut 5 ee & W é ae Bs SA. 5 : 26 SA. é 2G es v ‘ eae dy Er vt i we—_—<—<< 1. comer en General Types of Belt Conveyor Tilers there are two basi types of belt conveyor idles: carrying idler, which s4p- Toe fie londed rum ofthe conveyor belt and return les, which suppor the pets seta run of the conveyor be. See Figures 3.1 through $3. Caring Idlers, Caeyngiders are of two general configurations. One is Cerne Tae rand urvally sone thee rls, The two outer rolls eae tOjnea pwards the center rll is borizonal. The ater configuration is a ane oping Mat belts, This idee generally consists of @ single ree cetacean positoned between brackets which attach gree 10 the conveyor frame ‘Return flrs, Return ilers usally are horizontal rols, positioned be Rare ei, nih normally are attached to the underside ofthe support ae eee ahieh the carrying idles are mounted, Twe-oll “V" return ‘ies are alo usd for Utter leaning and higher load rings. ewe $2. Ft Bl ier “Troughing Carrying les ‘as the capacity tables in Chapter 4indieate roughed telts cary far greats ne reek ar bel, fr the same with of bet and tel speed Troughing eens ders are therefore very important components of belt Conveyors SP LER Soveyor aytems,warranng detailed discussion,[cent ot Commer ten [eles with end ols set t 35° and 45° angles, while affording seater carrying caparity fora given width, necessitate a preatertrarsvece flex t inthe conveyor be. Sich idler bave a shorter history of application than a 20° teoughing ier, However, improvements in bet exeass design and ‘materials have contibuted to wider accepance and greater we of 35° and 8 45" roughing icles "Troughing ides are made in two general syle, indine and offset. “The most commonly used is composed of thee in-line ols of equal length Fora given width of bet end-all inclination, and material surcharge angle, {hedhvcesauablngtvrll trvghing ler frm the bet in the bo toughed ‘shape to cary a maxim load eros section, © ‘An offic (roughing llr is shown in Figuce 5.8. nih le, the n= cline falls are located ins plane alongside the plane of the horizontal ell. “These are popula inthe ran industry, where very thin else used, and a underground mining, where low head room isa problem. Another inline 4 {rousing idler has song horizontal roll and two chor ince roll, While thie ler doe not form 4 piven belt nto trough for maximum oad cross ‘ection, its useful where the load must be spread for manu inspection, Picking or sorting. The Inetined end rolls turn up the bel edges to prevent of nine spillage: Ths i known a 8 picking bet ile, Ser Figure 5.6 Pent SA, 20° roughing ier E im 55. 35 fe woh iar ‘ean 6, 30% ping bt ir, : 6 |impact Iles Impact trovghing idles, sometimes referred to at “aishion ier," have rolls made ofa resilient materia, They are used at loacing points where im pect cesling from limp size and weight of the material hancled could eioutly damage the belt fit were rigidly supported. One type frequently {sed consis of 2 threroll assembly, each roll being made of spaced, reilen cs. Similar impact Slers are made to suppor fat belts. See thea ompanyngisrations, Figures $.7 and 5.8. Load ratings of impact idlers _ sremo highes than thoee of standard ies. The een diss usually are ex- pended in favor of belt peotecion. Peo 5. 25" wou Puchi np! i Igoe ier with Fed safe ‘elt Training Iles, Carrying Generally speaking, wll designe, carefully construct and maintained bet ‘Sonveyors wll continue to run with prope ligament without the need for Special belt raining idler. There are transient condition, however, that may hose conveyor bels to become misaligned despite all efforts to assure pro- pet installation and maintenance. For this reason, conveyor manufcurers Eso farish special belt taining ilrs, which, if prozerly maintained, will help to stein belt alignment in aiffiuk situations, "The usual rnin lr has the earring rll frame mounted on 8 een tral pivot appronimately perpendicular tothe conveyor belt. Means are pro- ‘ide to cause the earring cll (o become skewed with respect co the center Tine of the conveyor. As the belt traverse tbe skewed rolls, they urge the {loplced belo seur to the conveyor centerline snd, in doing x, the rolls fre urged to return to proper alignment. See Figure £9. ised guide rolls placed perpendiular tothe edze ofthe conveyor belt sre not recommended beraute continuous contact with the conveyor belt ge accelerates bell edge wear, appreciably ceducing belt ife, See Figure S10,the es efecive the raining tn genera, the greater the belt ensions, tates. une 49, 1° woud bl nine ‘ar cine $30, Type fed eile, Sroning side pe rer Suspended Iles tn this type of ile, the rls (sualy 3 or ) are Ke together and 8, Je. om tn cowveyr frame singers Ts suspended 0 hanging les Pen egpape somewhat ike that of a atenary and is thus sometimes Sse a nary or salané, lr, Ics popula for heacy-uy ert and cae ar yorn Thre cl les are usualy used for the carrying ru, ae in there me sometimes used at lading oins, Relient ics are anc Five enended on these idles at Leading points. See Figure 3.11 Sr ereaded rs tolerant of bath poor algrment and abuse by tmps Bocuse ofthe eile consetion betveen rolls, (ca be furnish sum Mick rlease type of mounting whieh permis the entire Her 0 be ee At. Suspended hero er > eequel lowered and removed fom sve in ae of fue). Training au generally not wsed with suspended fer are general 2 be mounted on (suspended From) ether iid frame stringers (chanel) of Wire-rope SIRT Return ters “Tes ler are set suppor the eur ron ofthe be They usally 76 ‘hese le Ste wer Flanges of the ssnges hin support the cars res eferabitha retin ls be So mounted hat Me UT ingles. se below the conveyor fame, Figee 5.12 Uhsraes & Vor! "riaearmiccamrani “pos Reurn flere, The fat rtur der consss ofa ong ingle Tl, ie Fete, mounting bracket ales fll length bracket desi, and 2h ng sol allow for adequate varsers Belt movement mounting eee contact ay satinary part f the com ‘eyor or ts frame. “sepsCleaning Return eles. a mpc cone wih Tre Set arnt ie pderence fein othe czryng sree of tb) application oe avai and wear he shell ofthe return et 8, Or, Sueh materi ey Oe icy and adhere to the retum ile rolls: A ae ths put use misalignment ofthe return run of te Bl. pay caf earn ier cll are avaliable to overcome these dif seien anes icky materials are 4 problem, rbbersie, oF Bbes Seat Ty shape. w-cteaning return ils can be used. Die 408 ca ery oar surfaces fr adhesin and thus reduc etl rl eval bull up. Tis type of ern ler rometimes He sen ee Ciaing let” Eve thou sch ers do "rac roneousy clef ering tte bal surface om he eu ty 40 DOC ot pat leaning devies. See Figures 5.13 and 5.14 ean 4 Halal or Soy seonng ern ie “enon igi ‘On shor conveyors, it may be necessary to equip the complete return ‘run wit slf-leaning flrs, On Tong return belt runs, it necessary to use ‘these idles only tothe point where the material on the bel surface no luge ‘vl sdere to and bold up on normal feturn ler rol. Beyond ths polnt, ‘ondard return ides can be ured. ‘Revura Belt Traloingfdlerz. Retua belies canbe ivtally mounted to tea or align the return belt in a manner similar to the training ile previously described forthe eatryng run ofthe belt Se Fgute 515. ‘Two-Roll “Y" Retwe fers ‘Wich the increased use of heavy, bgh-tension fable and ste! cable bets, the need for beter support and lang has resulted in the development of *V" ‘return idles. A base "V" return ils consists of two rll, «xe tiled 3 a>- ‘proximately a 10° to 15° angle. Thee rolls are either of the Garland (eu pended) o aid design. Se Figures 8.16 and 5.1. The" reur ils has ome training effect onthe belt, wile allowing greater ier eying because Of ls increased load rating. “v" ceturn idles can be supplied in ether stetol or uber dsc esigns. Feld expeience has shows thatthe tel rol preferable Beause yo ete er ld degen 17. Trl pended Factors to consider when selecting idler spacing are belt weight, material weet, [ler ring, sg, ler fe, belt ating, and bel tension. 4fto0 muck 9g ofa loaded troughed belts permited between the teoughing idler, he material may sil over the edger ofthe belt. For the ‘best design, and especialy on Tong-ceater roughed belt conveyors, the 8 Deween idler shoud be limited as deseibed fn Chapter 6. Tble 5-2 liteTue $2. Sunessed Normal Spacing of Beller (5° Trowghig er bot Welt of materi haded, fbr per jt | Return ata “ters a a TT i [ssa S08 Son son ast asn[ toon u [son ash ash aon 40n son) toon we fson an 45h aon con 40n| ton w% son ash 408 son 33h 350) 08H & ash ash don ase don son] toon & (PSR hh Zan asa dor son) mon wasn aon ase a5n 30m 300) won @ fon aan ase 308 30m 308) won feo ash 358 aon 23m 230) son au fash ash aon 25h 256 200) son sn ash on 250 20m 200] son suggested normal troughing idler tpacing fr use in general enginering pace tice when the amount of belt sage not specially Limited, These figures on ‘Spacing shoul be used in conjunetion wit he information on sag selection in Chapter 6, Spacing i normally varied in inch inerements. Some conveyor systems have been designed suecesfullyuiliing ex tended idler spacing and/or graduated idler spacing. Extended idler spacing {ssimply greater than normal spacing. This is sometimes applied where bet tension, sag, Belling strength, and laler rating permit Advantages may be lower ile cot (fewer used) and better bel raining. Graduated idler apacing is greater than normal spacing at high tension portions ofthe bet. As the tension along the bel increases, the ier pacing i increased, Usually this type of spacing occurs foward and near the Aischarge end ‘Extended and graduated spacing ae nat commonly used but if her Js employed, eate should be taken not to exceed idles rating and sag limits during starting and stoppin, Return fer Spacing “The suagesed normal spacing of return les for general belt conveyor work is ale given in Table 5-2, For conveyar bets wih heavy carcasses, and with 3 width of 4 inches or more ite recommended that We return ile spacing be determined by the use ofthe ier load vatngs and >y #46 considerations. ‘Carrying Idee Spacing at Loading Points ‘As fosing points, the carying less shouldbe spacer keep the belt steady nd to hold the belt in conteet withthe eubber edging ofthe loading skitslong its entire length. Careful stenon tothe spacing of the careyngilers atthe loading points will nine mateal leakage under the siciboards And atthe same time, wil alzo minimize wear on the belt cover, [Normally carving idee inthe loading zone are paced at half (or Jes) the normal spacing suggested in Table 52. Caution: Impact ders are used at loading zones, iaspact flr rllgs ate no higher than standard idler ratings. ‘Good practice dictates tha the spacing of der rolls under the loading area be sh thatthe major portion ofthe Toad engages the belt between Siders. “Teosghing Idler Spacing Adjacent (a Terminal Pulleys In passing fom the last toughag lle tothe cexminl pulley, the belt edges fare tetehed and tension is increated tthe outer edges. he belt edge stress faceeds the elastic Limit of the caeas, the belt edge wil be stretched per- ‘manenly and wil ause belt walang difficulties. On the ether hand, ifthe {roughing ile are paced to far ffom the terminal pulleys, spillage of the Toad is key Distance is important in the change (ansitin) from toughed to Mat form, This i erpeially significant when deply troughed ies are used. Depending on the transiton distance, one, two, or more transition- type roughing ilers can be used to support the belt between the last sane ‘dard ouphg idler and the terminal pulley. These idles can be positioned ‘her sea fixed angle or a¢ an adjastable concentrating angle. Table 53 ‘hows recommended transition ances for various trouphing angles, Ble tensions, and types of belting, In no case shoul the rating ofthe ile be ex. conded. Tae S3._ Recommended Minimum Tranion Disances Angle | % Rated Tension | Fotric Bats _| ste! cl aw | Gos Se vee ea than 60 e 198 ‘Ore50 Te 7a as | aon 135 28 Tes than 6 im ay ws | aon re fe es than 60 130, 2