PRODUCTION OF AMMONIA BY HABER BOSCH

PROCESS
Purpose of the experiment

 Purpose of this experiment is that to reduce the use of fossil fuels to create ammonia for
use in fertilizer .
 About 80% of the ammonia produced by industry is used as fertilizer in agriculture.
 Ammonia is also used as a refrigerant gas, to purify water supplies,
 in the manufacture of plastics, explosives, textiles, pesticides, dyes and other chemicals.
 Ammonia is also use in the petroleum refinery as corrosion inhibitor
 Ammonia also use in the preparation of washing soda
 Also use in the hard water problem faced by people. Ammonia also use in softening of
water

Problem faced by using the fossil fuels

When fossil fuels are burned, they release large amounts of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, into the air.
Greenhouse gases trap heat in our atmosphere, causing global warming. And day by day fossils fuels
going to decrease . so search alternate the fossil fuel. Here I solved that problem by using the ammonia
production

How UAE economic will be strong by this project

About 30 per cent of the country's gross domestic product is directly based on oil and gas
output.UAE's National Day.

Population (million inhabitants) 9.28

Proven crude oil reserves (million barrels) 107,000

Proven natural gas reserves (billion cu. m.) 7,726

today's environment totally going to change UAE temperature increase day by day that all
happen due to environmental pollution spreading by our vehicles who spread poison smoke.

If we produced ammonia in high scale then we run many others industries like fertilizer we
supply fertilizers all over the world

We make urea ammonia sulphate ammonia phosphate ammonium nitrate

Our country also run washing soda industries because very high amount of ammonia used in
washing soda

We also run paper making industries due to produce ammonia

These factors how save out country from pollution and increase our income

A green way to make ammonia

Reverse fuel cells can use renewable energy to make ammonia from air and water, a much more
environmentally friendly technique than the industrial Haber Bosch process. Renewable
ammonia can act as a fertilizer - the traditional role of ammonia - or as an energy-rich fuel.

In fact, ammonia can replace fossil fuels in most contexts. Ammonia powered engines are well
known and could replace petrol and diesel in all types of vehicles and generators. Japan is
already using ammonia to assist in the transition away from coal-fired power generation

Production of ammonia

Heber's process for the preparation of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen, and then explains
the reasons for the conditions used in this process. It looks at the balance structure, reaction rate
and the effect of temperature, pressure and catalyst on process economy.

Brief summary of Huber process

Heber's reaction was with nitrogen codrogen, which is derived primarily from the natural gas
(methane) in ammonia. The reaction is reversible and the ammonia produces external heat.

N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH2

Huber process look like

SOME NOTES ON THE TERMS

The catalyst

Catalysts are actually more complex than pure iron. It contains potassium hydroxide as a
promoter - a substance that enhances its effectiveness.
Pressure

The pressure varies from one manufacturing plant to another, but is always higher. You can't go
wrong with 200 environmental tests.

Recycling

With each passage of gases through the reactor, only 15% of nitrogen and hydrogen is converted
to ammonia. (These figures vary from plant to plant.) With irresponsible nitrogen and constant
recycling of hydrogen, the overall change is about 98%.

CONDITION FOR REACTION

The proportion of hydrogen and Nitrogen

The mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen entering the reactor is in the ratio of 1 volume of nitrogen
and 3 volumes of hydrogen.

The law of Yogadro states that the number of molecules in the same amount of gases at the same
temperature and pressure is equal. This means that the gases are moving in the ratio of 1
molecule of nitrogen to 3 hydrogen in the reactor.

This is the ratio that requires equality.

In some reactions you may choose to use more than one reactant. You would do this if the
maximum use of other reactants was particularly important - if, for example, it was too
expensive. This does not apply in this case.

Anything other than the ratio of equations is always used downwards. If you have more than one
reactant, there will be molecules passing through the reactor that cannot react because they have
nothing to react with. This wastes space on the reactor - especially on the catalytic surface

THE TEMPERATURE

Equilibrium consideration

You need to move the equilibrium position to the right as far as possible to produce the
maximum possible amount of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture. The forward reaction
(production of ammonia) is exothermic.

N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH2

According to the Le Chatelier Principal

If you lower the temperature, it will be preferred. The system will respond by moving the
equilibrium position to counteract this - in other words by generating more heat.To get maximum
ammonia in a balanced mixture, you need as low a temperature as possible. However, 400-450 °
C is not a low temperature.

Rate consideration

The lower the temperature you use, the lower the reaction. An industrialist is trying to produce
more and more ammonia every day. There is no point in trying to get a balanced compound that
contains too much ammonia if the reaction takes many years to reach that balance.You need
gases to reach equilibrium in such a short time that they are in contact with the catalyst in the
reactor.

The compromises

400 - 450 C is a compromising temperature that produces a reasonably high proportion of

ammonia in a balanced mixture (even if it is only 15%) but in a very short time.

THE PRESSURE

Equilibrium consideration

N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH2

Notice that there are 4 molecules on the left side of the equation, but only 2 on the right side.
According to Le Chatelier's principle, if you increase the pressure, the system will support a
reaction that produces fewer molecules. This will reduce the pressure again.To get maximum
ammonia in the balance mixture, you need maximum pressure. The 200 atmosphere is a high
pressure, but not surprisingly high.

Rate consideration

Increasing the pressure brings the molecules closer together. In this particular instance, it will
increase their chances of hitting and sticking to the surface of the catalyst where they can react.
High pressure in terms of gas reaction rate.

Economic considerations

The catalyst has no effect on the equilibrium position. Adding a catalyst does not produce a high
percentage of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture. Its only function is to speed up the reaction.

Rate considerations
In the absence of a catalyst, the reaction is so slow that there is virtually no reaction at any time.
The catalyst ensures that the reaction is so fast that in a very short time a dynamic equilibrium is
established so that the gases are actually in the reactor.

Separating the ammonia

When gases leave the reactor, they are hot and under high pressure. Ammonia dissolves easily
under pressure until it is overheated, and therefore the temperature of the mixture decreases to
such an extent that ammonia turns into a liquid. Nitrogen and hydrogen are also present as gases
at these high pressures, and can be recycled.