Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar

AN UPDATE ON LUMPY SKIN DISEASE

Prof (Dr.) N .B.SHRIDHAR

Professor and Head
Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology
Veterinary College, Shivamogga-577204
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 Lumpy Skin Disease
INTRODUCTION
International Common Names
English: Lumpy skin disease, Capripoxvirus, Yak pox
English acronym: LSD
Lumpy skin disease (LSD)
▪ Poxviral disease - Significant morbidity in cattle.
▪ Morbidity rate is 10 to 20% (OIE, 2021)
▪ Mortality rate is generally low (1-5%)
▪ Economic losses result from loss of condition, decreased milk
production, abortions, infertility and damaged hides.
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Incidence
1929-2017

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LSD

4
Distribution
LSD

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 Distribution
LSD

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 Distribution contd..
LSD is endemic in most African countries. LSD is thought to have originated in Zambia from
where it spread to Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and South Africa.
The first description of the clinical signs of LSD was in 1929 in Zambia (formerly
Northern Rhodesia) (Morris 1931)

Since 2012 it has spread rapidly through the Middle East, Southeast
Europe, the Balkans, Caucasus, Russia and Kazakhstan
Recently reported LSD outbreaks in our region include:
Bangladesh (Jul 2019)
India (Aug 2019)
China (Aug 2019)
Chines Taipei (July 2020).
Vietnam (Oct. 2020)
Bhutan(Oct,2020)
(OIE, 2020).
Hong KongNov, 2020)
Nepal(Jul, 2020) LUMPY SKIN DISEASE BY DR N B SHRIDHAR 7
 First reported to OIE from India 18/11/2019
Occurrence: 12/08/2019
Confirmation: 16/11/2019

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 Map showing LSD outbreaks in
South-East Asia.
A) Bangladesh and neighboring
countries; B) Map showing LSD
outbreaks in
Bangladesh: 1-Dhaka, 2-
Mymensingh, 3-Chattogram, 4-
Barishal, 5-Khulna, 6-Rangpur, 7-
Rajshahi, 8-Sylhet,
C) Map showing LSD outbreaks in
India: 1-Cuttak, 2-Bhadrak, 3-
Mayurbhanj, 4-Balasore, 5-
Kendrapara, and
D) Map showing LSD outbreaks in
China: 1-Xinjiang.
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 History
•1929: Zambia Southern and Eastern
•Primarily a disease of cattle
•Experimental infection - Oryx, Giraffe and Impala
•Virus will replicate in sheep and goats
•1990s: Resurgence in Africa

EPIDEMIOLOGY
➢ Morbidity rate varies between 10 and 20%.
➢ Mortality rates of 1 to 5% are considered usual.

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Incidence in Animals

➢ Cattle ( 30.8 %)
➢ Buffaloes (1.6%)
➢ Arabian Oryx (1.0%)
➢ Giraffe (1.0%)
➢ Impala (1.0%)
➢ Yak (1.0%)

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Hosts
➢ LSD virus is highly host specific and causes diseases only in cattle
(Bos indicus and Bos taurus) and water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).
➢ Holstein Friesian or crossbred cattle exhibiting higher morbidity
and mortality due to LSD when compared with local zebu cattle
➢ Extensive serological surveys of wild ruminant species in Africa
have not identified a wildlife reservoir of LSDV.
➢ LSDV is not zoonotic.

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Animal Transmission
 Primary route:
BITING INSECTS
 Mosquitoes (e.g. Culex
mirificens and Aedes natrionus)

 Biting flies (e.g. Stomoxys

calcitrans and Biomyia fasciata)

 Male ticks (Riphicephalus

appendiculatus and
Amblyomma hebraeum)
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Ticks

Rare transmission from nasal

discharge /contaminated feed and
water

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Stable fly: Stomoxys calcitrans

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The study revealed higher susceptibility in crossbred
animals (84.74%) followed by non-descript cattle
(15.26%).

Animals in the age group of 1-5 years were highly affected

(58.54%) followed by animals above the age of 5 years
(34.85%) and least in cattle aged below 1 year (6.61%).

Hatzade et al., 2022

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 Minor route: direct contact
 Cutaneous lesions, saliva, nasal discharge, milk, semen, muscles

 Movement of live animals

 naturally, or “human-assisted”

 Animals can be infected experimentally by inoculation with

material from cutaneous nodules or blood.
 Direct contact is considered to be an ineffective means of
transmission

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 Lumpy Skin Disease Virus
Family Poxviridae
Genus Capripoxvirus
•Closely related to sheep and goat pox
•Cannot be differentiated with serology

Domain: Virus
Group: "ssDNA viruses"
Group: "DNA viruses"
Family: Poxviridae
Subfamily: Chordopoxvirinae
Genus: Capripox virus
Species: Lumpy skin disease virus

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Virus
 Very STURDY
 Recovered from skin nodules kept at –80°C for 10
years and infected tissue culture fluid stored at
4°C for 6 months.
 Susceptible to alkaline or acid pH.
 Susceptible to ether (20%), chloroform, formalin
(1%), and some detergents, e.g. sodium dodecyl
sulphate.
 Survive in;
65°C/30
 Necrotic skin nodules - 33 days or longer 55°C/2 mins
 Desiccated crusts -up to 35 days hours

 In air-dried hides - 18 days

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Chemicals/Disinfectants:
 Susceptible to ether (20%), chloroform, formalin (1%), some
detergents, e.g. sodium dodecyl sulphate.
 Susceptible to phenol (2%/15 minutes), sodium hypochlorite
(2–3%), iodine compounds (1:33 dilution), Virkon® (2%),
quaternary ammonium compounds (0.5%), some
detergents, e.g. sodium dodecyl sulphate.

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Pathogenesis
Virus transmitted mechanically by biting insects

Rapid leukocyte viraemia

Keratinocytes,myocytes,fibrocytes and endothelial cells get

damaged

Vasculitis, thrombosis, infarction, oedema and infilteration of

inflammatory cells

Skin nodule formation

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Clinical signs
 Fever that may exceed 41°C (105°F)
 Marked reduction in milk yield in
lactating cattle.
 Depression, anorexia and emaciation.
 Rhinitis, conjunctivitis and excessive
salivation.
 Enlarged superficial lymph nodes
 Pregnant cows may abort and be in
anoestrus for several months.
 Bulls may become permanently or
temporarily infertile.

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Clinical signs
 Cutaneous nodules of 2–5 cm in diameter develop, particularly on the
head, neck, limbs, udder, genitalia and perineum within 48 hours of
onset of the febrile reaction.
 These nodules are circumscribed, firm, round and raised, and involve
the skin, subcutaneous tissue and sometimes even the underlying
muscles.
 Large nodules may become necrotic and eventually fibrotic and
persist for several months (“sitfasts”); the scars may remain
indefinitely.
 Small nodules may resolve spontaneously without consequences.

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Clinical signs
 Myiasis of the nodules may occur

 Vesicles, erosions and ulcers may develop in the mucous membranes

of the mouth and alimentary tract and in the trachea and lungs.

 Limbs and other ventral parts of the body, such as the dewlap, brisket,
scrotum and vulva, may be oedematous, causing the animal to be
reluctant to move

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 Anorexia and Emaciation

Decreased milk

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Economic Loss in leather industry

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Abortions and Repeat breeding

Pregnant cow
Repeat breeding

Abortion

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Calf get infected during suckling

Death in 1-5%
affected animals

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Post Mortem Lesions
 Characteristic skin nodules
 Lesions in the mucous membranes
throughout the GI tract
 Nodules in lungs
 Hemorrhages in spleen, liver, rumen

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 Early skin lesions

Late-stage
skin lesions

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Advanced skin
lesions

Symptoms

Lesions on the muzzle

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 Lesions in the trachea

An LSD (pox) lesion in the tracheal mucosa. LSD lesions in the lung are areas of
LUMPY SKIN DISEASE BY DR Natelectasis
B SHRIDHAR and interlobular oedema.56
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Necrotic areas in trachea

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Oral cavity ulcers Skin cross section

59
 Gall bladder ulcers
Tracheal ulcers

60
Economic Importance

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 Differential diagnosis
Severe LSD is highly characteristic, but milder forms can be confused
with the following:
 Bovine herpes mammillitis  Demodicosis
(bovine herpesvirus 2)  Insect or tick bites
(Sometimes known as pseudo-  Besnoitiosis
lumpy skin disease)
 Bovine papular stomatitis  Rinderpest
(Parapoxvirus)  Hypoderma bovis infection
 Pseudocowpox (Parapoxvirus)  Photosensitisation
 Vaccinia virus and Cowpox  Urticaria
virus (Orthopoxviruses) –  Cutaneous tuberculosis
uncommon and not  Onchocercosis
generalised infections
 Dermatophilosis
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Dermatophilosis: Multiple thick crusts over back, rump, tail, and perineum
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Demodectic Mange: Multiple papules on brisket
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 Besnoitiosis

Edema, erythema, crusting, and Edema, thickening, and folding of scrotal Besnoitiosis. Alopecia, crusting, thickening,
alopecia of distal leg skin and folding of skin over face and neck
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 Laboratory diagnosis
Sampling

 Before collecting or sending any samples, the proper

authorities should be contacted
 Samples should only be sent under secure conditions and to
authorized laboratories to prevent the spread of the disease

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Biochemical findings in LSD

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Identification of the agent
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the least expensive and quickest method for
detection of LSDV.

Skin nodules and scabs, saliva, nasal secretions, and blood are suitable samples
for PCR detection of LSDV.

 Virus isolation (VI) followed by PCR to confirm the virus identity takes longer
and is more expensive but has the advantage of demonstrating the presence of
live virus in the sample.

 Electron microscopy can be used to identify the classic poxvirus virion but
cannot differentiate to genus
LUMPYor species
SKIN level.
DISEASE BY DR N B SHRIDHAR 69
Serological tests
 It is not possible to distinguish the three viruses in the Capripox virus
genus (Sheep pox virus, Goat pox virus and LSD) using serological
techniques.
 Virus neutralisation: This is currently the gold standard test for the
detection of antibodies raised against capripoxviruses.
 Western blot: Highly sensitive and specific but expensive and difficult
to perform.
 Capripoxvirus antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA):
new commercial kits for detection of capripoxvirus antibodies are
currently being developed and released on to the market.

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Treatment of lumpy skin disease

➢ Tere are no specific antiviral drugs available but,supportive treatment can be

given to the infected animals which include the treatment of the skin lesions and
antibiotics against secondary skin infection and pneumonia, and some anti-
inflammatory drugs (Babiuk, 2018;Tomas, 2002;Vinothrajet al., 2020).
➢ Treatment with enrofoxacin along with antihistaminics, NSAIDs, and Vit B-
complex for 3-10 days depending upon the severity of cases was the most
cost-effective as compared to other treatment protocols.
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➢ The use of diclofenac gel in the swelling region and the application of
sulphonamide power on nodular lesions was found effective by Paul
(2020).
➢ Feyisa (2018) found out the combination therapy of Dexamethasone for
three days and broad-Spectrum antibiotics were effective in LSD virus
infection.

➢ Dexamethasone has good anti-inflammatory action (Tsurufuji et al.,

1984) and broad-spectrum antibiotics were found effective to check the
secondary bacterial growth (Pandeya et al., 2021).

➢ The tropical application of antiseptic ointment with fly repellent

properties can be a good choice (Islam et al., 2021; Vinothraj et al.,
2020).
LUMPY SKIN DISEASE BY DR N B SHRIDHAR 72
➢ Ivermectin strongly inhibits in vitro replication stage
of lumpy skin disease virus (99.82% inhibition) and
sheeppox virus (99.87% inhibition).

➢ Treatment of LSDV with 2.5 μM ivermectin reduced the

number of infectious virions at the attachment,
penetration and replication stages.
➢ It can be used for therapeutic purpose.
(Yesilbag et al., 2021; Toker et al., 2022)

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Prevention and control
➢ Sanitary prophylaxis
Disease Free countries: (India was free till 2019)
 Import restrictions on animals and selected animal products.
 Surveillance measures to detect LSD are recommended over a
distance of at least 20 kilometres from an infected country or zone

Infected countries:
 Restriction of movement of cattle in infected regions, removal of
clinically affected animals, and vaccination.
 Proper disposal of dead animals (e.g. incineration), and cleaning and
disinfection of premises and implements are recommended for LSD.
 There is currently no evidence of the efficacy of vector control in
preventing disease
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 Mosquito nets

Vector population control measures

Spray or fogging
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Avoiding animal gathering

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 Cleaning animal shed with

Sodium hypochlorite (2- Formalin (1%) Iodine (1:33)

3%) Some detergents
Ether (20%) Phenol (2% for 15
Chloroform minutes)

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➢Medical prophylaxis

 “Homologous” LSDV live attenuated vaccine strain for example

“Neethling” LSD strain
 “Heterologous” sheep pox or goat pox virus live attenuated vaccine
strain.
 A local reaction at the site of inoculation, as well as fever and reduction
in milk yield, may follow vaccination with live, attenuated capripox
virus.
 Currently, no new generation recombinant capripox vaccines are
commercially available

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 ETHNOVETERINARY TREATMENT OF LUMPY SKIN DISEASE

 Neem oil  0.5 l

 Ocimum sanctum (Fresh Tulasi leaves)  100 g
 Neem fresh leaves  100 g
 Alium sativam  100 g
 Curcuma longa  100 g
 Aloe vera  100 g

Mix well and paint the animal for 10-15 days and the lesions will subside
(Shridhar et al., 2021)
LUMPY SKIN DISEASE BY DR N B SHRIDHAR 80
Herbal mixture composed of
➢ Haldi,
➢ Aloevera gelly,
➢ Baking soda,
➢ Neem leaves,
➢ Betal leaves,
➢ Garlic & Peppers.

Its coctail after grinding are fed to cattle BID for 14 days.

Along with this the affected animals are moped/washed with water (which has
been boiled with Neem leaves ,strained & aftet cooling use it to mope the whole
body by using cotton cloath twice a week.)

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Before treatment

84
After treatment

85
Before treatment After treatment
86
Selected references
1. Hatzade, R.I., Bhikane, A.U., Waghmare, S.P. and Pajai, K.S., 2022. Clinical,
haemato-biochemical alterations and therapeutic regimens in lumpy skin disease
(LSD) affected cattle in Maharashtra State, India. Research Square; 2022. DOI:
10.21203/rs.3.rs-1549525/v1.

2. Toker, E.B., Ates, O. and Yeşilbağ, K., 2022. Inhibition of bovine and ovine
capripoxviruses (Lumpy skin disease virus and Sheeppox virus) by ivermectin occurs
at different stages of propagation in vitro. Virus Research, 310, p.198671.

3. Yesilbag, K., Toker, E.B. and Ates, O., 2021. Ivermectin also inhibits the replication of
bovine respiratory viruses (BRSV, BPIV-3, BoHV-1, BCoV and BVDV) in vitro. Virus
research, 297, p.198384.
4. Das, M., Chowdhury, M.S.R., Akter, S., Mondal, A.K., Uddin, M.J., Rahman, M.M.
and Rahman, M.M., 2021. An updated review on lumpy skin disease: Perspective of
southeast asian countries. J. Adv. Biotechnol. Exp. Ther, 4(3), pp.322-333.
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SHRIDHAR
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