Paint - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Paint

Paint
Paint is any pigmented liquid, liquefiable, or
solid mastic composition that, after application to
a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film.
It is most commonly used to protect, color, or
provide texture. Paint can be made in many
colors—and in many different types. Paint is
typically stored, sold, and applied as a liquid, but
most types dry into a solid. Most paints are either
oil-based or water-based and each has distinct
characteristics. For one, it is illegal in most
municipalities to discard oil-based paint down
household drains or sewers. Clean-up solvents are
also different for water-based paint than they are
for oil-based paint.[1] Water-based paints and oil-
based paints will cure differently based on the
outside ambient temperature of the object being Assorted tempera (top) and gouache (bottom) paints
painted (such as a house.) Usually, the object
being painted must be over 10   °C (50   °F),
although some manufacturers of external paints/primers claim they can be applied when
temperatures are as low as 2 °C (35 °F).[2]

Contents
History
Components
Vehicle
Binder or film former
Diluent or solvent or thinner
Pigment, dye and filler
Additives
Color changing
Art
Application
Product variants
Finish types
Failure
Dangers
See also
References

1 of 17 04/08/2022 16:20
Paint - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint

Further reading

History
Paint was one of the earliest arts of humanity. Some cave
paintings drawn with red or yellow ochre, hematite, manganese
oxide, and charcoal may have been made by early Homo
sapiens as long as 40,000 years ago.[3] Paint may be even
older. In 2003 and 2004, South African archeologists reported
finds in Blombos Cave of a 100,000-year-old human-made
ochre-based mixture that could have been used like paint.[4][5]
Further excavation in the same cave resulted in the 2011 report
of a complete toolkit for grinding pigments and making a
primitive paint-like substance.[5][6]

Interior walls at the 5,000-year-old Ness of Brodgar have been A charcoal and ochre cave painting
found to incorporate individual stones painted in yellows, reds, of Megaloceros from Lascaux,
and oranges, using ochre pigment made of haematite mixed France
with animal fat, milk or eggs.[7][8]

Ancient colored walls at Dendera, Egypt, which were exposed for years to the elements, still
possess their brilliant color, as vivid as when they were painted about 2,000 years ago. The
Egyptians mixed their colors with a gummy substance and applied them separately from each
other without any blending or mixture. They appear to have used six colors: white, black, blue, red,
yellow, and green. They first covered the area entirely with white, then traced the design in black,
leaving out the lights of the ground color. They used minium for red, generally of a dark tinge.

The oldest known oil paintings are Buddhist murals created circa 650 AD. The works are located in
cave-like rooms carved from the cliffs of Afghanistan's Bamiyan Valley, "using walnut and poppy
seed oils."[9] Pliny mentions some painted ceilings in his day in the town of Ardea, which had been
made prior to the foundation of Rome. He expressed great surprise and admiration at their
freshness, after the lapse of so many centuries.

In the 13th century, oil was used to detail tempera paintings. In the 14th century, Cennino Cennini
described a painting technique utilizing tempera painting covered by light layers of oil. The slow-
drying properties of organic oils were commonly known to early European painters. However, the
difficulty in acquiring and working the materials meant that they were rarely used (and indeed the
slow drying was seen as a disadvantage[10]). Paint was made with the yolk of eggs and therefore,
the substance would harden and adhere to the surface it was applied to. Pigment was made from
plants, sand, and different soils. Most paints used either oil or water as a base (the diluent, solvent
or vehicle for the pigment).

The Flemish-trained or influenced Antonello da Messina, who Vasari wrongly credited with the
introduction of oil paint to Italy,[11] does seem to have improved the formula by adding litharge, or
lead (II) oxide. A still extant example of 17th-century house oil painting is Ham House in Surrey,
England, where a primer was used along with several undercoats and an elaborate decorative
overcoat; the pigment and oil mixture would have been ground into a paste with a mortar and
pestle. The process was done by hand by the painters, which exposed them to lead poisoning, due

2 of 17 04/08/2022 16:20
Paint - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint

to the white-lead powder.

In 1718, Marshall Smith invented a "Machine or Engine for the Grinding of Colours" in England. It
is not known precisely how it operated, but it was a device that increased the efficiency of pigment
grinding dramatically. Soon, a company called Emerton and Manby was advertising exceptionally
low-priced paints that had been ground with labor-saving technology:

One Pound of Colour ground in a Horse-Mill will paint

twelve Yards of Work, whereas Colour ground any other
Way, will not do half that Quantity.

By the proper onset of the Industrial Revolution, in the

mid-18th century, paint was being ground in steam-powered
mills, and an alternative to lead-based pigments had been
found in a white derivative of zinc oxide. Interior house
painting increasingly became the norm as the 19th century
progressed, both for decorative reasons and because the paint
was effective in preventing the walls rotting from damp.
Linseed oil was also increasingly used as an inexpensive binder.

In 1866, Sherwin-Williams in the United States opened as a

large paint-maker and invented a paint that could be used from
the tin without preparation.

It was not until the stimulus of World War II created a shortage Paint used in every day - white paint
of linseed oil in the supply market that artificial resins, or on a wall
alkyds, were invented. Cheap and easy to make, they also held
the color well and lasted for a long time.[12]

Components

Vehicle

The vehicle is composed of the binder; or, if it is necessary to thin the binder with a diluent like
solvent or water, it is the combination of binder and diluent.[13][14] In this case, once the paint has
dried or cured very nearly all of the diluent has evaporated and only the binder is left on the coated
surface. Thus, an important quantity in coatings formulation is the "vehicle solids", sometimes
called the "resin solids" of the formula. This is the proportion of the wet coating weight that is
binder, i.e. the polymer backbone of the film that will remain after drying or curing is complete.
The volume of paint after it has dried, therefore only leaving the solids, is expressed as the volume
solid.

Binder or film former

The binder is the film-forming component of paint.[15] It is the only component that is always
present among all the various types of formulations. Many binders are too thick to be applied and
must be thinned. The type of thinner, if present, varies with the binder.

The binder imparts properties such as gloss, durability, flexibility, and toughness.[16]

3 of 17 04/08/2022 16:20
Paint - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint

Binders include synthetic or natural resins such as alkyds, acrylics, vinyl-acrylics, vinyl
acetate/ethylene (VAE), polyurethanes, polyesters, melamine resins, epoxy, silanes or siloxanes or
oils.

Binders can be categorized according to the mechanisms for film formation. Thermoplastic
mechanisms include drying and coalescence. Drying refers to simple evaporation of the solvent or
thinner to leave a coherent film behind. Coalescence refers to a mechanism that involves drying
followed by actual interpenetration and fusion of formerly discrete particles. Thermoplastic film-
forming mechanisms are sometimes described as "thermoplastic cure" but that is a misnomer
because no chemical curing reactions are required to knit the film. Thermosetting mechanisms, on
the other hand, are true curing mechanism that involve chemical reaction(s) among the polymers
that make up the binder.[17]

Thermoplastic mechanisms: Some films are formed by simple cooling of the binder. For
example, encaustic or wax paints are liquid when warm, and harden upon cooling. In many cases,
they re-soften or liquify if reheated.

Paints that dry by solvent evaporation and contain the solid binder dissolved in a solvent are
known as lacquers. A solid film forms when the solvent evaporates. Because no chemical
crosslinking is involved, the film can re-dissolve in solvent; as such, lacquers are unsuitable for
applications where chemical resistance is important. Classic nitrocellulose lacquers fall into this
category, as do non-grain raising stains composed of dyes dissolved in solvent. Performance varies
by formulation, but lacquers generally tend to have better UV resistance and lower corrosion
resistance than comparable systems that cure by polymerization or coalescence.

The paint type known as Emulsion in the UK and Latex in the United States is a water-borne
dispersion of sub-micrometer polymer particles. These terms in their respective countries cover all
paints that use synthetic polymers such as acrylic, vinyl acrylic (PVA), styrene acrylic, etc. as
binders.[18] The term "latex" in the context of paint in the United States simply means an aqueous
dispersion; latex rubber from the rubber tree is not an ingredient. These dispersions are prepared
by emulsion polymerization. Such paints cure by a process called coalescence where first the water,
and then the trace, or coalescing, solvent, evaporate and draw together and soften the binder
particles and fuse them together into irreversibly bound networked structures, so that the paint
cannot redissolve in the solvent/water that originally carried it. The residual surfactants in paint,
as well as hydrolytic effects with some polymers cause the paint to remain susceptible to softening
and, over time, degradation by water. The general term of latex paint is usually used in the United
States, while the term emulsion paint is used for the same products in the UK and the term latex
paint is not used at all.

Thermosetting mechanisms: Paints that cure by polymerization are generally one- or two-
package coatings that polymerize by way of a chemical reaction, and cure into a cross-linked film.
Depending on composition they may need to dry first, by evaporation of solvent. Classic two-
package epoxies or polyurethanes [19] would fall into this category.[20]

The "drying oils", counter-intuitively, actually cure by a crosslinking reaction even if they are not
put through an oven cycle and seem to simply dry in air. The film formation mechanism of the
simplest examples involve first evaporation of solvents followed by reaction with oxygen from the
environment over a period of days, weeks and even months to create a crosslinked network.[13]
Classic alkyd enamels would fall into this category. Oxidative cure coatings are catalyzed by metal
complex driers such as cobalt naphthenate though cobalt octoate is more common.

4 of 17 04/08/2022 16:20
Paint - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint

Recent environmental requirements restrict the use of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and
alternative means of curing have been developed, generally for industrial purposes. UV curing
paints, for example, enable formulation with very low amounts of solvent, or even none at all. This
can be achieved because of the monomers and oligomers used in the coating have relatively very
low molecular weight, and are therefore low enough in viscosity to enable good fluid flow without
the need for additional thinner. If solvent is present in significant amounts, generally it is mostly
evaporated first and then crosslinking is initiated by ultraviolet light. Similarly, powder coatings
contain little or no solvent. Flow and cure are produced by the heating of the substrate after
electrostatic application of the dry powder.[21]

Combination mechanisms: So-called "catalyzed" lacquers" or "crosslinking latex" coatings are

designed to form films by a combination of methods: classic drying plus a curing reaction that
benefits from the catalyst. There are paints called plastisols/organosols, which are made by
blending PVC granules with a plasticiser. These are stoved and the mix coalesces.

Diluent or solvent or thinner

The main purposes of the diluent are to dissolve the polymer and adjust the viscosity of the paint.
It is volatile and does not become part of the paint film. It also controls flow and application
properties, and in some cases can affect the stability of the paint while in liquid state. Its main
function is as the carrier for the non-volatile components. To spread heavier oils (for example,
linseed) as in oil-based interior house paint, a thinner oil is required. These volatile substances
impart their properties temporarily—once the solvent has evaporated, the remaining paint is fixed
to the surface.

This component is optional: some paints have no diluent.

Water is the main diluent for water-borne paints, even the co-solvent types.

Solvent-borne, also called oil-based, paints can have various combinations of organic solvents as
the diluent, including aliphatics, aromatics, alcohols, ketones and white spirit. Specific examples
are organic solvents such as petroleum distillate, esters, glycol ethers, and the like. Sometimes
volatile low-molecular weight synthetic resins also serve as diluents.

Pigment, dye and filler

Pigments are granular solids incorporated in the paint to contribute color. Dyes are colorants that
dissolve in the paint. Fillers are granular solids incorporated to impart toughness, texture, give the
paint special properties,[22] or to reduce the cost of the paint. During production, the size of such
particles can be measured with a Hegman gauge. Rather than using only solid particles, some
paints contain dyes instead of or in combination with pigments.

Pigments can be classified as either natural or synthetic. Natural pigments include various clays,
calcium carbonate, mica, silicas, and talcs. Synthetics would include engineered molecules,
calcined clays, blanc fixe, precipitated calcium carbonate, and synthetic pyrogenic silicas.

Hiding pigments, in making paint opaque, also protect the substrate from the harmful effects of
ultraviolet light. Hiding pigments include titanium dioxide, phthalo blue, red iron oxide, and many
others.

5 of 17 04/08/2022 16:20
Paint - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint

Fillers are a special type of pigment that serve to thicken the film, support its structure and
increase the volume of the paint. Fillers are usually cheap and inert materials, such as
diatomaceous earth, talc, lime, barytes, clay, etc. Floor paints that must resist abrasion may
contain fine quartz sand as a filler. Not all paints include fillers. On the other hand, some paints
contain large proportions of pigment/filler and binder.

Some pigments are toxic, such as the lead pigments that are used in lead paint. Paint
manufacturers began replacing white lead pigments with titanium white (titanium dioxide), before
lead was banned in paint for residential use in 1978 by the US Consumer Product Safety
Commission. The titanium dioxide used in most paints today is often coated with silica/alumina
/zirconium for various reasons, such as better exterior durability, or better hiding performance
(opacity) promoted by more optimal spacing within the paint film.[23]

Micaceous iron oxide (MIO) is another alternative to lead for protection of steel, giving more
protection against water and light damage than most paints. When MIO pigments are ground into
fine particles, most cleave into shiny layers, which reflect light, thus minimising UV degradation
and protecting the resin binder. Most pigments used in paint tend to be spherical, but lamellar
pigments, such as glass flake and MIO have overlapping plates, which impede the path of water
molecules.[24] For optimum performance MIO should have a high content of thin flake-like
particles resembling mica. ISO 10601 sets two levels of MIO content.[25] MIO is often derived from
a form of hematite.

Additives

Besides the three main categories of ingredients, paint can have a wide variety of miscellaneous
additives, which are usually added in small amounts, yet provide a significant effect on the product.
Some examples include additives to modify surface tension, improve flow properties, improve the
finished appearance, increase wet edge, improve pigment stability, impart antifreeze properties,
control foaming, control skinning, etc. Other types of additives include catalysts, thickeners,
stabilizers, emulsifiers, texturizers, adhesion promoters, UV stabilizers, flatteners (de-glossing
agents), biocides to fight bacterial growth and the like.

Additives normally do not significantly alter the percentages of individual components in a

formulation.[26]

Color changing
Various technologies exist for making paints that change color. Thermochromic ink and coatings
contain materials that change conformation when heat is applied or removed, and so they change
color. Liquid crystals have been used in such paints, such as in the thermometer strips and tapes
used in aquaria and novelty/promotional thermal cups and straws.

Photochromic materials are used to make eyeglasses and other products. Similar to thermochromic
molecules, photochromic molecules change conformation when light energy is applied or removed,
and so they change color.

Color-changing paints can also be made by adding halochromic compounds or other organic
pigments. One patent[27] cites use of these indicators for wall coating applications for light-colored
paints. When the paint is wet it is pink in color but upon drying it regains its original white color.

6 of 17 04/08/2022 16:20
Paint - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint

As cited in patent, this property of the paint enabled two or more coats to be applied on a wall
properly and evenly. The previous coats having dried would be white whereas the new wet coat
would be distinctly pink. Ashland Inc. introduced foundry refractory coatings with similar
principle in 2005[28][29] for use in foundries.

Electrochromic paints change color in response to an applied electric current. Car manufacturer
Nissan has been reportedly working on an electrochromic paint, based on particles of
paramagnetic iron oxide. When subjected to an electromagnetic field the paramagnetic particles
change spacing, modifying their color and reflective properties. The electromagnetic field would be
formed using the conductive metal of the car body.[30] Electrochromic paints can be applied to
plastic substrates as well, using a different coating chemistry. The technology involves using special
dyes that change conformation when an electric current is applied across the film itself. This new
technology has been used to achieve glare protection at the touch of a button in passenger airplane
windows.

Color can also change depending on viewing angle, using iridescence, for example, in ChromaFlair.

Art
Since the time of the Renaissance, siccative (drying)
oil paints, primarily linseed oil, have been the most
commonly used kind of paints in fine art
applications; oil paint is still common today.
However, in the 20th century, new water-based
paints such acrylic paints, entered the market with
the development of acrylic and other latex paints.
Milk paints (also called casein), where the medium
is derived from the natural emulsion that is milk,
were common in the 19th century and are still used.
Used by the earliest western artists, Egg tempera
(where the medium is an emulsion of raw egg yolk Watercolors as applied with a brush
mixed with oil) remains in use as well, as are
encaustic wax-based paints. Gouache is an opaque
variant of watercolor, which is based around varying levels of translucency; both paints use gum
arabic as the carrier and water as a thinner. Gouache is also known as 'designer color' or 'body
color'.

Poster paint is a distemper paint that has been used primarily in the creation of student works, or
by children. There are varying brands of poster paint and depending on the brand, the quality will
differ. More inexpensive brands will often crack or fade over time if they are left on a poster for an
extended time.

Application
Paint can be applied as a solid, a gaseous suspension (aerosol) or a liquid. Techniques vary
depending on the practical or artistic results desired.

As a solid (usually used in industrial and automotive applications), the paint is applied as a very
fine powder, then baked at high temperature. This melts the powder and causes it to adhere to the

7 of 17 04/08/2022 16:20
Paint - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint

surface. The reasons for doing this involve the chemistries of the paint, the
surface itself, and perhaps even the chemistry of the substrate (the object being
painted). This is called "powder coating" an object.
The "painter's
mussel", a As a gas or as a gaseous suspension, the paint is suspended in solid or liquid
European form in a gas that is sprayed on an object. The paint sticks to the object. This is
freshwater called "spray painting" an object. The reasons for doing this include:
mussel.
!"The application mechanism is air and thus no solid object touches the object
Individual shell
halves were being painted;
used by artists!"The distribution of the paint is uniform, so there are no sharp lines;
as a small dish
!"It is possible to deliver very small amounts of paint;
for paint.
!"Painting multiple items at once quickly and efficiently;
!"A chemical (typically a solvent) can be sprayed along with the paint to dissolve
together both the delivered paint and the chemicals on the surface of the object being painted;
!"Some chemical reactions in paint involve the orientation of the paint molecules.

In the liquid application, paint can be applied by direct application using brushes, paint rollers,
blades, scrapers, other instruments, or body parts such as fingers and thumbs.

Rollers generally have a handle that allows for different lengths of poles to be attached, allowing
painting at different heights. Generally, roller application requires two coats for even color. A roller
with a thicker nap is used to apply paint on uneven surfaces. Edges are often finished with an
angled brush.

!"Using the finish flat one would most likely use a 1/2" nap roller
!"Using the finish eggshell one would most likely use a 3/8" nap roller
!"Using the finish satin or pearl one would most likely use a 3/8" nap roller
!"Using the finish semi-gloss or gloss one would most likely use a 3/16" nap roller

[31]

After liquid paint is applied, there is an interval during which it can be blended with additional
painted regions (at the "wet edge") called "open time". The open time of an oil or alkyd-based
emulsion paint can be extended by adding white spirit, similar glycols such as Dowanol (propylene
glycol ether) or open time prolongers. This can also facilitate the mixing of different wet paint
layers for aesthetic effect. Latex and acrylic emulsions require the use of drying retardants suitable
for water-based coatings. Depending on the quality and type of liquid paint used, the open time
will vary. Oil paints for instance are renowned for their open time as oil paints allow for artists to
blend the colors for extended periods of time without having to add any extending agents.

Paint application by spray is the most popular method in industry. In this, paint is aerosolized by
the force of compressed air or by the action of high pressure compression of the paint itself, and
the paint is turned into small droplets that travel to the article to be painted. Alternate methods are
airless spray, hot spray, hot airless spray, and any of these with an electrostatic spray included.
There are numerous electrostatic methods available.

Dipping used to be the norm for objects such as filing cabinets, but this has been replaced by high
speed air turbine driven bells with electrostatic spray. Car bodies are primed using cathodic

8 of 17 04/08/2022 16:20
Paint - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint

elephoretic primer, which is applied by charging the body depositing a layer of primer. The
unchanged residue is rinsed off and the primer stoved.

Many paints tend to separate when stored, the heavier components settling to the bottom, and
require mixing before use. Some paint outlets have machines for mixing the paint by shaking the
can vigorously for a few minutes.

The opacity and the film thickness of paint may be measured using a drawdown card.

Water-based paints tend to be the easiest to clean up after use; the brushes and rollers can be
cleaned with soap and water.

Proper disposal of left over paint is a challenge. Sometimes it can be recycled: Old paint may be
usable for a primer coat or an intermediate coat, and paints of similar chemistry can be mixed to
make a larger amount of a uniform color.

To dispose of paint it can be dried and disposed of in the domestic waste stream, provided that it
contains no prohibited substances (see container). Disposal of liquid paint usually requires special
handling and should be treated as hazardous waste, and disposed of according to local regulations.
[32][33]

Product variants
!"Primer is a preparatory coating put on materials before
applying the paint itself. The primed surface ensures better
adhesion of the paint, thereby increasing the durability of
the paint and providing improved protection for the painted
surface. Suitable primers also may block and seal stains, or
hide a color that is to be painted over.
!"Emulsion paints are water-based paints in which the paint
material is dispersed in a liquid that consists mainly of
water. For suitable purposes this has advantages in fast-
drying, low toxicity, low cost, easier application, and easier A collection of cans of paint and
cleaning of equipment, among other factors. variants

!"Varnish and shellac are in effect paints without pigment;

they provide a protective coating without substantially
changing the color of the surface, though they can
emphasise the colour of the material.
!"Wood stain is a type of paint that is formulated to be very
"thin", meaning low in viscosity, so that the pigment soaks
into a material such as wood rather than remaining in a film
on the surface. Stain is mainly dispersed pigment or
dissolved dye plus binder material in a solvent. It is
designed to add color without providing a surface coating.
!"Lacquer is a solvent-based paint or varnish that produces A huge collection of different kinds
an especially hard, durable finish. Usually it is a rapidly of spray cans, markers, paints, and
drying formulation. inks in the underground graffiti shop.
!"Enamel paint is formulated to give an especially hard, Russia, Tver City, 2011.
usually glossy, finish. Some enamel paints contain fine
glass powder or metal flake instead of the color pigments in
standard oil-based paints. Enamel paint sometimes is mixed with varnish or urethane to
improve its shine and hardness.

9 of 17 04/08/2022 16:20
Paint - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint

!"A glaze is an additive used with paint to slow drying time

and increase translucency, as in faux painting and for some
artistic effects.
!"A roof coating is a fluid that sets as an elastic membrane
that can stretch without harm. It provides UV protection to
polyurethane foam and is widely used in roof restoration.
!"Fingerpaints are formulations suitable for application with
the fingers; they are popular for use by children in primary Blue color paint smears
school activities.
!"Inks are similar to paints, except that they are typically
made using finely ground pigments or dyes, and are not designed to leave a thick film of
binder. They are used largely for writing, printing, or calligraphy.
!"Anti-graffiti coatings are used to defeat the marking of surfaces by graffiti artists or vandals.
There are two categories of anti-graffiti coatings: sacrificial and non-bonding:

!"Sacrificial coatings are clear coatings that allow the removal of graffiti, usually by
washing the surface with high-pressure water that removes the graffiti together with the
coating (hence the term "sacrificial"). After removal of the graffiti, the sacrificial coating
must be re-applied for continued protection. Such sacrificial protective coatings are most
commonly used on natural-looking masonry surfaces, such as statuary and marble walls,
and on rougher surfaces that are difficult to clean.
!"Non-bonding coatings are clear, high-performance coatings, usually catalyzed
polyurethanes, that do not bond strongly to paints used for graffiti. Graffiti on such a
surface can be removed with a solvent wash, without damaging either the underlying
surface or the protective non-bonding coating. These coatings work best on smooth
surfaces, and are especially useful on decorative surfaces such as mosaics or painted
murals, which might be expected to suffer harm from high pressure sprays.

!"Urine-repellent paint is a very hydrophobic (water-repellent) paint. It has been used by cities
and other property owners to deter men from urinating against walls, as the urine splashes
back on their shoes, instead of dripping down the wall.[34][35][36]
!"Anti-climb paint is a non-drying paint that appears normal but is extremely slippery. It is useful
on drainpipes and ledges to deter burglars and vandals from climbing them, and is found in
many public places. When a person attempts to climb objects coated with the paint, it rubs off
onto the climber, as well as making it hard for them to climb.
!"Anti-fouling paint, or bottom paint, prevents barnacles and other marine organisms from
adhering to the hulls of ships.
!"Insulative paint or insulating paint, reduces the rate of thermal transfer through a surface it's
applied to. One type of formulation is based on the addition of hollow microspheres to any
suitable type of paint.
!"Anti-slip paint contains chemicals or grit to increase the friction of a surface so as to decrease
the risk of slipping, particularly in wet conditions.
!"Road marking paint[37] is specially used to marking and painting road traffic signs and lines,
to form a durable coating film on the road surface. It must be fast-drying, provide a thick
coating, and resist wear and slipping, especially in wet conditions.
!"Luminous paint or luminescent paint is paint that exhibits luminescence. In other words, it
gives off visible light through fluorescence, phosphorescence, or radioluminescence.
!"Chalk paint is a decorative paint used for home decor to achieve looks such as shabby chic or
vintage with home decor.

10 of 17 04/08/2022 16:20
Paint - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint

Finish types
!"Flat Finish paint is generally used on ceilings or walls that are in bad shape. This finish is
useful for hiding imperfections in walls and it is economical in effectively covering relatively
great areas. However, this finish is not easily washable and is subject to staining.
!"Matte Finish is generally similar to flat finish, but such paints commonly offer superior
washability and coverage. (See Gloss and matte paint.)
!"Eggshell Finish has some sheen, supposedly like that of the shell on an egg. This finish
provides great washability, but is not very effective at hiding imperfections on walls and similar
surfaces. Eggshell finish is valued for bathrooms because it is washable and water repellent,
so that it tends not to peel in a wet environment.
!"Pearl (Satin) Finish is very durable in terms of washability and resistance to moisture, even in
comparison to an eggshell finish. It protects walls from dirt, moisture, and stains. Accordingly, it
is exceptionally valuable for bathrooms, furniture, and kitchens, but it is shinier than eggshell,
so it is even more prone to show imperfections.
!"Semi-Gloss Finish typically is used on the trim to emphasize detail and elegance, and to show
off woodwork, such as on doors and furniture. It provides a shiny surface and provides good
protection from moisture and stains on walls. Its gloss does however emphasize imperfections
on the walls and similar surfaces. It is popular in schools and factories where washability and
durability are the main considerations.[38]
!"High-gloss paint is a highly glossy and super shiny form of paint that is light reflecting and has
a mirror-like look. It pairs well with other finishes. While it is highly durable and easy to clean,
high gloss paint is known for obvious visibility of imperfections like scratches, dents.[39]

Failure
The main reasons for paint failure after application on the surface are the applicator and improper
treatment of the surface.

Defects or degradation can be attributed to:

Dilution
This usually occurs when the dilution of the paint is not done as per manufacturers
recommendation. There can be a case of over dilution and under dilution, as well as dilution
with the incorrect diluent.
Contamination
Foreign contaminants added without the manufacturers' consent can cause various film
defects.
Peeling/Blistering
Most commonly due to improper surface treatment before application and inherent
moisture/dampness being present in the substrate. The degree of blistering can be assessed
according to ISO 4628 Part 2 or ASTM Method D714 (Standard Test Method for Evaluating
Degree of Blistering of Paints).
Chalking
Chalking is the progressive powdering of the paint film on the painted surface. The primary
reason for the problem is polymer degradation of the paint matrix due to exposure of UV
radiation in sunshine and condensation from dew. The degree of chalking varies as epoxies
react quickly while acrylics and polyurethanes can remain unchanged for long periods.[40]
The degree of chalking can be assessed according to International Standard ISO 4628 Part
6 or 7 or American Society of Testing and Materials(ASTM) Method D4214 (Standard Test
Methods for Evaluating the Degree of Chalking of Exterior Paint Films).

11 of 17 04/08/2022 16:20
Paint - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint

Cracking
Cracking of paint film is due to the unequal expansion or
contraction of paint coats. It usually happens when the
coats of the paint are not allowed to cure/dry completely
before the next coat is applied. The degree of cracking
can be assessed according to International Standard ISO
4628 Part 4 or ASTM Method D661 (Standard Test
Method for Evaluating Degree of Cracking of Exterior
Paints). Cracking can also occur when the paint is
applied to a surface that is incompatible or unstable. For
instance, clay that hasn't dried completely when painted
will cause the paint to crack due to the residual moisture
in the clay.
Erosion
Erosion is very quick chalking. It occurs due to external
agents like air, water etc. It can be evaluated using ASTM
Method ASTM D662 (Standard Test Method for
Evaluating Degree of Erosion of Exterior Paints). The
generation of acid by fungal species can be a significant 2K Polyurethane paint progressively
component of erosion of painted surfaces.[41] The chalking
fungus Aureobasidium pullulans is known for damaging
wall paints.[42]

Dangers
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in paint are considered harmful to the environment and
especially for people who work with them on a regular basis. Exposure to VOCs has been related to
organic solvent syndrome, although this relation has been somewhat controversial.[43] The
controversial solvent 2-butoxyethanol is also used in paint production.[44] Jurisdictions such as
Canada, China, the EU, India, the United States, and South Korea have definitions for VOCs in
place, along with regulations to limit the use of VOCs in consumer products such as paint.[45][46]

In the US, environmental regulations, consumer demand, and advances in technology led to the
development of low-VOC and zero-VOC paints and finishes. These new paints are widely available
and meet or exceed the old high-VOC products in performance and cost-effectiveness while having
significantly less impact on human and environmental health.[47]

A polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) was reported (published in 2009) in air samples collected in
Chicago, Philadelphia, the Arctic, and several sites around the Great Lakes. PCB is a global
pollutant and was measured in the wastewater effluent from paint production. The widespread
distribution of PCB suggests volatilization of this compound from surfaces, roofs etc. PCB is
present in consumer goods including newspapers, magazines, and cardboard boxes, which usually
contain color pigments. Therefore, a hypothesis exists that PCB congeners are present as
byproduct in some current commercial pigments.[48]

See also
!"Adhesive
!"Aerosol paint
!"Anti-graffiti coating

12 of 17 04/08/2022 16:20
Paint - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint

!"Bresle method
!"Brush
!"Coating
!"Computer graphics
!"Distressing
!"Environmental issues with paint
!"Faux painting
!"Painting
!"Formulations
!"Fresco
!"Gloss and matte paint
!"Interior radiation control coating
!"Lacquer
!"List of art media
!"NACE International
!"Paint adhesion testing
!"Paint recycling
!"Paint (software)
!"Paint stripper
!"Powder coating
!"Primer
!"Road surface marking
!"Roof coating
!"Soy paint
!"Stain-blocking primer

References
1. "Painting 101: Oil or Latex?" (https://www.hgtv.com/design/decorating/design-101/painting-101-
oil-or-latex).
2. "What's the Ideal Outdoor Temperature Range for Using Exterior Paint?" (https://www.consume
rreports.org/painting/ideal-outdoor-temperature-range-exterior-paint/).
3. Craughwell, Thomas J., 1956- (2012). 30,000 years of inventions. New York: Tess Press.
ISBN 9781603763240. OCLC 801100207 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/801100207).
4. Hillary Mayell (March 31, 2004). "Is Bead Find Proof Modern Thought Began in Africa?" (http://
news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/03/0331_040331_ostrichman_2.html). National
Geographic News. p. 2. Retrieved May 20, 2016. "Work published in 2001 described 28 bone
tools and thousands of pieces of ocher—a mineral used to create paint for body decoration and
cave painting—dated at roughly 70,000 years old found in Blombos Cave in South Africa. Two
pieces of ocher appear to be marked with abstract lines that could be viewed as artistic
expression."
5. "Stone Age painting kits found in cave" (https://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/oct/13/ston
e-age-painting-kits). The Guardian. October 13, 2011. Retrieved May 20, 2016.

13 of 17 04/08/2022 16:20
Paint - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint

6. Stephanie Pappa (October 13, 2011). "Oldest Human Paint-Making Studio Discovered in Cave"
(http://www.livescience.com/16538-oldest-human-paint-studio.html). Live Science. Retrieved
October 14, 2011.
7. "Painted walls in Orkney 5,000 years old" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-north-east-
orkney-shetland-10763044). BBC News. 26 July 2010. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
8. "Painted walls" (https://www.nessofbrodgar.co.uk/painted-walls/). The Ness of Brodgar
Excavation. 2011-08-05. Retrieved 2021-03-10.
9. "Oldest Oil Paintings Found in Afghanistan" (http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/02/19/oldest-
oil-painting.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110603234713/http://dsc.discovery.c
om/news/2008/02/19/oldest-oil-painting.html) June 3, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Rosella
Lorenzi, Discovery News. Feb. 19, 2008.
10. Theophilus Presbyter Book I ch. 25
11. Barbera, Giocchino (2005). Antonello da Messina, Sicily's Renaissance Master (exhibition
catalogue). New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-11648-9
(online) (http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/513
92), p. 14
12. Ploeger, Rebecca (2013). "Characterization and Stability Issues of Artists' Alkyd Paints" (http
s://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/20494/16.Ploeger.SCMC3.Meck%3Cbr%20/%3
E%20lenburg.Web.pdf?sequence=1) (PDF). New Insights into the Cleaning of Paintings:
Proceedings from the Cleaning 2010 International Conference, Universidad Politécnica de
Valencia and Museum Conservation Institute. 3: 89–91.
13. Wicks, Zeno W., Jr.; Jones, Frank N.; Pappas, S. Peter; Wicks, Doublas A. (2004). Organic
Coatings: Science and Technology (3rd ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey, USA: John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-471-69806-7.
14. Lambourne, R; Strivens, T A (1999). Paint and Surface Coatings: Theory and Practice
(2nd ed.). Abington, Cambridge, England: Woodhead Publishing Limited. p. 6.
ISBN 1-85573-348-X.
15. "Vermeer's Palette: The Anatomy of Pigment and Binder" (http://www.essentialvermeer.com/pal
ette/palette_anatomy_of_paint.html#.VieiDCvQO6I). www.essentialvermeer.com. Retrieved
2015-10-21.
16. Baird, Colin; Cann, Michael (2012-06-30). CourseSmart International E-Book for Environmental
Chemistry (https://books.google.com/books?id=sGQdBQAAQBAJ&q=The+binder+gives+prope
rties+such+as+gloss%2C+durability%2C+flexibility%2C+and+toughness.&pg=PA101).
Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781464162879.
17. Baghdachi, J. "Polymer Systems and Film Formation Mechanisms in High Solids, Powder and
UV Cure Systems" (http://www.swst.org/meetings/AM04/Baghdachi.pdf) (PDF). Society of
Wood Science and Technology. Society of Wood Science and Technology. Retrieved
2016-01-13.
18. "Water-based Alchemy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120829153753/http://dundean.com/tips
_what_is_latex_paint.shtml). Archived from the original (http://dundean.com/tips_what_is_latex
_paint.shtml) on August 29, 2012. Retrieved August 11, 2012.
19. Gite, V. V., et al. "Polyurethane coatings using trimer of isophorone diisocyanate." (2004).
20. Berendsen, A. M., & Berendsen, A. M. (1989). Marine painting manual. London: Graham &
Trotman. ISBN 1-85333-286-0 p. 114.
21. http://news.thomasnet.com/fullstory/acrylic-binder-improves-hardness-in-low-voc-architectural-
paints-2005047

14 of 17 04/08/2022 16:20
Paint - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint

22. Gürses, Ahmet; Açıkyıldız, Metin; Güneş, Kübra; Gürses, M. Sadi (2016-05-04). Dyes and
Pigments (https://books.google.com/books?id=KfggDAAAQBAJ&q=Pigments+are+granular+so
lids+incorporated+in+the+paint+to+contribute+color&pg=PA59). Springer.
ISBN 9783319338927.
23. "Archives" (https://articles.latimes.com/2011/oct/14/science/la-sci-ancient-paint-20111014). Los
Angeles Times.
24. "MIO Coatings – What Are They?" (http://www.duluxprotectivecoatings.com.au/technotespdf/5.
2.1%20MIO%20Coatings%20-%20What%20Are%20They.pdf) (PDF). Dulux Protective
Coatings. 2009.
25. "ISO 10601:2007" (https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:38753:en). Micaceous iron oxide
pigments. International Organization for Standardization.
26. frpdesigns.com (http://www.frpdesigns.com/formulation%20calculations.htm) Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20100211213714/http://www.frpdesigns.com/formulation%20calculations.
htm) 2010-02-11 at the Wayback Machine, "Formulations, Fundamentals, Manipulation,
Calculation and Data Management" p. 61.
27. Bramley, Christopher Sinjin. "Colour changing paint" (http://www.freepatentsonline.com/EP140
0574A1.pdf) (PDF). European Patent Application EP1400574. European Patent Office.
28. "Dramatic color change featured" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120425132654/http://www.ne
wmaterials.com/Customisation/News/General/General/Dramatic_color_change_featured_in_As
hlands_VELVAPLAST_ZW_FDI_refractory.asp). New Materials International. Archived from the
original (http://www.newmaterials.com/Customisation/News/General/General/Dramatic_color_c
hange_featured_in_Ashlands_VELVAPLAST_ZW_FDI_refractory.asp) on 2012-04-25.
Retrieved 2011-11-03.
29. Horvath, Lee. "Coatings Go Beyond Appearance to Provide Quality Control" (http://www.foundr
ymag.com/feature/feature/77970/). Foundry Technology. Foundry Management & Technology.
30. "DailyTech - Nissan Develops Color Changing Paint for Vehicles" (https://web.archive.org/web/
20110708222033/http://www.dailytech.com/Nissan+Develops+Color+Changing+Paint+for+Vehi
cles/article9611.htm). Archived from the original (http://www.dailytech.com/Nissan+Develops+C
olor+Changing+Paint+for+Vehicles/article9611.htm) on 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2008-03-19.
31. "Selecting the Right Paint Roller." Selecting the Right Paint Roller. Aubuchon Hardware, 2006.
Web. 05 May 2012. <"Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120420022954/http://pain
t-and-supplies.hardwarestore.com/learning/selecting-the-right-paint-roller.aspx). Archived from
the original (http://paint-and-supplies.hardwarestore.com/learning/selecting-the-right-paint-rolle
r.aspx) on 2012-04-20. Retrieved 2012-05-06.>.
32. " "Safe Use, Storage and Disposal of Paint" " (https://web.archive.org/web/20070224142320/htt
p://muextension.missouri.edu/xplor/wasteman/wm6001.htm). Archived from the original (http://
muextension.missouri.edu/xplor/wasteman/wm6001.htm) on 2007-02-24. Retrieved
2006-11-01.
33. "Storage and Disposal of Paint Facts" (http://www.epa.state.oh.us/pic/facts/hhwpaint.html)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20071118110649/http://www.epa.state.oh.us/pic/facts/hh
wpaint.html) 2007-11-18 at the Wayback Machine
34. Huggler, Justin (2015-03-04). "Hamburg fights back against urination on streets with walls that
'pee back' " (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/11449700/Hamburg
-fights-back-against-urination-on-streets-with-walls-that-pee-back.html). The Telegraph.
ISSN 0307-1235 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235). Retrieved 2020-04-02.
35. Johnson, Lizzie (2015-07-31). "S.F.'s new urine-resistant walls seem to be keeping things dry"
(https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/SF-s-new-pee-resistant-walls-seem-to-be-keeping-641
7888.php). SFGate. Retrieved 2020-04-02.

15 of 17 04/08/2022 16:20
Paint - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint

36. " 'Anti-pee' walls will splash offenders" (https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-3512025

9). BBC News. 2015-12-17. Retrieved 2020-04-02.
37. "road marking paint" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150215210306/http://wiki.dyroadmark.com
/road-marking-paint.html). Archived from the original (http://wiki.dyroadmark.com/road-marking-
paint.html/) on 2015-02-15. Retrieved 2014-09-15.
38. "Paint Finish and Sheen Information; Info on Satin, Eggshell, Matte, and Other Paint Finishes."
Professional Painting Contractor. Professional Painters, 2011. Web. 07 Apr. 2012.
<http://www.painter-pros.com/finishes.php Archived (https://archive.today/20120906144208/htt
p://www.painter-pros.com/finishes.php) 2012-09-06 at archive.today>.
39. Mendelsohn, Hadley (2019-03-13). "Designers Are Going Nuts Over This Super Glossy Paint"
(https://www.housebeautiful.com/home-remodeling/interior-designers/g26802172/what-is-high-
gloss-paint/). House Beautiful. Retrieved 2019-04-11.
40. Bayliss, D.A.; Deacon, D.H. (2002). Steelwork corrosion control (2nd ed.). London: Spon.
pp. 13.6.6 Chalking. ISBN 978-0-415-26101-2.
41. Xiaohui Wang; Ling Wang (2006). "Measures and Test Techniques for Fungus Resistance to
Aircraft Materials and Equipment" (http://www.icas.org/ICAS_ARCHIVE/ICAS2006/PAPERS/01
3.PDF) (PDF).
42. John W. Taylor; Joey Spatafora; Mary Berbee (1996). "Ascomycota" (http://www2.hawaii.edu/~j
ohnb/micro/m140/syllabus/week/eucaryotes/fungi/ascomycota.html).
43. SPURGEON A (2006). "Watching Paint Dry: Organic Solvent Syndrome in late-Twentieth-
Century Britain" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1472097). Medical History. 50
(2): 167–188. doi:10.1017/s002572730000973x (https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs00257273000097
3x). PMC 1472097 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1472097). PMID 16711296
(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16711296).
44. "Ethylene Glycol Mono-N-Butyl Ether" (http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~4v
gB71:1). National Library of Medicine HSDB. Retrieved 2014-03-14.
45. "South Korea expands VOC controls and tightens limits in paint" (https://chemicalwatch.com/80
009/south-korea-expands-voc-controls-and-tightens-limits-in-paint). chemicalwatch.com.
Retrieved 2021-03-27.
46. "Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) and Consumer Products Regulations" (https://www.chems
afetypro.com/Topics/VOC/What_Are_Volatile_Organic_Compounds_(VOC)_and_Overview_of_
Global_VOC_Regulations.html). www.chemsafetypro.com. Retrieved 2021-03-27.
47. Chang, John C. S.; Fortmann, Roy; Roache, Nancy; Lao, Huei-Chen (1999). "Evaluation of
Low-VOC Latex Paints" (http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1600-0668.1999.00004.x). Indoor Air. 9
(4): 253–258. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1999.00004.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0668.1
999.00004.x). ISSN 0905-6947 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0905-6947). PMID 10649858 (ht
tps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10649858).
48. Hu, D; Hornbuckle, KC (2010). "Inadvertent polychlorinated biphenyls in commercial paint
pigments" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2853905). Environ Sci Technol. 44
(8): 2822–7. Bibcode:2010EnST...44.2822H (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EnST...44.
2822H). doi:10.1021/es902413k (https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes902413k). PMC 2853905 (http
s://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2853905). PMID 19957996 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nl
m.nih.gov/19957996).

Further reading
!"Bently, J.; Turner, G.P.A. (1997). Introduction to Paint Chemistry and Principles of Paint
Technology. Unk. ISBN 0-412-72320-4.

16 of 17 04/08/2022 16:20
Paint - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint

!"Talbert, Rodger (2007). Paint Technology Handbook. Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.
ISBN 978-1-57444-703-3.
!"Woodbridge, Paul R., ed. (1991). Principles of Paint Formulation. Unk. ISBN 0-412-02951-0.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paint&oldid=1099434115"

This page was last edited on 20 July 2022, at 19:21 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0; additional terms may apply. By
using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the
Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

17 of 17 04/08/2022 16:20