Reviewer for IR

CONCEPTUAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL THEMES

FIVE PRINCIPLES OF POLITICS
1. All Political behavior has a purpose
- People’s goals are achieved through political actions.
2. Cooperation through bargaining and collective action is difficult, and difficulty grows as
participants numbers grow. All politics is collective action.
- Incentives are necessary for informal and formal bargaining to work.
- Informal bargaining is determined by personal preference (Back-scratching,
logrolling).
- Formal bargaining has rules
3. Rules matter
- Procedures shape politics
4. Political outcomes are the result of individual preference and institutional procedures.
- Individual preference are determined by Ideological, Personal, Institutional ambitions
and interest.
- Preference form because of procedures.
5. History matters.
- Political memories transmit across time
- Politicians remember what procedures solved past problems and what policies does
not work.
- History provide context to understand current information and experience.
THREE LEVELS OF ANALYSIS
 Individuals, States, and the Global system
 Describing International events with WHAT? And explaining it with WHY?
Foreign policy Influence – Global Influences – State or internal Influences - Individual
Influences – Policy making process – Foreign policy decision.
PERCEPTIONS INFLUENCE IMAGES OF INTERNATIONAL POLICY
 Our mental image of World Politics create distortions
 Accurate images become outdated without accounting for change
 The world’s future will be described by Objective facts, the meaning taken from those
facts, the assumptions where those interpretations are based, and the actions that flow
from those assumptions.
CHALLENGE OF INVESTIGATING INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
 There is a lot going on
 Events are complicated
 People resist ideas that undermine their ways of viewing the world
 SCOPE OF IR
1. IR may be looked upon as the actual relations that take place across national boundaries,
or as the body of knowledge which we have of those relations at any given time.
2. As a branch of learning, IR consists of both a subject-matter and a set of techniques and
methods of analysis for dealing with new questions.
3. The distinguishing characteristic of IR as a separate branch of learning is found in the
nature of the questions with which it deals.
4. An IR analyst is one who have some skill in dealing with the questions that arise out of
the relations of nations.
5. The technical knowledge of IR is not merely the extension to a wider geographical scale
of knowledge of social relations inside the national community but has unique elements of
its own.
6. Since the questions with which IR deals arise primarily out of social conflicts and
adjustments, its approach is in large part instrumental and normative in character.
7. The normative character of IR refers to the kinds of questions dealt with and does not
imply that the subject-matter is associated with any particular ideal conception of the
international community.
8. Foreign policies can only be understood in the light of knowledge of internal conditions of
the states involved.
9. All international relations can be described in terms of decision making by identifiable
individuals or groups of individuals.
10. By focusing on decision-making, it is possible to devise ways of improving the chances of
getting more intelligent decisions.
11. It is equally important to study the processes of decision-making in other countries.
12. The average decision-maker tends to operate on the basis of a speculative model of the
general type of decision-makers from other communities he expects to meet in
international negotiations. The accuracy of this model determines in large degree his
success in achieving his objectives.
13. The question "What is the scope of IR as a body of knowledge?" is different from the
question "What is the proper scope of an educational program in the subject?"
14. As a cultural subject, the aim should not be to turn out skilled decision-makers but to
introduce the students to the general field and the methods available for analyzing its
problems.
15. As professional training for those who intend to follow careers in the field, I R contains an
essential core of five subjects: international politics, international economics, international
law and organization, diplomatic history, and political geography.
 1900 – 1945, EURO-CENTRIC WORLD OF THE 20TH CENTURY
EUROPEAN EXCEPTIONALISM
 Great divergence (European Miracle) and
 Socioeconomic world where the west overcame the premodern world
- Scientific, commercial, Industrial revolution
- Rise of colonial empires
- Second European colonization wave
 European states dominate the Global Pattern of the International Relations
- They cover much of the world and lead in world trade
WORLD CHALLENGES DURING 1900S
Protracted collapse of the territorial empires
1. End of Hapsburg rule
- Death of Emperor Franz Joseph in 1916 that ended the monarchy after 68 years
2. End of Ottoman Empire
- Rely on Agriculture, under educated
- Division in the Empire
- External interventions
- Rivalry with Russia, wrong alliance in WW1
3. Fall of Tsarist regime in Russia
- Russian Revolution and fall of Monarchy 1917
- Bolshevik establishment of Soviet Union 1923
4. End of Chinas Qing Dynasty
- External force, underestimating the Wests and Asia’s imperialistic ambitions
- New Western technology
GLOBAL CAPITALIST ECONOMY 1900S
1. Rapid Industrial Expansion in North America
- Late 19th century Technology Innovation fueled Economic growth
- Economic transition (expansion of big businesses, development of Agriculture, rise of
national labor unions and Industrial conflicts).
2. Japan modernization and Industrialization
 Meiji Restoration
- Emperor and ruling class decided to remodel Japan on a Western model
- Goal was to make japan a European style Empire that can compete with increasingly
Global World
 Industrial Revolution
- Factories and Infrastructure were built
- Diverse range of Industries (Textiles to steel, and Industrial Military as the focus)
ORIGINS OF THE WORLD WAR
 Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
 Internal roots of Europe’s Instability
GERMANY’S BID FOR WORLD POWER STATUS
1. Germany became a unified Nation-state
- Disrupted the balance of power
- Became a major power and seen as highly-dangerous
2. Imperial Disputes
- Gaining colonies as an Economic imperative
- Annexationist aims
3. Creation of Schlieffen plan
- An operation to attack France after Russia moved their forces neat German border
because of International tension. This lead to Britain declaring war against Germany
on August 4, 1914
4. Germany did not fire first but the assassination happened in Sarajevo, Germany got
involved for protecting Austria-Hungary and Nationalism was growing.
- Nation-states started fighting for their right to self-determination (Germany, Austria-
Hungary)
5. Nationalist, Imperial, and Economic tension resulted to WW1
DURING THE 1ST WORLD WAR
 Millions of casualties to all sides
 Political Instability within their own borders
 Overwhelming debt, Economic crisis
PEACE MAKING 1919: THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES
 Paris peace conference held at Versailles on January 1919 to establish the terms of peace
 The Big four dominated the proceedings of this treaty
 The treaty articulated the compromises (War reparations, Territorial surrender)
 Included the planned formation of the league of nations
- League of Nations – served as International Forum and International collective
security arrangement
- U.S President Woodrow Wilson – believed it would prevent future wars since it is
focused on Peace loving member states
- Wilson - created the Fourteen points – new approach to international diplomacy
collective security
- League of Nations – framework model for UN in 1945
 Peace-making posts more dangers
- Peace makers were in constant arguments indecisions
- The stipulation contradicts itself
- Not representative
Trans-Atlantic stabilization – difficult to set into place
SIGNIFICANCE TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
 War is common in human history thus it is the central problem to IR
 When diplomacy fail some state resort to force
CAUSES OF WAR
 Human Nature – naturally violent and aggressive
 Regime Types – some are more prone to war than others
 Ideology - some political beliefs favor war
 Religion – driven may states to war, either to spread faith or eradicate heretics
 The Global System – Anarchic, states must engage in war to protect themselves
 Economic and Resources - disputes of resources often lead to war
Others see war as a breakdown of modern International system, because rules of
international institutions were designed to reduce conflict among states.
In the after math of the war, International System changed dramatically
JAPANESE NEW ORDER IN ASIA
 Fall of European Empire in Asia
- Fall of Netherlands and France in June 1940
- Expansion of Japanese Hegemony
- Prince Konoye
 Recent Cabinets in Japan
- Prince Fumimaro Konoye
- Prince Saionji
- 7, foreign minister koki
- Hirota collaborated with Nazi Germany in extending anti-comintern treaty of 1936
- Baron Hiranum succeeded General Itagaki and Admiral Yonai, Navy Officers
- American-Japanese Commerce treaty of 1911
 2nd and 3rd Konoye cabinets
- 2nd cabinet form on July 22, 1940
- General Hideki Tojo and Admiral Zengo Yoshida served as spokesmen of army and
navy through (advanced national defense state)
- Sept. 1940, weak Vichy Gov submitted to its demands and conceded military right in
French Indo-China
- Matsuoka went to Europe to visit Hitler, Mussolini, and Stalin
- July 1841, Third cabinet formed with Matsuoka eliminated
SPECIAL INTEREST AND THE ASIA MONROE DOCTRINE
 Doctrine of Regionalism and Japanese Hegemony in Asia – found expressions in
numerous diplomatic ventures in the 20th century
 Lansing-Ishii agreement
 1921, Washington conference, under heavy diplomatic pressure, Japan consented to its
abrogation
  Monroe Doctrine of Asia
NATIONAL SELF-SUFFICIENCY
 Doctrine of the national right to live
 Gaiko Jihj, leader of Seiyiakai (political friends party) – recalled, Japan suffering from
over-population and Scarcity of raw materials for modern industry
 Theory of Self-Sufficiency in Japan are partly derived from German sources
JAPAN-MANCHUKUO-CHINA BLOC
 Partial satisfaction for the demand of self-sufficiency in this blocs creation
 Invasion of manchuri
 Creation of puppet government under Emperor K’ang-te
 Repair in a large measure the lack of self-sufficiency in Japan and insure prosperity for
the minor partners in the alliance
ESSENCE OF THE NEW ORDER
 New Order is viewed as a Regional Organization based on the theory that the world can
be divided into four great areas
 The New Order of East Asia shall be under the exclusive leadership of Japan
 New Order Purposes:
- Permanent stability of Eastern Asia
- Neighborly amity and international justice
- Joint defense against communism
- Creation of a new culture
- Economic cohesion and Cooperation
- World peace
 Economic construction embracing the three blocs to establish a self-supporting self-
sufficient economic structure
 Japan will try to uplift the morale of the Nation while giving assistance to the economic
reconstruction of Manchukuo and China
 China is expected to develop her resources and reconstruct her economic system with
Japan and Manchukuo
 New Order in Greater East Asia: regional policy that that finds its roots deep in Japanese
Ideology
FAILED PEACE: TREATY OF VERSAILLES 1919
 War Preparations
- Requiring defeated nations to pay reparations to victors was a long-standing feature
of treaties ending European war
- The reparations Germany paid was for civilian damages caused by their invasion and
occupation of Belgium and Northern France
- Allies calculates the amount based on Germany’s ability to pay, not on the actual cost
for repairs
- Between 1920 – 1931 (Germany suspended reparations indefinitely) they only paid
20 Billion
HYPERINFLATION
 Reparations was the cause of hyperinflation that ruined Germanys economy between
1921 and 1824
 Weimar Government responding to 1923 French occupation on Germany’s Rhur
triggered hyperinflation
 Hyperinflation during Weimar Republic years was caused by politically motivated
economic policies
WAR GUILT
 Weimar Republic, Hitler, and the Nazis Demonized the treaty to avoid Germany’s
obligation
 Article 231, when read by itself, appear to make Germans’ war guilt claims
 Davis and Dulles were shocked when German Politicians interpreted article 231 as
Germany taking full blame of WW1
 German Politicians – for their domestic political reasons and attempt to gain international
sympathy
GLOBAL ECONOMIC SLUMP 1929-1933
 Great Depression – severe economic downturn that gripped world economy after 1929
 Great Britain – Collapse in the Demand for goods, unemployment and economy was first
called The Slump
 The Slump – because the British economy was hit by an earlier great depression in 1870s
 Wall Street stock market – crashed due to American consumers buying less, the rising of
prices, and stagnant wages.
 Industrial Revolution – global capitalist economies has been developing with an
expanding level of world trade
 World War 1 - disrupted development on international economic system which caused
depression and led to extremist political movements gaining power
WORLD WAR 2
 Axis Power – Italy, Germany, and Japan
 Allies – France, Great Britain, United States, Soviet Union, and to a lesser extent China
 The war began 1939 – 1945
AGGRESSION IN ASIA
 Before 1939, wars occurred in the Pacific, mainly in Japan and China
 Japan went under rapid modernization and industrialization during Meiji restoration
- They believed that with their growing populace and lack of resources they needed to
expand their land
- The most suitable area to subdue was China because they were experiencing a near
state extinction and civil war
- Tsarist Russia had heavy railway involvement in China’s northern part
- Japan took an interest on the region of Manchuria and clashed with Russia
- Between 1931 and 1933, Manchurian crisis took over
 - 1937, Japan was already at full war with china
AGGRESSION IN EUROPE
 Devastation of WW1 greatly destabilized Europe
 Europe’s 1st dictator is Benito Mussolini, 2nd dictator is Adolf Hitler
A WORLD AT WAR AGAIN 1939
 August 1939, Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin signed the German-Soviet nonaggression
pact
 September 1,1939 Hitler invaded Poland from the west, two days later, France and
Britain declared war on Germany beginning WW2
WW2 IN THE WEST 1940-1941
 Germany Simultaneously invaded Norway, Denmark, Belgium, and the Netherlands
 Broke through French forces and rendered the Maginot line useless
 Mussolini and Hitler signed the pact of steel in June
 Japan allied with the two upon signing the Tripartite pact in September
 Hitler vs Stalin (Operation Barbarossa)
 Hitler’s conquest of the Balkans is a precursor of his real objective: attack on the Soviet
Union
 War pushed back because of Freezing conditions
 Holocaust
- Extermination of Jews
- Final Solution
- Approximately 6 million Jews died in the death camps established in occupied Poland
WW2 IN THE PACIFIC 1941 – 1943
 Attack on Pearl Harbor served to unify Americans to join WW2
 The Axis Power promptly Declared war on United States
 Island Hopping strategy - American troops against Japanese aggressors
ALLIED FORCES VICTORY IN WW2 1943 -1945
 North Africa – British and American forces defeated German and Italian forces
 Soviet Union the battle of Stalingrad
 February 1945 allies aerial bombardment proceeded the land invasion on Germany
 Americans bombing of Hiroshima a Nagasaki, and the Soviets attack on Manchuria
prompted the Japanese to surrender
INTERNATIONAL ORDER 1900-1945
 Factors that influenced the World Order
Context before 1940-1945
 Legacy of the 30 years’ war – Introduced two new foreign policy principles
 - Maintenance of the International Balance of power through supporting weaker
coalitions against stronger ones
- Priority of National Interest over Religious, and Ideological ones
 Balance of Power and its disruption is important to the perception of a state’s foreign
policies
 Foreign Policy were aimed at creating military alliances to maintain and control the
balance on their favor
 Balance of power change because of (Internal rebellions, fall of dynasties, and territory)
but this should all be converted to military power
CONCERT OF EUROPE
 Great European Powers
- France
- England
- Prussia
- Austria
- Russia
 This countries became great powers because of:
- Successful Public Administration reforms and Army reorganization
- Growing trade flows and wealth
- Breakthrough in techno-economic sphere
 Colonization
 Everything changed with the unification of Italy and Germany
 Britain controlled the balance of power in Europe, they got threatened of the political
changes in Germany and Italy

EVOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY

 A Society of states (International Society) – A group of states, with common values and
common interests conceive themselves to be bounded with a common set of rules. Share
in the working of common institutions.
 Chronology of International States
- 500 – 100 BC Ancient Greece or Hellenic
- 1300 – 1500 Renaissance Italian
- 1500 – 1650 Early modern European
- 1650 – 1950 European cum Western
- 1950 - … Global
ANCCIENT GREECE OR HELLENIC – Thrived in the Mediterranean Sea
 Athens – most famous city (Sparta, Corinth) 1st International Society
 Oracle at Delphi – Source of authority among the Greeks (peace, treaty, reconciliation)
 Parthenon, Drama, Socrates, Classic – era vase, Curve of Hippias
 Respublica Christiana
 - Universal Society based on a joint structure of religious authority (sacerdotium) and
political authority (regnum) which gave a least minimal unity and cohesion to
Europeans
 Abandoning a treaty is an offense – notion how to conduct International affairs
 Ancient Greece was overwhelmed by Macedonia
 Titus Flaminius – Roman General and statesman that established roman hegemony in
Greece
 Roman Imperium – obedience and reborn
 Pope – Religious and political authority
 Pope Vincent 4 – mediate sovereign rulers; settled territorial disputes between Spain and
Portugal
 Kings of Europe challenged the legitimacy of the Pope
RENAISSANCE ITALY
 Protestantism – Martin Luther
 The right to send representatives were already practiced
 Renaissance – enlightenment, flourishing of arts and sciences
 Renaissance Diplomacy
- Introduced a system of permanent ambassadors who represent the interest of their
states by Observing, reporting, and negotiating
- States created a foreign office – evaluates the written report of ambassadors, sent
instructions, helped formulate policies, and kept vas records
- They built an elaborate system of protocols, privileges, and immunities for Diplomats
- Concept of Extraterritoriality was established

EMERGENCE OF WESTPHALIAN STATE

JEAN BODIN – French jurist
 Sovereignty
- Absolute and perpetual power vested in a commonwealth
- Distinguishing mark of the sovereign that he cannot be a subject to the commands of
others, it is he who makes law for the subject, abolish already made law, amends
obsolete law
 It is perpetual because it resides in a state and not an individual
 Limitations:
- Divine or Natural law
- Constitutional law of the realm
TREATY OF WESTPHALIA
 Notion and practice of Sovereignty develops
 Centralized control of institutions under military grows
 Capitalist economic system emerges
CORE GROUP OF STATES THAT DOMINATED BEFORE 19TH CENTURY
 Austria
 Prussia
 Russia
 France
 England
 United Provinces (Netherlands, Belgium)
WEST
 Underwent economic revival under the aegis of capitalism
 Private enterprise was encouraged
 States improved infrastructure to facilitate social intercourse, trading companies, and
banks emerged
EAST
 Reverted to Feudal practices
 Serfs remained on the land and Economic change stifled
EAST AND WEST
 Absolutist states dominated
- Louis 14 of France (1638-1715)
- Peter the Great of Russia (1672-1725)
- Fredrick 2 of Prussia (1712-86)
ADAM SMITH (1723-90)
 Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations – notion of a market should
apply to all social orders
 Invisible hand- of a market
EUROPE IN THE 19TH CENTURY
 2 revolutions in the 19th century
- American Revolution (1776)
- French Revolution (1789)
CORE PRINCIPLES THAT EMERGED FROM THE 2 REVOLUTIONS
 Legitimacy
- John Locke – 2 treatises of Government
 Nationalism
- Masses identify with their common past, language, customs, and practices
PEACE AT THE CORE OF EUROPEAN SYSTEM
 Concert of Europe
 Factors that explain peace
- European states enjoyed solidarity among themselves, being European, Christian,
Civilized, and white
- European elites were united by their fear of revolution from the masses
- Major issue confronting European core is internal: Unification of Germany and Italy
BALANCE OF POWER
 European states feared the emergence of a predominant state among them, which is why
they formed alliances to counteract any potentially more powerful factions
SOLIDIFICATION OF ALLIANCES
 Two camps emerged
- Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria, Italy) 1882
- Dual Alliance (France, Russia) 1893
 Under the system of alliance – once the fateful shot has been fired, states honored their
commitments to their allies

KEY DEVELOPMENTS IN THE 19TH CENTURY

 2 Principles emerged from the Revolutions:
- Absolutist rule subject to limitations
- Nationalism
 Peace is at the core of a system ruled by a balance of power, Elites are united in afraid of
the masses, Domestic concerns are more important than foreign policies
 Balance of power breaks down due to solidification of Alliances