BS EN ISO 6848:2015

BSI Standards Publication

Arc welding and cutting —

Nonconsumable tungsten
electrodes — Classification
BS EN ISO 6848:2015 BRITISH STANDARD

National foreword
This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN ISO 6848:2015.
It supersedes BS EN ISO 6848:2004 which is withdrawn.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical
Committee WEE/39, Welding consumables.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be
obtained on request to its secretary.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary
provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct
application.
© The British Standards Institution 2015.
Published by BSI Standards Limited 2015
ISBN 978 0 580 83848 4
ICS 25.160.20
Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from
legal obligations.
This British Standard was published under the authority of the
Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 September 2015.
Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication

Date Text affected

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN ISO 6848
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM September 2015

ICS 25.160.20 Supersedes EN ISO 6848:2004

English Version

Arc welding and cutting - Nonconsumable tungsten

electrodes - Classification (ISO 6848:2015)
Soudage et coupage à l'arc - Électrodes non Lichtbogenschweißen und -schneiden -
consommables en tungstène - Classification (ISO Wolframelektrode - Einteilung (ISO 6848:2015)
6848:2015)

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 11 December 2015.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels

© 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 6848:2015 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
BS EN ISO 6848:2015
EN ISO 6848:2015 (E)

European foreword

This document (EN ISO 6848:2015) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 44 “Welding
and allied processes” in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 121 “Welding and allied
processes” the secretariat of which is held by DIN.

This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 2016, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by March 2016.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.

This document supersedes EN ISO 6848:2004.

This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).

According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.

Endorsement notice

The text of ISO 6848:2015 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 6848:2015 without any modification.

3
 BS EN ISO 6848:2015
ISO 6848:2015(E)


Contents Page

Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... iv
Introduction...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Classification............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
4 Symbols and requirements......................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4.1 Symbol for the product/process............................................................................................................................................... 1
4.2 Symbol for the chemical composition.................................................................................................................................. 1
5 Chemical analysis.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
6 Retests.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
7 Marking........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
8 Standard sizes and tolerances................................................................................................................................................................. 3
8.1 Electrode diameters............................................................................................................................................................................ 3
8.2 Electrode lengths................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
9 Electrode shape and condition............................................................................................................................................................... 5
9.1 Electrode straightness....................................................................................................................................................................... 5
9.2 Electrode finish........................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
9.3 Electrode quality.................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
10 Rounding procedure.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
11 Marking and packaging.................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
11.1 Marking.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
11.2 Packaging...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
12 Classification examples.................................................................................................................................................................................. 6
Annex A (informative) Conditions of use.......................................................................................................................................................... 7

© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved  iii

BS EN ISO 6848:2015
ISO 6848:2015(E)


Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1.  In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted.  This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.  Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL:  Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 44, Welding and allied processes, Subcommittee
SC 3, Welding consumables.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 6848:2004), which has been technically
revised.

iv  © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

 BS EN ISO 6848:2015
ISO 6848:2015(E)


Introduction
Tungsten electrodes are used in a variety of welding and allied processes, including tungsten inert gas
welding, plasma arc welding and cutting, plasma spraying, and atomic hydrogen welding. In contrast
to most other welding electrodes, tungsten electrodes are not intended to become part of the weld
deposit. Nevertheless, the chemical composition of a tungsten electrode has an important effect on its
range of usage in welding and allied processes. Therefore, tungsten electrodes are classified according
to their chemical composition.
Requests for official interpretations of any aspect of this International Standard should be directed
to the Secretariat of ISO/TC 44/SC 3 via your national standards body. A complete listing of national
standards bodies can be found at www.iso.org.

© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved  v

BS EN ISO 6848:2015
 BS EN ISO 6848:2015
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 6848:2015(E)

Arc welding and cutting — Nonconsumable tungsten

electrodes — Classification

1 Scope
This International Standard specifies requirements for classification of nonconsumable tungsten
electrodes for inert gas shielded arc welding, and for plasma welding, cutting and thermal spraying.
Information on conditions of use of these electrodes is given in Annex A (informative).

2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 80000-1:2009, Quantities and units — Part 1: General

3 Classification
Classification of a tungsten electrode is based upon its chemical composition.

4 Symbols and requirements

4.1 Symbol for the product/process

The symbol for gas shielded tungsten arc processes is the letter W.

4.2 Symbol for the chemical composition

The symbol for the chemical composition of the tungsten electrode is the chemical symbol(s) for
the principal oxide additive(s) followed by digits indicating the nominal mass percent of the oxide
additive multiplied by 10. If there is no additive, the symbol is the letter P. Table 1 lists the composition
requirements for the various classifications.

5 Chemical analysis
Chemical analysis shall be performed on specimens of the electrode being classified. Any analytical
technique may be used but, in cases of dispute, reference shall be made to established published
methods.

6 Retests
If any test fails to meet the requirement, that test shall be repeated twice. The results of both retests
shall meet the requirements. Specimens for retesting may be taken from the original test specimen or
from a new test specimen. For chemical analysis, retests need only be for those specific elements that
failed to meet their test requirement. If the results of one or both retests fail to meet the requirement,
the material under test shall be considered as not meeting the requirements of this specification for
that classification.

© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved  1

BS EN ISO 6848:2015
ISO 6848:2015(E)


In the event that, during preparation or after completion of any test, it is clearly determined that
prescribed or proper procedures were not followed in preparing the test specimen or test specimen(s),
or in conducting the tests, the test shall be considered invalid, without regard to whether the test was
actually completed, or whether the test results met, or failed to meet, the requirement. That test shall
be repeated, following proper prescribed procedures. In this case, the requirement for doubling the
number of test specimens does not apply.

7 Marking
Tungsten electrodes 50mm in length and above, as manufactured, shall be marked on the basis of their
chemical composition, with one or more colour rings near one end of the electrode in accordance with
Table 1.
The width of the colour rings shall be at least 3 mm. Alternatively, tungsten electrodes may have their
classification symbols marked on the surface of the electrode near at least one end of the electrode.
For tungsten electrodes shorter than 50 mm in length, as manufactured, packaging shall be marked in
accordance with Clause 11.

Table 1 — Chemical composition requirements for tungsten electrodes

Chemical composition requirements

Colour code,
Classifica- Oxide addition Impurities, Tungsten,
tion symbol mass mass RGB colour value and col-
Principal Mass percent our samplea
percent percent
oxide
Green
WP None 0,1 max. Balance #008000

Grey

WCe20 CeO2 1,8 to 2,2 0,1 max. Balance #808080

Black

WLa10 La2O3 0,8 to 1,2 0,1 max. Balance #000000

Gold

WLa15 La2O3 1,3 to 1,7 0,1 max. Balance #FFD700

Blue

WLa20 La2O3 1,8 to 2,2 0,1 max. Balance #0000FF

Yellow

WTh10 ThO2 0,8 to 1,2 0,1 max. Balance #FFFF00

a RGB colour values and colour samples can be found at: https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/aa358802(v=vs.85).aspx
b Compositions not listed in this table are symbolized by the letters WG, followed by the chemical symbol(s) and digits
for the major oxide additive(s) in accordance with the principle used for the other compositions.

2  © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

 BS EN ISO 6848:2015
ISO 6848:2015(E)


Table 1 (continued)
Chemical composition requirements
Colour code,
Classifica- Oxide addition Impurities, Tungsten,
tion symbol mass mass RGB colour value and col-
Principal Mass percent our samplea
percent percent
oxide
Red

WTh20 ThO2 1,7 to 2,2 0,1 max. Balance #FF0000

Violet

WTh30 ThO2 2,8 to 3,2 0,1 max. Balance #EE82EE

Brown

WZr3 ZrO2 0,15 to 0,50 0,1 max. Balance #A52A2A

White
WZr8 ZrO2 0,7 to 0,9 0,1 max. Balance #FFFFFF

Any colour or combination of

The manufacturer shall identify all
WG b 0,1 max. Balance colours not already used in
additions and their nominal quantity
this International Standard
a RGB colour values and colour samples can be found at: https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/aa358802(v=vs.85).aspx
b Compositions not listed in this table are symbolized by the letters WG, followed by the chemical symbol(s) and digits
for the major oxide additive(s) in accordance with the principle used for the other compositions.

8 Standard sizes and tolerances

8.1 Electrode diameters

Standard electrode diameters and tolerances are given in Table 2. Other diameters and tolerances may
be as agreed between supplier and purchaser.
Electrodes should fit through ring gages sized for their maximum allowable diameter in accordance
with Table 2.

© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved  3

BS EN ISO 6848:2015
ISO 6848:2015(E)


Table 2 — Standard electrode diameters and tolerances

Nominal
Tolerance
Diameter
mm
mm
0,25 ±0,02
0,30 ±0,02
0,50 ±0,05
1,0 ±0,05
1,5 ±0,05
1,6 ±0,05
2,0 ±0,05
2,4 ±0,1
2,5 ±0,1
3,0 ±0,1
3,2 ±0,1
4,0 ±0,1
4,8 ±0,1
5,0 ±0,1
6,3 ±0,1
6,4 ±0,1
8,0 ±0,1
10,0 ±0,1

8.2 Electrode lengths

Standard electrode lengths and tolerances are given in Table 3. Other lengths and tolerances may be as
agreed between supplier and purchaser.

Table 3 — Standard electrode lengths and tolerances

Nominal Tolerance
length mm
mm
50 ±1,5
+ 2,5
75 − 1,0

+4
150 −1

+6
175 −1

+8
300 −1

+8
450 −1

+ 13
600 −1

4  © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

 BS EN ISO 6848:2015
ISO 6848:2015(E)


9 Electrode shape and condition

9.1 Electrode straightness

Electrode straightness shall not vary by more than 0,5 mm over a length of 100 mm.
For shorter electrodes, the electrode straightness shall not vary by more than 0,13 mm over a length of
50 mm.

9.2 Electrode finish

Electrodes shall be supplied with a ground finish. The ground finish designates that the electrode has
been cleaned of impurities after it has been centreless ground to a uniform size. It shall be supplied with
a bright, polished surface. The average surface roughness, measured longitudinally, shall not exceed
0,8 μm Ra.

9.3 Electrode quality

The electrode surface shall be free of excessive impurities, undesirable films, foreign inclusions, slivers,
cracks, scale and other defects. Electrodes shall be internally free of foreign inclusions or anything
else that would adversely affect the operation of the electrode. Oxide additions shall be sufficiently
uniformly distributed throughout the electrode so that the operation of the electrode is not adversely
affected.

10 Rounding procedure
For purposes of determining compliance with the requirements of this International Standard, the
actual test values obtained shall be subject to ISO 80000-1:2009, B.3, Rule A. If the measured values are
obtained by equipment calibrated in units other than those of this International Standard, the measured
values shall be converted to the units of this International Standard before rounding. If an arithmetic
average value is to be compared to the requirements of this International Standard, rounding shall be
done only after calculating the arithmetic average. The rounded results shall fulfil the requirements of
the appropriate table for the classification under test.

11 Marking and packaging

11.1 Marking
The following information, as a minimum, shall be legibly marked so as to be visible from the outside of
each package:
a) the number of this International Standard, i.e. ISO 6848;
b) electrode classification symbol in accordance with Table 1;
c) electrode diameter;
d) electrode length;
e) net quantity of electrodes;
f) supplier’s name and trade designation;
g) lot, control or heat number.

© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved  5

BS EN ISO 6848:2015
ISO 6848:2015(E)


11.2 Packaging
Packaging shall ensure that the tungsten electrodes are protected from all damage or staining when
they are properly transported and stored.

12 Classification examples
Example 1: A nonconsumable tungseten electrode with a chemical composition of La2O3 1,3 – 1,7 %,
impurities max 0,1  % and W balance for the alloy symbol WLa15, in accordance with Table 1, is
designated:
ISO 6848 — WLa15
where
  ISO 6848 is the number of this International Standard, and

  WLa15 indicates the chemical composition La2O3 1,3 – 1,7 %.

Example 2: A nonconsumable tungsten electrode with a chemical composition of La2O3 1,3 – 1,7 %, ZrO2
0,05 %, CeO2 0,05 % and W balance for the alloy symbol WG, in accordance with Table 1, is designated:
ISO 6848 — WG La15Ce0,5Zr0,5
where
  ISO 6848 is the number of this International Standard,

  WG indicates that the chemical composition ranges are not specified in ISO 6848 (see
Table 1), and

  La15Ce0,5Zr0,5 indicates the chemical composition, i.e. La2O3 1,3 – 1,7 %, CeO2 0,05 %, ZrO2 0,05 %
and W balance.

6  © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

 BS EN ISO 6848:2015
ISO 6848:2015(E)


Annex A
(informative)

Conditions of use

A.1 Influence of the type of current

A.1.1 General
The electric arc may be supplied with either direct current or alternating current. Table A.1 indicates
which type of current is generally more suitable to the type of metal or alloy to be welded.

A.1.2 Direct current supply

The arc behaviour is different depending on whether the electrode is connected to the positive or
negative terminal of the power source. With electrode positive (d.c.+) polarity, there is greater output
heat at the electrode and less penetration of the work than with electrode negative (d.c.−) polarity. The
current-carrying capacity of an electrode of a given size will therefore be lower with positive polarity
than with negative polarity.

A.1.3 Alternating current supply

With alternating current (a.c.) supply, the current changes direction each half-cycle. The arc alternates
between electrode positive polarity and electrode negative polarity. The current-carrying capacity of
an electrode is then less than when it is used with electrode negative polarity, but greater than when it
is used with electrode positive polarity.

Table A.1 — Suitability of current supply type

Direct current a
Alternating
Type of metal or alloy to be welded Electrode nega- Electrode current a
tive (−) positive (+)
Aluminium and its alloys (thickness ≤ 2,5 mm) Acceptable Acceptable Best
Aluminium and its alloys (thickness > 2,5 mm) Acceptable N.R. Best
Magnesium and its alloys N.R. Acceptable Best
Non-alloy steels and low alloy steels Best N.R. N.R.
Stainless steels Best N.R. N.R.
Copper Best N.R. N.R.
Bronze Best N.R. Acceptable
Aluminium bronze Acceptable N.R. Best
Silicon bronze Best N.R. N.R.
Nickel and its alloys Best N.R. Acceptable
Titanium and its alloys Best N.R. Acceptable
a N.R. = Not recommended.

© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved  7

BS EN ISO 6848:2015
ISO 6848:2015(E)


A.2 Arc current

The electrode size should be selected so that the current value is high enough for the arc to cover the
whole area of the electrode tip, which is then heated up to a temperature approaching its melting
temperature.
If the current is too low for the electrode size selected, the arc may be erratic and unstable, and tungsten
particles may be ejected.
If, however, the current is too high, it will cause the electrode to overheat and its tip to melt. Drops of
molten tungsten may fall into the weld, and the arc will become erratic and unstable. Table A.2 provides
recommended current ranges depending on the type of power supply and electrode diameter. A high
current value provides, in addition to a more stable arc, a higher concentration of heat, but this is
limited depending on the conditions of use. An adequate degree of taper of the electrode tip with d.c.−
polarity permits improvement of these conditions; e.g. the degree of taper of the electrode tip should
be chosen according to the current used. A more obtuse angle is recommended at higher currents for a
given electrode diameter.
Tungsten electrodes when used with alternating current or with direct current positive polarity may
form a molten ball on the arcing end of the electrode. A pure tungsten electrode may produce tungsten
inclusions in the weld when used on a.c. or d.c.+ without having accurate control of amperage and arc
length. The use of tungsten with oxide additions will alleviate this problem.
Many modern a.c. welding power supplies allow the balance between the d.c.+ and d.c.− portions of
the current cycle to be varied. When the d.c.+ portion of the cycle is increased relative to the d.c.−
portion, the recommended average current is decreased somewhat from the ranges given in Table A.2.
Conversely, when the d.c.− portion is increased relative to the d.c.+ portion, the recommended average
a.c. current is increased somewhat from the ranges given in Table A.2.

A.3 Further remarks

The choice of an electrode type and size and of the welding current is influenced by the type and
thickness of the parent metal to be welded or cut. The capacity of tungsten electrodes to carry current
is dependent upon a number of other factors, in particular, the type of equipment used (gas- or water-
cooled), the extension of the electrode beyond the nozzle, and the welding position.
An electrode of a given size will have its greatest current-carrying capacity with direct current,
electrode negative; less with alternating current, and still less with direct current, electrode positive.
Table A.2 lists some typical current values that may be used with argon shielding. Use of alternate
shielding gases (including mixtures) may reduce the current carrying capacity of a given size of
tungsten electrode. The other factors mentioned above should be carefully considered before selecting
an electrode for a specific application.

8  © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

 BS EN ISO 6848:2015
ISO 6848:2015(E)


Table A.2 — Approximate current ranges depending on the electrode diameter

Electrode Direct current Alternating current
diameter
A A
mm
Arc Balance
Arc Balance
Electrode Electrode positive 30 % electrode
50 % electrode (+) /
negative (−) (+) (+) /
50 % electrode (−)
70 % electrode (−)
Tungsten Tungsten Tungsten
Tungsten with
with oxide with oxide Pure tungsten Pure tungsten with oxide
oxide additives
additives additives additives
0,25 up to 15 not applicable not applicable up to 15 up to 15 up to 15
0,30 up to 15 not applicable not applicable up to 15 up to 15 up to 15
0,50 2 to 20 not applicable not applicable 2 to 15 2 to 15 2 to 15
1,0 10 to 75 not applicable not applicable 25 to 60 25 to 75 25 to 80
1,5 45 to 150 10 to 20 10 to 20 45 to 80 40 to 100 40 to 115
1,6 45 to 150 10 to 20 10 to 20 50 to 100 40 to 110 40 to 125
2,0 60 to 200 15 to 25 15 to 25 60 to 130 60 to 130 60 to 150
2,4 75 to 220 15 to 30 15 to 30 70 to 130 65 to 150 60 to 175
2,5 75 to 230 17 to 30 17 to 30 70 to 130 65 to 150 60 to 175
3,0 80 to 290 20 to 35 20 to 35 80 to 140 70 to 160 70 to 210
3,2 85 to 330 20 to 35 20 to 35 90 to 150 75 to 170 75 to 250
4,0 100 to 400 35 to 50 35 to 50 95 to 170 85 to 210 85 to 310
4,8 120 to 480 50 to 70 50 to 70 100 to 240 90 to 300 95 to 340
5,0 130 to 550 50 to 70 50 to 70 100 to 280 90 to 350 100 to 390
6,3 150 to 630 65 to 100 65 to 100 120 to 350 – 115 to 450
6,4 150 to 650 70 to 125 70 to 125 125 to 375 – –
8,0 – – – – – –
10,0 – – – – – –
NOTE If no value is given, no recommendation is available.

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