Code: 101304 B. Tech 3" Semester Special Exa ation, 2020 (New Course) ENGINEERING MECHANICS Time: 3 Hours Pass Marks: 28 Full Marks: 70 Introductions: (i) The marks are indicated in the right-hand margin. (ii) There are NINE questions in this paper. (ii) Attempt FIVE questions in all (iv) Question No. 1 is compulsory. 1. Choose the correct answer of the following: (any seven) Qx7=14 (a) The moment axis, force and the perpendicular distance in the moment of the force calculation is lying in @ two planes perpendicular to each other i) a single plane in the direction of the force (iii) a single plane in the direction of the perpendicular distance (iv) a single line in the direction of the force (b) If a force applied at any point in its line of action and is still creating the same moment about any fixed point say P, then the force is said to be (@ couple (ii) sliding vector (ii) slider couple (iv) couple slider (c) The resultant force acting in the couple is (i) zero (ii) infinite (iii) twice the magnitude of the single force (iv) half the magnitude of the single force (@) The net force of the body is zero that means the force are not being applied to the body at all and hence the body is in equilibrium. (i) The first part of the statement is false and other part is true (ii) The first part of the statement is false and other partis false too (iii) The first part of the statement is true and other partis false (iv) The first part of the statement is true and other part is true too (©) A mass of 4 kg rests on a horizontal plane. The plane is gradually inclined until at an angle 0 = 15° with the horizontal, the mass just begins to slide. What is the coefficient of static friction between the block and the surface? i) 0.814 i) 0.27 Gii) 1.5 (iv) 3.5 (f) To design the trusses which of the following rules is followed? (i) All the loads are applied by the use of cables (ii) The loads are applied at the joints Scanned with CamScanner310 S.Q.B. in Civil Engineering (3 Semes’tt/ (iii) All the loads are not applied at the joints (iv) The loads are not applied at all to the joints (g) The centre of gravity is the ratio of , : () the product of centroid and weight to the total weight (ii) the addition of centroid and weight to the total weight (iii) the subtraction of centroid and weight to the total weight (iv) the product of centroid and weight to the total mass — (h) In the equation of virtual work which of the following forces is neglected? (@ Reaction of any smooth surface with which the body is in contact Gi) Reaction of a rough surface of a body which rolls on it without slipping (ii) Reaction at a point or an axis, fixed in space, around which a body is constrained to turn (iv) All of the above (i) Inelastic collisions (i) only the total momentum of the colliding objects is conserved Gi) only the total kinetic energy is conserved (iii) both the momentum and total kinetic energy are conserved (iv) neither momentum of the colliding bodies nor the total kinetic energy are recoverable G) D’Alembert’s principle is used for (i) reducing the problem of kinetics to equivalent statics problem (ii) determining stresses in the truss (ii) stability of floating bodies (iv) designing safe structures 2. (a) Show that the algebraic sum of the resolved part of a number of forces ina given direction, is equal to the resolved part of their resultant in the same direction, 6 (b) The 30N force P is applied perpendicular to the portion BC of the bent bar fig. 1. Determine the moment of P about point B and about point A. 8 P=30N ITT Fig. (1) Scanned with CamScannerS.Q.B. in Civil Engineering (3° Semester) 311 3. (a) Astring ABCD, attached to fixed 1000 N attached to it at B and C. The Weights rest with the portions AB fig. 2. Find the tensions in the portions AB, BC and CD of the string, if the inclination of the portion BC with the vertical is 120°. 6 1000 N Fig. (2) () Enunciate any two principles of equilibrium, 6 (c) State and prove Lami’s theorem. 5 4. (a) Define the terms centre of gravity. How would you find out the centre of gravity of a section, with a cut out hole? 6 (b) Find the moment of inertia of the lamina with a circular hole or 30 mm diameter about the axis AB as shown in fig. 3. 8 30mm A¢ y _—— <4 “30 mm!30 mm Fig. (3) 5. (a) A load of 1.5 KN, resting on an inclined rough plane, can be moved up the i: KI lied ied horizontally or by a force 1.25 KN appl The ioc lane and the coefficient 7 plane by a force of 2 kN applied es parallel to the plane. Find the inclination of the pl of friction. am .. (b) What is the difference between angle of friction and angle of pea : : (c) A load of 2.5 KN is to be raised by a cad te it Lek ee ots i ind the effi mm and pitch of 12 mm. Fin‘ speek : coefficient of friction between the screw and nut is Scanned with CamScanner6. (a) A truss of 5m span and 2.5 m height is subjected to wind load as shown in ne fig 4, Find the reactions at the two supports A and E. 5 m———! Fig. (4) (b) A simply supported beam AB of span 5 m is loaded as shown in fig. 5, Find the reactions at A and B. 5 3kN 4kN 5 KN B * 2 m—>—1 mt i {$$ 5 at Fig. (5) . (a) State the principle of virtual work. 9 (b) A simply supported beam AB of span 4 m is subjected to a point load of 10 KN ata distance of 1.5 m from A. Using the principle of virtual work, determine the reactions at the two supports. 6 (©) A stone is dropped from the top of a tower 50 m high. At the same time, another stone is thrown upwards from the foot of the tower with a velocity of 25 m/s. When and where the two stones cross each other? 5 (a) Explain the dynamic equilibrium of a rigid body in plane motion. 4 (b) Two bodies of masses 45 kg and 30 kg are hung to the ends of a rope, Passing over a frictionless pulley. With what acceleration the heavier mass comes down? What is the tension in the string? 5 (c) A truck of mass 1.5 metric tonnes is running at a speed of 54 km per hour. Find its kinetic energy. If the resistance to the motion is 100 N, find how far the truck will run before it stops. = p Ra } (a) What is meant by centre of oscillation? Describe its importance. 4 (©) Aspiral spring hung up at one end, and carrying a mass of 7 kg atthe othet is made to vibrate. Find the period of oscillation, ifthe spring is found © extend 10 mm for each 0.5 kg of mass. ‘ (©) What is a compound pendul lum? Derive an expression for the time period of a compound pendulum, : Scanned with CamScannerS.Q.B. in Civil Engineering (3° Semester) 313 Ee 1. (a) (i) Explanation: The moment axis, force and the perpendicular distance are lying in the three dimensional Cartesian, It docsn’t lie on the single plane. It also doesn’t lic in a single line, Nor in the direction of the force. (b) (ii) Explanation: If a force applied at any point in its line of action and is still creating the same moment about any fixed point say P, then the force is said to be sliding vector. This is known as the principle transmissibility of the force. (©) (i) Explanation: A couple consists of two parallel forces that are equal in magnitude, opposite in sense and do not share a line of action. It does not produce any translation, only rotation. The resultant force of a couple is zero. @) Gi) (©) i) Explanation: The frictional force is given as wN = f,, which is the static friction. Hence, we know that the Nis mg cos (15°). Where 15 is the angle of inclination. The F, from the free body diagram is mg sin 15°. The body will slide freely along the inclined plane if there was no friction So, on equating both of the equation we will get the coefficient of the friction as = tan 15° which is equal to the 0.27. (f) Gi) Explanation: The set of rules which are used to design the trusses are having various rules. To them, one is that the loads are applied at the joints. This is done with the neglecting of the weight of the trusses section. (g) @) Explanation: The product of the centroid of the section to its weight to the total weight of the body is the centre of gravity. (b) Gv) Explanation: In virtual work equation reaction due to rough surface ona body which rolls on it without slipping or smooth surface with which body is in contact and reaction at a point or on an axis, fixed in space, around which a body is constrained to turn are neglected. (@ @ Explanation: An elastic collision is a collision in which there is no net loss in energy in the system as a result of the collision, Both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved quantities in elastic collisions. They collide, bouncing off each other with no loss in speed. a@ . 2. (a) The algebraic sum of the resolved parts of a number of forces in a given direction is equal to the resolved part of their resultant in the same direction, Method for the resolution for the resultant force is given by the following ways: (a) Resolve all the forces horizontal components ; (b) Resolve all the forces vertically and find the algebraic sum by the following diagram, Scanned with CamScanner314 S.QB. in Civil Engineering (3™ Semester) Hence the resultant of the above both type of” forces is given by R= (eH)? +(2v)? Fy The resultant force will make an angle with the horizontal which can be given by: rv TH __ Summation of vertical components tanO ~ Summation of horizontal components xv or, = 8 =n" }. Hence sum of resolved part of a number of forces in a given direction is equal to the resolved part of theirs resultant in the same direction. This is also because of the following two principles. (i Principle of transmisibility: As per this principle if we, transmit a force in its line of action without changing its magnitude & direction, then these will be change in the effect of force. (ii) Principle of independence of force: As per this principle, the vertical motion does not affect by the movement of horizontal motion. (b) Figure is given as follow: Given that, force P= 30 N Since, moment of force = Fx r, So moment at point C Mg =30x0=0Nm Moment about point B M, =30x1.6 =48Nm Moment about point A Let us resolve the given force into two components as shown Fig. 03 Px =Pcos 45° =30cos 45° For Py perpendicular distance is d, and d, = AB +h Scanned with CamScannerS.Q.B. in Civil Engineering (3 Semester) 315 where h =CBcos 45° = 1.6 cos 45 =0.8 Fig. 04 Hence d, = 1.6 +0.8=2.4m So moment at point A is given by My =P,d, + P,dy =30cos 45°(1.6 + 1.6cos 45°) + 30sin45°(1.6sin45°) M, =81.91Nm (Since d, =1.6 sin45°). 3, (a) As per the data given and the corresponding fig given. uy Fig. 05 Y 1000 N 1000 N © (b) Fig. 06 = Tension in string BC Let T, = Tension in string AB: T, = Tensior T, =Tension in string CD Scanned with CamScanner316, S.Q.B. in Civil Engineering (3°! Semester) Since at joint B these are three forces acting and applying Lami’s theorem at points B 1000 sin60® ~ sin150® sin150° sin60 x 1000 sin60*1000 _1739N said nl 50° 1000 = 100 or, 7, =1000. oF Sint50® sinl50° "2 Now applying Lami’s theorem at joint C T,__ 1000 13-1 | 50,7, = 1000. sinl20° sin120° sin120° (b) (1) Two force principle: States that if two forces are in equilibrium they must be equal, opposite and collinear. (2) Three force principle: States that if three forces are in equilibrium then resultant of any two forces must be equal, opposite and collinear with the third force. (© Lami’s theorem states that, if three concurrent forces act on a body keeping it in equilibrium, then each force is proportional to the sine of the angle between the other two forces. Let P, Q, R be the 3 concurrent forces in equilibrium as shown in fig. (a). Since the forces are vectors, we can move them to form a triangle as shown in fig. (b). P a 2 a pa R Fig. 07 Applying sine rule we get_P_ = Q sin (180° — a) ~ sin (180°=p) P__Q =2..2 4, d sina. sinB sin@ "Proved. a Centre of gravity is a theoretical point in the body where the total weight ie body is thought to be concentrated. It is important to know the centre of Brevity because it predicts the behaviour of a moving body when acted on by avity and it is joni 5 " ie a5 es ; also useful in designing static structures such as buildings and Ina uniform gravitational field, the centre of : gravity is identical to the centre of mass. Yet, the two points do not always coincide, Fe. ide. For the Moon, the centre of Scanned with CamScannerS.QB. in Civil Engineering (3 Semester) 317 massii very close {0 its geometric centre. However, its centre of gravity is slightly towards the Earth due to the stronger gravitational force on the Moon's near side Ina symmetrically shaped object formed of homogenous material, the centre of gravity may match with the geometric centre of the body. However, an asymmetrical object composed of a variety of materials with different masses is likely to have its centre of gravity located at some distance away from its geometric centre. In hollow bodies or irregularly shaped bodies, the centre of gravity lies at a point external to the phy: material. Let us find the centre of gravity of a disc of mass 'm’ Mass of original dise, M = 7R? xm 1 (RY mR? oM maa =) xm =2R 2M 2 4" 4 In the fig shown as follow. Mass “M’ is concentrated at O and mass M’ is concentrated at’, thenoo' = 8 2 Fig. 08 Let x be the distance of centre of mass. MR Mxo-M'E ax Then x= M-M’ As showing in the figure, P is centre of mass. (b) Given fig, 09 is as follow: — 30 mm} 30 mm Fig. 09 Scanned with CamScanner318 S.QB. in Civil Engineering (3°! Semester) This can be divided into three different region: (1) Triangle Height = 60 mm Base = 60 mm (2) Semi-circle Diameter = 60 mm (3) Circle Diameter = 30 mm. ] 60 mm «— 60 mm—» | — 60 mm —» (a) Triangle (b) Semi-circle (c) Circle Fig. 10 Moment of inertia of triangle (Area,) I, 4 in? = 1 60)(60)3 =1.08105mm* 12 12 1, = Moment of inertia of hole (Area » 30)* 64 Since I for circle is = D* I,= (Moment is taken as negative since hole is inside the body) 1, =-39760.78 mm‘ 1, = moment of inertia of Area; about AB axis = zoot (For semicircle) 1 = 70% = 318086.26 mm* Moment of inertia of entire laming about axis (AB) 1+, 1080000 — 39760.78 + 318086.26)mm* 358325.48mm* = 1.36 x 105mm? 5. (a) Given load = 1.5 KN Now force parallel to the plane = F, Fp=1.5Ksin® and force normal to the plane = F, F,=1.5Kcos0 As per given data (from the equation) Fig. 11 Scanned with CamScannerS.QB. in Civil Engineering (3" Semester) 319 ‘We have, 1.5 K sin@ = 1.25 KN 1.25K _1.25 Qe oS TSK LS «af 1.25 asin" *) 0 =56.44° Hence 0= sin (2 Since coefficient of friction = ISKNsind aaa = tand 15KNcos an(56.44°) = 1.5. Hence inclination of the plan and coefficient of friction = (b) Angle of friction and angle of repose are two angles that come up in mechanical engineering. The angle of repose also has a use in soil mechanics. The main difference between angle of friction and angle of repose is that the angle of friction is defined as the angle between the normal reaction force and the resultant force of normal reaction force and friction when an object just begins to move, whereas the angle of repose is defined as the minimum angle of an inclined plane which causes an object to slide down the plane. We will see later at these two definitions are equivalent. Angle of Friction: Angle of friction is defined as the angle made between the normal reaction force and the resultant force of normal reaction force and friction. Let us first explore this definition and attempt to express the angle of friction in terms of a formula. Fy. +2 R F.+R Br 1——> Pull 0 F, “ammo MATT @ () Fig. 12 ic being pulled against a rough surface. Ifthe e k force is small, the static friction (F,) between the surfaces would See from moving. Ifyou slowly increase the pull, F, would also increase, i it one i i i ‘ock from moving. However, a horizontal forces and still preventing OM point, the state ction has Cer eee Nae eee ove Ais maximum friction as F, = BR Teached the upper limit, and we can descr ‘on f g i al reaction force. Where u is the coefficient of friction and R is the normé The diagram above shows a bloc Scanned with CamScanner320 S.Q.B. in Civil Engineering (3° Semester) ‘The vector diagram on the right shows the sum of F, and R. From the definition we had above, 6 is the angle of friction, Using trigonometry, we can express this angle @ as tan 0=F,/R =pR/R =. ie, the angle of friction between two surfaces is equal to the inverse tangent of the coefficient of friction between those two surfaces, Hence @ = tan“'(h). Angle of Repose: The angle of repose is the maximum angle that a surface can be tilted from the horizontal, such that an object on it is just able to stay on the surface without it sliding down. Again, let us first look at the diagram of the situation. When the objectis just about to move, the size of friction is given by F,=Ru. The object is also in equilibrium (the object is about to move, but it is not moving yet!) so taking the forces acting along the plane, we can say, F,=mgsing =pR Resolving forces perpendicular to the plane, we have, mgcos@ =R . R_ Now, we take the ratio of these expressions: MSN _ UR ing mgeose OR Using the trigonometric identity “"° = tang cos and cancelling out common factors. we get tan @= pt So, we get g=tan""(u). For angle of friction @, we had = tan“!(j1) and we see that this is the same expression that we get for angle of repose as well. Therefore, angle of friction is equal to angle of repose. (©) Given data: Load 2.5 KN = W Mean diameter of screw = Pitch of screw = 12 mm = P 75 mm. Coefficient of friction =p = tan = 0.075 Since tana =P =! 9951 nh x75 Efficiency of screw jack is given by: =—tma_ tana 0051s tan(a +4) tana+tang 0051+ 0.075 ~ 01265 ~ I-tanatang 1—0.051x 0.075 or, 1% = 40.3%. . (a) As per the details given in the question we have: Span length (2) = 5 m Height of truss (h) = 2.5 m a Scanned with CamScannerS.QB. in Civil Engineering (3"! Semester) 321 10 KN Fig. 14 As shown point F is at mid point of side AB. Hence AF= CF. So ZCAF = ZCEF = 45° AF =FE =2.5m. ‘Taking moment about point E and equating the same: V4 x5 =10x 2.5 + 20x 2.5cos45° + 10x Scos45° =25+ 50, Bans 1S Hence V, = —>=1SKN. Now moment about point A is given as V_x5 =10% 0 + 25c0s45°x20 + 10% 2x 25 c0845° 25 50 V,x5 = 22x 2042 = 50. XS Sx 204 T So vp= 2 =10KN (b) As per data given, Span length of beam AB(I) = 5m Support section at point A Since EM, =0 3x2+4x34+5%4-Ryx5=0 or, 6+12+20=Ryx5 or, 38=Ryx5 Hence Ry 2 =76KN Also support reaction at point B can be Since at point B, EM, =0 or, 5x1+4x24+3%3-Ra or 5 +84 995%Rs ¢ calculated in similar way x5=0 Scanned with CamScanner322 S.QB. in Civil Engineering (3° Semester) 7. (a) Principle of Virtual Work. It states that if a small imaginary displacement is given to the system under equilibrium. Then the algebraic sum of work done by the force and moment is always equal to zero or partial derivatives ofits total potential energy with respect to each of the independent variable is zero, Consider a particle which moves along the path described by path r(1) from point A to point B. Hence we can describe the length of the path traveled as r(t) + fr(t) then the work done is given by rq )=B we J fas Tig)=A 4 4 } pare |F-var 6 0 If r(t) change by small amount e.g. 8r(#) = € h() Where eis a scaling constant which can be made as small as possible and h(t) is arbitrary function that satisfies: h(f,) = h(t) = hg- Suppose Fi(1) = € h(t) is the same as F(/(t)) then the work done by the force is given by the internal: rq)=B 4 p We frat en)= fp COHEMO _ tees emar ri) =A a 6 Here the variation of work, SW associated by near by path, is known as virtual work. (b) Span of beam () = 4 m; Point load (W) = 10 KN Distance of separation between print load be support (A) = 1.5 m 10 KN Ic a> 1.5 me 2.5 m——» D Fr 5 y ix | Ae Ry c 48 Re Fig. 16 Here R, = Reaction of point A Rg = Reaction of point B y = virtual upward displacement Virtual upward displacement at point C is =0375y 4 Scanned with CamScannerin Civil Engineering (3° Semester) 323 Total virtual work done by two reaction R =[(R,q x 0) +(Rgxy]=R Virtual work done by the point load ‘a and Ry, BX Y =Px (sin is acti eer (since load is acting down ward) So virtual work = ~Px = (1.5) 0.375y =~ 0.5625y Since algebraic sum of virtual work is zero, so Rgx y - 0.5625y =0 0.5625y y or, Rp = 0.5625KN Rg = (1.5 -0.5625) KN = 0.9375 KN. (©) Let these be stone A and B stone A is dropped from top of the tower and stone B is thrown up from the foot of the tower. Let at a distance x meter from the bottom of the tower both stones cross each other then For stone A, _ (50-2) 59 m rh 50 -x =ut, + doe since u = 0 Z 1 Bhp So comparing equation (i) & (ii) we get, 50 - ; gt? = 251 - ; et? so, S0-x Hence we get 251 = 50 1.1 = T= = 2sec. Now since x = 50 - gt? =50 -FoHm) =50 -19.6 =30.4m. Hence time of crossing each other is after 2 sec of the process and these crosses each other at a distance of 30.4 m from the bottom. 8. (a) Equilibrium is a state of body where neither the internal energy nor the motion of the body changes with respect to time. Let us try to understand the equilibrium of a rigid body. If we have to define equilibrium where the net external force, as well a any other point, is zero. But to be more both rotational and translational equilibrium. Situation: 4 Equilibrium is a defined as any point where the total cee Sel or torque is zero, This point may be anywhere near he onl HB force in translational motion of the ssid La oan van change the angular that body, While the external torque 19 Momentum of the rigid body. . a — the simplest definition would be itis a point s torque acting on the body about COM or ecific for a rigid body equilibrium means For example, consider the following Scanned with CamScanner324 S.Q.B. in Civil Engineering (3° Semester) In the mechanical equilibrium of a rigid body, the linear momentum ang angular momentum remain unchanged with time. This implies that the body under the influence of external force neither has a linear acceleration nor an angular acceleration. We, therefore, can say that: > Ifthe total force on a rigid body is zero then the body shows translational equilibrium as the linear momentum remains unchanged despite the change in time: > Ifthe total torque on a rigid body is zero then the body shows rotational equilibrium as the angular momentum does not change with time, Mechanical Equilibrium: When we sum up the above findings of translational and rotational equilibrium we get the following assumptions: F, +F)+F3+Fy+..+F,= > f,=0 (For translational equilibrium) tpt ytyta tye Uy (For rotational equilibrium) These equations are the vector in nature. As scalars the force and torque in their x, y and z components are: Fi, = 0, Fy =0, and F,, = 0 and 4, = 0, 4= 0 and 4,,= 0. The independent condition of force and torque helps in reaching the rigid bodies to a state of mechanical equilibrium. Generally, the forces acting on the tigid body are coplanar. The three conditions if satisfied, help the rigid body attain equilibrium. The condition of translational equilibrium arises when any of the two components along any perpendicular axis sum up to be zero, For rotational equilibrium, it is necessary that all the three components result ina zero. Moreover, as the transnational equilibrium is a condition that depends on a particle’s behaviour, therefore, the vector sum of forces on all the particles must be a zero, Partial Equilibrium: Equilibrium in a rigid body may also be partial in nature. Partial equilibrium of a body is that state where a rigid body shows only one kind of equilibrium. For example, consider the following figure: a a if R Q F Va WV Fig. 18 The figure shows an instance of rotational equilibrium, Q being the centet with sides PQ= QR = a. The forces F at points P and Q are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. The system is in rotational equilibrium as the net moment on the rod is zero. The translational equilibrium can only be seen if the forces from points P and Q are opposite in perpendicular direction to the rod. Scanned with CamScanner 4—__——— =ngineering (3™ Sey ‘Mester 325 The figure below shows translational equi ff nal equilibri moments from forces at points P and Q Seer the figure below, the rather they act in the same sense thus cau: ces F are not opposite : sing anti- is yi The total force hence is zero. Here, since the rod cage Otation of the rod. . ¢ the rod without i rotation. The kinds of force acting on the rod are termed pete shows forque. fe Pp z oe “ i Q R d A pair of equal and opposite forces with different lines of action that produces rotation of the body is called the torque on that body. (b) As per the details given in the question we can draw Fig. 19 the following diagram 30 Kg Weight of 30 kg body = 30 (9.8) = 297 N Weight of 45 kg body = 45(9.8) = 441 N 45 kg Let us assume the motion in 441N block down word Fig. 20 with F= ma or, 441 -1()e oi) 98 (Let there be tension “T’ in the rope) 441-T =45a Now for 294 N block . F=ma or, T —294=30a - Gi) Adding equation (j) and (ii), we get147 = 75a. Soa =" =1.96 m/s? Putting this value in equation (ii), we get T —294 = 30(1.96) or, T =30( Hence tension in the rope is 352.8 N. 1.96) + 294 = 352.8N (©) Mass of the truck = m = 1.5 tonnes or, M = 1500 kg 5400 =ve = 215 ms Speed = v = 54 km/h 3600 Aue =mv Kinetic energy of the truck = K.E. 12 =4a500)(15) =11.25 KI eKE= 5m 7 Scanned with CamScanner326 S.Q.B. in Civil Engineering (3° Semester) Let us assume that truck stops at a distance of ‘x’ meter Since opposite force is 100 N. meee 100 _ 1 1500 15 So retardation due to this force is a’ Let us apply work energy relationship Since loss of kinetic energy = work done by opposing force (00N) KE, =F-dcos0 (Here 0 = 0) Hence Sm? (100) x d or, 51500315 x15 = 100% d So, = 50%15*15 _ 1687.50 meter 100 9. (a) Centre of oscillation the point in a body occupied by that particle which is accelerated and retarded to an equal amount, and which therefore moves as if it were a single pendulum unconnected with the rest of the body. Center of oscillation is a point where the mass of pendulum is concentrated and period is unchanged. When the pendulum is moved back and forth it creates an oscillating movement. The more frequency of pendulum, the less is the time period of oscillation. Hence, frequency is inversely proportional to the time period. For understanding the concept of centre of oscillations, Let us consider the given figure. Let S be the point of suspension of compound pendulum, Fig. 21 length of pendulum G=centre of gravity T =2n|4 ‘mel Here I= moment of inertia le ea ! » So= SG +GO=1+—- L Let L =/ +1", then period of oscillations is given by 2 F-) T= 2q or, T= anfE & Period of oscillation through point O is 2a 2 T= 2n |S"? and since gl! 1 Then T= 21, | +! 8g Scanned with CamScannerin Civil Engineering (34 Semester) 327 Hence at the centre of oscillations at ‘lati * ie same as the axis centre of oscillations & oscillations are interchange abien (b) A simple schematic of compound A pendulum is given by the following figure, Suspension 's' where Point of ‘Suspension Period of oscillation depend on the ~~” separation of distance between point of suspension & centre of mass. Centre of mass Let! be the distance between ‘O" & ‘M’ then period of oscillation is given 2 T =2; Pp mg gl . Fig. 22 Here ‘K’is the radius of gyration of the bar about an axis passing through the centre of mass. The rigid body can be formed for getting the compound pendulum as: Couple acting on the rigid body is mgl sind 40 +. angular acceleration then Torque is =“ dt ne dt tesla = a 34 5 1 Also t= r x f = 1 xmg=—mgl sind | = an Hence 2” = M8! sing, so” =—yo ra a dt Fig. 23 When @ is very much small then sind = 0 ‘ig. I 1, : Yn" Vinet We can also calculate the time period of compound pendulum by the i : (By taking hinge into the picture) oom ime period of compound pendulum let us draw the For calculating the ti equilibrium state of rigid body. Fig. 24 Scanned with CamScanner328 S.QB. in Civil Engineering (3 Semester) Body is shown in normal state in fig. (a) and on slight displacement, same body is shown in fig (b). Line through the hinge is extended through centre of mass then Tying. = 0 Here xg, is the distance of centre of mass (C.O.M.) from hinge, When rigid body is given a slight angular displacement, then Trestoring, = "8%em Sin then Tor, = mg eq, Sin MEX M8 vay Sin or, a, = EFem sing, hinge Now if @ (angular displacement) is small, then sin 0 ~ 8. So, a, =| ™8*em |g Thinge ot = 8 Xe op 18 Xem hinge Tainge T = 2af = | %em or, T= 2m |—Bmee V Tage 8 Xn (c) A compound pendulum has an extended mass, like a swinging bar, and is free to oscillate about a horizontal axis. A special reversible compound pendulum called Kater’s pendulum is designed to measure the value of g, the acceleration of gravity. A pendulum consists of an object suspended along an axis so that it is able to ‘move back and forth freely. Depending on the shape of the pendulum, a pendulum could be classified as a simple pendulum or a compound pendulum (physical pendulum). In a simple pendulum the dimensions of the object in suspension is Significantly smaller than the distance from the centre of gravity of the object to the axis of suspension. This allows us to treat the mass as though it were a single point, In a compound pendulum, the distance between the centre of gravity of the swinging body and the axis of suspension is comparable to the dimensions of the body. ‘The main difference between simple pendulum and compound pendulum is that in a simple pendulum, the distance between the centre of gravity of the suspended body and the axis of suspension is large compared to the dimensons of the suspended body whereas, in a compound pendulum, the dimensions of the suspended body are comparable to the distance between the body's centre of gravity and the axis of suspension. ooo Scanned with CamScanner