HIMALAYIYA UNIVERSITY

Name – Naveen Chandra Pandey Roll Number – HU21D399

Assignment Number – 4(b) Date -

Explain with examples " Systematic sampling and Stratified sampling.

A. Systematic Sampling
Systematic sampling is a type of probability sampling method in which sample members from a
larger population are selected according to a random starting point but with a fixed, periodic
interval. This interval, called the sampling interval, is calculated by dividing the population size
by the desired sample size.

Despite the sample population being selected in advance, systematic sampling is still thought
of as being random if the periodic interval is determined beforehand and the starting point is
random.

As another example, if you wanted to select a random group of 1,000 people from a population
of 50,000 using systematic sampling, all the potential participants must be placed in a list and a
starting point would be selected. Once the list is formed, every 50th person on the list (starting
the count at the selected starting point) would be chosen as a participant, since 50,000/1,000 =
50.

B. Stratified Sampling
In statistics, stratified sampling is a method of sampling from a population which can
be partitioned into subpopulations.
In statistical surveys, when subpopulations within an overall population vary, it could be
advantageous to sample each subpopulation (stratum) independently. Stratification is the
process of dividing members of the population into homogeneous subgroups before sampling.
The strata should define a partition of the population. That is, it should be collectively
exhaustive and mutually exclusive: every element in the population must be assigned to one
and only one stratum. Then simple random sampling is applied within each stratum. The
objective is to improve the precision of the sample by reducing sampling error. It can produce
a weighted mean that has less variability than the arithmetic mean of a simple random
sample of the population.
Assume that we need to estimate the average number of votes for each candidate in an
election. Assume that a country has 3 towns: Town A has 1 million factory workers, Town B has
2 million office workers and Town C has 3 million retirees. We can choose to get a random
sample of size 60 over the entire population but there is some chance that the resulting random
sample is poorly balanced across these towns and hence is biased, causing a significant error
in estimation (when the outcome of interest has a different distribution, in terms of the parameter
of interest, between the towns). Instead if we choose to take a random sample of 10, 20 and 30
from Town A, B and C respectively, then we can produce a smaller error in estimation for the
same total sample size. This method is generally used when a population is not a homogeneous
group.

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