The Scientific Method Respencenun Toe a Re Besa 4 + Hypothesis Mace ovsenStians ™“ Tesi ttypetnes! he a Derinems. é, Neve t Begeaments Srapmiswess ~ wen oe eB rig ssa, — & SS vs Je/ ah. + Sommunicote — a 2 atone aS, eeazaspoaa Science & Technol Science is sen ce is about dive about nate a teoverng nen Science ig tt abou how things nature works, exciting and dynamiel about nature and ‘incorporating the Iowledge no ‘Power aero the universe and Seionce& Technlogy |-The process of science is exciting complex, and unpredictable -1 involves many different people, engaged in_many different activities, in many| different orders, JsScience is based on fact, not opinion or] preferences. Science & Technology Technology is the practical application of science |-Technology is the application of scientifically) ‘gained knowledge for practical purposes. - Technology is about using scientific discoveries to make (hopefully) practical structures and} devices for society. |.Technology is used to advance scientific knowledge. The Process of Science Jin science NOTHING (wel, hardly anything) is ever “proven once and for alt” -The success of seience has more to do with an} attitude common to scientists than with particular method, This attitude is one of inquiry, experimentation ‘and humility before the facts, ae EA‘The Process of Scien Observation An observation is something you notice. “May be casual or even accidental +May be formal - experimental data are| observations. |-Not all observations are correct - people make mistakes. Scientific methods |-Make an observation or observations. |-Ask questions about the observations and gather information. |-Form a hypothesis — a tentative description of what's been observed, and] ‘make predictions based on that hypothesis.13/13/2024 scientemethods |-Test the hypothesis and predictions in an experiment that can be reproduced, Analyze the data and draw conclusions; accept or reject the hypothesis Reproduce the experiment until there are] no discrepancies between observations andl Stientiie Observations the primary way we have to tellif an ‘Observation is correct is to repeat it, and have other competent people repeat i. |-therefore, scientific observations must be repeatable. -Non-repeatal “anecdotal evidence”. Jble observations are called Scientific methods .-1eca ausnow Develop a question or problem that Lom cueteted. trough experimentation. The] 2 He method starts hen you ask 2 question] sere Something that you obsepe: How, What ‘Binen, Who, Whi, Why or Where? |. wsozaowo sates Rather than starting from| Seratch in putting together a plan for] sratoring @ question, research can help he find the best way to do things and Ehsure not tO repeat mistakes from the| past (Literature review). Scientifiemethods sons: A hypothesis is an educated guess about why something happens. It is an attempt to answer a question that can be tested. A good hypothesis allows one to make a prediction: "tf (I do this) then [this|____ will happen.”Scientific methods 4. Test Your ypothess by, Doing 9 Experiment Experiment Me wheter Bredieton accurate and the hypothess s Supported or not Experiments should be e repeated several times to make sure that the first results are not by accident, Scientific methods -anaivee the data to see they support t inypothests or it prediciqys are accurate. andthe Mypethess supported, communieste the Jit predictions are not accurate and. the Trypothess ke not supported, communicate {he results of the experiment and then 20 | back and construct 2 new hypothess and | prediction based on the information lea {uring the experiment. Scientific methods «COMMUNICATE YOUR RESULTS |-To complete a science fair project, results ‘must be communicated to others in a final Feport and/or a display board or publishing the final report in a scientific journal or by presenting on a poster or during a talk at @ scientific meeting l.in science, findings are communicated regardless of whether or not they support your original hypothesis. ‘realist example of scientific method “Question: What makes 2 bread to rise during baking? (Rca thot yeast clanses 2 gas 25 feeds on say 63 Deine amount of sugar wea inthe recipe tat aes vf the lat ef bread orth quan of yeast se") ‘Observation/Research: Conduct esearch in the| Sreas of baking and fermentation to come up with ‘way to test the question. Formulate a Hypothesis the bread wil ise higher” ‘it more sugar is added,‘Arealitic "sti example of sentitc memon Experiment: Use 35a. som, eiferent experiment.” mass of 2508, 500g in the the| Hypotheses |-Hypothesis: If leaves are not exposed to) sunlight they may change colors. Hypothesis: Bacterial growth may be affected by temperature. Hypothesis: Chocolate may cause pimples} szx3p2021 ric method | ‘Collect and Analyze Results: examine data and notice the mass. that Is significant, Conclusion: if none, reject the hypothesis, and re-test using other parameters. Communicate the results, x Hypothesis sit the volume of a gas is related to temperature, then increasing the temperature will increase the volume, Jif leaf colour change is related to| temperature, then exposing plants to low temperatures will result in changes in lea colour.Hpothes,Theo Hypothesis “A scientific hypothesis must be testable by| observation — there must be observations that we can make to tell whether the hypothesis is correct or not. -A hypothesis that is not testable is called “speculation”. as describes what you expect youteacn a possible explanation ———— HyPOTHESIS |. nypotesig that is not testable is called ‘Speciation stepotheses pay a strong ole inthe sstenti open hare you formulate «queson, ake ale prediction test, and thes asl data nypotesis need tobe tested and reese many hyparhsciors i isgeneraly acceped in the epi community 35 being ve tt guides you in further work to get a bet answerLy, THEoRy MA. scicnti tific 4h heo hypotheses thay ise or have ctor ew k Hovwledge "fined ona £8 it ris are Tepeated testin, i. °Xplain the dan tA scientig Theories are scien Widely ag community as being THEORY -Within the context of science a theory is wel substantiated explanation of sonic aspect oft natural world, based ow a body of facts th hhave been repeatedly confirmed throu “observation and experiment. THEORY To remain a theory, it must never be showa| to be wrong: if itis, the theory is disproven| (this also happens). Theories can also evolvi old theory wasn’t wrong, complete either. e. This means the} but it wasn"! arurther, «scientific theory mst be able ©) ed to: make predictions about satel et} vind phenome that are consistently seesthat a LA theory is ny i sy of welttested hyputne, evidence ears cab (observations) hypothesis is true Powerful combination) fits ‘wel Scientifi +A simple "ec Theores it is What t,o thinking observe in a, 8E 10 expt ys ‘Ase; vorld, lain the fae ’Xperimental : — wanyaoat called i "89 MEY Hor The tory of evotaton The theory of relativity the atomic theory \ [The quantum theory \ | Physical hore endo be Nighy athena! +A scientific la of many facts. “Laws descr general don’t happen. Scientific Laws ihe what happens, ily explain why ‘fen be expressed Laws can o} : ae ‘and concisely ww is a powerful summary they they very in ww a ip. com ee that i based on Ppt of tua pss, -Ax suet as are olen express ahem ta, be note that the HH aw as they ae com cory a nevet be hy aieet laced as ne] -tncories and laws may have 1 Ber These Becomes avalslea A302 law PA law jis ie consistent at Stet fang 8 '© be true, ‘tionship 4, 7 HL AWS general Sccepted as being universal and the cene stone of since, [Some examples of sient ome examples of sce avs (ao cated the ans ‘of atte) ine the las thermodynamics, Boyle's aw of gases, Fypathess, Theory, and Law |e A theory is more like a scientific law) than a hypothesis. Theories) 4+ A theory is an explanation of aset of a related observations or events based upon proven hypotheses and verified multiple times by detached groups of| researchers. How are these concepts related to each other?23/200 . Theory, "A scenting and aw Coplanation gphYPOthESis isa testabl bout some phenomenon, Of Hypothesis, Theory, and Law The Scientific Method imply the most elaborate} “A theory is sit int scientific knowledge. form of consiste! a synthesis (powerful n) of well-tested hypotheses. ‘A theory is combinatio nces, a theory can| it can only be|wnspoaa \—S ae ero Thinking Science >Scientists observe nature, then develop o revise hypotheses about how things work. >The hypotheses are tested _ against ‘evidence collected from observations and] experiments. l>Any hypothesis that correctly accounts Tor all” of the evidence fromthe observations and experiments is @ potentially correct theory. Thinking Science >A theory is continually tested by| collecting new and different evidence. I>One piece of evidence that does not} ‘agree with a theory forces scientists to return to step one.