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Toolbox For Power System Fault Analysis Using Matlab
Toolbox For Power System Fault Analysis Using Matlab
ABSTRACT
Power system fault analysis is the process of determining the bus voltages and
line currents during the occurrence of various types of faults. Faults on power systems
can be divided into three-phase balanced faults and unbalanced faults. Three types of
unbalanced fault occurrence on power system transmission lines are single line to
ground faults, line to line faults, and double line to ground faults. Fault studies are used
to select and set the proper protective devices and switchgears. The determination of the
bus voltages and line currents is very important in the fault analysis of power system.
The process consists of various methods of mathematical calculation which is difficult
to perform by hand. The calculation can be easily done by computer which is generated
by a program developed using MATLAB. GUI (Graphical User Interface) will be
provided with the programs as they are the components of the toolbox. This user
friendly toolbox will assist user which among electrical engineering student or trainee
engineer to perform the fault analysis of power system.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
This project is focusing on the development of a toolbox for power system fault
analysis using MATLAB. Power system fault analysis is the process of determining the
magnitude of voltages and line currents during the occurrence of various types of faults.
The magnitude of these currents depends on the internal impedance of the generators
plus the impedance of the intervening circuit [2]. It can be of the order of tens of
thousand of amperes [2]. Faults on power systems can be divided into three-phase
balanced faults and unbalanced faults. Three types of unbalanced fault occurrence on
power system transmission lines are single line-to-ground faults, line-to-line faults, and
double line-to-ground faults. The magnitude of the fault current must be accurately
calculated in order that mechanical and thermal stresses on equipment may be estimated
[2]. Fault studies are used to select and set the proper protective devices and
switchgears [4].
The determination of the bus voltages and line currents is very important in the
fault analysis of power system. The process consists of various methods of
mathematical calculation which includes loads of formula and matrix approach to
determine the magnitude of the voltage and current. The calculation may form a large
rows and columns of matrix depending on the number of busses. The calculation is
possible when dealing with small number of busses. However it is difficult to perform
2
by hand when dealing with large number of busses. We will discuss the method of
analysis in the methodology.
Hence, the development of this project will ease user to perform the calculations
of fault analysis despite encountering large number of buses. The calculation can be
easily done by computer which is generated by a program developed using MATLAB.
The program will simulate the input data keyed in by the user. Graphical User Interface
(GUI) will be provided with the programs. The program and the GUI will be packed in
a software package performing the fault analysis study and simulation as they are the
components of the toolbox which will be developed for the training and educational of
power system fault analysis. The toolbox will be user-friendly and will assist the
consumer whom does not have any programming background.
The objective of this project is to study the common fault types which are
balance and unbalance fault of the transmission line in the power system. Secondly is to
perform the analysis and obtain the results from simulation on those types of fault using
MATLAB. Lastly is to develop a toolbox for power system fault analysis for
educational and training purposes.
The scope of the project is to build a software package to assist user to perform
the fault analysis calculations. The targeted user is among trainee engineer and power
system students which have less experience in computer programming or C language.
In order to achieve the objectives of the project, some command in MATLAB program
3
should be studied and understand so that the software package would operate as desired.
Moreover, MATLAB GUIDE (GUI part in MATLAB) should be mastered so that user
friendly software can be developed.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Short circuit currents flow when a fault occurs in power system. The magnitude
of these current can be of the order of tens of thousands of amperes, and consequently,
the magnitude of the fault current must be accurately calculated in order that
mechanical and thermal stresses on equipment may be estimated [2]. The types of fault
occur in power system are; balanced three-phase fault and unbalanced fault which are
single line to ground, line-to-line fault, and double-line to ground fault.
In the transmission line, the common types of fault occurrence are [9]:
i. Balanced three-phase fault
ii. Single line-to-ground fault
iii. Line-to-line fault
iv. Double line-to-ground fault
Figure 2.1 shows a graphical view of fault respectively.
5
i ii
3-p ha se
tra nsmissio n
line
iii iv
This type of fault is defined as the simultaneous short circuit across all three
phases. It is the most infrequent fault but the most severe type of fault encountered
because the network is balanced, it is solved on per-phase basis. The two phases carry
identical currents except for the phase shift [4]. Balanced three phase fault is also called
as symmetric fault [6]. The fault network can be solved by the Thevenin’s method. The
procedure is shown in the example below [4]. Figure 2.2 shows one line diagram of a
simple three-bus power system and a balanced three phase fault with fault impedance Zf
occurs at bus 3.
7
XG1 XG2
XT1 XT2
X12
X13 X23
Figure 2.2: (b) Impedance Network for Fault at Bus 3. (c) Thevenin’s Equivalent
Network
8
Z33
zf
(1)
Another method of determining fault current is using the Zbus method [4][9]. Analyze
the basic n-bus network to obtain the Bus Admittance Matrix (Ybus), from the line
impedance. Consider impedance network from Figure 2.2 and fault at bus 3:
(2)
(3)
Thus, the fault current [4],
(4)
(5)
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In the analysis, we need to represent the given power system by its positive,
negative and zero-sequence networks as shown in Figure 2.2 (the zero-sequence
network is omitted for faults without earth). This representation requires the calculation
of per unit (p.u.) impedances for generators, transformers, lines, cables and other
elements of the power system [3].
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(12)
(13)
Equation (13) can be expressed in the sequence in series as shown in Figure 2.5.
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Figure 2.6: Three Phase Generators with Fault between Phase ‘b’ and ‘c’
Figure 2.6 shows a three phase generator with fault through impedance Zf
between phase b and c. By assuming the generator is initially on no-load, the boundary
conditions at the fault point are:
12
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
From (19) and (20), we note that:
(21)
We know that,
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)
(28)
Equation (21) and (27) can be represented by connecting the positive and negative-
sequence networks as shown in Figure 2.7.
Figure 2.8: Three Phase Generators with Fault on Phase B and C through Impedance Zf
to Ground
Figure 2.8 shows a three-phase generator with a fault on phase ‘b’ and ‘c’
(29)
(30)
(31)
(32)
(33)
(34)
Substituting for from (34) and for from (33) into (31), we get:
(35)
Substituting for the symmetrical components of voltage from (23) into (35) and solving
for , we get:
(36)
(37)
(38)
(39)
Equation (36) and (38) can be represented by connecting the positive sequence
impedance in series with the parallel combination of the negative sequence and zero
sequence networks as shown in Figure 2.9
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any time. Such inputs are known as events, and a program that responds to events is
said to be event driven [7].
Graphics objects are the basic drawing elements used by MATLAB to display
data. Each instance of an object is associated with a unique identifier called a handle.
Using this handle, you can manipulate the characteristics (called object properties) of an
existing graphics object. You can also specify values for properties when you create a
graphics object. These objects are organized into a hierarchy, as shown in Figure 2.10.
Using the GUIDE Layout Editor, a GUI can easily lay out by clicking and
dragging GUI components -- such as panels, buttons, text fields, sliders, menus, and etc
into the layout area.
GUIDE automatically generates an M-file that controls how the GUI operates.
The M-file initializes the GUI and contains a framework for all the GUI callbacks - the
commands that are executed when a user clicks a GUI component. Using the M-file
editor, the callbacks to the code can be added to perform the desired functions of the
particular GUI [11].
Power system fault analysis software package that has already been developed
by engineers and programmers are discussed in this section.
A software package to perform power system fault analysis using the Ybus and
Zbus method along with the symmetrical method. Provision is also provided for various
types of connection of transformers and grounding of generators [5]. The author used
MATLAB to build the software package to perform the fault analysis.
package is shown in Figure 2.11 below. CYMFAULT is one of the components which
perform the fault analysis developed by CYME group.
Leonardo [3] is a based tutoring system used to support the education of power
engineering students [3]. It provides a functionally interacting set of theory and
problems, and supports student progress through monitoring and assessment [3]. Figure
2.12 shows the Leonardo Expert System Shell where it divides between user and
developer. Figure 2.13 shows introduction layout of the program and Figure 2.14a,
2.14b and 2.14c shows the fault analysis example and a step by step solution
respectively.
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METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introductions
START
Case Study
Identify
Appropriate
Command
NO
Testing
OK?
YES
Simulation &
Analysis
NO
Analysis
OK?
YES
Start Building GUI Study & Learn GUI
NO
Testing
OK?
YES
Propose to
Supervisor
Report
Submission &
Presentation