Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Intelligent Communication Technologies and Virtual Mobile Networks (ICICV 2021).
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP21ONG-ART; 978-0-7381-1183-4
A Review of Machine Learning Approaches in Plant
2021 Third International Conference on Intelligent Communication Technologies and Virtual Mobile Networks (ICICV) | 978-1-6654-1960-4/20/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICICV50876.2021.9388488
Leaf Disease Detection and Classification
MAJJI V APPLALANAIDU
Department of Computer Science
Pondicherry University
Puducherry, India
naidu.lolugu@gmail.com
Abstract— To identify the recent advancements in the
development of plant disease detection and classification system
based on Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL)
models. In this study, we have collected more than 45 papers
published during the year 2017-2020 from the peer-reviewed
journals of different databases such as Scopus and Web of
Science analogous to the keywords such as plant disease
identification, recognition, and classification using ML and DL
algorithms. An organized way of analysis of various plant disease
classification models has been shown in well-formed tables. In
this paper, we have conducted a systematic literature study on
the applications of the state-of-the-art ML and DL algorithms
such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), Neural Network (NN),
K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Naïve Bayes (NB), other few popular
ML algorithms and AlexNet, GoogLeNet, VGGNet, and other
few popular DL algorithms respectively for plant disease
categorization. Each stated algorithm is characterized through
the corresponding processing methods such as image
segmentation, feature extraction, along with the standardized
experimental-setup metrics such as total number of
training/testing dataset employed, number of diseases under
considerations, type of classifier utilized, and the percentage of
classification accuracy. This work will be a beneficial resource
for researchers to recognize any particular type of plant diseases
through data-driven approaches. The development of mobile-
based applications using the studied ML/DL approaches will
surely increase agricultural productivity.
Keywords— Plant Disease Detection, Plant Disease
Classification, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Image
Processing.
I. INTRODUCTION
Early detection of plant leaf infections is an essential task
in agriculture. For the leaf’s quality evaluation, various
methods have been frequently employed, such as
thermography, fluorescence imagery, affinity bio-sensor based
on Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) /Ribonucleic acid (RNA),
chain reactions, chromatography of natural gas, and
immunofluorescence. Inadequacy, inconsistency, and
extension were the problems of the techniques mentioned
above. Thus, various researchers employed image processing
with ML/DL algorithms to overcome those challenges. Studies
[1]-[6] show that image processing techniques are valuable
tools for recognizing and categorizing plant diseases.
Recently, most of the research works in plant disease
identification and categorization focused towards only on the
direction of application of ML algorithms or DL algorithms.
Hence, according to our knowledge, this is the first research
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G. KUMARAVELAN
Department of Computer Science
Pondicherry University
Puducherry, India
gkumarvelanpu@gmail.com
attempt to explore and summarize the various research
findings towards detecting and classifying leaf diseases using
ML and DL algorithms. Meanwhile, some recent advances of
popular DL models that are widely used to identify plant
diseases are also included in this proposed study. Furthermore,
the study identifies the various research gaps existing in the
existing literature to make the vision of symptoms experienced
in the plant leaf disease classification process in a clearer
sense. This paper has the following sections: Section II
presents the detailed comparative analysis of the various
deployed state-of-the-art ML/DL algorithms in plant disease
identification and categorization. Section III explains the
details about the previous research results on different ML/DL
models. Section IV concludes this paper along with future
work directions..
II. CLASSIFICATION PRACTICE FOR PLANT DISEASE
CATEGORIZATION
This section summarizes different ML and DL techniques
used in the plant disease classification system's
development process.
A. Analysis of ML algorithms for plant disease classification
The authors of [7] suggested a method to classify the pea
plant's rust disease and healthy leaves. In image pre-
processing, Gaussian filters are applied to leaf images for
smoothing and to remove the noises. For enhancement of the
image, they performed a log transform to the Gaussian filtered
image. Later, Binary threshold segmentation methods have
been used to divide the background and foreground parts of
the image in black and white. Image erosion has also been
used to remove the structuring element defined by the binary
threshold on the image. After performing the above-mentioned
operations, now the picture consists of background and
foreground only. Using the discrete wavelet transform method,
wavelet features were extracted from the segmented image
and stored in the two-dimensional matrix. Lastly, the extracted
features were applied to SVM as input and the classification is
performed with 89.6% accuracy. The authors of [8]
investigated a technique to classify the five diseases of the
Banana leaf. They collected a total number of 106 images by
the digital camera. During the classification process, 60
images are used for training and 46 images are used for testing
purpose. In the pre-processing step, they removed the
unwanted information of the image using various image pre-
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processing filters. They applied genetic algorithms to the pre-
processed image for segmentation to extract the diseased
portion of the leaf. Later, they extracted color and texture
features from the segmented image. Lastly, these extracted
features are applied to SVM classifier as input and the
classification is performed with 95.7% accuracy. The authors
of [9] explored a novel model to classify the soybean leaves of
various diseases. They have collected 4775 images from the
plant village dataset in the format of JPEG for experimentation
purpose. During the classification process, 3341 images were
used for training, and 1434 were used for testing purposes. In
pre-processing, they converted the RGB image to LAB color
space, in which it removes the background of the image for
further processing. Subsequently, the diseased portion of the
image was extracted by the k-means segmentation algorithm.
Later, extracted texture and Color features from the segmented
image are applied to the SVM classifier. In their development
process, they divide the whole dataset into three models, like
model1, model2, and model3. Model1 uses 50% of the total
images for training and testing, model2 uses 60% and 40% of
the overall pictures for training and testing respectively,
model3 uses 70% and 30% of the total images for training and
testing purpose. Among the three models, the highest
classification accuracy is achieved by model3 with 62.53%.
The authors of [10] developed a system to classify the grape
leaves of the various diseases. The total numbers of 400
images were collected from a well-known benchmark plant
village dataset. During the classification process, the training
was performed using 225 images and testing was performed
using 175 images. In their model construction, they initially
resized the images and converted the images from RGB to
grayscale for faster computation. The proposed method
extracted the features using fermy zernic moments approach
and stores the values in the feature matrix. Later the stored
feature values were applied to the SVM classifier and shown
the classification accuracy of 97.3%. The authors compared
the proposed model with NN, Fuzzy set theory algorithms and
concluded that the recommended model gets the top accuracy.
The authors of [11] discussed a technique for the classification
of two diseases of potato leaves. They have collected 300
potato leaf images from the plant village dataset. During
classification, they used 180 images for training and 120
images for testing purpose. The MATLAB color threshold app
is used for image segmentation. After applying this app, they
are able to remove the background, green pixels from the
diseased leaf, and remains with only an unhealthy region of
interest. Subsequently, the extracted texture and color features
from the segmented images are stored in the feature vector
was applied to the Multiclass SVM classifier to perform
classification with an accuracy of 95%. The authors of [12]
investigated a system for the classification of black rot,
powdery mildew, and downy mildew diseases of different
crop leaves. To avoid the limitations of the extrinsic factors
(capturing conditions and image background) and intrinsic
factors (similar symptoms of different disorders and image
segmentation), they applied the Grabcut segmentation
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algorithm to remove the background and extracted the affected
portion from the complex background leaf images of different
capturing conditions. After that, LBP (Local Binary Pattern) is
used to extract texture features from the segmented images
and applied to one class classifier to classify the disease of
various types of plant leaves with 95%of accuracy.
The authors of [13] suggested a model GAACO
(Genetic_Algorithm and Ant_Colony_Optimization) with
TSVM( Transductive Support Vector Machine) to avoid the
limitations of existing works such as low segmentation
accuracy, high computational complexity and less success rate
of disease classification. In the first phase, they converted the
RGB image to the grayscale image and calculated the
histogram of the input image. In the second phase, they
segmented the images by GAACO hybrid algorithm. In the
third phase, extracted the texture features from segmented
regions and stored them in a feature vector. Finally, helpful
features are hand over to the TSVM classifier to classify
pomegranate diseased leaves with 91.3% accuracy. The
authors of [14] proposed a technique to classify the three
diseases of the paddy leaves using SVM. To separate the
affected part from the leaf, the authors used the k-means
segmentation method. They extracted color, texture, and shape
features and stored their respective values in the feature vector
matrix. Finally, the SVM classifier uses the extracted features
to classify paddy leaf diseases with an accuracy of 92%. The
authors of [15] applied the GLCM (Gray Level Co-occurrence
Matrix) method to identify various diseases in the citrus leaf
using texture features. First, they do the color space
conversion to enhance the images. Later, the diseased portion
of the image selected by the k-means clustering algorithm.
Finally, the four extracted texture features from the GLCM
method are applied to the SVM classifier and provides the
classification accuracy of 90%. The authors of [16] developed
a system to classify the diseases of palm oil leaves using a
Multiclass SVM classifier. Initially, they contrasted the image
by image enhancement followed by the application of the k-
means segmentation algorithm for segmentation purpose to
divide the unhealthy region of the leaf image. Later, the
thirteen extracted shape, texture, and color features from the
segmented images are applied to the Multiclass SVM
classifier and reported an accuracy of 95%.
The authors of [17] proposed a model to classify two diseases
of maize leaf using SVM and K-NN. They applied eight Haar
wavelet features and eighteen histogram features to K-NN and
SVM to perform the classification and showed an accuracy of
85% and 88% respectively. The authors of [18] recommended
a model to classify three diseases of potato plant leaves using
seven ML algorithms. Initially, preprocessing is applied to 450
images to resize the images and passed to the next phase,
image segmentation. In this phase, the diseased portion of the
image is extracted using the color threshold segmentation
method. Later, from the segmented images Humoment,
Haralic, and Histogram features were extracted. Finally, they
applied the extracted features to seven ML algorithms such as
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Random Forest (RF), Logistic Regression (LR), KNN, DT, The authors of [20] explained a model to identify and
NB, Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), and SVM to categorize Brown Spot and Leaf Blast diseases of paddy leaf.
perform the classification. Among all the classifiers, the RF Initially, they segmented the image by the Global threshold
classifier was proven with the highest accuracy of 97%. The method to split the diseased area of the leaf image. After that,
authors of [19] explained a model to classify three diseases of they extracted four geometric features from the segmented
soybean leaves using SVM. They applied image preprocessing images were submitted to the KNN classifier. During the
filers to remove unwanted information from the images. Using evaluation of the model, 198 images were used for training
the k-means method, the affected region of the leaves has been and 132 images were used for testing. KNN classify the
extracted. They extracted the four color and seventeen texture diseases of paddy leaf with 76.59% of accuracy. The authors
features from the segmented images and submitted them to the of [21] proposed a technique to categorize the diseases of the
SVM. Finally, SVM performs the classification to classify different plant leaves. In this method, the extracted four
various soybean diseases with an accuracy of 95%. The texture and two color features from the diseased leaf images
summary of all the ML algorithms are shown in Table I. are applied to the KNN classifier. Finally, KNN performs the
classification successfully with 96.76% of accuracy.
TABLE I. SUMMARY OF THE ML ALGORITHM BASED ON CLASSIFICATION
ACCURACY
The authors of [22] introduced a technique to classify the
various plant leaf diseases. This proposed method contains
Ref Year Segmenta Feature Trainin NOD CT CA two parts. In the first part, the ring-based segmentation
tion s g-
Testing
algorithm is applied to the images to extract the leaf image's
[10] 2019 NA Fraction 225-175 3 SVM 97.3 color intensity features. In the second part, they applied those
al order features to the Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) classifier
Zernike to classify the healthy and diseased leaves of various plants.
moment The authors of [23] recommended a model to categorize the
s
[18] 2020 Color Hu 450-100 3 RF 97 diseases of cotton plant leaf using Neural Network. They
threshold momen, generated the dataset from the actual fields of Nagpur. They
Haralic, applied an unsharp filter to enhance the edges of the leaf in the
histogra preprocessing stage. Otsu segmentation algorithm has been
m
[21] 2019 Color Texture, NA 5 KNN 96.76 used to extract a diseased portion from the preprocessed
threshold Color images. Later, nine color, four shape, and twenty-two texture
[8] 2017 Genetic Color, 60-46 5 SVM 95.7 features were derived from the segmented images and then
Algorithm Texture submitted to the Feed Forward Back Propagation Neural
[23] 2019 Otsu Color, 70-30 3 NN 95.48
Texture,
Network (FFBPNN) classifier. Finally, the classifier showed a
Shape classification accuracy of 95.48%. The authors of [24]
[11] 2017 Color Color, 180-120 2 SVM 95 developed a novel technique to identify the diseases of various
threshold Texture plant leaves using Multiple Linear Regression (MLR). In the
[12] 2018 Grabcut Texture NA 3 SVM 95 pre-processing phase, they selected all the image edges by
[16] 2018 k-means Texture, NA 2 SVM 95
Color,
edge detection techniques to detach the leaf from the
Shape background. They used spatial domain image denoising to
[19] 2019 k-means Shape, 794-300 3 SVM 95 remove the noise from the image. In the segmentation phase,
Texture, the authors introduced an improved histogram technique to
Color avoid the manual calculation of threshold value. This method
[14] 2018 k-means Color, NA 3 SVM 92
Shape, calculates the threshold value automatically. They used this
Texture segmentation method to separate the unhealthy leaf region.
[13] 2019 GAACO Texture NA 4 TSV 91.3 Later, they extracted the texture, shape, and color features
M from the infected area of the leaf image. Finally, MLR uses all
[22] 2017 Ring Color, NA NA NN 90
Intensity
the extracted features and performs classification with an
[15] 2018 k-means Texture 60 NA SVM 90 accuracy of 90%.
[24] 2018 Improved Color, NA NA MLR 90
histogram Texture, B. Analysis of DL models for plant disease classification
Shape
[7] 2018 Binary Wavelet NA-500 1 SVM 89.6
threshold
The authors of [25] defined Convolutional Neural Networks
[17] 2019 NA Texture NA 2 SVM 88 (CNN) to categorize the diseases of tobacco leaves with 120
[20] 2017 Otsu Geomet 198-132 2 KNN 76.5 images. The authors compared the proposed model results to
ric other existing models and concluded that their model has
[9] 2018 k-means Color, 3341- 3 SVM 62.53 shown the best performance accuracy with 85.10%. The
Texture 1434
authors of [26] proposed three variants of “deep learning
*NOD means Number of Diseases, CT means Classification meta-architectures”, namely Faster Region-based
Technique, CA means Classification Accuracy.

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Convolutional Neural Network (Faster R-CNN), Region-based
Fully Convolutional Network (R-FCN), and Single Shot
Multibox Detector (SSD) to classify nine diseases of tomato
plants. They applied different techniques, such as data
augmentation and feature extraction, to decrease false
positives and improve accuracy while training. The proposed
model achieves an accuracy of 83.6%. The authors of [27]
trained two architectures (GoogLeNet and AlexNet) to classify
nine diseases of tomato leaves. Initially, they applied the
preprocessing for all images to resize the images and to
remove the image background information. Later, the model
applied the features to the classification layer to classify the
various tomato plant leaf diseases with 99.18% accuracy.
The authors of [28] recommended a model to classify ten
diseases of tomato plant leaves using AlexNet and
SqueezeNet. In this case, the authors conducted training and
validation for both these deep learning networks. However,
among these two models, AlexNet achieves an accuracy of
95.65%. The authors of [29] proposed an improved Cifar10
and GoogLeNet models to classify the nine diseases of maize
plant leaves. They applied different methods such as altering
the dropout operations, accumulation pooling combinations,
adjusting the parameters, and rectifying linear unit functions.
Finally, they concluded that the GoogLeNet model achieved
an accuracy of 98.9%. The authors of [30] introduced a new
Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) model to
classify ten rice plant diseases of 500 natural images. They
trained the model with cross-validation of a 10-fold strategy
and achieved an accuracy of 95.48%. The authors of [31]
suggested a CNN model to classify two diseases of
pomegranate of real-time plant leaves. The authors concluded
that the proposed model with real-time data achieved a higher
accuracy of 88.7% and reduced the misclassification rate.
The authors of [32] suggested a model to classify three
diseases of rice plants of 600 images. They used the AlexNet
model with transfer learning algorithm and achieved an
accuracy of 91.23%. The authors of [33] tested various CNN
architectures on plant village datasets using three learning
strategies for the classification of plant disease. The
Inceptionv3 model achieved an accuracy of 99.76%.
Moreover, they have a proposed method to know and
understand the CNN classification method using saliency
maps as a visualization tool. This model improves the
transparency among the DL models and gives more insight
into plant disease symptoms. The authors of [34] explored a
technique to categorize the four diseases of grape plant leaf
using Leaf Generative Adversarial Networks (LGAN). This
model showed better performance than other GAN models
such as Deep Convolution Generative Adversarial Networks
(DCGAN) and Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Networks
(WGAN). They conducted experiments on the Pytorch
framework using eight deep learning models. Among them,
XceptionNet achieved better accuracy of 98.70%. The authors
of [35] developed a novel model MDFC–ResNet (Multi-
Dimensional Feature Compensation Residual Neural Network)
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to detect 59 diseases of different crops. This method has the
capability of automatically identifying plant diseases and
communicates symptomatic outcome to the farmers. This
model has three dimensions: fine-grained disease, species, and
coarse-grained disease. They conducted experiments using the
Keras framework, and achieved better accuracy of 85.22%.
The authors of [36] presented a method to categorize the six
diseases of a soybean leaf. The images were taken by
unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). They applied different
methods, such as data augmentation and dropout, to avoid
over-fitting throughout the network training. They used
various techniques such as fine-tuning and transfer learning to
achieve 99.04% accuracy. The authors of [37] suggested a
new data augmentation method to classify five diseases of
tomato leaf images using GoogLeNet. The model achieved
94.33% accuracy by modifying the CNN architecture,
selecting different generative adversarial networks, and
adjusting the hyper-parameters. The authors of [38] proposed
a new CNN algorithm to classify diseased and healthy leaf of
mango plant leaves with a total of 2200 images. They
achieved a classification accuracy of 97.13%. The authors of
[39] proposed an improved CNN to classify five diseases of
the apple leaf dataset. They combined real field images and
laboratory images using image annotation and data
augmentation techniques and concluded that the proposed
model achieves 78.80% of mAP (mean average precision).
The authors of [40] proposed the DenseNet-121 model to
classify five diseases for apple plant leaf with three loss
functions. The model gives better results using loss functions
than cross-entropy. The authors of [41] suggested a MobileNet
Convolutional Neural Network (MCNN) to classify six crops,
twenty-seven diseases using an automatic Grabcut image
segmentation algorithm. They designed a method for mobile-
based smart devices to detect cash crop diseases. The authors
concluded that the proposed method has a correct
identification rate of over 80%. The authors of [42] proposed a
model to detect five cassava leaf diseases with class labeled
10000 images collected. They concentrated on class weight,
focal loss, and SMOT (Synthetic Minority Over-sampling
Technique) to achieve over 93% accuracy. The authors of [43]
developed an INC-VGG model to classify rice and maize
diseases. In this proposed model, the last two VGG-19 layers
were replaced by the two Inception modules to improve the
ability of the feature extraction. This new model showed the
best results with rice and maize as compared with original
networks. The authors of [44] proposed a CNN model named
as depth-wise separable to classify the diseases of various
plant leaves. They used MobileNet to achieve the
classification accuracy of 98.34% using fewer parameters than
VGGNet. The authors of [45] suggested a deep learning model
to classify millet diseases using transfer learning with feature
extraction. They have used 124 millet leaf images, and the
experiments are carried out on the Keras framework with an
accuracy of 95%. The summary of all the DL models are
presented in Table II.
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TABLE II. SUMMARY OF THE DL MODELS BASED ON CLASSIFICATION mean average precision (mAP). The authors of [49] proposed
ACCURACY
an improved YOLOv3 model to detect the location and
classify tomato plant diseases under natural conditions. They
have conducted experiments on the CaffeNet and darknet
Ref Year Name of the NOD Training- DL Model CA
framework and showed 92.39% of accuracy. The authors of
Plant Testing [50] implemented a framework Filter Bank to classify the
[33] 2018 14 crops 38 43444- Inceptionv3 99.76 tomato plant diseases. The system consists of three units: The
10862 first unit detects the infected area's location and class by
[46] 2018 25 crops 58 70300- VGG 99.53 creating the bounding boxes. The second unit eliminates the
17548
[27] 2017 Tomato 9 14828 AlexNet, 99.18
misclassified samples by the CNN Filter Bank. Lastly, the
GoogleNet third unit merges the data such as True Positive and False
Positive samples from the first and second units. The proposed
[36] 2020 Soya bean 6 2100-900 Inceptionv3 99.04
[29] 2018 Maize 9 400-100 Improved 98.9
model archived an accuracy of 96%.
GoogleNet
[34] 2020 Grape 4 3655-407 Xception 98.7 III. DISCUSSIONS
[44] 2020 24 crops 55 73944- MobileNet 98.65
8217 A. Datasets
[38] 2020 Mango 1 1760-440 MCNN 97.13
[47] 2020 Wheat 3 8178 ResNet 96 In all the experimental setup of the researchers, ML
[50] 2020 Tomato 10 5000 Refined CNN 96 algorithms have been experimented with lesser number of
Filter Bank inputs in their dataset in turn comparison with the DL
[28] 2017 Tomato 10 5000 AlexNet, 95.5 algorithms to detect and classify plant diseases. Most of the
SqueezeNet
[30] 2017 Rice 10 500 DeepCNN 95.48
authors used the plant village dataset, in which the images
[45] 2019 Millet 1 99-25 VGG16 95
were taken under a controlled environment. However, the
[37] 2020 Tomato 5 1200-300 GoogleNet 94.33 trained model in the controlled environment fails when the
[40] 2020 Rice 6 1969-493 Densenet121 93.71 model is tested on the uncontrolled environment. For this
[42] 2020 Cassava 5 10000 CNN 93 reason, to improve the accuracy of these models,
[49] 2020 Tomato 12 15000 Improved 92.39 experimentation using the real-time images is needed. So the
YOLOv3 researchers must focus on the real-time image dataset.
[43] 2020 Rice and Rice -5 350-150 INC-VGG19 92 Recently, hyper-spectral dataset has used by some of the
Maize Maize-4 349-117 researchers in this domain, which shows better performance.
[32] 2018 Rice 3 600 AlexNet 91.3 The summary of the datasets used by the various researchers is
[31] 2017 Pomegranate 2 1030 CNN 88.7 shown in Fig 1.
[35] 2020 Different 59 54185- MDFC- 85.22
crops 4540 ResNet
[25] 2018 Tobacco 3 120 CNN 85.10 B. Image segmentation
[41] 2020 6 crops 27 34264- Mobilenet 84.83
3807
[26] 2017 Tomato 10 4500-500 VGG Net 83.6
From the table III, except for GAACO, all other segmentation
ResNet algorithms have some limitations in the segmentation phase.
[48] 2020 Grape 4 4449 Inception- 81.1 Every segmentation algorithm and its limitations discuss in
Resnet detail. K-means is the most popular segmentation method has
[39] 2019 Apple 5 19782- VGG- 78.8 used in the segmentation phase. This method has detected the
6595 Inception diseased portion of the leaf images efficiently. However, it has
limitations, such as the prediction of the k-value is difficult
*NOD means Number of Diseases, CA means Classification during the segmentation phase. Hence, it isn't easy to
Accuracy. repeatedly give the value of k by the researcher for the large
data sets throughout the training phase. Next to the Active
The authors of [46] recommended a model to classify fifty- contour segmentation algorithm, it is more efficient to find the
eight diseases of twenty-five crops using VGGNet. They have leaf image's affected portion. But it takes more time for the
conducted the experiments on torch framework and achieved completion of the segmentation process. To avoid this
99.5% of classification accuracy. The authors of [47] proposed problem, the Otsu segmentation algorithm has been used
DCNN to classify the fungal diseases of the wheat plant because it is quite fast as compared to the Active contour.
leaves. They collected real-time images at different locations Still, the problem is threshold value is calculated manually.
in three consecutive years and achieved an accuracy of 96%. Thus, an improved histogram has been used to detect the leaf
The authors of [48] proposed improved DCNN to classify four image's diseased portion because the threshold value was
diseases of the grape leaf in a real-time environment. During calculated automatically. However, it reduced the disease
experimentation, they have used 4449 grape leaf images. The detection rate due to the binary approach threshold value.
Inception-ResNet-v2 module showed better results with 81.1%

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Fig 1. Summary of the Dataset used by the Researchers

Usage of Datasets
9 8
8
7
Researchers

6 5 5
5 4 4
4 3 3
3 2 2 2 2
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 Researchers
0

Corn
Groundnuts

Palm oil

Cotton
Potato
Citrus

Pea

Tobacco
Bitter gourd

Beans
Cucumber

Grapes
Rice
other plants

Tomato
wheat
Chilly

Pomegranate
Okara
Brinjal
Apple

Millet

Paddy
Banana

Datasets

TABLE III. THE SUMMARY OF SEGMENTATION TECHNIQUES WITH STRENGTHS background. However, the entire object is not covered due to
AND WEAKNESSES
the small bounding box initiated earlier. To avoid this
S.NO Segmentation Strengths Weaknesses problem combination of algorithms, GAACO has been
technique
introduced in the segmentation phase, and it extracts the
1 K-means It is efficient method Prediction of K-
to detect diseased value is difficult. diseased portion of the leaf image accurately. Therefore
portion. researchers should apply a combination of different
2 Active Contour High accuracy Low processing segmentation algorithms on the images and except the better
time feature values from the segmented images to achieve better
3 Otsu Faster in Threshold values
computation must be calculated
classification accuracy.
manually.
4 Improved Automatic Reduces disease C. Feature extraction
Histogram generation of detection rate.
threshold value.
5 Genetic Fully automatic Takes more
All the deployed ML algorithms for the plant disease
Algorithm processing time. classification task require a feature extraction mechanism.
However, this feature extraction method is not needed for DL
6 Grab cut No special If the bounding box models. Due to this reason, most of the plant disease detection
background is is too small then the and classification systems work on deep learning framework
needed. objects parts outside
It is operational and of the bounding box recently. The summary of the features handled by the feature
more robust will be get ignored. extraction techniques has presented in Table IV.
Special conditions
need not required. TABLE IV. THE SUMMARY OF FEATURE EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES
7 GAACO Ensures optimal --
(Genetic result S.No Features Technique
Algorithm Ant 1 Color Color Co-occurrence Matrix(CCM)
Colony 2 Texture Gray Level Co-occurrence
Optimization). Matrix(GLCM)
3 Shape Minimum Enclosing
Rectangle(MER)
To avoid this problem, the Genetic Algorithm has been 4 Color, Texture Color Co-occurrence Matrix(CCM)
introduced in the segmentation phase. It is fully automatic, 5 Color, Shape, CCM,GLCM
detects the diseases accurately, and works in friendly Texture
environment conditions such as light and shadow. But the 6 Other features Discrete Wavelet Transform(DWT)
major problem is it takes more processing time. To avoid this Scale Invariant Feature
Transform(SIFT)
reason, Grabcut algorithm has introduced in the segmentation
phase. It is operational and more robust. Special conditions
D. Classification
need not required, and also it does not require any particular

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The following Table V shows various types of ML classifiers TABLE VI. COMPARISON OF DL TECHNIQUES WITH LIMITATIONS
with strengths and weaknesses presented in this paper. After S.N DL Number Paramete Classifica Limitations
comparing all ML algorithms, it is found that more time is o algorith of rs in tion
required for training and testing. In addition, all the ML ms Layers millions accuracy
(%)
algorithms are not suitable for large data. To avoid these 1 AlexNet 8 60 95.5 Over-fitting
problems, researchers have been implemented this system problem.
using DL algorithms.
2 VGGNet 16 138 99.53 Computationall
y expensive and
TABLE V. COMPARISON OF CLASSIFICATION TECHNIQUES WITH STRENGTHS difficult to
AND WEAKNESSES
deploy on low
resource
S.No ML Strengths Weaknesses systems.
algorithms 3 GoogLe 22 5 99.35 Reduction of
1 SVM It has good potential for It requires longer Net feature space in
weed identification. training and testing the hidden
if the performance layers may
of the segmentation results in loss of
is slow. information.
It is not suitable for 4 Inceptio 48 24 99.76 Architecture
large dataset. nv3 design is
2 KNN Prior knowledge of Selecting k-value is difficult to
training need not required difficult. comprehend.
It reduces the recognition It does not work for 5 ResNet 50 26 96 Many layers
time and high dimensional may contribute
Computational data. to very little or
complexity. no information.
3 NB Simple classifier, high It works on the 6 Xceptio 71 23 98.7 Computational
accuracy, and speed with offline data only. nNet cost is more.
large database.
4 BPNN High accuracy. More training time From the analysis of Table I and Table II, in concern to each
is required
5 DT High accuracy. Over fitting examined ML/DL algorithms, the major limitations are as
problem, needs follows: 1) Visual symmetries in the symptoms of the diseases
more training time. are not properly addressed. 2) Higher accuracy obtained
6 RF High accuracy, It requires more
Handles missing values, computational
through the DL models using CNN architecture, which are
Violates over fitting power and training trained with a smaller dataset provides inaccurate results. 3)
problem. time. For each examined DL model, training and testing require
more images to achieve the best accuracy.
Table VI shows the comparison of various DL algorithms
presented in this paper. The DL models are used in the IV. CONCLUSIONS
classification of plant disease, such as VGGNet, AlexNet,
This review provides a comparative analysis of various state-
ResNet, Inceptionv3, GoogLeNet, and XceptionNet. The
of-the-art ML and DL algorithms to identify and categorize
present trend explains that enhance the strength of the DL
plant leaf diseases. Finally, the following potential areas for
model by rising the layer depth, such as AlexNet has eight
further investigations are as follows: 1) It would be of great
layers, VGGNet16 has 16 layers, GoogLeNet has 22 layers,
importance to diagnose a specific stage of a plant leaf disease.
Inceptionv3 has 48 layers, ResNet has 50 layers, and
2) The analysis would be useful to control the number of
XceptionNet has 71 layers. Some DL models such as AlexNet
chemicals to be applied in an accurate quantification. 3) An
and VGGNet have few layers with large number of parameters
online system should be needed for identifying and classifying
have shown the classification accuracy of 95.5% and 99.53%
all plant diseases. 4) To develop a system to detect an infected
respectively. Recent developments at the DL model show that
leaf due to loss of nutrient deficiency. 5) More research
new models such as inceptionv3, ResNet, and XceptionNet
investigations must also be needed to carry out the analysis on
have great depth with a fewer parameters. They have achieved
the backside of the leaf. 6) Inclusion of real-time images
the classification accuracy of 99.76%, 96%, and 98.7%
should be used for accurate detection of diseases of the plant
respectively. The least number of parameters in GoogLeNet
leaf. 7) Image collection under mixed lighting conditions can
with more layers showed 99.35% classification accuracy. To
be addressed. 8) Automatic severity estimation of detected
avoid limitations of the DL algorithms presented in the table
diseases can be measured. 9) To develop a system to extract
VI, the researchers should implement these systems using the
the desired affected area from the image's complex
combination of ML and DL algorithms. background. 10) More research attempts are needed to detect
the diseases of the other parts of the plants like stems. 11)
More research is needed on pest recognition.

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