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Arithmetic Algebra + Vector Algebra

Algebra Trigonometry
Trigonometry Determinants and matrices
Geometry Analytical Geometry
Mensuration Vector Algebra
Statistics Statistics and Probability
Differential calculus
Integral calculus

AFCAT MATHS TA MATHS

Decimal Fraction Arithmetic

Simplification Algebra
Average Trigonometry
Profit & loss Geometry
Percentage Mensuration
Ratio & Proportion Statistics
Simple Interest
 101 MATHS

SHORTCUTS
1. Metho
Method d to multip
multiply
ly 2-dig
2-digit
it numb
numbeer.
(i) AB × CD = AC AC / AD + BC BC / BD
35 × 47 = 12 / 21 + 20 / 35 = 12 / 41 / 35 = 1645
(ii) AB × AC AC = A2 / A (B + C) / BC
74 × 76 = 72 / 7(4 + 6) / 4 × 6
= 49 / 70 / 24 = 49 / 70 / 24 = 5624
(iii)
(iii) AB × CC = AC / (A (A + B)C / BC
= 35 × 44 = 3 × 4 / (3 + 5) × 4 / 5 × 4
= 12 / 32 / 20 = 12 / 32 / 20 = 1540
2. Metho
Method d toto mult
multiiply
ply 3-di
3-digi
gitt no.
no.
ABC × DEF = AD / AE + BD / AF + BE + CD / BF + CE / CF
456 × 234 = 4 × 2 / 4 × 3 + 5 × 2 / 4 × 4 + 5 × 3 + 6 × 2 / 5 × 4 + 6 × 3 / 6 × 4
= 8 / 12 + 10 / 16 + 15 + 12 1 2 / 20 + 18 / 24
2
= 8 / 2  /4 3 8 4
 /4  / 3  / 2  = 106704
3. If in a series
series all number
number contains
contains repeating
repeating 7. To find
find their sum, we start
start from
from the left
left multiply 7 by 1, 2, 3, 4,
4, 5 & 6. Look
Look at
at the
example below.
777777 + 77777 + 7777 + 777 + 77 + 7 = ?
=7×1/7×2/7×3/7×4/7×5/7×6
= 7 / 14 / 21 / 28 / 35 / 42 = 864192
4. 0.55
0.5555 55 + 0.50.555
55 + 0.5
0.555 + 0.5
0.5 = ?
To find the sum of those number in which one number is repeated after decimal, then first write the number in either increasing in creasing
or decreasing order. Then -find the sum by using the below method.
0.5555 + 0.555 + 0.55 + 0.5
=5×4/5×3/5×2/5×1
= 20 / 15 / 10 / 5 = 2.1605
5 Thos
Thosee num numb bers
ers whose
hose all
all dig
digit
itss are
are 3.
3.
2
(33)  = 1089 089 Those
Those numb
number er.. in which
hich all
all dig
digits
its are
are num
numbe
berr is
is 3 tw
two or
or mor
moree than
than 2 tim
times
es repe
repeat
ated
ed,, to
to find
find the squar
squaree of 
these number, we repe at 1 and 8 by (n – 1) time. Where n ® Number of times 3 repeated.
repeat
2
(333)  = 110889
(3333)2 = 11108889
6. Thos
Thosee numbnumber er who
whose
se all
all digi
digits
ts are
are 9.
2
(99)  = 9801
(999)2 = 998001
(9999)2 = 99980001
(99999)2 = 9999800001
7. Thos
Thosee numbnumber er who
whose
se all
all digi
digits
ts are
are 1.
A number whose whose one’s, ten’s, hundred’s digit is 1 i.e., 11, 111, 1111, ....
In this we countcount number of digits. We write 1, 2, 3, ..... in th their
eir square the digit in the number, then write in d ecreasing
ecreasing order up to 1.
11 2 = 121
2
111 = 12321
11112 = 1234321
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S-2 101 Shortcuts in Quantit ati ve Aptitude

8. Some
Some prope
properti
rties
es of squa
square
re and
and squa
square
re roo
root:t:
(i)
(i) Complete squaresquare of a no. is possible
possible if its last digit is 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 & 9. If last digit
digit of a no. is 2, 3, 7, 8 then complete square root
root
of this no. is not possible.
(ii)
ii) If last digit
digit of a no. is 1, then last digit of its complete
complete square
square root
root is either 1 or 9.
(iii
iii) If last digit of a no. is 4, then last digit of its complete
complete square
square root is either
either 2 or 8.
(iv)
(iv) If last digit of a no. is 5 or 0, then last digit of its complete
complete square
square root
root is either 5 or 0.
(v)
(v) If last
last digit of a no. is 6, then last
last digit of its complete
complete square
square root
root is either
either 4 or 6.
(vi)
(vi) If last digit
digit of a no. is 9, then last digit of its complete
complete square
square root
root is either 3 or 7.
9. Prime Number :
(i) Find the approx square root root of given no. Divide
Divide the given no. by
by the prime no. less than approx square
square root of
of no. If given
no. is not divisible by any of these prime no. then t he no. is pri me otherwise not.
For example :  To check
check 359 is a prime number or not.
Sol. Approx sq. root = 19
Prime no. < 19 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17
359 is not divisible by any of of these prime nos. So 359 is a prime no.
For example: Is 2 5001  + 1 is prime or n ot?

25001 + 1
Þ Reminder = 0,
2 +1
\ 25001 + 1 is not prime.
(ii)
ii) There are 15 prime
prime no. from
from 1 to 50.
50.
(iii)
iii) There are 25 prime
prime no. from
from 1 to 100.
100.
(iv)
(iv) There are are 168 prime
prime no.
no. from 1 to 1000.
1000.
10. If a no.
no. is
is in the
the form
form of n n
of x  + a , then it is divisible by (x + a); if n is odd.
11. If xn ¸ (x – 1), then remainder is alway
al wayss 1.
12. If x ¸ (x + 1)
n

(i) If n is eveeven,
n, then
then rem
remaind
ainder
er is 1.
(ii)
ii) If n is odd,
odd, then
then remai
remainde
nderr is x.
x.

4P + 1 + 1
13. (i) Value of P + P + P + ..........¥ =
2

4P + 1 - 1
(ii) Valu
Valuee of P - P - P - ..........¥ =
2

(iii)
ii) Value
Value of P. P. P. ..........¥ =P

( 2n -1) ¸2n
(iv
(iv) Value
Value of P P P P P =P
[Where n ® no. of times P repeated].

Note: If factors of P are n & (n + 1) type then value

val ue of P + P + P + ..
....¥ = ( n + 1)  and P - P - P - ....¥ = n.
14.
14. Number of divisors :
(i) If N isis any no. and N = an × bm × c p × .... where a, b, c are prime no.
no. and
 No.
 No. of
of divisors
divisors of N = (n + 1) (m + 1) (p + 1) ....
e.g. Find the no. of divisors of 90000.
90000 = 22 × 32 × 52 × 102 = 22 × 32 × 52 × (2 × 5)2 = 24 × 32 × 54
 N = 90000
So, the no. of divisors = (4 + 1) (2 + 1) (4 + 1) = 75
(ii) N = an × bm × c p, where a, b, c are prime
Then set of co-prime
co-prime factors
factors of N = [(n + 1) (m + 1) (p + 1) – 1 + nm + mp + pn + 3mnp]

( a n+1 - 1) ( bm+1 - 1) ( cp+1 - 1)

(iii) If N = an × bm × c p..., where a, b & c are prime no. Th en sum of the divisors =
( a - 1) ( b - 1 ) ( c - 1 )
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101 Shortcuts in Quantitati ve Aptitude

Aptitude S-3

15. To find the last digit a t the unit’s place of an.

di git or digit at
(i) If the last digit or digit at the unit’
unit ’s place of a is 1, 5 or 6, whatever
whatever be the value of n, it will have the same digit at uni t’s place,
place,
i.e.,

...1))n
(.....1 = (.....
......1
...1))
...5))n
(.....5 = (.....
........5
..5)
n
(... ....6) = (... .......6)
(ii) If the last digit or digit at th e units place of a is 2, 3, 5, 7 or 8, then th e last digit of an depends upon the value of n and
an d follows
a repeating pat tern in terms of 4 as given below below :
n last digit of (....2)n last digit of (....3)n last digit (... .7)n
digi t of (....7) last digit of (....8)n
4x+1 2 3 7 8
4x+2 4 9 9 4
4x+3 8 7 3 2
4x 6 1 1 6
(iii) either 4 or 9, then the last digit of an depends upon the
If the last digit or digit at the unit’s place of a is either th e value of n and
an d follows
repeating pattern
p attern in terms of 2 as given below.
below.
n last digit of (....4)n last digit of (....9)n
2x 6 1
2x + 1 4 9

(n + 1)
(n ) (n
16. (i) Sum of n nat
natural
ural numb
numbeer =
2
(ii)
(ii) Sum of n even
even number = (n) (n + 1)
(iii
iii) Sum of number = n2
of n odd number

n ( n + 1) ( 2n + 1)
17. (i) Sum of sq.
sq. of firs
irst n nat
natur
ural
al no.
no. =
6

(ii)
ii) Sum of
of sq.
sq. of
of first
first n odd
odd natural no.
no. =
(
n 4n 2 - 1 )
3

2n ( n + 1) ( 2n + 1)
(iii)
iii) Sum of
of sq.
sq. of
of first
first n even natural no. =
3

2 2
n 2 ( n + 1) é n ( n + 1) ù
18. (i) Sum
Sum of
of cube
ube of first
irst n nat
natur
ural
al no.
no. = = ê ú
4 ë 2 û
(ii)
ii) Sum of
of cube
cube of
of first even natural no. = 2n2 (n + 1)2
first n even
(iii)
iii) Sum of cube of first n odd natural no. = n2 (2n2 – 1)
of cube
19. (i) xn – yn is divisible
di visible by (x + y)
When n is even
(ii) xn – yn is divisible
d ivisible by (x – y)
When n is either odd or even.
20. For any
any int ger n, n3 – n is divisible by 3, n5 – n is divisible by 5, n11 – n is divisible by 11, n13 – n is
inteeger i s divisible by 13.
21. Some articles related to Divisibility :
(i) A no. of 3-digits which
which is formed
formed by repeating
repeating a digit 3-times,
3-times, then this no. is divisible
divisible by
by 3 and 37.
e.g., 111, 222, 333, .......
(ii)
ii) A no. of 6-digit which is formed
formed by
by repeating
repeating a digit 6-times then this no. is divisible
divisible by
by 3, 7, 11, 13 and 37.
e.g., 111111, 222222, 333333, 444444, .............
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S-4 101 Shortcuts in Quantit ati ve Aptitude

22.
22. Divisible by 7 : We use osculator (– 2) for divisibility test.
99995 : 9999 – 2 × 5 = 9989
9989 : 998 – 2 × 9 = 980
980 : 98 – 2 × 0 = 98
 Now 98 is divisible by 7, so 99995 is also divisible by by 7.
23.
23. Divisible by 11 : In a number, if difference of of sum of digit at even p laces and sum of digit at odd places is either 0 or multiple of 
11, then no. is divisible by 11.
For example, 12342 ¸ 11
Sum of even place digit = 2 + 4 = 6
Sum of odd place digit = 1 + 3 + 2 = 6
Difference = 6 – 6 = 0
\ 12342 is divisible by 11.
24.
24. Divisible by 13 : We use (+ 4) as osculator.
e.g., 876538 ¸ 13
876538: 8 × 4 + 3 = 35
5 × 4 + 3 + 5 = 28
8 × 4 + 2 + 6 = 40
0 × 4 + 4 + 7 = 11
1 × 4 + 1 + 8 = 13
13 is divisible
d ivisible by 13.
\ 876538 is also divisible by 13.
25.
25. Divisible by 17 : We use (– 5) as osculator.
e.g., 294678:
294678: 29467
29467 – 5 × 8 = 29427
29427
27427: 2942 – 5 × 7 = 2907
2907: 290 – 5 × 7 = 255
255: 25 – 5 × 5 = 0
\ 294678 is i s completely divisible by 17.
26.
26. Divisible by 19 : We use (+ 2) as osculator.
e.g: 149264: 4 × 2 + 6 = 14
4 × 2 + 1 + 2 = 11
1 × 2 + 1 + 9 = 12
2×2+1+4=9
9 × 2 + 1 = 19
19 is divisible by 19
\ 149264 is divisible
di visible by 19.
27.
27. HCF (Highest Common factor)
There are two methods to find the HCF– 
(a) Factor method (b) Division method  
(i) For twotwo no. a and b if a < b, b, then HCF of a and b is always
always less than or equal to a .
(ii)
ii) The greatest
greatest number by which which x, y and z completely
completely divisible
divisible is the HCF of x, y and z.
(iii)
iii) The greatest number by which x, y, z divisible and gives the remainder a, b and c is the HCF of (x (x –a), (y–b)
(y–b) and (z–c).
(iv)
(iv) The greatest number by which x, y and z divisible and gives same same remainder in each case, that number is HCF HCF of (x–y),
(y–z) and (z–x).

a c e H.C.M. of (a, c, e)
(v) H.C.F
.C.F.. of ,  and =
b d   f  L.C.M. of (b, d, f)
28. LCM (Least Common Multiple)
There are two methods to find the LCM– 
(a) Factor method (b) Division method  
(i) For
For two numbers
numbers a and b if a < b,
b, then L.C.M.
L.C.M. of
of a and b is more
more than or
or equal
equal to b.
(ii)
(ii) If ratio between
between two
two numbers is a : b and
and their H.C.F.
H.C.F. is x, then their L.C.M. = abx.
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x
(iii
iii) If ratio
ratio betw
between
een two
two numbers
numbers is a : b and
and their L.C.M. H.C.F. =
L.C.M. is x, then their H.C.F.
ab
(iv)
(iv) The smallest
smallest number
number which
which is divisible by x, y and z is L.C.M. of x, y and z.
(v) The smallest number which is divided by by x, y and z give remainder
remaind er a, b and c, but (x – a) = (y – b)
b) = (z – c)
c) = k, then number 
is (L.C.M. of (x, y and z) – k).
(vi)
(vi) The smallest
smallest number
number which
which is divided
divided by x, y and
and z give remainder
remainder k in each
each case,
case, then number
number is (L.C.M.
(L.C.M. of x, y and
and z) + k.

a c e L.C.M. of (a, c, e)
(vii) L.C.M
.C.M.. of
of ,  and =
b d   f  H.C.F. of (b, d, f)
(vii
(viii)
i) For two numbers
numbers a and b – 
LCM × HCF = a × b
(ix)
ix) If a is the H.C.F. of
of each L.C.M., then product of n numbers = an–1.L
each pair from n numbers and L is L.C.M.,

29. Algebra Identities:

(i) (a + b)2 + (a – b) 2 = 2 (a 2 + b2) (ii) (a + b)2 – (a – b)2 = 4ab
(iii) a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2) (iv) a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)
(v) a4 + a2 + 1 = (a2 + a + 1) (a 2 – a + 1) (vi) If a + b + c = 0, then a3 + b3 + c3=3abc
2 2 2 2
( a + b) - ( a - b ) ( a + b) + ( a - b)
(vii) =4 (viii) =2
ab a 2 + b2

- j = ( a + d + g - j) + æç + + - ö÷
 b e h k b e h k 
(ix) a +d +g
c f i l èc f i lø
(x) If a + b + c = abc,
abc, then
then

æ 2 a ö æ 2 b ö æ 2c ö æ 2a ö æ 2 b ö æ 2c ö
ç ÷+ç ÷+ç ÷  = ç ÷ .ç ÷ .ç ÷ and 
è 1 - a 2 ø è 1 - b2 ø è 1 - c 2 ø è 1 - a 2 ø è 1 - b 2 ø è 1 - c2 ø
æ 3a - a3 ö æ 3b - b3 ö æ 3c - c3 ö æ 3a - a 3 ö æ 3b - b3 ö æ 3c - c3 ö
çç ÷+ç
2 ÷ ç
÷ +ç
2 ÷ ç
÷
2 ÷ = ç ÷ .ç - ÷ .ç ÷
è 1 - 3a ø è 1 - 3b ø è 1 - 3c ø è 1 - 3a 2 ø è 1 - 3b2 ø è 1 - 3c2 ø
30. If a1x + b1y = c1 and a2x + b2y = c2, then
a1 b1 a1 b1 c1
(i) If ¹ , one solution. (ii) If = = , Infinite man y solutions.
solutions.
a2 b2 a2 b2 c2

a1 b1 c1
(iii) If = ¹ , No solution
a2 b2 c2

1 1
31. If a and b are roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0, then  and  are roots of cx2 + bx + a = 0
a b
32. If a and b are roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, then
(i) One root
root is zero
zero if c = 0.
0.
(ii)
ii) Both
Both roots
roots zero
zero if b = 0 and c = 0.
(iii)
iii) Roots are reciprocal to each other, if c = a.
(iv)
(iv) If both roots a and b are positive, then sign of a and b are opposite and sign of c and a are same.
both roots
(v) If both rootss a and b are negative, then sign of a, b and c are same.
oth root
 b c
( a + b) = - , ab = , then
a a

a -b + b ) 2 - 4 ab
- b = ( a +b
2 2
(
a 4 + b4 = a 2 +b
+ b2 ) - 2a2 b2  = é( a + b) 2 - 2ab ù - 2 ( ab ) 2
ë û
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33.
33. Arithmetic Progression:
(i) If a, a + d, a + 2d,
2d, ..... are
are in A.P.
A.P.,, then,
then, nth term
term of A.P.
A.P. an = a + (n – 1)d 
n n
Sum of n terms of this A.P. = Sn = éë 2a + ( n - 1) d ùû  =  [ a + l]  where l = last term
2 2
a = first term
d = common difference
a+b
(ii) A.M. = [Q A.M. = Arithmetic mean]
2
34.
34. Geometric Progression:
(i) G.P. ® a, ar, ar 2,.........
Then, nth term of G.P. an = ar n–1

(
a r n -1 ) ,r >1
Sn =
( r - 1)

a (1 - r n )
= , r <1
(1 - r )

S¥  = 1 - r  [where r = common
common ratio, a = first term]

(ii) G.M. = ab

1 1 1
35. If a, b,
b, c are
are in
in H.P
H.P.,
., , ,  are in A.P.
a b c

1
nth term of H.M. = th
n term of A.P.

2ab
H.M. =
a +b
Note : Relation between A.M., G.M. and H.M.
(i) A.M.
.M. × H.M G.M..2
H.M.. = G.M
(ii)
ii) A.M.
A.M. > G.M
G.M.. > H.M
H.M..
A.M. ® Arithmetic Mean
G.M. ® Geometric Mean
H.M. ® Harmonic Mean

n +1
36. (i) Average
rage of firs
irst n nat
natur
ural
al no.
no. =
2
(ii)
ii) Average
Average of first
first n even
even no.
no. = (n + 1)
(iii
iii) Average
Average of
of first
first n odd
odd no. = n

( n + 1) ( 2n + 1)
37. (i) Aver
Averag
agee of
of sum
sum of squar
squaree of
of firs
firstt n natur
natural
al no.
no. =
6

2 ( n + 1) ( 2n + 1)
(ii)
ii) Average
Average of
of sum of
of square
square of first
first n even no. =
3

æ 4n 2 - 1 ö
(iii)
iii) Average of
of sum of of first odd no. = çç 3 ÷÷
of square of
è ø
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2
n ( n + 1)
38. (i) Ave
Average
rage of cub
cubee of
of fir
first
st n natur
natural
al no.
no. =
4
ii) Average of cube of first n even natural no. = 2n(n + 1)2
(ii)
(iii)
iii) Average of cube of first n odd natural no. = n(2n2 – 1)
of first
m ( n + 1)
39. Avera
Average
ge of first
first n multip
multiple
le of
of m =
2
40. (i) If average
average of
of some
some observati
observations
ons is x and a is added
added in each
each observ
observations,
ations, then new average
average is
is (x + a).
(ii)
ii) If average
average of some
some observations
observations is x and a is subtracted
subtracted in each observations, then new average
average is (x
(x – a).
(iii)
iii) If average
average of some
some observations
observations is x and each observations
observations multiply by a, then n ew average
average is ax.

x
(iv)
(iv) If average
average of some
some observations
observations is x and each observations
observations is divided by a, then new average
average is .
a

n1A1 + n 2 A 2
(v) If ave
average
rage of n1 is A1, & average of n2 is A2, then Average of (n 1 + n2) is  and 
n1 + n 2

n1A1 - n 2 A 2
Average of (n 1 – n2) is
n1 - n 2
41. When a person
person is included or exclude
excluded
d the group, then age/weight
age/weight of that person = No. of
of persons
persons in group × (Increase
(Increase /
Decrease) in average ± New average.
For example : In a class average age of 15 students is 18 yrs. When the age of teacher is included their average increased by 2
yrs, then find th e age of teacher.
Sol. Age of teacher = 15 × 2 + (18 + 2) = 30 + 20 = 50 yrs.
42. When two or more than two persons
persons included
included or excluded
excluded the group, then
then average age of
of included
included or excluded
excluded person
person is

 No. of person ´ ( Increase / Decrease ) in average

average ± New average ´ ( No. of person included or excluded )
=
 No. of included or person
For example : Average weight
weight of 13 students is 44 k
kg.
g. After including two new students their average weight becomes 48 kg, the n
find th e average weight of two new students.
Sol. Average weight of two new students

13 ´ ( 48 - 44 ) + 48 ´ 2 13 ´ 4 + 48 ´ 2 52 + 96
=  =  =  = 74 kg
2 2 2

2xy
43. If a person
person travels
travels two
two equal
equal distances
distances at a speed
speed of x km/h and y km/h,
km/h, then average speed
speed = km/h
x+y

3xyz
44. If a person
person travels
travels three
three equal
equal distances
distances at a speed
speed of x km/h, y km/h
km/h and z km/h, then average speed
speed = km/h.
xy + yz + zx

a b c a + b + c + .... K1 + K 2 + K3 + .....
45. (i) If = = =.... , then =
K1 K2 K 3 c K 3

P Q R  P + Q + R 
For example: If = = ,  then find
3 4 7 R 
Sol. P = 3, Q = 4, R = 7

P + Q+R 3+ 4 + 7
Then = =2
R 7

a1 a2 a3 a4 an
(ii) If = = = = .... = K , then
  a1 : an + 1 = (K)n
a2 a3 a4 a5 a n +1
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ad bc
46. A number
number added or subtracte
subtracted
d from
from a, b, c & d, so that they are in proportion
proportion = a
( d) (b c)

For example : When a number should be subtracted from 2, 3, 1 & 5 so that they are in proportion. Find that number.

2 ´ 5 - 3 ´1 10 - 3 7
Sol. Req. No. = 2 + 5 - 3 + 1 = =
( ) ( ) 7-4 3

47.
47. If X part of A is equal
equal to Y part of B, then A : B = Y : X.
For example: If 20% of A = 30% of B, then fin d A : B.

30% 3
Sol. A : B = =  = 3 : 2
20% 2

48. When Xth part of P, Y th part of Q and Zth part of R are equal, then find A : B : C.
Then, A : B : C = yz : zx : xy

t1 t2
49. A can
can do
do a/b
a/b part
part of work
ork in t1 days and c/d part of work in t2 days, then =
a/b c/d  

50. (i) If A is
is K time
times ef
effici
ficient
ent than B, Then
Then T(K
T(K + 1) = Kt
KtB
(ii)
ii) If A is K times
times effici
efficient
ent than B and takes t days
days less
less than B

Kt t t
Then T = 2  or
 or , tB =  = ktA
K -1 K -1 K -1

51.
51. (i)
(i) If a cistern
cistern takes X min to be filled
filled by
by a pipe
pipe but
but due to
to a leak, it takes
takes Y extra minutes
minutes to be filled,
filled, then the time taken
taken by leak 

æ X 2 + XY ö
to empty the cistern = ç
ç Y ÷÷
min
è ø
(ii)
ii) If a leak empty a cistern
cistern in X hours. A pipe which admits Y litres per hour water
water into the cistern
cistern and now cistern is emptied 
emptied 

æ X+Y+Zö
in Z hours, th en capacity of cistern is = ç Z - X ÷ litres.
è ø
(iii)
(iii) If two pipes A and B fill a cistern
cistern in x hours
h ours and y hours. A pipe is also an outlet C. If all the
th e three pipes are opened
opened together,

é xyT ù
the tank full in T hours. Th en the time taken by C to empty the full tank is = ê ú
ë yT + xT - xy û
52. (i) If t1 and t2 time taken t o travel from A to B and B to A, with speed a km/h and b km/h, then distan ce from
from A to B is

d = ( t1 + t 2 ) ç
æ ab ö æ ab ö
d = ( t1 - t 2 ) ç
÷ ÷
èa+bø èa-bø

æ t1t 2 ö
d = ( a - b) ç ÷
è t1 - t 2 ø
(ii)
ii) If Ist part of
of distance is covered
covered at the speed
speed of
of a in t1 time and the
th e second part is covered at the speed of b in t2 time, then

æ at 2 + bt1 ö
the average speed = çè t + t ÷ø
1 2
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53. Simple Fraction Their Percentage Simple Fraction Their Percentage

1 100% 1
12.5%
8
1
50%
50%
2
1
11.11%
1 9
33.3%
3
1
1 10%
10%
10
25%
25%
4
1
1 9.09%
20%
20% 11
5
1
1 8.33%
16.67% 12
6

1
14.28%
7

æ aö æ a %ö
54. (i) If A is ç x% = ÷  more than B, then B is ç ÷  less than A.
è  b ø èa+b ø

æ = ö÷ less than B, then B is æç

a a ö
(ii) If A is ç x% % ÷ more than A
è  b ø è a -b ø
if a > b, we take a – b
if b > a, we take b – a.

æ b - a ´100 ö %
55. If pric
pricee of a article
article increase from `  a
increase from  b, then its expenses decrease by ç
 a to  `  b, ÷ so that expendit ure will be same.
è  b ø
56. Due to increase
increase/decre
/decrease
ase the price purchase a kg more in  `  y,
price x%, A man purchase  y, then

æ xy ö
Per kg increase or decrease = ç 100 ´ a ÷
è ø

xy
Per kg starting price =  ` 
( 100 ± x) a
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S-10 101 Shortcuts in Quantit ati ve Aptitude

57. For
For two
two artic
articles,
les, if price
price::

Ist IInd Overall

æ x + y + xy ö %
Increase (x%) Increase (y%) Increase ç ÷
è 100 ø

æ x - y - xy ö %
Increase (x%) Decrease (y%) ç ÷
è 100 ø
If +ve (Increase)
If –ve (Decrease)

æ ö%
xy
Decrease (x%) Decrease (y%) Decrease ç x + y - ÷
è 100 ø

æ x2 ö
Increase (x%) Decrease (x%) Decrease çç ÷÷ %
è 100 ø

æ x2 ö
58. If the side
side of a square
square or radius
radius of a circle is x% increase/dec
increase/decrease
rease,, then its area increase/decrease = çç 2x ± 100 ÷÷ %
increase/decrease
è ø
59. If the side
side of a square,
square, x% increase/de
increase/decreas
creasee then x% its perimete
perimeterr and diagonal increase
increase/decre
/decrease.
ase.
t
æ 100 ± R ö 
n = Pç
60. (i) If popula
populatio
tion
n P increas
increase/d
e/dec
ecrea
rease
se at r% rate
rate,, then after
after t year
yearss popula
populatio
tion
è 100 ÷ø
(ii)
ii) If population
population P increase
increase/decre
/decrease
ase r 1% first year, r 2% increase/decrease second year and r 3% increase/decrease third year,

æ r1öæ r  ö æ r  ö
then after 3 years population = P ç1 ± ÷ ç 1 ± 2 ÷ ç1 ± 3 ÷
è 100 ø è 100 ø è 100 ø

If increase we use (+), if decrease we use (–)

61.
61. If a man spend x% of this income on
on food, y%
y% of remaining on rent and z% of remaining on cloths. If he has `  P
of remaining  P remaining, then

P ´ 100 ´ 100 ´100

total income of man is =
(100 - x ) (100 - y ) (100 - z )
[Note: We can use this table for area increase/decrease
increase/decrease in mensuration for rectangle, triangle an d parallelogram].

62. If CP of x things
 thin gs = SP of y things, then

éx - y ù
Profit/Loss = ê y ´ 100ú %
ë û
If +ve, Profit;
If –ve, Loss
63. If afte
afterr selli
elling
ng x thin gs P/L is equal to SP of y things,

y
then P/L = ´ 100
( x ± y)

é Profit = - ù
ê Loss = + ú
ë û
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101 Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude S-11

64. If CP of
of two
two articles
articles are same,
same, and they sold
sold at

Ist IInd Overall

æ x + y ö%
(x%) Profit (y%) Profit ç 2 ÷  Profit
è ø
æ x - y ö % ìProfit, ifif x > y
(x%) Profit (y%) Loss ç 2 ÷ íLoss, if x < y
è ø î
æ x + y ö % Loss
oss
(x%) Loss (y%) Loss ç 2 ÷
è ø
(x%) Profit (y%) Loss No profit, no loss

65. If SP of
of two
two articles
articles are same
same and they sold at

Ist IInd Overall

æ x2 ö
Loss ç
ç 100 ÷÷
Profit (x%) Loss(x%) %
è ø
æ 100 ( x - y ) - 2xy ö é 2 10
100 + x ) ( 100 - y ) ù ì If + ve, th
÷ % or ê (
then Pr of
ofit %
Profit (x%) Loss (y%) ç - 100 ú % í
è 200 + x - y ø ë 200 + x - y û î If - ve, th
t hen Loss%

é P + D ´100ù %
66. After
After D%
D% discount,
discount, require
requiress P% profit,
profit, then total
total increase C.P.= ê
increase in C.P.= úû
ë100 - D

( 100 + P )
67. M.P.
.P. = C.P
C.P ×
( 100 - D )

( M.P. - C.P.) ´ 100

68. Profit % =
C.P.

éæ 100 + r1 ö æ 100 + r2  ö æ 100 + r3 ö ù

69. (i) For discount r1  % and r 2%, successive discount = êç ÷ç ÷ç ÷ - 1ú ´ 100
ëè 100 ø è 100 ø è 100 ø û

éæ 100 + r1 ö æ 100 + r2  ö æ 100 + r3 ö ù

 (ii
 (ii)) For
For disco
discount
unt r 1%, r 2% and r 3%, successive discount = êç ÷ø çè 100 ÷ø èç 100 ÷ø - 1ú ´ 100
ë è 1 00 û

If P = Principal, R = Rate per annum,

T = Time in
in ye
years,
rs, SI = Si
Simple inte
nterest,
A = Amount

PRT
70. (i) SI =
100

(ii) é
A = P + SI = P ê1 +
RT ù
ë 100 úû
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71. If P = Pri
Princi
ncipa
pal,
l, A = Amou
Amountnt
in n years, R = rate of interest per ann um.
n
é
A = P ê1 +
R  ù
, interest payable annually
ë 100 úû

n¢
é R ¢ ù
72. (i) A = P ê1 + , interest payable half-yearly
ë 100 úû
R¢ = R/2, n¢ = 2n

4n
é R  ù
(ii) A = P ê1 + , interest payable quarterly;
ë 400 úû

é1 + R  ù
73. (i) êë 400 úû is the yearly growth factor;

é1 –  R  ù
(ii) êë 400 úû is the
th e yearly decay
decay factor or depreciation factor..

3
74. When
When time is fractio
fraction
n of a yea
year, say 4
r, say , years, then,
4

é 3 R ù 4
é ê 4 úR  ù
Amount = P ê1 + ´ ê1 + ú
ë 100 ûú ë 100 û

L O n

75. CI = Amoun
mountt – Principall = P MF 
Principa G1 +
R  I 
J  - 1P
MNH  100 K  PQ
76. When Rates
Rates are differe
different
nt for
for differe
different years, say R 1, R 2, R 3% for 1st, 2nd  & 3rd  years respectively,
nt years, respectively, then,
th en,

é R ù é R  ù é R  ù
77. Amount = P ê1 + 1 ú ê1 + 2 ú ê1 + 3 ú
ë 100 û ë 100 û ë 100 û
In general, interest is consider ed to be SIMPLE
SIMPLE unless otherwise stated.

78. (i) Sum

Sum of
of all
all the
the ext
exter
erio
iorr angl
anglee of
of a poly
polygo
gon
n = 360
360°°

360°
(ii)
ii) Each exterio
exteriorr angle of
of a regular
regular polygon
polygon =
n
(iii
iii) Sum of
of all the interior
interior angles of a poly
polygon
gon = (n – 2) × 180°

( n - 2)
(iv)
(iv) Each interior angle of a regular
regular polygon
polygon = ´ 180°
n

n ( n - 3)
(v)
(v) No. of diagonals of a polygo
polygon
n= , n ® no. of sides.
2
(vi)
(vi) The ratio of sides a polygon
polygon to the diagonals of a polygon
polygon is 2 : (n – 3)
(vii)
(vii) Ratio of interior angle
an gle to exterior
exterior angle of a regular polygon
polygon is (n – 2) : 2
79.
79. Properties of triangle:
(i) When one one side is extended
extended in any direction,
direction, an angle is formed
formed with
with another side.
side. This is called
called the exterior
exterior angle.
angle. There
are six exterior angles of a triangle.
(ii)
ii) Interior
Interior angle + corre
correspo
sponding
nding exterio
exteriorr angle = 180°.
180°.
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(iii)
ii) An exterio
exteriorr angle = Sum of the other
other two
two interior
interior oppos
opposite
ite angles
angles..
(iv)
(iv) Sum ofof the lengths of
of any
any two
two sides
sides is greater
greater than the length
length of third side.
(v)
(v) Diffe
Differenc
rencee of
of any
any two
two sides
sides is less
less than
than the third
third side.
side.
Side opposite
opposite to the greatest angle is greatest and vice versa.
(vi)
(vi) A triangl
trianglee must
must have at
at least
least two acute
acute angle
angles.
s.
(vii
(vii)) Triangles on
on equal bases
bases and betwee
between
n the same parallels
parallels have equal areas.
areas.
(vii
(viii)
i) If a, b, c denote the sides of a triangle then
(i) if c2 < a2 + b2, Triangle is acute angled.
(ii) if c2 = a2 + b2, Triangle is right angled.
(iii) if c2 > a2 + b2, Triangle is obtuse angled.
(ix) If 2 triangles
triangles are equiangul
equiangular,
ar, their correspo
corresponding
nding sides are
are proportio
proportional.
nal. In triangles ABC and XYZ,
XYZ, if 
ÐA = ÐX, ÐB = ÐY, ÐC = ÐZ, then
AB AC BC A
= = ..
XY XZ YZ
• (i) In DABC, ÐB = 90° BD ^ AC
\ BD × AC = AB × BC D
1 1 1
(ii) = +
BD 2 AB2 BC 2
(iii) BD2 = AD × DC C B
(x) The perpendic
perpendiculars
ulars drawn
drawn from
from vertice
verticess to oppos
opposite
ite sides
sides (calle
(called
d altitudes)
altitudes) meet
meet at a point called
calledOrthocentre  of the
triangle.
(xi) The line drawn
drawn from a vertex of a triangle to the opposite
opposite side such that it bisects
bisects the side is called theMedian of the
triangle.
triang le. A median bisects the area of the tri angle.
(xii) When a vertex
vertex of a triangle is joined
joined to the midpoint of the opposite
opposite side,
side, we get a median. The point of intersectio
intersection
n of 
the medians is called the Centroid of the triangle.
tri angle. The centroid divides any median in the rati o 2 : 1.
(xiii)
(xiii) Angle
Angle Bisector
Bisector Theore
Theorem–m–
In the figure if AD is the an gle bisector (interior) of РBAC. Then,

 A 

B C
D

1. AB/AC = BD/DC.
2. AB x AC – BD x DC = AD2 .
(xiv
(xiv)) Midpo
Midpoint
int Theore
Theorem
m–
In a trian gle, the line joining th e mid points of two
two sides is parallel to the third side and half of it.
(xv) Basic
Basic Propo
Proportio
rtional
nality
ity Theore
Theoremm
A line parall
p arallel
el to any one side of a triangle
tria ngle divides
divi des the other two sides proportionally. If DE
DE is parallel to BC, then

 A 

D E

B C

AD AE AB
AB AC AD AB
= = , = and so on.
BD EC¢ AD
AD AE DE BC
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80.
80. Properties of circle –
(i) Only
Only one circl
circlee can
can pass
pass through
through three
three giv
given
en poi
points.
nts.
(ii)
ii) There is one and
and only one tangent
tangent to the circle
circle passing
passing through
through any point
point on the circle
circle..
(iii
iii) From any exterior
exterior point
point of the circle, two tangents can
can be drawn on to the circle.
circle.
(iv)
(iv) The lengths
lengths of two
two tangents
tangents segment
segment from
from the exterio
exteriorr point
point to the circle,
circle, are equal.
equal.
(v)
(v) The tangent
tangent at any point of
of a circle
circle and the
the radius
radius through
through the point
point are perpe
perpendicu
ndicular
lar to each
each other
other..
(vi)
(vi) When two
two circles
circles touch
touch each other,
other, their centres & the point of
of contact
contact are collinear
collinear..
(vii
(vii)) If two
two circles touch externally
externally,, distance betwee
between
n centres = sum of radii.
(vii
(viii)
i) If two circles touch
touch i nternally,
nternally, distance between
between centres = difference
difference of radii
(ix) Circles
Circles with
with same
same centre
centre and diffe
different
rent radii
radii are concentric circles.
(x) Point
Pointss lying
lying on
on the sam
samee circ
circle
le are
are call
called
ed concyclic points.
(xi) Measure
Measure of an arc means
means measur
measuree ofof central
central angle.
m(minor arc) + m(major arc) = 360°.
(xii) Angle
Angle in a semic
semicirc
ircle
le is a right angle
angle..
(xiii) Only one
one circle can pass through three given
(xxv) If ON is ^ from the
th e centre O of a circle to a ch ord AB, then AN = NB.

 A  B
N

( from centre bisects chord)

(xv
(xv) If N is the midpoint
midpoint of a chord of a circle with centre O, then ÐONA = 90°.
chord AB of
(Converse, from centre bisects chord)
(xvi
(xvi)) Two congruent figures have equal areas but the converse
converse need not be true.
(xvi
(xvii)
i) A diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into two triangles of
of equal area.
(xvi
(xviii
ii)) Parallelograms on the same base and between
between the same parallels ar e equal in area.
(xix) Triangles on the same
same bases
bases and betwee
between
n the same parallels are equal in area.
(xx) If a triangle and a parallelogram
parallelogram are on the same
same base and between
between the same parallels, then the area of the triangle is equal
to the half of the parallelogram.
• If PT is
is a tang
tangeent to the
the cir
circcle,
le, the
then OP2 = PT2 = OT2
n OP

P O

• If PT is tang
tangeent and
and PA
PAB is
is sec
secant
ant of a circ
circle
le,, then PT2 = PA.PB
then PT

O P

A
B
101 Shortcuts in Quantitati ve Aptitude
Aptitude S-15

• If PB & PD are two secant

secant of
of a circle
circle,, then PA.PB
PA.PB = PC.PD
PC.PD

P D
C

• If two
two circ
circles
les touch
touch exte
externally
rnally,, then distance
distance betw
betwee
een
n their
their centre
centress = (r 
(r 1 + r 2)

A B
r 1 r 2

• If two
two circles
circles touch
touch interna
internally
lly,, then
then distanc
distancee betw
betwee
een
n their
their centre
centress = r 1 – r 2 where r 1 > r 2.

A B

1
81. (i) Area of
of triangle =  × base × altitude
2

a+b+c
(ii)
ii) Area
Area of triangle
triangle using
using heron’
heron’ss form
formula
ula = S / S - a (S
(S - b) (S - c) , where S =
2
82. In an
an equilat
equilateeral triang
triangle
le with
with side
side a, then
2 2 where A ® Area of triangle
4A 4h P 2
= = =a P ® Perimeter 
3 3 9
h ® Height
83. In an isosc
isoscel
elees triang
triangle
le PQR 
PQR 
P
 b 2
ar D PQR = 4a - b2
4
a a

4a 2 - b 2
Height =
2
Q  b R 
 1 P
84. Area of D =  bc SinP  where ÐP = ÐQPR 
(i) Are
2

1
(ii) Area of D =
rea of ac SinQ
SinQ c  b
2

1
(iii) Area of D =
ii) Area ab SinR 
SinR 
2 Q a R 

 b 2 + c2 - a 2 a 2 + c2 - b 2
85.
85. CosP = , CosQ = ,
2bc 2ac

a2 + b2 - c2
CosR  =
2ab

a b c
86.
86. Sine Rule : = =
SinP SinQ SinR  

Square
Perim
Perimet
eter
er of squa
square
re Diag
Diagon
onal
al of squar
squaree
87.
87. Area
rea of squ
square
are = = = sid
side of squa
square
re
4 4

88. In a circ
circle
le wit
with
h radiu
radiuss r.
r.

A D
=  where A - Area of circle r 
C 4
O
C - Circumference of circle
D - Diameter of circle

3 2
89. If q = 60°, ar D AOB = r 
4

1 2
 If q = 90°, ar D AOB =
 If r 
2
r  q r 
1 2
 If q , ar D AOB = r 
2
A B
2 æ q ö . cos æ q ö
sinq = r sin ç ÷ ç2÷
è 2ø è ø
2 ´ area of
ofDABC
90. (i) A circle
circle with
with large
largest
st area
area insc
inscrib
ribed
ed in a right
right angle
angle triangle then r =
triangle,, then .
Perimeter of DABC

r 

B C
 pa 2
(ii)
ii) If ABC
ABC is an equilateral
equilateral triangle with
with side a, then Area
Area of
of circle
circle =
12
A

r 
B C

pa 2
(iii
iii) If ABC
ABC is an equilateral
equilateral triangle with
with side a, then area of circle
circle = .
3

r 

r 1 pr 2 1
(iv) If DABC is an equilateral triang le, and two circles with
with radius
r adius r and R, th en = and =
R 2 pR 2 4
A

r 
R 
B C

2
r 
(v)
(v) Three equal
equal circle
circle with
with radius r and an equilateral
equilateral triangle ABC, region = 2 3 - p .
ABC, then area of shaded region ( ) 2

B C

area of square 7
91. ABCD
ABCD is a square placed
placed inside a circle with side
side a and radius of circle r, then =
area of circle 11

A a B

r 
a a

D a C
S-18 101 Shortcuts in Quantit ati ve Aptitude

92. Diago
Diagonal
nal of a cub
cubee = 3  × side

93. Diago
Diagonal
nal of a cub
cuboid = l 2 + b2
oid + h 2 ; where l ® Length,  b ® breadth, h ® height
94. For tw
two cube
ubes

A1 v1 a1 d1  
=3 = =
A2 v2 a2 d2  

where A1, A2 ® Area of cubes

v1, v2 ® Volume
a1, a2 ® Sides
d 1, d 2 ® Diagonals
95.
95. Units of Measurement
Mea surement of Area and Volume
• The inter-relations
inter-relationships
hips betwe
between
en various
various units
units of measureme
measurement nt of length, area and
and volume
volume are listed
listed below
below for
for ready reference
reference::
Length
1 Centimetre (cm) = 10 milimetre (mm)
1 Decimetre (dm) = 10 centimetre
1 Metre (m) = 10 dm = 100 cm = 1000 mm
1 Decametre (dam) = 10 m = 1000 cm
1 Hectometre (hm) = 10 dam = 100 m
1 Kilometre (km) = 1000 m = 100 dam = 10 hm
1 Myriametre = 10 kilometre
Area
cm2 = 1 cm × 1 cm
1 cm = 10 mm × 10 mm = 100 mm2
1 dm2 = 1 dm × 1 dm = 10 cm × 10 cm = 100 cm2
1 m2 = 1 m × 1 m = 10 dm × 10 dm = 100 dm2
1 dam2 or  or 1 are = 1 dam × 1dam = 10 m × 10 m = 100 m2
1 hm2 = 1 h ectare = 1 hm × 1 hm = 100 m × 10000m2 = 100 dm2
1 km2 = 1 km × 1 km = 10 hm × 10 hm = 100 hm2 or 100 hectare
Volume
1 cm3 = 1 ml = 1 cm × 1 cm × 1 cm = 10 mm × 10 10 mm × 10 mm = 1000 mm3
1 litre = 1000 ml = 1000 cm3
1 m3 = 1 m×1 m×1m = 100 cm × 10 100 cm × 100 cmcm = 106 cm3
= 1000
1000 litr
litree = 1 kil
kilo
ometre
etre
1 dm  = 1000 cm , 1m = 1000 dm , 1 km  = 109 m3
3 3 3 3 3

If a, b, c are the edges of a cuboid, then

96. The
The lo
longest
ngest diag
diagon
onal
al = a 2 + b 2 + c2
(i) If the
the height of
of a cubo
cuboid
id is zero
zero it beco
becomes
mes a rect
rectangle
angle..
(ii)
ii) If “a”
“a” be the edge
edge of
of a cube
cube,, then
(iii)
ii) The longes diagonal = aÖ3
longestt diagonal
1
97. Volume
lume of
of pyramid =
pyram ´ Base Area ´ height (H)
3

2
 A 1  F l1 I 
98. (i) If A1 & A2 denote the areas of two similar
similar figures an d l1 & l2 denote their corresponding linear measures, then = G J 
 A 2 H l2 K 

3
 V1  F l1 I 
(ii) If V1 & V2 denote the volumes of two
two similar solids and l1, l2 denote their corresponding linear measures, then = G J 
 V2 H  l2 K 

Total volume of objects submerged or taken out

(iii
iii) The rise or
or fall of level in a container =
of liquid level
Cross sectional area of container
101 Shortcuts in Quantitati ve Aptitude
Aptitude S-19

99. If a largest possibl

possiblee cube
cube is inscribed
inscribed in a sphere of radius ‘a’ cm, then

2a
(i) the edge cube =
edge of the cube .
3

(ii)
ii) If a largest
largest possible
possible sphere
sphere is inscribed
inscribed in a cylinder
cylinder of radius
radius ‘a’ cm and height
height ‘h’ cm, then for h > a,
• the
the ra
radiu
dius of the sphe
phere = a and 
and 

h
• the radius =  (for a > h)
2

(iii
iii) If a largest possible
possible sphere is inscribed
inscribed in a cone of
of radius ‘a’ cm and slant height equal to the diameter of the base,
base, then

a
• the rad
radius here =
ius of the sphere .
3

(iv)
(iv) If a largest
largest possible
possible cone
cone is inscribed in a cylinder
cylinder of radius ‘a’ cm and height ‘h’ cm, then the radius of the cone
cone = a and 
height = h.

2
(v)
(v) If a largest
largest possible
possible cube
cube is inscribed
inscribed in a hemisphere
hemisphere of radius ‘a’ cm,
cm, then the edge of cube = a
of the cube .
3
S-20 101 Shortcuts in Quantit ati ve Aptitude

100. In any quadril

quadrilate
ateral
ral

1 1
(i)
(i)  Area = ´  one diagonal × (sum of perpendiculars to it from opposite vertices) =  × d (d 1 + d 2)
2 2

(ii)
ii) Area
Area of a cycli
cyclicc quadrilateral = bs - agbs - bgbs - cgbs - dg
quadrilateral

where a, b, c, d are sides of quadrilatera l and 

a+b+c+d
s = semi perimeter =
2

101.
101. If length,
length, breadth & height of a three dimensional
dimensional figure increase/decrease by x%, y% and z%, then

éæ 100 ± x ö æ 100 ± y ö ù
Change
Chan ge in area = êç 100 ÷ ç 100 ÷ - 1ú ´ 100%
ëè øè ø û

éæ 100 ± x ö æ 100 ± y ö æ 100 ± z ö ù

Change
Chang e in Volume
Volume = êç 100 ÷ ç 100 ÷ ç 100 ÷ - 1ú ´ 100%
ëè øè øè ø û