Autocad 2022 Fundamentals

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AutoCAD® 2022
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Fundamentals
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Learning Guide
Mixed Units - 2nd Edition
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Cover Page
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Authorized Publisher
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ASCENT - Center for Technical Knowledge®
AutoCAD® 2022
Fundamentals
Mixed Units - 2nd Edition
Prepared and produced by:
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ASCENT Center for Technical Knowledge
630 Peter Jefferson Parkway, Suite 175
Charlottesville, VA 22911
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866-527-2368
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www.ASCENTed.com
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Lead Contributor: Renu Muthoo
Copyright
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ASCENT - Center for Technical Knowledge (a division of Rand Worldwide Inc.) is a leading developer of
professional learning materials and knowledge products for engineering software applications. ASCENT
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AS-ACD2201-FND2MU-E // IS-ACD2201-FND2MU-E
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Preface ......................................................................................................... xvii
In This Guide ................................................................................................ xxi
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Practice Files .............................................................................................. xxiii
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Chapter 1: Getting Started with AutoCAD.................................................. 1-1
e EN1.1 Starting the Software ...................................................................... 1-2
Start Tab ........................................................................................... 1-2
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1.2 User Interface .................................................................................. 1-4
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1.3 Working with Commands ............................................................. 1-11

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Ribbon............................................................................................. 1-11
Command Line and Dynamic Input Prompt .................................... 1-14
Application Menu............................................................................. 1-17
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Quick Access Toolbar ..................................................................... 1-20

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Additional Shortcut Menus .............................................................. 1-21

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1.4 Cartesian Workspace.................................................................... 1-24

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Locating Points................................................................................ 1-24

Measuring Angles ........................................................................... 1-25
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Drawings Created at Full Scale....................................................... 1-25

1.5 Opening an Existing Drawing File ............................................... 1-26
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Opening Drawings........................................................................... 1-26

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Multiple Drawings............................................................................ 1-28

Closing Files.................................................................................... 1-29
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Practice 1a Opening a Drawing........................................................... 1-30

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1.6 Viewing Your Drawing .................................................................. 1-32

Wheel Mouse Zoom and Pan.......................................................... 1-32
Navigation Tools ............................................................................. 1-33
Pan and Zoom Commands ............................................................. 1-35
Practice 1b Viewing a Drawing ........................................................... 1-37
1.7 Saving Your Work ......................................................................... 1-39
Automatic Saves ............................................................................. 1-39
Saving in Various Formats .............................................................. 1-40
© 2021, ASCENT - Center for Technical Knowledge® i

AutoCAD 2022: Fundamentals
Practice 1c Saving a Drawing File ...................................................... 1-41

Chapter Review Questions................................................................... 1-43
Command Summary ............................................................................. 1-45
Chapter 2: Basic Drawing and Editing Commands ................................... 2-1
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2.1 Drawing Lines.................................................................................. 2-2
Specifying Length and Angle ............................................................ 2-2
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Line Command Options .................................................................... 2-3
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2.2 Erasing Objects............................................................................... 2-4
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2.3 Drawing Vertical and Horizontal Lines.......................................... 2-5
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Ortho Mode ....................................................................................... 2-5
Polar Tracking ................................................................................... 2-6
2.4 Drawing Rectangles........................................................................ 2-8
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2.5 Drawing Circles ............................................................................... 2-9
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2.6 Undo and Redo Actions ............................................................... 2-12
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Practice 2a Basic Drawing and Editing Commands ......................... 2-13
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Command Summary ............................................................................. 2-22
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Chapter 3: Projects: Creating a Simple Drawing ....................................... 3-1

3.1 Create a Simple Drawing ................................................................ 3-2
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3.2 Create Simple Shapes .................................................................... 3-3

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Chapter 4: Drawing Precision in AutoCAD ................................................ 4-1

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4.1 Using Running Object Snaps......................................................... 4-2

Object Snap Settings ........................................................................ 4-3
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Practice 4a Using Object Snaps ........................................................... 4-7

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4.2 Using Object Snap Overrides ........................................................ 4-9

Practice 4b Object Snap Overrides .................................................... 4-12
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4.3 Polar Tracking at Angles .............................................................. 4-15

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Practice 4c Polar Tracking .................................................................. 4-17

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4.4 Object Snap Tracking ................................................................... 4-19

Practice 4d Object Snap Tracking I .................................................... 4-21
Practice 4e Object Snap Tracking II ................................................... 4-23
4.5 Drawing with Snap and Grid ........................................................ 4-25
Snap and Grid Settings ................................................................... 4-26
Isometric Drawing Environment ...................................................... 4-27
ii © 2021, ASCENT - Center for Technical Knowledge®

Contents
Practice 4f Placing Objects on a Drawing.......................................... 4-29

Command Summary ............................................................................. 4-32
Chapter 5: Making Changes in Your Drawing............................................ 5-1
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5.1 Selecting Objects for Editing ......................................................... 5-2
Implied Selection............................................................................... 5-3
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Selecting Objects Before the Command ........................................... 5-5
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5.2 Moving Objects ............................................................................... 5-6
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5.3 Copying Objects.............................................................................. 5-8
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5.4 Rotating Objects ........................................................................... 5-10
5.5 Scaling Objects ............................................................................. 5-12
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5.6 Mirroring Objects .......................................................................... 5-13
Practice 5a Selecting Objects ............................................................. 5-14
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Practice 5b Modifying Objects ............................................................ 5-16
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5.7 Editing with Grips ......................................................................... 5-23
Working with Hot Grips ................................................................... 5-23
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Grips with Dynamic Dimensions ..................................................... 5-25
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Practice 5c Editing with Grips I........................................................... 5-27

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Practice 5d Editing with Grips II ......................................................... 5-29

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Command Summary ............................................................................. 5-32

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Chapter 6: Projects: Making Your Drawings More Precise ...................... 6-1

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6.1 Schematic Project: Electronics Diagram ...................................... 6-2

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6.2 Architectural Project: Landscape.................................................. 6-3

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6.3 Mechanical Project: Using Polar and Tracking ............................ 6-6

6.4 Mechanical Project: Surge Protector ............................................ 6-7
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6.5 Mechanical Project: Satellite.......................................................... 6-8

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Chapter 7: Organizing Your Drawing with Layers ..................................... 7-1

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7.1 Creating New Drawings with Templates ....................................... 7-2

What is a Template? ......................................................................... 7-2
Starting New Drawings...................................................................... 7-2
Working with Different Types of Units ............................................... 7-4
Practice 7a Using a Template to Start a Drawing................................ 7-6
7.2 What are Layers? ............................................................................ 7-8
Setting the Current Layer .................................................................. 7-9
© 2021, ASCENT - Center for Technical Knowledge® iii

7.3 Layer States................................................................................... 7-11

On/Off............................................................................................. 7-11
Thaw / Freeze ................................................................................ 7-11
Lock / Unlock.................................................................................. 7-12
Practice 7b Working with Layers and Layer States .......................... 7-13
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7.4 Changing an Object’s Layer......................................................... 7-16
Change with Layer Control.............................................................. 7-16
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Match Layer .................................................................................... 7-17
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Practice 7c Changing an Object’s Layer............................................ 7-18
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Command Summary ............................................................................. 7-22
Chapter 8: Advanced Object Types ............................................................ 8-1
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8.1 Drawing Arcs ................................................................................... 8-2
Arc Command Options...................................................................... 8-2
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Notes on Arcs.................................................................................... 8-3
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Practice 8a Drawing an Arc ................................................................... 8-4
8.2 Drawing Polylines ........................................................................... 8-6
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8.3 Editing Polylines ............................................................................. 8-8
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Converting Lines and Arcs to Polylines........................................... 8-10

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Turning Polylines into Lines and Arcs ............................................. 8-11

Practice 8b Drawing and Editing Polylines........................................ 8-12
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8.4 Drawing Splines ............................................................................ 8-17

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Splines ............................................................................................ 8-17

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Blend Command ............................................................................. 8-19

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Joining Objects................................................................................ 8-19

8.5 Drawing Polygons......................................................................... 8-21
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Practice 8c Drawing Polygons ............................................................ 8-23

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8.6 Drawing Ellipses ........................................................................... 8-25

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Practice 8d Drawing Ellipses .............................................................. 8-27

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Command Summary ............................................................................. 8-31

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Chapter 9: Analyzing Model and Object Properties .................................. 9-1

9.1 Working with Object Properties..................................................... 9-2
Quick Properties................................................................................ 9-2
Properties Palette.............................................................................. 9-4
Matching Properties .......................................................................... 9-7
Quick Select ...................................................................................... 9-9
Practice 9a Working with Object Properties (Mechanical) ............... 9-11
iv © 2021, ASCENT - Center for Technical Knowledge®

Contents
Practice 9b Working with Object Properties (Architectural) ............ 9-14

9.2 Measuring Objects ........................................................................ 9-16
Using the Measure Tools ................................................................ 9-16
Quick Measure ................................................................................ 9-17
Measuring Distances....................................................................... 9-18
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Measuring Radius and Diameter..................................................... 9-19
Measuring Angles ........................................................................... 9-19
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Measuring Areas ............................................................................. 9-21
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Practice 9c Measuring Objects (Architectural).................................. 9-24
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Practice 9d Measuring Objects (Mechanical) .................................... 9-26
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Command Summary ............................................................................. 9-31
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Chapter 10: Projects: Drawing Organization and Information ............... 10-1
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10.1 Architectural Project..................................................................... 10-2
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10.2 Mechanical Project........................................................................ 10-4
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10.3 Civil Project ................................................................................... 10-6
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Chapter 11: Advanced Editing Commands .............................................. 11-1
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11.1 Trimming and Extending Objects................................................ 11-2

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Trimming Objects ........................................................................... 11-2

Extending Objects ........................................................................... 11-3
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Practice 11a Extending and Trimming Objects ................................. 11-7

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Practice 11b Trimming Objects on a Drawing ................................. 11-10

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Practice 11c Break at Point ............................................................... 11-12

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11.2 Stretching Objects ...................................................................... 11-14

Notes on Stretching Objects ......................................................... 11-15
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Practice 11d Stretching Objects ....................................................... 11-16

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11.3 Creating Fillets and Chamfers ................................................... 11-18

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Filleting Objects............................................................................. 11-18

Chamfering Objects ...................................................................... 11-20
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Practice 11e Filleting Objects ........................................................... 11-22

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Practice 11f Chamfering Objects ...................................................... 11-24

11.4 Offsetting Objects ....................................................................... 11-25
Practice 11g Offsetting Objects ........................................................ 11-27
11.5 Creating Arrays of Objects......................................................... 11-29
Rectangular Array ......................................................................... 11-30
Polar Array .................................................................................... 11-32
Path Array ..................................................................................... 11-33
© 2021, ASCENT - Center for Technical Knowledge® v

Practice 11h Rectangular Array ........................................................ 11-34

Practice 11i Polar Array ..................................................................... 11-36
Practice 11j Path Array ...................................................................... 11-38
Chapter Review Questions................................................................. 11-40
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Command Summary ........................................................................... 11-42
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Chapter 12: Introduction to Blocks........................................................... 12-1
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12.1 What are Blocks? .......................................................................... 12-2
Creating Simple Blocks ................................................................... 12-3
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Practice 12a Create Simple Blocks..................................................... 12-5
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12.2 Inserting Blocks using the Blocks Palette.................................. 12-7
Insert Gallery................................................................................... 12-7
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Blocks Palette ................................................................................. 12-9
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12.3 Inserting Blocks using the Tool Palettes.................................. 12-13
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Controlling the Tool Palettes Window ........................................... 12-14
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12.4 Inserting Dynamic Blocks .......................................................... 12-15
Manipulating Dynamic Blocks ....................................................... 12-15
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12.5 Inserting Blocks using the DesignCenter................................. 12-17
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DesignCenter Content................................................................... 12-18

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Practice 12b Working with Blocks.................................................... 12-20

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Command Summary ........................................................................... 12-29

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Chapter 13: Projects: Creating More Complex Objects .......................... 13-1

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13.1 Mechanical Project 1: Plate.......................................................... 13-2

13.2 Mechanical Project 2: Gasket ...................................................... 13-3
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13.3 Mechanical Project 3: Plate.......................................................... 13-4

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13.4 Mechanical Project 4: Rocker Arm .............................................. 13-5

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13.5 Architectural Project 1: Floor Plan .............................................. 13-7

13.6 Architectural Project 2: Floor Plan .............................................. 13-9
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13.7 Civil Project: Parking Lot ........................................................... 13-11

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Chapter 14: Setting Up a Layout ............................................................... 14-1

14.1 Working in Layouts....................................................................... 14-2
Switch Between Paper Space & Model Space ............................... 14-4
14.2 Creating Layouts........................................................................... 14-6
vi © 2021, ASCENT - Center for Technical Knowledge®

Contents
14.3 Creating Layout Viewports........................................................... 14-8

Rectangular Viewports .................................................................... 14-8
Polygonal Viewports........................................................................ 14-9
Object Viewports ............................................................................. 14-9
Viewports Dialog Box .................................................................... 14-10
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Modifying Viewports with Grips ..................................................... 14-12
Locking the Viewport..................................................................... 14-15
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14.4 Named Views ............................................................................... 14-16
Insert Views................................................................................... 14-18
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14.5 Guidelines for Layouts ............................................................... 14-23
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Practice 14a Working With Layouts ................................................. 14-24
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Command Summary ........................................................................... 14-39
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Chapter 15: Printing Your Drawing ........................................................... 15-1
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15.1 Printing Concepts ......................................................................... 15-2
e EN Model Space Printing ...................................................................... 15-3
Paper Space Layout Printing .......................................................... 15-4
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15.2 Printing Layouts............................................................................ 15-5
Previewing the Plot ......................................................................... 15-7
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Batch Plot........................................................................................ 15-8

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15.3 Print and Plot Settings.................................................................. 15-9

Practice 15a Printing Layouts and Check Plots .............................. 15-13
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Command Summary ........................................................................... 15-18

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Chapter 16: Projects: Preparing to Print .................................................. 16-1

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16.2 Architectural Project..................................................................... 16-4
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Chapter 17: Text.......................................................................................... 17-1

17.1 Working with Annotations............................................................ 17-2
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Working with Annotative Styles....................................................... 17-4

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17.2 Adding Text in a Drawing ............................................................. 17-5

Multiline Text ................................................................................... 17-5
Copying and Importing Text ............................................................ 17-7
Spell Checking ................................................................................ 17-9
Practice 17a Adding Text in a Drawing ............................................ 17-10
© 2021, ASCENT - Center for Technical Knowledge® vii

17.3 Modifying Multiline Text ............................................................. 17-14

Editing Multiline Text ..................................................................... 17-14
Changing Text Width and Length.................................................. 17-14
Changing Text Properties ............................................................. 17-15
Spell Checking .............................................................................. 17-16
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Practice 17b Modifying Multiline Text .............................................. 17-18
17.4 Formatting Multiline Text ........................................................... 17-21
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Formatting the Multiline Text Object ............................................. 17-21
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Formatting Selected Text .............................................................. 17-23
Formatting Paragraph Text ........................................................... 17-25
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Creating Columns ......................................................................... 17-30
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Practice 17c Formatting Multiline Text in a Drawing ...................... 17-32
17.5 Adding Notes with Leaders to Your Drawing ........................... 17-38
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Modifying Multileaders .................................................................. 17-40
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Practice 17d Adding Notes to Your Drawing ................................... 17-45
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17.6 Creating Tables ........................................................................... 17-48
e EN Populating Table Cells .................................................................. 17-50
Calculations in Tables ................................................................... 17-52
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Practice 17e Creating Tables ............................................................ 17-54
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17.7 Modifying Tables......................................................................... 17-56

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Modifying Cells, Rows, and Columns............................................ 17-56

Modifying the Entire Table ............................................................ 17-59
Practice 17f (Optional) Modifying Tables......................................... 17-61
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Command Summary ........................................................................... 17-67

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Chapter 18: Hatching.................................................................................. 18-1

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18.1 Hatching......................................................................................... 18-2

Applying a Hatch: Tool Palettes ...................................................... 18-2
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Applying a Hatch: Hatch Command ................................................ 18-4

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Hatch Pattern and Properties.......................................................... 18-5

Hatch Options ................................................................................. 18-9
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18.2 Editing Hatches ........................................................................... 18-12

Hatch Editor Tab ........................................................................... 18-12
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Edit Hatch Command .................................................................... 18-13

Grip Editing Hatch Boundaries...................................................... 18-14
Practice 18a Hatching Using the Tool Palettes ............................... 18-17
Practice 18b Hatching (Mechanical) ................................................. 18-19
viii © 2021, ASCENT - Center for Technical Knowledge®

Contents
Practice 18c Hatching (Architectural) .............................................. 18-24

Command Summary ........................................................................... 18-29
Chapter 19: Adding Dimensions ............................................................... 19-1
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19.1 Dimensioning Concepts ............................................................... 19-2
General Dimensioning..................................................................... 19-3
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19.2 Adding Linear Dimensions........................................................... 19-5
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Individual Linear Dimensions .......................................................... 19-5
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Multiple Dimensions ........................................................................ 19-6
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Quick Dimensioning ........................................................................ 19-7
Practice 19a Adding Linear Dimensions (Architectural) .................. 19-9
Practice 19b Adding Linear Dimensions (Mechanical)................... 19-12
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19.3 Adding Radial and Angular Dimensions................................... 19-15
Radius and Diameter Dimensions................................................. 19-15
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Angular Dimensions ...................................................................... 19-19
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Practice 19c Adding Radial and Angular Dimensions
(Architectural)..................................................................................... 19-21
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Practice 19d Adding Center Marks and Dimensions
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(Mechanical)........................................................................................ 19-24
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19.4 Editing Dimensions..................................................................... 19-26

Dimension Shortcut Menu............................................................. 19-27
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Editing Dimensions Using Grips.................................................... 19-27

Dimension Grips Shortcut Options................................................ 19-28
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Editing the Dimension Text ........................................................... 19-29

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Adjusting Dimension Spacing ....................................................... 19-30

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Dimension Breaks ......................................................................... 19-31

Practice 19e Editing Dimensions (Architectural) ............................ 19-33
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Practice 19f Editing Dimensions (Mechanical)................................ 19-35

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Command Summary ........................................................................... 19-39

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Chapter 20: Projects: Annotating Your Drawing ..................................... 20-1

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20.2 Architectural Project 1.................................................................. 20-3
20.3 Architectural Project 2.................................................................. 20-4
20.4 Civil Project ................................................................................... 20-6
© 2021, ASCENT - Center for Technical Knowledge® ix

Chapter 21: Working Effectively with AutoCAD ...................................... 21-1

21.1 Creating a Custom Workspace .................................................... 21-2
Docking and Hiding Palettes ........................................................... 21-4
Setting Up the Ribbon ..................................................................... 21-5
Practice 21a Setting Up Workspaces ............................................... 21-11
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21.2 Using the Keyboard Effectively ................................................. 21-13
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Command Aliases ......................................................................... 21-14
Shortcut Keys................................................................................ 21-16
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Function Keys ............................................................................... 21-16
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Practice 21b Using the Keyboard Effectively .................................. 21-17
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21.3 Object Creation, Selection, and Visibility ................................. 21-18
Object Creation ............................................................................. 21-18
Selecting Similar Objects .............................................................. 21-18
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Object Selection Cycling ............................................................... 21-20
Object Visibility.............................................................................. 21-20
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Setting Transparency .................................................................... 21-22
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Practice 21c Object Creation, Selection, and Visibility .................. 21-25
21.4 Working in Multiple Drawings.................................................... 21-28
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File Tabs ....................................................................................... 21-28
Selecting Drawings in the Application Menu ................................. 21-33
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21.5 Copying and Pasting Between Drawings ................................. 21-35

Match Properties Across Drawings ............................................... 21-36
Practice 21d Working in Multiple Drawings..................................... 21-37
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21.6 Using Grips Effectively............................................................... 21-41

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Changing the Base Point .............................................................. 21-42

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Copying with Grips ........................................................................ 21-42

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Rotate and Scale with the Reference Option ................................ 21-43

Stretching Multiple Objects ........................................................... 21-44
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Converting to Arcs or Lines........................................................... 21-44

Grip Settings ................................................................................. 21-46
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Practice 21e Using Grips Effectively ................................................ 21-48

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21.7 Additional Layer Tools ............................................................... 21-49

Changing Object Layer States ...................................................... 21-49
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Isolating Layers ............................................................................. 21-51

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Changing an Object’s Layer.......................................................... 21-52

Modifying Layers ........................................................................... 21-53
Layer Walk .................................................................................... 21-55
Practice 21f Layer Tools .................................................................... 21-57
Command Summary ........................................................................... 21-61
x © 2021, ASCENT - Center for Technical Knowledge®

Contents
Chapter 22: Accurate Positioning ............................................................. 22-1

22.1 Coordinate Entry ........................................................................... 22-2
Absolute Cartesian Coordinates (X,Y) ............................................ 22-2
Relative Cartesian Coordinates (@X,Y).......................................... 22-2
Relative Polar Coordinates (@Distance< Angle) ............................ 22-4
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Notes on Coordinate Entry.............................................................. 22-5
Practice 22a Drawing Using Coordinate Entry .................................. 22-7
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22.2 Locating Points with Tracking ..................................................... 22-8
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Object Snap Tracking Review......................................................... 22-8
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Temporary Track Point................................................................... 22-8
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Practice 22b Locating Points with Tracking (Mechanical) ............. 22-10
Practice 22c Locating Points with Tracking (Architectural)........... 22-12
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22.3 Construction Lines ..................................................................... 22-14
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Construction Lines ....................................................................... 22-14
Rays .............................................................................................. 22-15
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Practice 22d Construction Lines ...................................................... 22-16
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22.4 Placing Reference Points ........................................................... 22-18
Creating Groups of Points............................................................. 22-19
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Practice 22e Placing Points............................................................... 22-21

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Command Summary ........................................................................... 22-25
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Chapter 23: Projects: Productivity Tools ................................................. 23-1

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23.2 Mechanical Project: 2 Views ........................................................ 23-4

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23.3 Architectural/Civil Project: Formal Garden ................................ 23-5

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23.4 Mechanical Project: Cover Plate.................................................. 23-6

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23.5 Architectural Project: Addition .................................................... 23-7

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23.6 Mechanical Project: Block............................................................ 23-8

23.7 Mechanical Project: Plate............................................................. 23-9
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24.1 Working with Constraints............................................................. 24-2

24.2 Geometric Constraints ................................................................. 24-3
Auto Constraining Objects .............................................................. 24-3
Specifying Geometric Constraints................................................... 24-4
Constraint Bars ............................................................................... 24-9
Modifying Geometrical Constraints ............................................... 24-10
Deleting Constraints...................................................................... 24-10
Constraint Settings........................................................................ 24-11
© 2021, ASCENT - Center for Technical Knowledge® xi

24.3 Dimensional Constraints............................................................ 24-12

Modifying Dimensional Constraints............................................... 24-16
Formulas in Constraints ................................................................ 24-17
Practice 24a Working with Constraints............................................ 24-19
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Command Summary ........................................................................... 24-31
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Chapter 25: Working with Blocks.............................................................. 25-1
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25.1 Creating Blocks............................................................................. 25-2
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Creating Local Blocks ..................................................................... 25-2
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Block Settings ................................................................................. 25-3
Creating Drawing Files from Objects (WBlock)............................... 25-5
25.2 Editing Blocks ............................................................................... 25-7
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Practice 25a Create and Edit Blocks ................................................ 25-10
25.3 Removing Unused Elements...................................................... 25-16
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Practice 25b Purging.......................................................................... 25-19
25.4 Adding Blocks to Tool Palettes ................................................. 25-21
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25.5 Modifying Tool Properties in Tool Palettes .............................. 25-24
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Modifying Tool Properties ............................................................. 25-24

Redefining Blocks in Tool Palettes................................................ 25-26
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Practice 25c Modifying Tool Properties ........................................... 25-27

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Chapter 26: Projects: Creating and Organizing Blocks .......................... 26-1

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26.1 Mechanical Project: Control Panel .............................................. 26-2

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26.2 Architectural Project: Furniture Layout ...................................... 26-4

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26.3 Civil Project: Utility Layout .......................................................... 26-6

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Chapter 27: Creating Templates................................................................ 27-1

27.1 Why Use Templates? .................................................................... 27-2
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Drawing Standards.......................................................................... 27-3

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27.2 Controlling Units Display ............................................................. 27-5

Drawing Limits................................................................................. 27-8
27.3 Creating New Layers..................................................................... 27-9
Layer Properties Manager............................................................... 27-9
Other Layer Options...................................................................... 27-14
27.4 Adding Standard Layouts to Templates ................................... 27-16
Working in the Page Setup Manager ............................................ 27-16
Setting Up Layouts to Use in a Template...................................... 27-21
xii © 2021, ASCENT - Center for Technical Knowledge®

Contents
27.5 Saving Templates........................................................................ 27-22

Practice 27a Saving a Template........................................................ 27-24
Command Summary ........................................................................... 27-33
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Chapter 28: Working with Layouts............................................................ 28-1
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28.1 Creating and Using Named Views ............................................... 28-2
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28.2 Advanced Viewport Options ........................................................ 28-5
Creating Viewports from Named Views .......................................... 28-5
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Clipping Viewports .......................................................................... 28-9
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28.3 Layer Overrides in Viewports .................................................... 28-10
Overriding Layer Properties in Viewports...................................... 28-10
Freezing Layers in Viewports........................................................ 28-12
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Practice 28a Viewports and Named Views....................................... 28-13
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28.4 Annotative Scale Features ......................................................... 28-21
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Practice 28b Annotative Scale Features .......................................... 28-24
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Command Summary ........................................................................... 28-29

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Chapter 29: Annotation Styles .................................................................. 29-1

29.1 Creating Text Styles...................................................................... 29-2
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Practice 29a Creating and Using Text Styles .................................... 29-5

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29.2 Creating Dimension Styles........................................................... 29-6

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Modifying Dimension Styles ............................................................ 29-8

Creating Dimension Sub-Styles .................................................... 29-14
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Practice 29b Creating Dimension Styles (Architectural) ................ 29-16

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Practice 29c Dimension Styles (Mechanical)................................... 29-19

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29.3 Creating Multileader Styles ........................................................ 29-22

Practice 29d Creating Multileader Styles ......................................... 29-26
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Command Summary ........................................................................... 29-30
Chapter 30: Projects: Drawing Setup and Utilities .................................. 30-1

30.1 Interiors Project............................................................................. 30-2
30.2 Mechanical/Schematic Project..................................................... 30-3
30.3 Civil/Map Project ........................................................................... 30-4
30.4 Mechanical Project: Dimension Styles ....................................... 30-5
© 2021, ASCENT - Center for Technical Knowledge® xiii

Chapter 31: External References .............................................................. 31-1

31.1 Attaching External References .................................................... 31-2
External References Palette ........................................................... 31-4
31.2 Modifying External References.................................................. 31-13
Opening Reference Files .............................................................. 31-13
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Detaching and Unloading Reference Files.................................... 31-14
Comparing Xrefs ........................................................................... 31-16
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Clipping Reference Files ............................................................... 31-18
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Modifying References ................................................................... 31-20
Reference File Properties ............................................................. 31-21
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DWF Specific Adjustments............................................................ 31-23
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31.3 Xref Specific Information............................................................ 31-25
Attachments vs. Overlays ............................................................. 31-25
Xref Layers.................................................................................... 31-26
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Binding Drawing Reference Files.................................................. 31-30
Binding Drawing Reference File Components .............................. 31-31
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Demand Loading........................................................................... 31-32
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Practice 31a Attaching External References ................................... 31-33
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Command Summary ........................................................................... 31-44
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Chapter 32: Projects: Drawing .................................................................. 32-1

32.1 D-sized Title Block (36x24)........................................................... 32-2
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32.2 Mechanical Project: Drill Press Base .......................................... 32-4

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32.4 P&ID Project: Oil Lubrication System ....................................... 32-17

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32.5 Civil Project: Warehouse Site .................................................... 32-20

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Appendix A: Skills Assessment 1 ...............................................................A-1

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Appendix B: Optional Topics ......................................................................B-1

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B.1 Using QuickCalc..............................................................................B-2

B.2 Additional Zoom Commands .........................................................B-4
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B.3 Additional Text Tools......................................................................B-5

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Creating Single Line Text.................................................................. B-5

Editing Single Line Text .................................................................... B-6
Justify Text ........................................................................................ B-6
Scale Text ......................................................................................... B-7
Model Space Text and Paper Space Text ........................................ B-8
Convert Text to Mtext........................................................................ B-8
xiv © 2021, ASCENT - Center for Technical Knowledge®

Contents
B.4 Additional Dimensioning Tools ...................................................B-10

Dimension Style Manager ............................................................... B-10
Inspection Dimensions .................................................................... B-11
B.5 Creating Boundaries and Regions ..............................................B-13
Creating Boundaries ....................................................................... B-13
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Working with Regions ..................................................................... B-15
Combining Regions......................................................................... B-16
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B.6 Modifying Length ..........................................................................B-18
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Chapter Review Questions...................................................................B-19
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Command Summary .............................................................................B-21
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Appendix C: Skills Assessment 2 ...............................................................C-1
Index ...................................................................................................... Index-1
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© 2021, ASCENT - Center for Technical Knowledge®

Preface
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The AutoCAD® 2022: Fundamentals guide is designed for those using
AutoCAD® 2022 with a Windows operating system. This guide is not designed for
the AutoCAD for Mac software.
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The objective of AutoCAD 2022: Fundamentals is to enable you to create, modify,
and work with a 2D drawing in the AutoCAD software.
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Part 1 (chapters 1 to 20) covers the essential core topics for working with the
AutoCAD software. The guide begins with learning the basic tools for creating and
editing 2D drawings. It then continues to explore the tools used to annotate
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drawings by adding text, hatching, dimensions, and tables. More advanced tools,
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such as working with blocks and setting up layouts, are introduced to improve
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your efficiency with the software. Not every command or option is covered,
because the intent is to show the essential tools and concepts, such as:
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• Understanding the AutoCAD workspace and user interface

• Using basic drawing, editing, and viewing tools
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• Organizing drawing objects on layers

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• Using reusable symbols (blocks)

• Preparing a layout to be plotted
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• Adding text, hatching, and dimensions

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Part 2 (chapters 21 to 32) continues with more sophisticated techniques that

extend your mastery of the software. For example, here you go beyond the basic
skill of using a template to understand the process of setting up a template,
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creating annotation styles, and how to work with external references. You learn
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such skills as:
• Using more advanced editing and construction techniques

• Adding parametric constraints to objects
• Creating local and global blocks
• Setting up layers, styles, and templates
• Attaching External References
© 2021, ASCENT - Center for Technical Knowledge® xvii

Prerequisites
• Access to the 2022.0 version of the software, to ensure compatibility with this
guide. Future software updates that are released by Autodesk may include
changes that are not reflected in this guide. The practices and files included
with this guide are not compatible with prior versions (e.g., 2021).
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• A working knowledge of basic design/drafting procedures and terminology.
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• A working knowledge of your operating system.
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Note on Software Setup
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This guide assumes a standard installation of the software using the default
preferences during installation. Lectures and practices use the standard software
templates and default options for the Content Libraries.
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Students and Educators Can Access Free Autodesk Software
and Resources
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Autodesk challenges you to get started with free educational licenses for
professional software and creativity apps used by millions of architects,
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engineers, designers, and hobbyists today. Bring Autodesk software into your
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classroom, studio, or workshop to learn, teach, and explore real-world design

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challenges the way professionals do.
Get started today - register at the Autodesk Education Community and download
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one of the many Autodesk software applications available.

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Visit www.autodesk.com/education/home/
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Note: Free products are subject to the terms and conditions of the end-user
license and services agreement that accompanies the software. The software is
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for personal use for education purposes and is not intended for classroom or lab
use.
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xviii © 2021, ASCENT - Center for Technical Knowledge®

Preface
Lead Contributor: Renu Muthoo
Renu uses her instructional design training to develop courseware for AutoCAD
and AutoCAD vertical products, Autodesk 3ds Max, Autodesk Showcase and
various other Autodesk software products. She has worked with Autodesk
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products for the past 20 years with a main focus on design visualization software.
Renu holds a bachelor’s degree in Computer Engineering and started her career
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as a Instructional Designer/Author where she co-authored a number of Autodesk
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3ds Max and AutoCAD books, some of which were translated into other
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languages for a wide audience reach. In her next role as a Technical Specialist at
a 3D visualization company, Renu used 3ds Max in real-world scenarios on a daily
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basis. There, she developed customized 3D web planner solutions to create
specialized 3D models with photorealistic texturing and lighting to produce high
quality renderings.
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Renu Muthoo has been the Lead Contributor for AutoCAD: Fundamentals since
2015.
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© 2021, ASCENT - Center for Technical Knowledge® xix

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In This Guide
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The following highlights the key features of this guide.
Feature Description
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Practice Files The Practice Files page includes a link to the practice files and
instructions on how to download and install them. The practice files
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are required to complete the practices in this guide.
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Chapters A chapter consists of the following - Learning Objectives,
Instructional Content, Practices, Chapter Review Questions, and
Command Summary.
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• Learning Objectives define the skills you can acquire by learning
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the content provided in the chapter.

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• Instructional Content, which begins right after Learning

Objectives, refers to the descriptive and procedural information
related to various topics. Each main topic introduces a product
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feature, discusses various aspects of that feature, and provides

step-by-step procedures on how to use that feature. Where
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relevant, examples, figures, helpful hints, and notes are provided.

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• Practice for a topic follows the instructional content. Practices

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enable you to use the software to perform a hands-on review of a

topic. It is required that you download the practice files (using the
link found on the Practice Files page) prior to starting the first
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practice.
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• Chapter Review Questions, located close to the end of a

chapter, enable you to test your knowledge of the key concepts
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discussed in the chapter.

• Command Summary concludes a chapter. It contains a list of the
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software commands that are used throughout the chapter and

provides information on where the command can be found in the
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software.
Appendices Appendices provide additional information to the main course

content. It could be in the form of instructional content, practices,
tables, projects, or skills assessment.
© 2021, ASCENT - Center for Technical Knowledge® xxi

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Chapter
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Getting Started with AutoCAD
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In this chapter, you learn how to start the AutoCAD® software, become familiar
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with the basic layout of the AutoCAD screen, how to access commands, use your
pointing device, and understand the AutoCAD Cartesian workspace. You also
learn how to open an existing drawing, view the drawing by zooming and panning,
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and save your work in the AutoCAD software.
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Learning Objectives in This Chapter

• Complete a basic initial setup of the drawing environment.
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• Identify the basic layout and features of the AutoCAD user interface.
• Locate commands and launch them using various command interfaces.
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• Locate points in the AutoCAD Cartesian workspace.

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• Open, edit, and close existing drawings.

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• Move around a drawing using the navigations options.

• Save drawings in various formats and set the automatic save option.
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© 2021, ASCENT - Center for Technical Knowledge® 1–1

1.1 Starting the Software

The AutoCAD 2022 software runs on the most recent version of
the Windows operating system.
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When launching the Launch the AutoCAD 2022 software using the Windows desktop
software for the first icon or the Start menu.
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time, you are prompted
• Double-click on (AutoCAD 2022) on the desktop.
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to migrate custom
settings and files from
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the earlier releases of • If there is no shortcut on the desktop, click (Start) in the
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the software. Task bar at the bottom of the screen and select AutoCAD
2022>AutoCAD 2022.
• When the AutoCAD software is launched, an initial Start
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Window displays.
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Start Tab
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working in an active drawing, the initial Start window displays, as
shown in Figure 1–1.
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• By default, the Start tab is always available as the first tab in

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the File Tabs bar (drawing tabs) as you create and open
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additional drawings.
• While working in a drawing, you can click the Start tab to

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display the initial Start window.

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• You can use <Ctrl>+<Home> to jump from an active drawing

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to the Start tab.
Left pane
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• The left pane of the Start window provides you with

drop-down lists containing options for creating new files from
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templates, new sheet sets, or opening existing and sample

drawings. When you click on New, a blank drawing
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automatically opens using the default template.

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• There are three buttons in the left pane: Recent, Autodesk

Docs, and Learning, as shown in Figure 1–1. Clicking those
buttons opens relevant options and information in the right
pane.
• A list of links is also provided to access online services such

as Online help and Community forums, as shown in
Figure 1–1.
1–2 © 2021, ASCENT - Center for Technical Knowledge®

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Figure 1–1
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Right pane
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• When you click on Recent in the left pane, it displays a list of

recently used files in the right pane. In the right pane, you
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also have options to sign into your Autodesk® account and

send feedback to Autodesk, as shown in Figure 1–1.
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You are required to be • The Autodesk Docs enables you to access your connected
signed into your drives, such as BIM360, and then open and save files from
Autodesk account. your desktop to those connected drives. You are required to
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have the Autodesk Desktop Connector installed on your

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system for Autodesk Docs to work. The Desktop connector is

an integration service which connects your desktop folder
with the Autodesk data management source.
• The Learning pane contains videos, tips, and online

resources to help you learn about new features in the
software and how to start using the software.

1.2 User Interface

You are required to The interface includes the main components that are used to
have a drawing open to operate the AutoCAD software. By default, the display of the
access the interface interface uses the Dark color scheme. You can change it to the
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elements. Click New in
the Start window to have Light color scheme by clicking (Application Menu) to
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a drawing open. expand it and then clicking Options to open the Options dialog
box. In the Display tab, in the Window Elements area, expand
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the Color theme drop-down list and select Light, as shown in
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Figure 1–2. Then, click OK for the background color of the
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interface components to change to light. The light color scheme
is used throughout this guide for printing clarity.
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Figure 1–2
To change the drawing window color, in the Options dialog
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box>Display tab, click Colors and in the Drawing Window Colors

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dialog box, for 2D model space, change the Color to White. Click
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Apply & Close in the Drawing Window Colors dialog box and
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click OK in the Options dialog box.

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The software interface is shown in Figure 1–3. The Drawing

Window color has been changed to white for printing clarity.
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Figure 1–3
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1. Application Menu
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The Application Menu provides access to AutoCAD file

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commands, settings, and documents. Click (Application

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Menu) to expand the Application Menu and display its contents.

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2. Crosshairs and Prompts

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The Crosshairs indicate the current cursor location. As you draw,

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prompts display near the cursor to explain how to complete each

command. It displays badges that provide additional information
when you are working in a command. This can help you to
successfully complete the command.

3. Drawing Window
By default, the The Drawing Window is the area of the screen in which the
background of the drawing displays. Near the lower left corner of the window a
Drawing Window is dark horizontal line labeled X and a vertical line labeled Y might be
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with a light gray grid. displayed. This is called the UCS icon and indicates the current
This can be changed in drawing plane. Several drawing windows can be open at the
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the Options dialog box> same time. They can be resized, minimized, and maximized.
Display tab by clicking
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Colors. 4. Quick Access Toolbar
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The Quick Access Toolbar provides access to commonly used
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commands, such as New, Open, and Save, as shown in
Figure 1–4.
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Figure 1–4
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The ribbon contains the AutoCAD tools in a series of tabs and
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panels, as shown in Figure 1–5. Clicking on a tab displays a

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series of panels. The panels contain a variety of tools, which are

grouped by function.
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Figure 1–5
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6. InfoCenter
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The InfoCenter (shown in Figure 1–6) provides you with tools

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that enable you to quickly access the online Help system, stay
connected with the online AutoCAD community, and access the
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Autodesk App Store. You can sign in to your Autodesk account to

access various online services and sync your settings.
Figure 1–6

Clicking opens the initial help screen, which displays

videos about new features and getting started with the software.
The help screen also includes a heading called Have You Tried,
which lists various topic links. Clicking on a link opens a help
page that has more information about the listed feature. These
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topics include new features that you might not be aware of and
other topics that are based on user feedback received by
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Autodesk.
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You can directly open the help information about a specific
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command by hovering your cursor over the icon in the ribbon
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and then clicking <F1> on your keyboard.
You can search for a specific help topic by entering a keyword
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and selecting from the list of available related documents.
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Commands can be quickly identified in the ribbon, Status Bar,
and the Application Menu by clicking Find next to the
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command’s icon in the Help window, as shown in Figure 1–7. A
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location of the command, as shown in Figure 1–7.
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Figure 1–7

7. Tooltips
When you hover the cursor over a tool, a Tooltip displays the
name of the tool and a short description. Continuing to hover the
cursor on the tool displays an additional extended description, as
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shown in Figure 1–8. These tooltips provide information about
tools, commands, and drawing objects. With the tooltip
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displayed, press <F1> to open the Help window and display the
help information related to the tool.
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You can control the display of tooltips using the Options dialog
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box ( (Application Menu)>Options), in the Display tab>
Window Elements area. You can also set the delay to display the
tooltip and the extended description, as shown in Figure 1–9.
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Figure 1–8 Figure 1–9

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8. Command Line
Command prompts also display in the Command Line, which is

by default, a text window located at the bottom of the screen, as
shown in Figure 1–10. You can dock and undock the Command
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Line by clicking on the left edge and dragging it around. The
command history has a gray background to distinguish it from
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the active command line.
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Figure 1–10
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9. Status Bar
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The Status Bar enables you to change many of the AutoCAD
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software’s drafting settings. All of the tools are located in the
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removed from the Status Bar by selecting them in the list. After
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displaying the tool icons in the Status Bar, you are required to
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toggle them on to take affect. The icons display with a blue

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background box when they are toggled on. If the displayed icons
cannot fit in a single row, the Status Bar automatically wraps into
two rows to accommodate all of the icons, as shown in
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Figure 1–11.
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Along the left side of the Status Bar icons, the Model tab and one
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or more Layout tabs display, as shown in Figure 1–11. If the

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Model and Layout tabs are not displayed, set the LAYOUTTAB
system variable to 1.
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Figure 1–11
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10. Navigation Bar
The Navigation Bar enables you to access the various methods

of moving around in the drawing, such as Zoom and Pan, as
shown in Figure 1–12.
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If the Navigation Bar is
not displayed, in the
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ribbon, go to the View
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tab>Viewport Tools
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panel, and click
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(Navigation Bar).
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Figure 1–12
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11. File Tabs

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The drawing’s File tabs (shown in Figure 1–13) are located near
the top of the drawing window. They provide a quick way of
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switching between open drawings, creating new ones, opening,

saving, or closing the required drawings. The Start tab is always
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the first tab and persists in the File tabs bar. Clicking it displays
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the initial Start window.

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Figure 1–13
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1.3 Working with Commands

Most commands in the AutoCAD software are accessed using
the ribbon. For example, to access the Line command in the
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ribbon, in the Home tab>Draw panel, click (Line), as shown
in Figure 1–14. Several of the file commands are available in the
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Quick Access Toolbar or in the Application Menu. Some
commands are available in the Status Bar or through shortcut
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menus. There are additional access methods, such as Tool
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Palettes. The names of all of the commands can also be typed in
the Command Line or near the cursor in the Drawing Window
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(Dynamic Input).
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Ribbon The ribbon provides easy access to the tools, which are
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organized in tabs and panels. The tabs (Home, Insert, etc.)
contain a series of panels (Draw, Modify, etc.) which contain the
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command tools, as shown in Figure 1–14. The tools are
e EN organized by function.
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By default, the ribbon is docked at the top of the interface, as
shown in a partial view in Figure 1–14.
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Tabs
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Command Tools Panels

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Figure 1–14
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Al ple
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Some panels have a small downward arrow along the panel

name which indicates that it has additional tools, apart from the
ones displayed in the main panel. To view additional tools, click
the panel title, which expands the panel. The expanded portion
of a panel closes automatically when you move the cursor away,
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unless it is pinned, as shown in Figure 1–15.
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Click (Push Pin) to
keep a panel open. The
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image changes to
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(Push Pin). Click it
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again to return the panel
to its default setting.
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Figure 1–15
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• The ribbon can float (as shown in Figure 1–16) and be
e EN docked to the side. To float the entire ribbon, right-click in the
empty space at the end of the ribbon and select Undock.To
dock it back, drag the ribbon by the title towards the top and
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when a horizontal rectangle appears, drop it, to be docked.
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The ribbon becomes a

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palette that can be Auto-hide

docked to either side
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and hidden using

Auto-hide. If hidden,
d
the ribbon displays

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when you hover the

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cursor over its location.

op ro
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Al ple
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Figure 1–16
• Individual panels can also be floated in the drawing window,
as shown in Figure 1–17. To float a panel, drag it by the title
and drop it in the drawing window. To return it to the ribbon,
drag-and-drop it onto the ribbon area. This method can also
be used to rearrange the panels available in the ribbon.

n. nly
Figure 1–17
• Some tools have a small downward arrow indicating that a
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flyout is available. Click on the arrow to open the flyout which
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might contain additional options of the same command as
shown on the left of Figure 1–18 or it might contain some
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other similar tools, as shown on the right of Figure 1–18.
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Figure 1–18
• Some tools include a gallery containing thumbnail previews
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of the available options, as shown in Figure 1–19. The

d
display of these image previews can be controlled by the

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system variable GALLERYVIEW which is set as 1, by

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default. To hide the thumbnail preview, the value can be set

to 0.
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GALLERYVIEW=0 GALLERYVIEW=1
Figure 1–19

Command Line You can directly enter the name of a command in either the
Command Line or in the Dynamic Input prompt. When the
and Dynamic
(Dynamic Input) is On (by default), and you start typing a
Input Prompt command name, a command box displays near the crosshair
with the letters you are typing, as shown in Figure 1–20. You can
n. nly
also specifically click inside the Command Line and then type the
command name there, as shown in Figure 1–21. When the
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Dynamic Input option is Off, typing a command name
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automatically starts it in the Command Line.
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• For both input methods, the AutoComplete option
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automatically completes the entry you are typing when you
pause. It also supports mid-string search by displaying all of
the commands that contain the word that you typed, as
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shown in Figure 1–21. You can then scroll through the list
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and select a command to start it.
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e EN
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d
Figure 1–20
Figure 1–21
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• The order in which commands are listed in the suggestion list

adapts as you use the software.
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m
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You can also click • To set specific options for command input, including the
AutoComplete feature, right-click on the Command Line,
(Customize) to
expand Input Settings, and select from the various options,
display the Input
such as the ability to search for system variables or to set the
Settings.
delay response time, as shown in Figure 1–22.
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Figure 1–22
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If you need to stop a • As you work in the AutoCAD software, the software prompts
command, press <Esc> you for the information that is required to complete each
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to cancel it. You might command. These prompts display in the Dynamic Input
need to press <Esc> prompt and in the Command Line. It is important that you
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more than once. read the command prompts as you work, as shown in
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Figure 1–23.
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Figure 1–23
Al ple
• If you press <Enter> when no command is active, it launches

the command that you last used. It is a quick and easy way of
m
repeating a command.
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• Depending on the Command Line being docked/undocked,

pressing <F2> opens an AutoCAD Text Window or an
expanded version of the Command Line, which contains a
record of each command and prompt that has been used in
the current drawing session.

• In the Status Bar, click (Customization) and select
Dynamic Input in the list to display (Dynamic Input) in the

Status bar, as shown in Figure 1–24. Click to toggle the
option on and off. The icons have a blue background when
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they are toggled on.
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Figure 1–24
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Selecting Command Options

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If a command has options, you can specify it either in the

Command Line, the dynamic input prompt, or the shortcut menu,
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as shown in Figure 1–25.

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Press <Down
Arrow>
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Select an
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option
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Dynamic Input
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Command Line Shortcut Menu

Figure 1–25
• In the Dynamic Input prompt, indicates that more options

are available. Press <Down Arrow> to expand the list and
select an option, as shown in Figure 1–25, above.

• The shortcut menu opens when you right-click. It includes the

same selections as dynamic input, and several standard
options that display with every command.
• In the Command Line, the command name, its default

prompt, and a list of options display. You can select the
n. nly
required option in the Command Line by clicking on it or by
typing the option’s capitalized letter(s) (displayed in blue) to
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activate it, as shown in Figure 1–26.
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Figure 1–26
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Application The Application Menu (shown in Figure 1–27), contains the file
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tools. It includes a search field in which you can type command
Menu
e EN names to locate them in the ribbon, Quick Access Toolbar, or
Application menu, and an area in which to browse for recent and
open documents.
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Click to open the

Application menu
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Search for command

locations
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Browse Open Documents

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or Recent Documents
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Hover over an icon to

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display its command

options
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m
Sa
Figure 1–27

• Hover the cursor over a primary icon to display its options

and select the required option. If you click the primary icon
rather than the arrow, the default command starts.
• Click Options to open the Options dialog box and modify the
default settings to customize how the AutoCAD software
n. nly
performs. For example, to change the color of the drawing
window, click Options, select the Display tab in the Options
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dialog box, and click Colors. In the Context area, select 2d
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model space, in the Interface element area, select Uniform
background, and in the expanded Color drop-down list,
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select a color.
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• Click Exit Autodesk AutoCAD to close the software.
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How To: Find Command Access Locations
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1. Click to expand the Application Menu.
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2. In the Search field, start typing the name of a command.
e EN Tools related to the command name you are typing display in
the Application Menu, as shown in Figure 1–28.
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You do not have to type
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the full command name.

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As you start typing, the

command options
display.
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Figure 1–28
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3. Select the command that you want to use.

How To: Select Drawings from the Application

Menu
1. Click to expand the Application Menu.
You can also access 2. Ensure that (Recent Documents) is selected so that the
n. nly
Recent Documents in list of recently opened documents displays, as shown in
the Start tab>Create Figure 1–29.
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frame.
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Recent
Documents
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ric fo
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e EN Figure 1–29
3. The default display option is By Ordered List. In the
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expanded drop-down list you can also select By Access
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Date, By Size, or By Type to change the display option. You

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can also change the size of the images, as shown in

Figure 1–30.
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Figure 1–30
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4. Click (Open Documents) to display a list of open

drawings, as shown in Figure 1–31.
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Open Documents
Figure 1–31

Quick Access The Quick Access Toolbar provides fast access to the common
tools: New, Open, Save, Save As, Open from Web & Mobile,
Toolbar Save to Web & Mobile, Plot, Undo, Redo, and Share. You can
customize it by adding and removing typical commands
displayed in the list. Click (as shown in Figure 1–32) to
n. nly
expand the list and select from a list of typical commands. The
commands with a checkmark are already displayed in the Quick
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Access Toolbar.
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Figure 1–32
e EN • When the Start tab is open, only New, Open, Open from
Web & Mobile, and Sheet Set Manager display in the Quick
Access Toolbar.
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Hint: AutoCAD Web and Mobile

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Included with the Autodesk Web & Mobile online account
(subscription feature) is the option of opening ( ) and

an b
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saving ( ) your drawing files to a remote location. Using your

ng e
mobile device, you can view drawings and perform some light
yi vid
editing when you are in the field or at computer in a remote

location. To use this option, you must be connected to the
Internet and using a standard web browser.
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Hint: AutoCAD Share
You can share your current drawing by using the

(Share) command in the Quick Access Toolbar. It opens a
dialog box where you can create a copy of the drawing for
n. nly
viewing only or for editing and saving it, as shown in
Figure 1–33. Click on Copy link to create a link of the copy
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and send it. Anybody with the link can open the drawing in
AutoCAD web app where they have to Sign in first. This copy
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of the drawing contains all the xrefs, layers, blocks and
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properties.
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Figure 1–33
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Additional When you right-click, a menu usually displays next to the cursor,
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called a shortcut menu. The menu that displays depends on

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Shortcut Menus what you are doing in the AutoCAD software and where you
right-click in the AutoCAD interface.
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In the Quick Access Toolbar

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Al ple
When you right-click on the Quick Access Toolbar, a list of

options displays, which enable you to customize or locate the
m
Quick Access Toolbar, shown in Figure 1–34.

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Figure 1–34

In the Ribbon
If you right-click on a tab or in an empty space in the ribbon, you

can select which tabs or panels to display. You can also change
the visibility and docking status of the ribbon. Right-clicking on a
n. nly
ribbon panel title only displays the tab and the panel options.The
options that display in the shortcut menu are determined by
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where you click in the ribbon, as shown in Figure 1–35.
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Ribbon shortcut menu by Ribbon shortcut menu by right-clicking on the tabs or empty
space in the ribbon
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right-clicking on a panel title
Figure 1–35
If you right-click on an icon in a panel, you can select the tabs
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and panels to be displayed in the ribbon. You can also add the
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icon to the Quick Access Toolbar, as shown in Figure 1–36.

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Figure 1–36
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Al ple
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In the Command Line
When you right-click on the Command Line, you can select the
various Copy and Paste commands, as shown in Figure 1–37.
You can also access the AutoComplete options using the Input
n. nly
Settings selection. Using the Options dialog box, which can be
accessed by selecting Options... in the shortcut menu, you can
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change many of the AutoCAD settings.
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Figure 1–37
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In the Drawing Window

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When no command is active and you right-click in the drawing

window, a shortcut menu opens, as shown in Figure 1–38. You
an b
have the option of repeating the previous command used or

recently used commands (Recent Input), selecting Zoom and
d
Pan, and the standard Windows clipboard functions. You can

ng e
also access several other utilities or open the Options dialog box.
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Al ple
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Figure 1–38

1.4 Cartesian Workspace
Locating Points The AutoCAD software uses Cartesian (X,Y) coordinates to

indicate locations in a drawing. Points are located by designating
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a horizontal (X) and vertical (Y) distance as measured from the
origin (0,0), as shown in Figure 1–39. There is also a third
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coordinate (Z), which is only used in 3D drawings.
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Figure 1–39
e EN The current coordinate location of the cursor can be displayed in
the Status Bar, as shown in Figure 1–40. By default, this display
is toggled off. If you want to display the coordinates, click
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(Customization) in the Status Bar and select Coordinates.

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Figure 1–40
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When you start a drawing command that requires you to select a

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point, the current coordinates also display near the crosshair in

yi vid
the Dynamic Input prompt (When Dynamic Input option is

toggled On). For example, to draw a line, you must indicate
where to begin and end the line. You can specify the point using
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one of two methods:

lc p
• Selecting a point on the screen with the cursor.

Al ple
• Typing coordinates (when it is requesting point entry) in the

form X,Y as shown in Figure 1–41. For example, the point
m
(6,4) would be typed as 6,4.

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Figure 1–41

Measuring With the Cartesian coordinate system, you also need to

understand how angles work in the AutoCAD software, as shown
Angles in Figure 1–42. This becomes important for coordinate entry,
rotating objects, and working with arcs.
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Figure 1–42
• By default, the AutoCAD software measures angles in a
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counter-clockwise direction relative to the positive X-axis.
e EN
Drawings The AutoCAD Cartesian workspace is essentially unlimited in
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size. Whatever object you are creating, you typically draw it in
Created at
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the software at full scale, as shown in Figure 1–43. Whether you

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Full Scale are drawing a building that is 100 x 200 meters or feet, a city that
is 10 square kilometers or miles, or an IC chip that is 0.1" x 0.1",
you always draw in the real units of the object. Your drawing area
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is as big as you need it to be. If needed, the entire solar system

could be drawn at full scale in the software.
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Al ple
Figure 1–43
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• Scaling the drawing only becomes necessary when the

drawing is printed.
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Hint: Drawing Accuracy

In addition to being potentially enormous, the AutoCAD drawing
plane is also remarkably precise. Each point you enter in the
software has an accuracy of at least 14 significant digits (e.g.,
1.0000000000000).

1.5 Opening an Existing Drawing

File
n. nly
Opening The Open command enables you to open and edit an existing
drawing. This command opens the Select File dialog box that is
Drawings
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similar to the standard Windows File dialog box, as shown in
Figure 1–44.
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Figure 1–44
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You can also access the • You can access the Open command in the Quick Access
Open command from
Al ple
the Command Line by Toolbar or in the Application menu by clicking (Open).

typing Open. You can also open the command from the Initial Start window
(Start tab)>Open Files.
m
Sa
• Drawings that have recently been opened can be reopened

quickly using Recent Documents in the Application Menu or
the initial Start window.

How To: Open a Drawing
1. In the Quick Access Toolbar, click (Open).

2. In the Select File dialog box, locate the required file folder.
3. Select a drawing from the list. A preview displays on the right
n. nly
side of the dialog box.
4. Click Open or double-click on the drawing name.
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File Location Options
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History: Displays shortcuts to recently opened drawings.
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Documents: Goes to the My Documents folder.
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Desktop: Displays the Windows Desktop and enables you to
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navigate to any folder. Select a file to display a preview.
e EN Navigation and File Options

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Back to: Returns to the previous folder.

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Up one level: Moves up one level in the directory structure.

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Delete: Deletes the selected file(s).

d
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Create new folder: Creates a new folder in the current folder.

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Views: Select the List, Details, or Thumbnails view for files,

op ro
and toggle the Preview window on or off. If you have selected

the details (Date, type, etc.) of the files to be displayed, the
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sort order of the columns is remembered by the AutoCAD

software next time a file is opened.
Al ple
Tools: Locates files in the AutoCAD search path, adds FTP

locations, adds folders to Places, or adds files to the Favorites
m
folder.
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• To make your most commonly used folders easier to access,

you can select them individually in the Look in: drop-down list
and then select Tools>Add Current Folder to Places to add
them to the File Location drop-down list.

Multiple You can have several drawings open at once. You can open
them individually and have them open at the same time or open
Drawings a several files together by using <Ctrl> or <Shift> and selecting
them in the Select File dialog box. You can open multiple new
drawings by clicking (plus) in the File Tabs bar.
n. nly
Note that having several • All of the open drawings display as tabs in the File Tabs bar.
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drawings open can slow The currently active drawing displays with a white
down the system background.
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performance.
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• The drawings that have been changed and not saved, display
a * next to their name in the File Tabs bar, as shown for
fo rev
Drawing10* in Figure 1–45.
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Figure 1–45
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You can switch between the drawings using any of the following
e EN methods:
• Pressing <Ctrl>+<Tab>.
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• Selecting the required File tab (as shown on the left in

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Figure 1–46).
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• Clicking (Application Menu) and selecting a drawing

an b
under Open Drawings (as shown on the right in Figure 1–46).

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File tabs: Select file tab Application Menu>Open Documents:

Current drawing
m
to switch to that Select drawing name to switch to that

drawing drawing
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Figure 1–46

Closing Files You can close a drawing file without leaving the software using
any of the following methods:
• Clicking (Close) in the Application Menu.
n. nly
• Clicking (Close) in the upper right corner of the drawing
window.
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• Clicking (Close) in the required File tab.
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The software prompts In the Application Menu, (Close) has two options:
fo rev
you to save any
changes if you have not
• (Current Drawing), which closes the current drawing.
yet saved the drawing.
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• (All Drawings), which closes all of the drawings
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together, leaving the Start tab open.
e EN
The Start tab is always You can close all of the drawings using any of the following
persistent in the File methods:
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Tabs bar.
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• Right-clicking on a tab and selecting Close All to close all of

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the drawings except the Start tab.
• Right-clicking on a tab and selecting Close All Other

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Drawings closes all of the drawings, except the drawing

where the shortcut menu has been opened, and the Start tab.
d
If not already active, this also makes the drawing the active
ng e
one.
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• Using the CLOSEALLOTHER command to close all of the

op ro
drawings except the current drawing and the Start tab.

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When you close all of the drawings, the initial start window is
Al ple
displayed and the Quick Access Toolbar changes to display
(New), (Open), (Open from Web & Mobile), and

m
(Sheet Set Manager).

Sa

Practice 1a Opening a Drawing

Practice Objective
• Open and close existing drawings, and switch between open drawings.
n. nly
In this practice, you will use the Select File dialog box to open
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two existing files and view them, as shown in Figure 1–47.
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Figure 1–47
You can also click 1. In the Quick Access Toolbar, click (Open) or if you are in
an b
the Start tab initial window, select Open files in the Open
(Open) in the
d
drop-down list.
Application menu.
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2. In the Select File dialog box, navigate to and open the

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practice files folder. In the Name area, select Building

Rock.dwg and click Open. The drawing is opened in the
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drawing window.
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Note that the practice 3. Start the Open command again. In the Select File dialog box,
files folder opens in the Name area, select Building Side.dwg and click Open.
Al ple
automatically and you

are not required to
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navigate to the folder

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again.

4. In the File Tabs bar, in addition to the Start tab, the names of
both the drawing files display as tabs, as shown in
Figure 1–48.
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Figure 1–48
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5. Click (Application Menu) and click (Open
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Documents). The two files that you have opened are listed as
e EN shown in Figure 1–49.
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Figure 1–49
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6. In the Application Menu, in the Open Documents list, select

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Building Rock.dwg. It becomes the active drawing.

Al ple
7. In the File Tabs bar, select Building Side. It becomes the

active drawing.
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8. Press <Ctrl>+<Home>. The Start tab is active and the initial

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Start window displays.
9. In the Start window, in the left pane, select Recent. In the

right pane, select Building Side to make it active.
10. In the File Tabs bar, right-click in the Building Side tab and
select Close All. If prompted to save changes, click No. This
closes all of the open drawings and the initial Start window
displays again.

1.6 Viewing Your Drawing

Because AutoCAD drawings are drawn to full scale, it would be
difficult to create them precisely on the computer screen without
being able to move in and out around your work.
n. nly
For example, if you are working on a map of the United States,
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you need to get closer to clearly display the roads in specific
cities. If you are working on a house, you might want to focus on
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specific areas to be able to place doors precisely, as shown in
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Figure 1–50.
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Figure 1–50
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The Zoom and Pan commands enable you to specify which area
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of the drawing to display on the screen.

op ro
Wheel Mouse The easiest way to zoom and pan is to use a wheel mouse.
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Zoom and Pan • Roll the mouse wheel away from you to zoom in and roll the
Al ple
wheel toward you to zoom out. The AutoCAD software

zooms in and out around the location of the cursor.
m
• Hold the wheel and move the cursor to pan. Note that a hand
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icon displays at the cursor location while panning.
• Double-click on the wheel to fit the entire drawing in the

drawing window.
• Press <Ctrl> while you hold the wheel and move the mouse
to use another mode of panning, called joystick pan.

Navigation The viewing and navigation tools are grouped together in the
ViewCube and Navigation Bar (as shown in Figure 1–51), and
Tools are located along the top right corner of the Drawing window.
The display of both the Navigation Bar and ViewCube can be
toggled on/off in the View tab/Viewport Tools panel.
n. nly
Home
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Counter-clockwise
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ViewCube Clockwise
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Navigation Wheels
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e EN Pan
Zoom
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Navigation Bar
Orbit
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ShowMotion
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d
Figure 1–51
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Al ple
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• The Navigation Bar provides a quick way of accessing the

navigation tools such as Pan and Zoom. It displays in a very
light gray until you hover the cursor over it. displayed
below a tool indicates that it can be expanded and additional
options can be selected. In Paper Space, fewer tools display
n. nly
because you can only use 2D viewing commands. The
different options are shown in Figure 1–52.
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Paper Space
Navigation Bar
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e EN Model Space
Navigation Bar
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d
Figure 1–52
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• Most of the ViewCube options are primarily used in 3D views.

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However, you can use the Clockwise and Counterclockwise

controls to rotate the viewport in the 2D plane, as shown in
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Figure 1–53.
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Al ple
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Figure 1–53

• Navigation Wheels provide access to groups of commonly

used navigation tools. Depending on the wheel selected, you
can access a small group of commands, such as Zoom,
Rewind, and Pan, or a group with many more options. The
Navigation Wheel displays at the cursor, enabling you to
n. nly
quickly select the navigation tools.
• ShowMotion is used when creating animations in 3D.
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Pan and Zoom The Navigation Bar and the shortcut menu contain the Zoom
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and Pan commands.
Commands
fo rev
The Realtime commands are really two parts of one command.
Pan Realtime enables you to shift the display without changing
the current magnification. Zoom Realtime enables you to zoom
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in closer to the drawing or away from the drawing, displaying the
results dynamically (in real time) while the command is used.
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e EN How To: Pan in Real Time
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You can also right-click 1. In the Navigation Bar, click (Pan). The crosshair changes
in the drawing window
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and select Pan, or type to (Hand cursor).

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P in the Command Line. 2. Position the cursor over the part of the drawing that you want
to visually move to a different part of the screen. Hold the left
mouse button and drag in the direction you want to go.
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3. After you release the mouse button, you can pan again, or
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press <Esc> or <Enter> to complete the command.

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• You can also pan using the scroll bars on the sides of the
drawing.
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How To: Zoom in Realtime

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You can also right-click 1. In the Navigation Bar, expand (Zoom) and select Zoom
in the drawing window
Realtime. The crosshair changes to (Magnifying glass).
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and select Zoom, or

2. Hold the left mouse button and drag the cursor up to zoom in
type Z in the Command
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or down to zoom out.

Line.
3. After you release the mouse button, you can zoom again, or
press <Esc> or <Enter> to complete the command.
• If you select a Zoom option in the Navigation Bar, the top

level Zoom icon changes to the selected option.

Switching Between Zoom and Pan
In either Zoom Realtime or Pan Realtime, you can right-click in

the drawing window to open a shortcut menu, as shown in
Figure 1–54. Select an option and continue with the viewing
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operation.
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Figure 1–54
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• Zoom Window: Requires you to hold the left mouse button
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• Zoom Original: Returns the display to the view that was

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current before the Zoom/Pan Realtime command was
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started.
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• Zoom Extents: Fills the screen with all of the objects in the
drawing.
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Practice 1b Viewing a Drawing

Practice Objective
• Display parts of a drawing using the Zoom and Pan commands.
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In this practice, you will use several options in the Zoom
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command and Pan to display parts of a large drawing, as shown
in Figure 1–55.
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Figure 1–55
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1. Open Bighouse-A.dwg from your practice files folder.

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2. If you have a mouse wheel, scroll the wheel to zoom in and

zoom out. Press the wheel and move the mouse to pan.
Double-click on the mouse wheel to zoom to the extents of
the drawing.
3. In the Navigation Bar, expand (Zoom) and select Zoom

Realtime. Click, hold, and move the magnifying glass cursor
to zoom in and out of the drawing.

4. Right-click and select Pan. Click, hold, and move the hand
cursor to pan around the drawing.
5. Right-click and select Exit. Double-click on the mouse wheel

to zoom to the extents of the drawing, or in the Navigation
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Bar, expand (Zoom) and select Zoom Extents.
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6. In the Navigation Bar, expand (Zoom) and select Zoom
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Window. Select two corner points for the window around the
kitchen area, as shown in Figure 1–56.
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First corner
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Figure 1–56
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7. In the Navigation Bar, click (Pan). Pan from the kitchen to

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the Master Bedroom (upper left corner).

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8. Right-click and select Zoom Extents. Right-click again and

select Exit.
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9. In the File Tabs bar, click (Close) in the Bighouse-A tab to

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close the drawing. Click No to not save the changes.

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1.7 Saving Your Work

Saving your work is vitally important. You should save early and
often to avoid losing and redrawing information. The drawings
that have been changed and not saved, display a * next to their
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name in the File Tabs bar. To provide added security, you can
create automatic saves to a backup file. You can also save your
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drawings so that they can be used in previous versions of the
AutoCAD software that might not be compatible with the one you
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are using.
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• The save commands only save to the current drive.
Remember to regularly back up your work to another
machine or other data storage.
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You can also quick save • When you click (Save) in the Quick Access Toolbar or
from the Command Line Application Menu, the drawing file you are working on is
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by entering qsave or by saved without prompting you for the name or location. This is
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pressing <Ctrl>+<S>. called a quick save.
• If you are working in a new drawing that has not been saved
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with a specific name, you are prompted for a name and
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location in the Save Drawing As dialog box.

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• Clicking (Save As) in the Quick Access Toolbar or

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Application Menu (or typing save) opens the Save Drawing

As dialog box where you can save the current drawing with
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another name and location.

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Automatic While it is critical for you to save a drawing regularly as you are
working on it, the AutoCAD software is also set up to save a
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Saves drawing to a backup file every 10 minutes. These files can be

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used to recover work that might not have been saved. They have
an SV$ extension.
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• By default, the AutoCAD software also creates a backup

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copy of the file every time you save. It has a .BAK extension.
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• Most of the times, automatic saves are performed

incrementally. This is much faster than performing full saves,
which can take a lot of time.

• You can modify the Automatic Save and backup features in

the Open and Save tab of the Options dialog box (Application
Menu>Options or by right-clicking in the empty space of
the drawing area). You can also control the interval between
saves. By default, the feature is toggled on with an interval of
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10 minutes between saves and the Create backup copy
with each save option is selected, as shown in Figure 1–57.
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Figure 1–57
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Saving in Using the Save As command, in Files of type:, you can select
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the version of the DWG file format so that the file can be opened
Various with that version of the AutoCAD software, as shown in
Formats Figure 1–58.
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• The latest AutoCAD software uses the AutoCAD 2018

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Drawing file format to save the drawings. If you want to

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share a drawing with someone that has the AutoCAD 2017

software or an earlier version of the software, you need to
save it in the previously used AutoCAD 2013 file format.
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Figure 1–58

Practice 1c Saving a Drawing File

Practice Objectives
• Open and save a drawing.
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• Modify the Automatic save option.
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In this practice, you will open a drawing, save it, and modify the
Automatic save option, as shown in Figure 1–59.
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Figure 1–59
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1. Open Building Valley.dwg from your practice files folder.

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2. In the Quick Access Toolbar, click (Save). The AutoCAD

software performs a quick save.
3. In the Application Menu, click Options or right-click in the

drawing window and select Options to open the Options
dialog box.

4. In the Open and Save tab, change the time for Automatic
save to 15 minutes.
5. Click OK to close the Options dialog box. Note a * beside the

Building Valley name in the File Tabs bar (as shown in the
Figure 1–60) indicating that there are some unsaved
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changes to the drawing.
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Figure 1–60
6. Save the drawing by clicking (Save) in the Quick Access
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Toolbar. In the File Tabs bar, note that Building Valley does
not have a * beside it anymore.
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7. Close the drawing.
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Chapter Review Questions

1. What displays when you click the Start tab in the File Tabs
bar?
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a. The recently opened drawings
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b. An expanded version of the Command Line
c. The Initial Start window
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d. The Application Menu
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2. How do you cancel a command using the keyboard?
a. Press <F2>
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b. Press <Esc>
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c. Press <Ctrl>
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d. Press <Delete>
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a. Press <Esc>
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b. Press <F2>
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c. Press <Enter>
d. Press <Ctrl>
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4. To display a specific ribbon panel, you can right-click on the

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ribbon and select the required panel in the shortcut menu.

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a. True
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b. False
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5. How are points specified in the AutoCAD Cartesian

workspace?
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a. X value x Y value
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b. Y value, X value
c. X value, Y value
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d. X value - Y value
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6. How do you know if a file has not been saved after it is

modified?
a. Its tab displays a white background in the File Tabs bar.
b. It displays a * next to its name in the File Tabs bar.
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c. Its tab is highlighted in blue in the File Tabs bar.
d. Its tab always displays next to the Start tab in the File
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Tabs bar.
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7. How can you switch between the current drawing, other open
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drawings, and the Start tab? (Select all that apply.)
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a. By pressing <Ctrl>+<Tab>.
b. By pressing <Ctrl>+<Shift>.
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c. By right-clicking and selecting Open in the shortcut menu.
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d. By selecting the required drawing file tab in the File Tabs
bar.
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e EN 8. How do you fit the entire drawing in the drawing window?
a. Double-click on the right mouse button.
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b. Hold <Ctrl> and scroll the mouse wheel.
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c. Double-click the mouse wheel.

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d. Hold the mouse wheel and move the cursor.

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Command Summary
Button Command Location
NA • Application Menu
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Close • Drawing Window
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• Application Menu
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• Command Prompt: close
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Close Current • Application Menu
Drawing • Tabs bar shortcut menu
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Close All • Application Menu
Drawings • Tabs bar shortcut menu
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NA Dynamic Input • Status Bar: expand Customization
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Exit AutoCAD
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• Command Prompt: open, <Ctrl>+<O>
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• Start tab window>Open
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Open • Application Menu

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Documents
Open from • Quick Access Toolbar
Web & Mobile
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• Application Menu>Open
Options • Application Menu
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• Shortcut Menu: Options

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Pan • Navigation Bar

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• Shortcut Menu: Pan

• Command Prompt: pan or P
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Recent • Application Menu

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Documents
Save • Quick Access Toolbar
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• Command Prompt: qsave, <Ctrl>+<S>
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Save As • Quick Access Toolbar

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• Command Prompt: save
Save to Web & • Quick Access Toolbar
Mobile • Application Menu>Save As
Zoom • Navigation Bar: Zoom Realtime
Realtime • Shortcut Menu: Zoom
• Command Prompt: zoom or Z

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1–46
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Autocad 2022 Fundamentals

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n.

© ASCENT - Center for Technical Knowledge, 2021

permission of ASCENT, a division of Rand Worldwide, Inc.

1.3 Working with Commands ............................................................. 1-11

Quick Access Toolbar ..................................................................... 1-20

Additional Shortcut Menus .............................................................. 1-21

1.4 Cartesian Workspace.................................................................... 1-24

Locating Points................................................................................ 1-24

Drawings Created at Full Scale....................................................... 1-25

Opening Drawings........................................................................... 1-26

Multiple Drawings............................................................................ 1-28

Practice 1a Opening a Drawing........................................................... 1-30

1.6 Viewing Your Drawing .................................................................. 1-32

© 2021, ASCENT - Center for Technical Knowledge® i

Practice 1c Saving a Drawing File ...................................................... 1-41

Chapter 2: Basic Drawing and Editing Commands ................................... 2-1

Chapter 3: Projects: Creating a Simple Drawing ....................................... 3-1

3.2 Create Simple Shapes .................................................................... 3-3

Chapter 4: Drawing Precision in AutoCAD ................................................ 4-1

4.1 Using Running Object Snaps......................................................... 4-2

Practice 4a Using Object Snaps ........................................................... 4-7

4.2 Using Object Snap Overrides ........................................................ 4-9

4.3 Polar Tracking at Angles .............................................................. 4-15

Practice 4c Polar Tracking .................................................................. 4-17

4.4 Object Snap Tracking ................................................................... 4-19

ii © 2021, ASCENT - Center for Technical Knowledge®

Practice 4f Placing Objects on a Drawing.......................................... 4-29

Chapter 5: Making Changes in Your Drawing............................................ 5-1

Practice 5c Editing with Grips I........................................................... 5-27

Practice 5d Editing with Grips II ......................................................... 5-29

Command Summary ............................................................................. 5-32

Chapter 6: Projects: Making Your Drawings More Precise ...................... 6-1

6.1 Schematic Project: Electronics Diagram ...................................... 6-2

6.2 Architectural Project: Landscape.................................................. 6-3

6.3 Mechanical Project: Using Polar and Tracking ............................ 6-6

6.5 Mechanical Project: Satellite.......................................................... 6-8

Chapter 7: Organizing Your Drawing with Layers ..................................... 7-1

7.1 Creating New Drawings with Templates ....................................... 7-2

© 2021, ASCENT - Center for Technical Knowledge® iii

7.3 Layer States................................................................................... 7-11

Chapter 8: Advanced Object Types ............................................................ 8-1

Converting Lines and Arcs to Polylines........................................... 8-10

Turning Polylines into Lines and Arcs ............................................. 8-11

8.4 Drawing Splines ............................................................................ 8-17

Splines ............................................................................................ 8-17

Blend Command ............................................................................. 8-19

Joining Objects................................................................................ 8-19

Practice 8c Drawing Polygons ............................................................ 8-23

8.6 Drawing Ellipses ........................................................................... 8-25

Practice 8d Drawing Ellipses .............................................................. 8-27

Command Summary ............................................................................. 8-31

Chapter 9: Analyzing Model and Object Properties .................................. 9-1

iv © 2021, ASCENT - Center for Technical Knowledge®

Practice 9b Working with Object Properties (Architectural) ............ 9-14

11.1 Trimming and Extending Objects................................................ 11-2

Trimming Objects ........................................................................... 11-2

Practice 11a Extending and Trimming Objects ................................. 11-7

Practice 11b Trimming Objects on a Drawing ................................. 11-10

Practice 11c Break at Point ............................................................... 11-12

11.2 Stretching Objects ...................................................................... 11-14

Practice 11d Stretching Objects ....................................................... 11-16

11.3 Creating Fillets and Chamfers ................................................... 11-18

Filleting Objects............................................................................. 11-18