SET i= A set is a collection of well _def‘imedl objects which are distinct from each other. Sets ore genexally represented by Copitol letters A,B C,... ete and +the elements of the Set by a, b ce ete, well defined. we mean there is a rule by which one can decide whether an element belongs +o the ox _nat fx: _moturol_mumbers , prime numbers , veal numbers less than fo all ore well defined. obyects Buk collection of good students im a. class, collection of good batsman are not sets because good shident and good batsman aye no well defined. Some Important Number Sets:- N= Set of matural numbers= {1,2,3,4,....} Wl = Se of whole numbers = 10,1,2,3,..) ZorL= Set of all imtegers = {¢ 41,42, 23,. j = Set of positive integers = {1,.2,3,..-J=N = Set of megative imbegers = {-1,-2,-3, =) o = Set of all mm ero imtegers = {+1, #2, #3, =| Q = Set of ob tational numbers = {Pla ep ay Cees, 4+} R= Set of oll real numbers. R-Q = Set of all isvatiool numbers {@ 2, 8,1, e, loge. : } Note:— Symbs| “é" denotes “belongs to” NN NMethods of ariting a_set- 1) Roster Method :- Im this method a set is described by listing Clements, Separoted by commas and enclosing them by curly brackets .Tk is also Called “Tabular Method. x= The set of vowels = {ae io u} 2) Sek builder Method :- Th this case we write down property or rule bp wdhich gives us all the elements of the set. A= {x: plo} &x:- As {x, 2€N_and_x=.2n for nen} ={2,u4,6, : } p= {2, xeZ}= fos ua Qa. Write the followin sets im Set builder fonn ac{i,4a, 16} B= {2, 4, 28, 65, a) C= {13,13 19, 25 98 =4} Sf A={z, x=% men} oc {a5 xen} Be {x; aenbtr, men} ov [x+41, xen} C= [%; ris prime number, I3¢%s 81} Qo. Write the following sets Into +tobular form As {%; x -y=0 , xen} Be {%, Zany, 1< 4s 3, xen}Sof for a> ab-4=0 > (R+2)(x-2)=0 2S ETS (mon natural number) ene {2} for B> maou hk 1e g #3 "285 x $6 and xen Types of Sets. 4) Null set or Emply set- A set having no element is called null Set or Empty set or void set. It is denoted by t) or {} Ex: a= {xEn, 5 Be {x, % is a prime number , a m (pp)\z f= 2 “Blt “nels 1 m(P(e)) = 2-2 C (let) “J m(cj= 2 => m(Ple)) = 2 = 4 Ans Qo. af n(Aa)=4 then find mumber of Subsets of Pca) Sof! nla)=4 => (p(a)) = 24 = 16 hence. number of pe of P(A) = 2°Q3. Stote TRUE or FALSE 4) b= fo) a){a,s}¢ [a,b.q 3) fa, b}e {a,b,c} 4) {o} { {o4, b} defi jge 14, is} a) meh AEB => XEB R)2en, AGB => x¢B 3) ASB, 2€B => x¢A lo) ASB, Bec > AEC Sa” 4) False:- {0} is a Singleton set & dis null set. 2) True - Cleary {a,b} is a subset of {a_b, c} 3) False - {2,5} is a Subset it is not an element for {a,b,c} although a,b are elements but {a,b} cannot be treated as 0, b 4) True = Clearly fo is an element of {fay b} 5) True 4 is proper subset of {1,2} 6) Tue - > Is cleasly ane of the dement of {¢, {1} 4) Folse- Let xea, Az {1} , B={ {4,3} here xEA, AEB bt xB 8) False - Let z= 1, A= {1,2}, B= {1} here EA, ASB but xEB 3) Tue — Tf Ace then all elements of A lie in® and olso we know x¢B8 then it cannot be an element of A for Sure\o)False - Let A= fa} , B= {4,2} , c= { {13,3} Cleadly ASB ond BEC but adc Operations On SeTS- 4) Union_of +us0_sets:- AUB= fx: XEA or xE 8} A B 2) Thtersecim of two sets- An& = {x , XER and xeB} 3) Difference of two sets:- A-B={x; 2eA ond x¢a} U4) Symmetric. difference of two sets:- A B= (A-8) U(B-A) A 5) Complement of a set- Aor A or A= {%; aA and xeU) = U-A U 8) Disjoint (Tncomp otible) sets - Two sets A ond 8 are called disjoint sets if they de net have ang commen elemert ie AnB= oe A B UEx. Tf us {1,2,3,4,5,¢, a} and_A= {1,2} , B= {2,4,5} then Aue {t,2, 4,5} ANB = {2} A-B= {1} , B-a= {45} (a rs 45,63} ‘ B= {ete 36,4) Aags {14,5} Laws of Algebra. of sets:- 1) Commutative Law = AUB = BUA An® = BNA 2) Distributive Law:- Au (gnc) = (Aus) n (Aue) An (guc) = (Ang) U (Ano) 3) Associative Law- _(KUB)UC = Au (Buc} (Ang)nc = An (8no) 4) Tdempotent lao - AUA = A Ana =A 5)Tdentity Low — Aud= A AuU=U Andb= > AnU-=A oe: Law '- (@ua) = An 8 @ne) = Au ge Some Important Results. 4) A-8= AnB 2) B-A= BnAw3) (at)'= A 4) ana=o , AURA =U Ss) A- (Buc) = (a-g) n (A-c A-(8nc)= (A-8) U (A-c) 6) Ane SA, ANB ESB Ac AUB, BEAUB 7) ASCBS AnB=A AC@> AUB=B 8) Ace > BCA 1. Prove (Ans)= AS ug with and witha venn diagvam Sel 4) INith Venn diagram Lus RHS q ) W Gi) Wuli) > = LHS2) Without using vena diagram:- lek xe (Anay => x¢(ans) > LEAR or xb B > EA or 2EB > 2ehus hence (@ng) < AKug —n) Now Jet ye rus => 4 € AY or yes > 9¢A or yde 24 Ang > ye (ans) hence A°ug’ & (ana) By a) & (2) (2) Ans)- Aue Qa. Prove the fallocoing using laws of algebra. 4) (Auguc)n (Angin) nc'= @nc! 2) Auf (Avs) ng}= (ans) So’ 1) Lus= (av guc)n (AuBud ne! = {Au@ud}n {a uevo)} nc (Ana) u (ue) } nc’ {du Gus} nc! (Bus) nc! (Bne) u (enc) (Bnc')u (b) = Bnc' =Rus n " ”2)Lus = Auf (Ang) u (en)} Avf(ans) u o} Au (ans) = (Alua) n (a'us') = Un(Aug8) n = Aue! = (Ans) = Rus THeorems oN Capra Numpers 4) For two sets A 2B #* N(atleast one inf or B) m(AuB) = nla) + nla)—n(Ang) # mlexactly one in A or B) = n(AvB) — n(Ans) = m(a) + mig) — 2 (Ang) * 1 = - = m(A) — mang) *& (neither A nor_B) = (Ang) = m(u)- n(Arus) =n cna) +n(Angnc). — 2n(aAnBnc)Qt. TH nta)= 3, nts)= 10 then find minimum ind maximum value of n(aus) Sol’ *: (aus) = (a) + nla) — n(Ans) n(aue) = nla) + (8) — ACANB) Se epee te O = ° = ely (AUB), = nla) + nle)—nlAns) Sec = lO eke S210) Qa Tf n(aua) = 90, n(A-8)=I5, n{Ang)= 30 then find n(8) So n(a-e)= (A) - nlang) wy m(AuB) = m(A) + n(8) — n(Ane) (2) (2) -()) 1 (Rus) - N(A-8) = n1@) Sorts) = ne) => N(6)= 45 Qs. Tn o group of Ho Students 25 take tea, [4 take coffee and & take neither of -the +wWo How. mang take both tea and Coffee So” lek tea>T ; Coffee > C = Nu)= 40, nie 98, n(cjel9, n(t'nc')=8 n(t'ac’) =» oe n(u)— n fruc) 8 1 (v)={ n€z) + n(c) —nérng)] 8 yo - {25 +(13) -n(rne)} non=> nftnd= 10 Qu A College awarded 38 medals in Football, 1S in baskel- ball _and_20 im cricket Tf these medals went to a fofal_of 58 players _and_only three_players got_medals im_al| the three sports then how many players Teceived Medals in exacty +wo of the three sports Saf" let Football 7F, Basketball? 8 , Cricket > Given n(F)= 38, n(B)=1IS , n{¢)=20 n(FuBuc)= 58, nlFnene)= 3 N(Fusuc) = nie) + N{8) + nN) — { nGna)+n(Bnc) + nn) } + nlenenc) 53 Sosa + 1S) e700 = (ky > K= 18 (exactly two im F @ or ¢)= [nteng) + niens) +néne) — 3n (Fnenc) = k-3G) =34) Natural numbers N= {itp 2e3) qe) Num&ers 2)Whde numbers. _We={o42,3,...} 3) Integers -Z or T = {e523 2221 ot 23) 4) Positive Integers = Zo T"= {4 2,3,...} = N 5) Negative Integers: 2 or T= {-1,-2,-%,...} 6) Non- negative Integers: = {o, 14 =} =W 3.) Non - positive Trtegers Sole 33 al op 8) Even Integers 5 fe 2024 20 52 ey > These numbers Can be expressed by ‘an’, meL 8) Odd iategers = eons $50 ss} > These numbers Con be expressed by "anea" me L Note-> © 13 neither positive nor negative integer. © {8 an even imkeger.4o) Prime Numbers:- Natural numbers which have two distinct factors ove prime numbers. Ex= 2-35 3 11813 19 9g: oe-sy %* 1 ia not a prime number. % All_psime numbers (except 23) Can be written as form "Gn+4" where neZ * 9 is the only prime_number which is even 11) Composite Numbers - Natural numbers (except 4) which hove more than two distinct factors ore Composite numbers. Ex- 4 6g % 4. is neither prime ner Composite > 4 is the least composite number. 4, [Ope [a ere 12), Co-prime (Relohive_prime) Numbers = Two noturol numbers (not necessarily Prime) are Co-prime if their HCF (Aco) is 1 fx (f50)5 GS) (S98) ig ts) 2k Two distinct prime numbers are_alweys _co-prime but the converse ‘need not to be true. * Consecutive notural numbers are alusays Co-prime.13) Twin Prime Numbevs:- Tf the difference between two prime numbers is 2 the they are called twin prime numbers. Ex:- (3,5), (5,4), (11,13), (13, 19), .. 14) Rational Numbers :- Numbers which can be written im form of * Y,* where p,ye@Z and 440. Set of rational numbers is denoted by Q" Exo Ys We, “Vas --- All Ferminating decimal numbers, non-terminating but Yepeoting decimol numbers ave vetionol numbers. 5) Irrational Numbers:- Real numbers which are not rational , are irrational numbers. The set of ittakional numbers ig denoted by a " or “Q’ e Ex: oe Js JS, 5 x, e; ak Non- terminating and ‘non - repeating decimal numbers are_isrotionol Numbers. 1s) ‘Real Numbers:- The complele set of rotional and itrationol mumbers (s the set of Yeol numbers 2 it is denoted by "R’ hence R= Quae# Square of real number is non-negative * Reol numbers can be vepresented an real number line 14) Complex Numbers:- These are the numbers which ave represented im the form of O+ib where a,beR and (= \=1 (iota) Single compler mumber is denoted by "2" and set of all Complex. numbers is vepresented by “C” Exe 2's Seals) O*2(c 26 Ist 5 4 All real numbers are complex_numbers Qa. Prore thot rn is divisible by 24, Where n is add integer Sof fob n= amet, met (mis odd integer) Now nin= n(n™-1) = n(n#i)(n-1) J Tt is multige of 3) (2m+1) ( 2m4+1+1) (am+t -1) = (2m) 2(m+) 2m = 4 m(m+) Qm+!) for ol me m(m+i)(2m+i) will be a muthiple of 2 hence né-n_ is divisible by 24 " Qs. Prove that p*1 is divisible by 24, where _p is any. prime Number 25 Sof" let p= 6nt1, ner (ge b ISO paime number zs) hence pri = (p+) (p-L)(cnai+t) Cents) (6n42) (6n) = lan(n41) for all neL n(n) will be an even number hence _p-1 is divisible by 24 " Q3. Find a,b eT given that -b'= 13 Si (ab ses (a+b) (a-b) = 13 = 1x13 ——W) now let us asume a,b70 +hen from (1) A+b= (3 a=3 b=6 ee 2 So in general a= +7, bts Qu Find maeL if m= r= 2002. Ce 5 mo n = 2002 (m+n) (m-n) = 2x Joos >If m,n both even or both odd then (m+n), (m-n) both are even then LHS will be multiple of 4 but RHS Not > If m is even and nis odd of vice-versa then (m+n), (m-n) both are odd hence LHS will be odd buk RHS_ not. hence there witl be no SolutionQs. Tf atyt= a&+y=i2, then find (4) Sol! ty si. —Y Xt y*= 12 —@ W-@ > Gey )+ (y-») = 0 @-y){ aty -i} = o = oy ee tey f x=y then from (1) 4% =12 > X=3, -4 hence X=y= 3,-4 if x=4-y then from w (-y)+y 212 Yoyouso => ys [+3{5 a= 1735 a 2. (oy)2 CD, 04-9), (LEME, 1338) aE 2 ? Segue