The 5G FWA opportunity:

series highlights

July 2022 gsmaintelligence.com @GSMAi

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Authors
Federico Agnoletto
Senior Economist
Pau Castells
Head of Economic Analysis
GSMA Intelligence is the definitive source of global mobile operator data,
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CONTENTS 1 Executive summary

This report summarises the GSMA

Intelligence research series looking at
the conditions under which 5G FWA is
2 Fixed broadband and 5G FWA outlook
cost-effective versus FTTH.

See the full series 

3 The 5G FWA opportunity for MNOs

4 The 5G FWA opportunity for ISPs

 Executive summary 4

Executive summary
5G FWA is now a reality in many markets – Fixed wireless access (FWA) networks have been around for decades, with the majority

1
of commercial services using 4G. However, FWA market adoption has been limited so far, with its share of total fixed broadband
connections in the low to mid-single digits. 5G is making FWA a more competitive solution versus FTTH and cable, as it provides
speeds of over 10× that of 4G FWA. As of Q1 2022, 74 fixed broadband service providers had launched commercial 5G FWA services
across 38 countries. GSMA Intelligence expects global 5G FWA connections to reach 40 million by the end of 2025, with the
majority in developed countries such as the US.

5G mmWave FWA is cost-effective versus FTTH when deploying the latter requires the building of new underground or

2
overground infrastructure – Mobile network operators (MNOs) with limited mid-band assets can consider 5G mmWave FWA cost-
effective versus FTTH when new ducts or poles to deploy fibre cables need to be built by the operator. Expected cost savings in
several regions can reach 65% in rural towns, 45% in suburban areas and 40% in urban areas. For further detail, see the Europe, US
and Latin America report and the Southeast Asia report
report.

5G mid-band plus mmWave FWA is cost-effective versus FTTH in many instances where the underlying fibre infrastructure can

3
be rented or shared – MNOs with reasonable mid-band and mmWave assets can expect a 5G FWA network to be cost-effective
versus FTTH even where ducts or poles for fibre cables can be rented or shared. GSMA Intelligence estimates up to 30% cost
savings in such cases. 5G FWA cost savings increase significantly where the operator would need to build ducts or poles to deploy
fibre cables. For further detail, see the Europe, US and Latin America report and the Southeast Asia report
report.

Greenfield 5G mmWave FWA is cost-effective for ISPs looking to complement their wireline networks or enter new markets

4
– GSMA Intelligence research indicates that an ISP looking to deploy a greenfield 5G mmWave FWA network can expect it to be
cost-effective versus FTTH where the cost of deploying the latter requires building new underground ducts, with cost savings of up
to 50% in rural towns, 40% in suburban areas and 20% in urban areas. A greenfield 5G mid-band plus mmWave FWA strategy can
improve cost savings but requires the acquisition of highly sought-after mid-band spectrum. For further detail, see the Europe, US
and Latin America report and the Southeast Asia report
report.

The use of self-mounted, high-power indoor CPE, outdoor CPE, or shared CPE in multi-dwelling buildings can improve the

5
4 economics of 5G FWA – Our sensitivity analyses show that, depending on the area and scenario, such strategies can boost 5G FWA
cost savings by up to 40 percentage points.

The 5G FWA market in numbers
Significant momentum behind 5G FWA
Since the launch of the first 5G FWA
commercial service in Q4 2018 by Verizon in
the US, 74 fixed broadband service providers
74 globally have launched services (to Q1 2022).
During 2021–2025, the average increase in 5G
FWA household penetration is forecast to be
4 ppts across the 52 countries covered that
have either launched or announced a 5G FWA
service so far.
Expected cost savings versus FTTH
Network operators considering a 5G FWA
deployment enabled by mid-band and
mmWave spectrum can expect cost savings
UP TO
80%
of up to 80% where fibre cables would need
to be deployed underground in ducts built
by the operator. This assumes at least 100
Mbps downlink and compares TCO over 10
years in Europe, the US, Latin America and
Southeast Asia.
Executive summary 5
Strong growth in 5G FWA connections
forecast
During 2021–2025, 5G FWA connections are
40 forecast to grow on average by around 90%
million
annually across the 52 countries. Although
this figure is boosted by the current small
base for 5G FWA, it shows 5G FWA gaining
traction. By 2025, the total number of 5G
FWA connections across the 52 countries we
cover is forecast to reach around 40 million.
Number of commercially available CPE
models is growing
According to the Global Mobile Suppliers
Association, as of April 2022 there were
44% 120 5G FWA CPE models available from 72
different vendors, up from 16 in May 2020.
Growing CPE model diversity, an expected
fall in CPE costs and continuing CPE
innovation all help boost 5G FWA rollout.
CONTENTS 1 Executive summary

2 Fixed broadband and 5G FWA outlook

3 The 5G FWA opportunity for MNOs

4 The 5G FWA opportunity for ISPs

 Fixed broadband and 5G FWA outlook 7

Fixed broadband in context:

key trends shaping the market
• Still room for growth. Fixed broadband penetration is increasing globally. Fixed broadband market
However, average penetration in developing markets is still expected to
remain around a third less than developed markets by 2025 (based on 36 Fixed broadband household penetration*
of the world’s largest fixed broadband markets). Telco technologies will Fixed broadband household penetration*
likely continue to dominate, with an improved mix (i.e. further upgrades 84%
from xDSL to FTTP/B, and early take-up of 5G FWA). 81% 84%
81%
67%
• FTTP/B gains share in all markets. The mix of fixed broadband 67%
technologies varies by country, but a common trend is the increasing 54%
54%
share of FTTP/B. The pandemic has boosted the importance of FTTP/B
infrastructure worldwide, resulting in accelerated rollouts by a range
Share of total fixed broadband connections**
of operators and increased non-operator investment in FTTP/B assets.
Around 75% of FTTP/B connections growth is expected to come from 65%
65%
shifts from xDSL, with the rest mainly from cable. Adoption of fixed-
mobile convergence (FMC), while not universal, is also helping the
transition to FTTP/B. 50% 49%
50% 49%
• Rural connectivity is a key priority. Lack of fixed broadband access
41%
and poor fixed broadband speeds are both issues concentrated in rural/ 41%
remote regions and are the impetus for national broadband plans,
particularly in developed countries such as the UK and US. The UK has 28%
26% 25%
earmarked £5 billion to bring high-speed broadband to hard-to-reach 26% 28%
23% 25%
areas, while in the US the FCC has established a $20 billion Rural Digital 23% 20% 21%
26% 21%
Opportunity Fund. Our research shows 5G FWA is a cost-effective and 20% 26%
more timely alternative to FTTH for rural areas.
9%
9% 5%
3% 4% 5%
0.0 3% 4% 5% 5%
0.0 2010
2010
2015
2015
2021
2021
2025
2025
xDSL Cable FTTP/B FWA, satellite and others
xDSL Cable FTTP/B FWA, satellite and others

*Fixed broadband connections (residential and business) as a percentage of households. Source GSMA Intelligence
**Across 36 of the world’s largest fixed broadband markets. Simple average.
 Fixed broadband and 5G FWA outlook 8

5G is driving renewed interest in FWA

• FWA is not new. FWA technology has been around for more than a FWA penetration, 2021
decade. At the end of Q1 2022, around 500 operators globally had FWA connections (residential and business) as a percentage of households
launched FWA services, the majority using 4G networks. However, 4G
FWA market adoption has been slow so far, with FWA market share Poland 16%
ranging from low to mid-single digits, plus a few exceptions above 10% Czechia 13%
(such as Czechia and Poland). This sluggish take-up can be ascribed to
Canada 7%
a combination of reasons, including inferior performance (e.g. speeds)
relative to fibre and cable, limiting data caps, and in some cases the need Portugal 7%
for CPE installation – an underappreciated deterrent. Ireland 5%
• 5G is making FWA a competitive solution. 5G is making FWA a more Italy 5%
competitive solution versus FTTH and cable, since it provides speeds
Australia 4%
in the order of 10× those of 4G FWA and a shorter time to market.
FWA capacity will also grow with 5G spectrum in the mmWave bands. Argentina 4%
mmWave spectrum is already being used as a capacity and performance Brazil 3%
booster to complement the 5G coverage provided by lower spectrum
bands by several operators around the world, including Fastweb in Italy Turkey 3%
and Verizon and US Cellular in the US. FWA adoption will also benefit Norway 3%
from 5G CPE innovation including indoor CPE and model diversity.
Colombia 2%

Mexico 2%

Chile 2%

Netherlands 2%

France 2%

Bulgaria 1%

US 1%

Denmark 1%

Austria 1%

Spain 1%

Note: 13 markets (of the 36 fixed broadband markets covered by GSMA Intelligence) where FWA household Source GSMA Intelligence
penetration is less than 1% have not been included. Two markets had no FWA connections as of 2021.
 Fixed broadband and 5G FWA outlook 9

5G FWA: service commercialisation

5G FWA launches

As of Q1 2022:

• 74 fixed broadband service

providers (the vast majority
operators) had launched
commercial 5G-based fixed
wireless services across 38
countries.

• 16 fixed broadband service

providers (the vast majority
operators) had announced
plans to launch 5G-based fixed
wireless services.

Live commercial 5G FWA network Planned commercial 5G FWA network

Source GSMA Intelligence Note: map considers all countries beyond the 36 markets covered in the forecast.
Status defined as live where at least one operator has commercially deployed a 5G FWA network.
 Fixed broadband and 5G FWA outlook 10

5G FWA network examples

Verizon Claro

US Cellular Fastweb
5G
FWA
T-Mobile Globe

Telus Optus
 Fixed broadband and 5G FWA outlook 11

5G FWA service penetration, 2021–2025:

towards double digits in certain markets
• Growing momentum behind 5G FWA. Over the four years to 2025, 5G expected annual growth stands at 85% and 61% respectively. By 2025, the
FWA connections are expected to grow by around 90% per annum (on total number of 5G FWA connections across the 52 countries is forecast to
average, across the 52 countries which have either launched or announced reach around 40 million, up from 4 million connections in 2021. Around a
a 5G FWA service so far). Although this figure is boosted by the current fifth of these 52 markets are expected to have more than 1 million 5G FWA
small 5G FWA bases, it shows clear momentum behind 5G FWA. Even subscribers by 2025, with the top five countries by 5G FWA connections (in
in markets such as the US and Germany where the current 5G FWA descending order): US, Germany, UK, Philippines and Italy.
subscriber base is significant at around 1.4 million and 600,000 respectively,

5G FWA connections as a percentage of households (end of 2025) and change between 2021 and 2025

18%

16

13%
12%
11% 11% 10%
11 11 10% 10% 10%
10
8% 8%
9 9 9 8%
8 8 7% 7% 7%
7% 6% 6%
7 7
5%
6 6 6 6 6
5 5 5 4% 4% 4% 4%
3% 3% 3%
4 4 4 4 3% 3% 3%
2% 2% 2%
3 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2
Austria

Bahrain

US

Australia

Philippines

UK

Germany

Italy

Saudi Arabia

Finland

UAE

Switzerland

Thailand

South Africa

New Zealand

Qatar

Kuwait

Poland

Latvia

Ireland

Israel

Bulgaria

Maldives

Croatia

Oman

Trinidad &
Tobago
Peru

Czechia

Canada

Colombia

Brazil

Norway
Connections as a percentage of households Change (percentage points)
Note: markets where 5G FWA household penetration will remain at 1% or less in 2025 have been excluded. Source GSMA Intelligence
 Fixed broadband and 5G FWA outlook 12

5G FWA use cases

• Targeting new fixed broadband users in underserved markets. 5G FWA is being used
to drive first-time broadband adoption in developing markets such as the Philippines
and South Africa. The most common target is the urban, middle-income segment.
5G FWA has a lower time-to-market than FTTH, while GSMA Intelligence research in
Latin America and Southeast Asia shows that it can be cost-effective versus FTTH in
several instances, particularly where new fibre infrastructure needs to be built, so it is a
suitable and timely tool to tackle the digital divide in emerging markets.
• Targeting fixed broadband users looking for faster speeds. 5G FWA is being used
in Europe and the US, for instance, to tackle the digital divide in underserved areas. Under what conditions is
Rollouts are taking place in rural towns and suburban areas lacking access to FTTH, as 5G FWA cost-effective?
well as areas with few alternatives. GSMA Intelligence research in Europe and the US
shows that 5G FWA can be cost-efficient versus FTTH, particularly where there is no
GSMA Intelligence has released
underlying fibre infrastructure.
a research series looking at the
• Complementing fibre offerings. 5G FWA is being used to complement wireline conditions under which 5G FWA
offerings, generally in urban and suburban areas suffering with difficult terrain and/ is cost-effective versus FTTH.
or regulatory red tape, or areas with few fixed broadband alternatives. There are
numerous pockets in urban areas where FTTH rollouts are not economical, so 5G FWA
is a natural upgrade choice from xDSL. An example is a city centre with archaeological The following sections present
the highlights
remains, where the cost of deploying FTTH is very high.
• Targeting enterprise segments. 5G FWA is being used to connect small and medium-
sized enterprises in underserved areas or areas with few alternatives. The embedded
security, reliability and high capacity of 5G make for a valid value proposition for the
enterprise segment. Other targets include temporary work sites, such as construction
zones and music festivals, as well as large campuses, to avoid the cost of wiring the
premises. 5G FWA can also be used as a backup alternative to other fixed broadband
technologies.
CONTENTS 1 Executive summary

2 Fixed broadband and 5G FWA outlook

3 The 5G FWA opportunity for MNOs

4 The 5G FWA opportunity for ISPs

 The 5G FWA opportunity for MNOs 14

The 5G FWA opportunity for MNOs:

TCO comparison of mmWave FWA versus FTTH
5G mmWave FWA cost savings versus FTTH (%) • TCO comparison: 5G mmWave FWA versus
By region and geo-type, assuming new underground ducts for fibre cables need to be built by the operator FTTH for an MNO with an existing 5G
network in a typical rural town, suburban
area and urban area in Europe, the US, Latin
America and Southeast Asia. Cost savings
are within a 10-year period.
US • In rural towns, 5G mmWave FWA is the
most cost-effective option where new ducts
Europe
or poles need to be built, with cost savings
of up to 65%.
45% 45%

55% • In suburban areas, 5G mmWave FWA can

be cost-effective where new ducts/poles for
15% fibre cables are needed, with cost savings
35%
30% of up to 45%.

• In urban areas, cost savings of up to 40%

are possible where new ducts for fibre
cables are needed.

• FTTH is generally cost-effective where

Latin
America ducts or poles for fibre cables can be
Southeast
65% Asia rented or shared.

45% 55%
40%
See the Europe, US and Latin America report
40%
30% See the Southeast Asia report

Urban Suburban Rural

Main assumptions: existing 5G network, 400 MHz in 26–28 GHz bands, 40 MHz in the 3.5 GHz band, 30% market share, 10% busy Source GSMA Intelligence
hour share, 85% DL share of total residential traffic, self-mounted indoor CPE, 1:32 fibre cables split ratio.

mmWave FWA versus FTTH: sensitivity checks
5G FWA is cost-effective at high levels of market share where new fibre ducts need to be built and at
low levels of market share where they can be shared or rented
Traffic demand
• Where new ducts need to be built by the
operator to deploy fibre cables, 5G mmWave
FWA is cost-effective at high levels of
market share and busy hour share.
• Where new aerial poles need to be built
by the operator to deploy fibre cables, 5G
mmWave FWA can be cost-effective at
moderate levels of market share.
• Where ducts or poles for fibre cables can be
rented or shared, 5G mmWave FWA is cost-
effective in urban and suburban areas at low
levels of market share (e.g. assuming busy
hour share of traffic at 10% or less)
The 5G FWA opportunity for MNOs
Civil works capex
• 5G FWA is cost-effective where the cost of
building the underground or overground fibre
infrastructure is above $25,000, $25,000,
$35,000 and $50,000 per kilometre in
Southeast Asia and Latin America, Europe
and the US respectively and market share
below 50% in rural towns, 30% in suburban
areas and 15% in urban areas.
• Assuming civil works costs are above
$50,000, $50,000, $70,000 and $100,000
per kilometre in Southeast Asia, Latin
America, Europe and the US respectively,
5G FWA is cost-effective where market
share is below 30% in urban areas and 50%
in suburban areas.
15
CPE strategy
• A hybrid strategy of providing subscribers
further away from site locations with
outdoor CPE and the remainder with self-
mounted, indoor CPE could improve cost
savings in rural towns, urban areas and
suburban areas by 10 to 15 percentage
points versus standard self-mounted indoor
CPE, depending on the region.
• Self-mounted, high-power indoor CPE that
does not require a truck roll could improve
cost savings in urban and suburban areas by
15 to 20 percentage points.
• The use of shared outdoor CPE in multi-
dwelling buildings supporting up to 16
subscribers can also improve cost savings
in urban and suburban areas by 20 to 25
percentage points depending on the region.
 The 5G FWA opportunity for MNOs 16

The 5G FWA opportunity for MNOs:

TCO comparison of mid-band plus mmWave FWA versus FTTH
5G mid-band plus mmWave FWA cost savings versus FTTH (%) • TCO comparison: 5G mid-band plus
By region and geo-type, assuming new underground ducts for fibre cables need to be built by the operator mmWave FWA versus FTTH for an MNO
with existing 5G network in a typical
rural town, suburban area and urban area
in Europe, the US, Latin America and
Southeast Asia. Cost savings are within
a 10-year period. Coverage and initial
US
capacity provided by mid-band spectrum.
70%
65% mmWave spectrum used only where and
Europe 80% when needed because traffic demand
exceeds supply.
35% 60%
• Substantial cost savings are possible where
new ducts or poles need to be built: up to
35% 80% in rural towns, 70% in suburban areas
and 45% in urban areas.

• 5G mid-band plus mmWave FWA can be

cost-effective where ducts or poles can be
shared or rented, with savings of up to 30%
in rural towns and suburban areas, and 15%
Latin 80% in urban areas.
America Southeast 80%
65% Asia
65%
See the Europe, US and Latin America report
35% 45%
See the Southeast Asia report

Urban Suburban Rural

Main assumptions: existing 5G network, 400 MHz in 26–28 GHz bands, 100 MHz in the 3.5 GHz band, 30% market share, 10% busy Source GSMA Intelligence
hour share, 85% DL share of total residential traffic, self-mounted indoor CPE, 1:32 fibre cables split ratio.

Mid-band plus mmWave FWA versus FTTH:
sensitivity checks
5G FWA is cost-effective at high levels of market share where new fibre ducts need to be built and at
low levels of market share where they can be shared or rented
Traffic demand
• Where new ducts or poles to deploy fibre
cables need to be built by the operator,
5G FWA is cost-effective at high levels of
market share and busy hour share of traffic.
• Where ducts or poles for fibre cables can be
rented or shared, 5G FWA is cost-effective
at low levels of market share.
• If average data consumption grows more
that expected, FTTH is cost-effective where
the busy hour share of traffic is above 10%
and market share is above 30%.
The 5G FWA opportunity for MNOs
Civil works capex
• Where the cost of building the underground
or overground fibre infrastructure is $5,000,
$10,000 and $25,000 per kilometre in
Southeast Asia and Latin America, Europe
and the US respectively, 5G FWA is cost-
effective where market share is below 50%
in rural towns, 40% in suburban areas and
30% in urban areas.
• Assuming the MNO can avoid the cost of
in-premises wiring, 5G FWA is cost-effective
where civil works costs are above $5,000,
$10,000 and $20,000 in Southeast Asia
and Latin America, Europe and the US
respectively, and market share is below
30% in rural towns and 20% in urban and
suburban areas.
17
Spectrum and performance
requirements
• Doubling spectrum assignments to 200 MHz
of 3.5 GHz and 800 MHz of mmWave
spectrum, cost savings improve by 10 to
15 percentage points. Reducing spectrum
assignments to 80 MHz of 3.5 GHz and
200 MHz of mmWave spectrum reduces the
5G FWA cost savings, but 5G FWA can still
deliver substantial cost savings where new
ducts/poles for fibre cables need to be built
by the MNO.
• When doubling the 5G FWA performance
requirements to at least 200 Mbps downlink
and 40 Mbps uplink, FTTH becomes cost
effective where ducts/poles for fibre cables
can be shared or rented.
CONTENTS 1 Executive summary

2 Fixed broadband and 5G FWA outlook

3 The 5G FWA opportunity for MNOs

4 The 5G FWA opportunity for ISPs

 The 5G FWA opportunity for ISPs 19

The 5G FWA opportunity for ISPs:

TCO comparison of greenfield 5G mmWave FWA versus FTTH
Greenfield 5G mmWave FWA cost savings versus FTTH (%) • TCO comparison: greenfield 5G plus mmWave FWA
By region and geo-type, assuming new underground ducts for fibre cables need to be built by the ISP versus FTTH for an ISP with no existing wireless
infrastructure in a typical rural town, suburban area
and urban area in Europe, the US, Latin America and
Southeast Asia. Cost savings are within a 10-year period.

• FWA is cost-effective where the cost of deploying FTTH

US includes the requirement to build underground ducts to
deploy fibre cables. Cost savings are up to 20% in urban
Europe
areas, 40% in suburban areas and 50% in rural towns.

• According to our baseline case, building a 5G FWA

35% network in urban areas can deliver cost savings of up to
20% 20% in Southeast Asia, 10% in the US and Latin America,
10% 35% 35% and would cost as much as FTTH in Europe. These cost
savings could improve by up to 35 percentage points
in urban areas if ISPs can deploy alternative solutions
0%
such as rooftop-mounted antennas or high-power, self-
mounted indoor CPE solutions that improve cost savings.

• Where new poles are needed to deploy fibre cables,

Latin FWA costs as much as FTTH, so the former can be a
America Southeast suitable option as a new alternative in markets where
Asia there are few available.
50% • FTTH is cost-effective where ducts or poles for fibre
40%
cables can be rented or shared
35% 35%

10% 20%
See the Europe, US and Latin America report

See the Southeast Asia report

Urban Suburban Rural
Main assumptions: no existing wireless infrastructure, 400 MHz in 26–28 GHz bands, 30% market share, 10% busy hour share, 85% Source GSMA Intelligence
DL share of total residential traffic, self-mounted indoor CPE, 1:32 fibre cables split ratio.

Greenfield mmWave FWA versus FTTH:
sensitivity checks
5G FWA is cost-effective at high levels of market share where new fibre ducts need to be built and at
low levels of market share where new fibre poles need to be built
Traffic demand
• Where new ducts to deploy fibre cables
need to be built by the ISP, 5G FWA is cost-
effective at high levels of market share and
busy hour share of traffic.
• Where new aerial poles to deploy fibre
cables need to be built by the ISP, 5G
FWA is cost-effective in Latin America and
Southeast Asia at low levels of market share.
The 5G FWA opportunity for ISPs
Civil works capex
• Assuming 30% market share, 5G FWA is
cost-effective versus FTTH where the cost
of building the underlying overground or
underground fibre infrastructure is (for
instance) above $25,000, $30,000, $45,000
and $50,000 per kilometre in rural and
suburban areas in Southeast Asia, Latin
America, Europe and the US respectively.
In urban areas, it is cost effective where the
cost of building the underlying overground
or underground fibre infrastructure is above
$30,000, $50,000, $60,000 and $75,000
per kilometre in Southeast Asia, Latin
America, Europe and the US respectively.
• Assuming the cost of building the
underlying overground or underground
fibre infrastructure is above $100,000 per
kilometre, 5G FWA is cost effective at any
level of market share in any scenario.
20
CPE strategy
• A hybrid strategy of providing subscribers
further away from site locations with
outdoor CPE and the remainder with self-
mounted, indoor CPE can improve cost
savings by 30 to 35 percentage points
versus standard self-mounted, indoor CPE
only, in rural, urban and suburban areas,
depending on the region.
• Self-mounted, high-power indoor CPE could
improve cost savings in urban and suburban
areas by up to 35 percentage points,
depending on the region.
• The use of shared outdoor CPE in multi-
dwelling buildings supporting up to 16
subscribers can improve cost savings in
urban and suburban areas by up to 40
percentage points, depending on the region.
 The 5G FWA opportunity for ISPs 21

The 5G FWA opportunity series

The 5G FWA opportunity The 5G FWA opportunity The 5G FWA opportunity The 5G FWA opportunity The 5G FWA opportunity
Disrupting the broadband market A TCO model for a 5G mmWave A TCO model for a 5G FWA network using A TCO model for an ISP deploying a A scenario for Southeast Asia
FWA network mid-band plus mmWave greenfield 5G mmWave FWA network

Copyright © 2021 – GSMA Intelligence Copyright © 2022 – GSMA Intelligence Copyright © 2022 – GSMA Intelligence Copyright © 2022 – GSMA Intelligence Copyright © 2022 – GSMA Intelligence

The 5G FWA opportunity: The 5G FWA opportunity: The 5G FWA opportunity: The 5G FWA opportunity: The 5G FWA opportunity:
Disrupting the broadband A TCO model for a 5G A TCO model for a 5G FWA A TCO model for an ISP A scenario for
market mmWave FWA network network using mid‑band deploying a greenfield 5G Southeast Asia
plus mmWave mmWave FWA network
 The 5G FWA opportunity for ISPs 22

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