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Drone warfare
A drone strike is an airstrike delivered by one or more unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAV)
or weaponized commercial unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). Only the United States, United
Kingdom, Israel, China, South Korea, Iran, Italy, France, India, Pakistan, Russia, Turkey, and
Poland[1][2] are known to have manufactured operational UCAVs as of 2019.[3] As of 2022, the
Ukrainian group Aerorozvidka have built strike-capable drones and used them in combat.[4]

Drone attacks can be conducted by commercial UCAVs dropping bombs, firing a missile, or
crashing into a target.[5] Since the turn of the century, most drone strikes have been carried out by
the US military in such countries as Afghanistan, Pakistan, Syria, Iraq, Somalia and Yemen using
air-to-surface missiles,[6] but drone warfare has increasingly been deployed by Turkey and
Azerbaijan.[7] Drones strikes are used for targeted killings by several countries.[8][9]

In 2020 a Turkish-made UAV loaded with explosives detected and attacked Haftar's forces in
Libya with its artificial intelligence without command, according to a report from the UN Security
Council’s Panel of Experts on Libya, published in March 2021. It was considered the first attack
carried out by the UAVs on their own initiative.[10][11][12]

Contents
Drone warfare
United States drone strikes
Effects
Islamic State drone strikes
Azerbaijan drone warfare
Notable drone strikes
Strikes using small UAVs
Notable deaths from drone strikes
See also
References
External links

Drone warfare
The Economist has cited Azerbaijan's highly effective use of drones in the 2020 Nagorno-
Karabakh war and Turkey's use of drones in the Syrian Civil War as indicating the future of
warfare. Noting that it had previously been assumed that drones would not play a major role in
conflicts between nations due to their vulnerability to anti-aircraft fire, it suggested that while this
might be true for major powers with air defences, it was less true for minor powers. It noted
Azerbaijani tactics and Turkey's use of drones as indicating a "new, more affordable type of air
power". It also noted that the ability of drones to record their kills enabled a highly effective
Azerbaijani propaganda campaign.[7]

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Commercial UCAVs may be equipped with such weapons as

guided bombs, cluster bombs, incendiary devices, air-to-
surface missiles, air-to-air missiles, anti-tank guided missiles
or other types of precision-guided munitions, autocannons and
machine guns.[13] Drone attacks can be conducted by
commercial UCAVs dropping bombs, firing a missile, or
crashing into a target.[5] Commercial unmanned aerial vehicles
(UAVs) can be weaponized by being loaded with dangerous
explosives and then crashed into vulnerable targets or Weaponizing of DJI Phantom
detonated above them. They can conduct aerial bombing by commercial videography UAVs
dropping hand grenades, mortar shell or other improvised
explosive munitions directly above targets. Payloads could
include explosives, shrapnel, chemical, radiological or biological hazards. Multiple drones may
attack simultaneously in a drone swarm.[14] Drones have been used extensively by both sides for
recon and artillery spotting in the Russo-Ukraine War. [15]

Anti-UAV systems are being developed by states to counter the threat of drone strikes.[16] This is,
however, proving difficult. According to James Rogers, an academic who studies drone warfare,
"There is a big debate out there at the moment about what the best way is to counter these small
UAVs, whether they are used by hobbyists causing a bit of a nuisance or in a more sinister manner
by a terrorist actor."[17]

United States drone strikes

In 1991, both AAI RQ-2 Pioneer and AeroVironment FQM-151
Pointer drones were used for surveillance during the Gulf War.
In 1993, General Atomics Gnat UAVs were tested for
surveillance in the Yugoslav Wars. In 2001–2002, General
Atomics MQ-1 Predator drones were equipped with missiles to
strike enemy targets.[18]
A Predator drone firing a Hellfire
Ben Emmerson, UN special rapporteur on human rights and missile
counter-terrorism, stated that U.S. drone strikes may have
violated international humanitarian law.[19][20] The Intercept
reported, "Between January 2012 and February 2013, U.S. special operations airstrikes [in
northeastern Afghanistan] killed more than 200 people. Of those, only 35 were the intended
targets. During one five-month period of the operation, according to the documents, nearly 90
percent of the people killed in airstrikes were not the intended targets."[21][22] The use of drone
strikes by the United States substantially reduces the number of US casualties.[23] The US
increased the use of drone strikes significantly during Obama's presidency compared to Bush's.[24]
With help from the Pine Gap joint defense facility, which locates targets by intercepting radio
signals, the US is double-tap drone striking.[25][26][27]

Estimates for the total people killed in U.S. drone strikes in Pakistan, range from 2,000–3,500
militants killed and 158–965 civilians killed.[28][29] 81 insurgent leaders in Pakistan have been
killed.[30] Drone strikes in Yemen are estimated to have killed 846–1,758 militants and 116–225
civilians.[31][32] 57 Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula leaders are confirmed to have been killed[33]

In August 2018, Al Jazeera reported that a Saudi Arabian-led coalition combating Houthi rebels in
Yemen had secured secret deals with al-Qaeda in Yemen and recruited hundreds of that group's
fighters: "... Key figures in the deal-making said the United States was aware of the arrangements
and held off on drone attacks against the armed group, which was created by Osama bin Laden in
1988."[34][35][36]

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After US president Donald Trump had heavily increased drone strikes by over 400% and limited
civilian oversight,[37][38][39] his successor Joe Biden reversed course. Under Biden, drone strikes
reportedly hit a 20-year low and were heavily limited.[40][41][42][43] However, a Biden
administration drone strike in Kabul, Afghanistan in August 2021 killed 10 civilians, including
seven children.[44] Later, a drone strike killed Al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri under the Biden
administration.[45]

Effects

Scholarly opinions are mixed regarding the efficacy of drone strikes. Some studies support that
decapitation strikes to kill a terrorist or insurgent group's leadership limit the capabilities of these
groups in the future, while other studies refute this. Drone strikes are successful at suppressing
militant behavior, though this response is in anticipation of a drone strike rather than as a result of
one. Data from the US and Pakistan's joint counter-terrorism efforts show that militants cease
communication and attack planning to avoid detection and targeting.[46]

Proponents of drone strikes assert that drone strikes are largely effective in targeting specific
combatants.[47] Some scholars argue that drone strikes reduce the amount of civilian casualties
and territorial damage when compared to other types of military force like large bombs.[47]
Military alternatives to drone strikes such as raids and interrogations can be extremely risky, time-
consuming, and potentially ineffective. Relying on drone strikes does not come without risks as
U.S. drone usage sets an international precedent on extraterritorial and extrajudicial killings.[47]

Islamic State drone strikes

Small drones and quadcopters have been used for strikes by the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria. A
group of twelve or more have been piloted by specially trained pilots to drop munitions onto
enemy forces. They have been able to evade ground defense forces.[48]

During the battle for Mosul, the Islamic State was able to kill or wound dozens of Iraqi soldiers by
dropping light explosives or 40-millimeter grenades from numerous drones attacking at the same
time.

In 2017, FBI Director Christopher Wray stated at a Senate hearing that "We do know that terrorist
organizations have an interest in using drones ... We have seen that overseas already with some
frequency. I think that the expectation is that it is coming here, imminently."[48]

Drone expert Brett Velicovich discussed the dangers of the Islamic State utilizing off the shelf
drones to attack civilian targets, claiming in an interview with Fox News that is was only a matter
of time before ISIS extremists use of drones to strike civilian targets would become more prevalent
and sophisticated.[49]

Azerbaijan drone warfare

During the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, UCAVs have been used extensively by the
Azerbaijani Army against the Armenian Army.[50] These UCAVs included Israeli IAI Harops and
Turkish Bayraktar TB2s.[51] As the Bayraktar TB2 uses Canadian optics and laser targeting
systems, in October 2020 Canada suspended export of its military drone technology to Turkey
after allegations that the technology had been used to collect intelligence and direct artillery and
missile fire at military positions. After the incident, Aselsan stated that it would begin the serial
production and integration of the CATS system to replace the Canadian MX15B.[52]

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Notable drone strikes

Damadola airstrike
Datta Khel airstrike
2009 Makin airstrike
Miramshah airstrike
Anad base drone strike
2019 Abqaiq-Khurais attack Turkish made Bayraktar TB2 at
2020 Baghdad International Airport airstrike Baku Victory Parade of 2020,
2022 assassination of Ayman al-Zawahiri Azerbaijan

Strikes using small UAVs

Swarm drone attacks on Khmeimim Air Base
2018 Caracas drone attack, allegedly by weaponized commercial drones, while Nicolás
Maduro, the President of Venezuela, was addressing the Bolivarian National Guard.

Notable deaths from drone strikes

Abdul Rauf (Taliban governor)
Abdulrahman al-Awlaki
Abu Khayr al-Masri
Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis
Abu Muslim al-Turkmani
Abu Umar al-Tunisi
Abu Zubair al-Masri
Akhtar Mansour
Ali Awni al-Harzi
Anwar al-Awlaki
Ayman al-Zawahiri
Baitullah Mehsud
Fahd al-Quso
Fazlullah (militant leader)
Hakimullah Mehsud
Harith bin Ghazi al-Nadhari
Ibrahim Sulayman Muhammad Arbaysh
İsmail Özden
Jihadi John
Junaid Hussain
Kamal Derwish
Mangal Bagh
Mohammed Atef
Muhsin al-Fadhli
Nasir al-Wuhayshi
Nasser bin Ali al-Ansi
Qaed Salim Sinan al-Harethi
Qasem Soleimani

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Rashid Rauf
Said Ali al-Shihri
Saleh Ali al-Sammad
Sally-Anne Jones
Samir Khan

See also
Anti-aircraft warfare § AUDS
Public opinion about US drone attacks

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External links
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