Quraishi and Kalim (2008) reported that female teachers faced gender discrimination and had lower job

satisfaction in a survey
of university teachers in Pakistan, Women are less likely to be involved in decision-making because they are
underrepresented on committees and have few chairpersons. This situation not only means underestimating female teachers,
but also leads to a lack of information about female teachers.

As a result, female teachers in Pakistan face discriminatory barriers at a key element of the model of gender inequality. The
dynamics of strongly conservative national cultures and institutional internal structures (Acker, 1994; Bond, 1996a; Smulders,
1998),

An international study (Keung, 2008) of decision-making as measured by teachers' level of participation in teaching,
learning, and management in relation to the workplace in higher education (Keung, 2008) shows that there are few women in
leadership positions (Aikman & Unterhalter, 2007). . In the world of work, women are considered less capable than men (Goheer,
2003) and are primarily responsible for the household (Alireza, 1987)

Gender discrimination in resource allocation and use is not uncommon in the workplace, even in more developed countries
(Crosby, 1984; Ensher, Grant 112 SadiaShaukat, Aishah Sıddıquah, & Anthony William Pell Vallone, & Donaldson, 2001;

Greenhouse, 2004). In higher education, women generally have less access to resources (Bond, 1996a), but there is evidence that
women take advantage of opportunities when they do (UNESCO, 2002).

Women have had some success in higher education in developed countries, but are still underestimated in academic and
administrative processes, especially in the top positions of educational institutions (Bond, 1996b; NESSE, 2009; Singh, 2008).
UNESCO, 2002). Work satisfaction is regarded as a powerful indicator of an individual's overall well-being (Diaz Serrano &
Cabral Vieira, 2005), Ensher et al. (2001) It is pointed out that sex discrimination can lead to loss of job satisfaction. In education,
there is evidence that there is a positive link between perceived autonomy in the work environment and work satisfaction (Kreis
& Brockoff, 1986). In Pakistan, a highly regulated work environment for women can be expected to bring low job satisfaction.