596 = OBjeStive Electrical Technology (4 Note thar in the autotransformer in Fig. 19.25 (ii), the portion cb of the winding is common to bothiprimary and secondary so that there is no electrical isolation between the two windings. The power from the primary is transferred to the load in two viz conductively (i.e. conducted directly to the load by winding ac) and the emai inductively (by transformer action) by winding cb. (ii) Again, referring to the autotransformer in Fig. 19.25 (ii), the load volt-amperes = 129 4 24 = 2880 VA. Out of this 120 x 12 = 1440 VA are conducted directly to the load by the winding ac and the remaining 120 x 12 = 1440 VA (or 2880 — 1440 = 1440 Vay are transferred to the load inductively (by transformer action) by the winding cb. If K @ V/V, = N,/N,) is the voltage transformation ratio of the autotransformer, then it can be shown that Power transferred inductively = Input (1 — K) Power transferred conductively = K = Input ways ining Comments. From the above comparison, it is clear that the number of turns (and hence the weight of Cu) required for autotransformer is less than a two-winding transformer of the same Tating. Further, secondary of the autotransformer in the above case carries only 12 A whereas secondary of the two-winding transformer carries 24 A. Therefore, the X-sectional area of the conductor is smaller. Apart from these advantages of autotransformer over the two-winding transformer, there are several advantages including cheap to manufacture, smaller in size, better voltage regulation and higher efficiency. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS Q. 1. Why do we use iron-core in a transformer? Ans. Transformer action demands only the existence of alternating flux linking the two windings. No doubt such action will be obtained if an air core is used but it will be obtained much more effectively if an iron core is used. It is because the flux is then substantially confined toa definite path (i.e. iron path) having a much higher permeability than air. Q. 2. What will happen if the primary of a transformer is connected to d.c. supply? Ans. If the primary of a transformer is connected to a d.c. supply, the primary will draw a Steady current and hence produce constant flux. Consequently, no back em.f. will be produced. The primary winding will draw excessive current due to low resistance of the Primary: The result is that the primary will overheat and burn out or the fuses will blow. Care aust be taken not to connect the primary of a transformer across the d.c. supply. Q. 3. List four applications of transformers Ans. Four important applications of transformer are (@ It can raise or lower the voltage or curren’ tin an acc. circuit (# It can increase or decrease the value of a cap: yacitor, an inductor or resistance in ar ac. circuit. It can thus act as an impedance transferring device. (iii) It can isolate two circuits electrically (@) It can be used to prevent d.c. from passing. from one circuit to the other. Q. 4. Why is iron-cored transformer not used for high frequency applications? Ans. At high frequencies, an iron-core transformer has the following disadvantages : @ high hysteresis and eddy current loss. ;—— Ain iron become Less effective a8 a magnetic cirouit becnuee at high Frequencies, the Mux penetrates 10 lesser extent in the core. ' Since air does not exhibit eddy current or hysteresis effects, the we of air-core transformers is common at high frequencies found in electronies and communications. 4 What conditions are required for a transformer 1o operate satisfactorily at very low cies? 24, A transformer intended to operate statisfactorily at low frequencies should meet the AM towing requirements (@ A magnetic core of large cross-section (diy A large number of tums. Clearly, this makes the transformer large in size, i ‘& Where is 2 core-type construction suitable for a transformer? i 4 @ tn the core-type transformer, a core shaped as shown has primary and secondary windings cae on it. It is a usual practice to wind one-half of each winding on one limb, low- wound pra voltage winding being innermost for mechanical strength. The core-type transformer affords etter cooling surface for the windings than the shell-type core and is, therefore, more suitable for transformers which remain fully loaded. . aoeog HV. Winding LV, Winding Shell-type Transformer Fig. 19.26 el . Core-type Transformer Q. 7. Where is shell-type construction suitable for a transformer? ; : ‘Ans. In shell-type core, both the windings are wound on the central limb. This type of core is) used for those transformers which work on poor power factor. yee Q. 8. Why are the cores of large transformers built up of circular cross-section? ‘Ams. The cross-section of the cores of small transformers are rectangular but for large transformers, it is a common practice to use approximately circular cross section. It is because circular — section has the smallest perimeter for « given area and, therefore, requires less copper than rectangular section Q. 9. Why do we represent leakage flux in a transformer by inductive reactance? Ans. In an actual transformer, there is primary leakage flux as well as secondary leakage flux. TI primary leakage flux is the flux which links with the primary but not with the secs Similarly, the secondary leakage flux is the flux which links with the secon with the primary winding. Since leakage flux links with only one wi induced ¢.m4. in that winding. It is, therefore, equivalent to a small it with that winding Q. 10. What are the advantages of open and short-circuit tests on a tra598 = Objective Electrical Technology } Ans. The efficiency of a transformer is always determined by open-circuit and short fests due to the following reasons : } @_ The power required to carry out these tests is very small. (i) These tests give the core loss and copper losses separately Q. 11. Why are iron losses constant at all loads in a transformer? Ans. Since the induced primary ampere-tums and secondary, ampere-turns always neutralise fron Tauhes the flux in the core on load is the same as the flux on no-load, Hence, the iron losses are constant and are independent of load Q. 12. What is the difference between Power transformers and distribution transformers? Ans. Those transformers installed at lines are the power transformer those installed in the localiti terminals, @ Power transformers generally “Operate at nearly full-load However, distribution transformers operate at light loads during major part of the day. (@ The performance of a power transformer is generally judged from commercial efficiency whereas the Rerférmagée of a distribution transformer is judged from all- day efficiency, aN (Gi) The rating of a power tran: transformer. Q- 13. What would happen if.a power transformer designed for operation on 50 Hz were connected 0 a 500 Hz source Of the same voltage? 1 circuit 4 the sthding or recei ing end of long high-voltage transmission *. The distribution transformérs (generally pole mounted) ax, es of the city to provide utilisation voltage at the consumers sformer is many times greater than that of a distribution Ans. Power transformers are made to operate on one Particular frequency, Po ine frequency is too high, the inductive reactance of the primary will pr from drawing sufficient power. The hysteresis and eddy current losses will be excessive. Q. 14. What would happen ifa power transformer designed for operation on 50 10 a 5 He source of the same voltage? Ans. Power transformers are made to operate on one Particular frequency, usually 50 Hz, If the frequency is too low, the primary will have insufficient reactance and too much primary Smmiat Will flow, producing considerable copper losses. The transformer may start 10 smoke, usually 50 Hz, If event the primary Hz were connected Q 1S. part of a primary winding of a transformer were accidental would be the immediate effect? Ans. If a few turns of the lly short-circuited, what Primary of a transformer short out for some reason, a high current the turns, producing excessive heat in the transformer. This is not Only Because of the ‘shorted tums” heating but also because of the cancellation 001A > Fig. 19.27 2 ce 2M Usually, we use the formula Z, ( Ne } Zs even when the load is pure resistance.600 = Objective Electrical Technology Therefore, so far as the source is concemed, it sees a load of 10 kQ This is shown in Fig. 19.27 (ii). Note th: Current supplied to the load is 0.1 A. 10 kQ or 100 Q load is reflected to ¢! Q. 21. What is a current transformer? (and not 100 9), at current drawn from the source is 0.01A whi We say that 100 © Toad is seen by the source ae he primary as a 10 KO load. Ans. A current transformer is a device that is used to measure high alternating current in a conductor. Fig. 19.28 illustrates the principle of a current"? transformer. The conductor carrying large current Passes through a circul: lar laminated iron core. The Senductor constitutes a one-tum primary winding The secondary winding consists of a large number of turns of much fine Wire wrapped around the core as shown, Laminated eee ron Core I, =a, Due to transformer action, transformed to a low val by ordinary meters. | the secondary current is lue Which can be measured Secondary current, 1, = 7, x Ne Fig. 19.28 1" For example, suppose that J, @ maximum of 1 A. Then, Ny = Npx TE ~1 x 100 _ 109 s 100 A in Fig. 19.28 and the ammeter is capable of measuring Q. 22.4 current transformer must never be operated with its secondary winding open-circuited. Explain, Ans. Itis because when there is no secondary current to Oppose the core flux generated by the Primary, a serious overheating of the core can occur Secondly, it is also possible that the Secondary open-circuit voltage may reach a dangerously high level Q. 23. What is a potential transformer? Ans. It is a device that is used to measure high alternating ih voltage. It is essentially a stepdown transformer having small ia | » number of secondary turns as shown in Fig. 19.29. The high alternating voltage to be measured is connected directly Vee om across the primary. The low voltage winding (secondary winding) is connected to the voltmeter. The power rati of a potential transformer is load on the transformer. 9.29 small (seldom exceeds 300 W) since voltmeter is the only Np Vp = vex Ne Ns Objective Questions 1. A transformer will work on ........ () ac. only (ii) d.c. only Gili) a.c. as well as dc () none of the above 2. The primary and secondary of a trans- former are .. . coupled. (@ electrically (ii) magnetically (iii) electrically and magnetically (iv) none of the above ObETech-39(8)