ELECTIVE 1

(OUTLINE REVIEWER)

NAME: ENAO, ANA ROSEMARIE R.

YR.& COURSE/SET: 3RD YEAR- BSA/IRREG
PROFESSOR: FELIZARTO BOMBASE
 CHAPTER 1
OVERVIEW OF SCIENCE AND THE STUDY OF HUMAN
BEHAVIOR

NATURE OF SCIENCE
 Science - is popularly defined as an accumulation of systematic knowledge based
on facts.
-It is a method of approach to the entire empirical world.
 Basic to modern science is an intricate relation between theory and facts.
 Fact - is regarded as an empirically verifiable observation.
 Theory - refers either to the relationships between facts or to the ordering of
terms in some meaningful ways.
 Facts of science - are the product of observations which are meaningful and
theoretically relevant. Thus without theory, science cannot
predict and control the material world.
 Theory is a tool of science in 3 ways:
1. It offers conceptual scheme by which the relevant phenomena are
systematized, classified and interrelated, and summarizes facts into;
a) Empirical generalization
b) Systems of gaps in our knowledge
 Facts are also productive of theory in 3 ways:
1) Facts helps initiate theories
2) They lead to the reformation of existing theory
3) They change the forms and orientation of theory and they clarify and
redefine theory.

WHY STUDY HUMAN BEHAVIOR

 Management is constantly trying to understand and influence the mental
processes of others and the only access we have o the mental process of others is
through a study human behavior.
 A second reason for studying human behavior arises from the fact that more and
more leaders of business and industry are coming from the ranks of college
graduates.
 A knowledge of the principles of the human behavior will help one acquire
understanding, skills and desires which will prepare him to work with others with
increasing cooperation, understanding and effectiveness

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

 Scientific study of human behavior was only a 19th century development.

 Philosophy(which was based on speculation and logic) was the only approach to
the study of human behavior.
 Psychophysics - a science developed by Fechner.
- the direct forerunner of psychology.
- it was a science that studied the functional relations of dependency
between mind and body but which actually determined the physical
characteristics of stimuli and the sensation they produce.
 1879 - development of psychology as a science,separate and distinct from
philosophy and physiology.
 Prof. Wilhem Wundt - founded the first psychological laboratory at the
University of Leipzig in Germany.

DEVELOPMENT OF BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE

 Behavioral science - two words derived from behavior and science.
- emerged as a new and integrated discipline that is primarily concerned with
developing valid generalizations about human behavior..
 To qualify as a behavioral science:
a) It must have human behavior as its subject matter.
b) It must study human behavior in a scientific manner.
 Science - defined from 2 viewpoints.
a) Static view- defines science as a body of knowledge.
b) Dynamic view - defines science as an activity as such, it is more concerned with
what scientist do.
 HUMAN BEHAVIOR- It is the response of an individual to stimulus situation.
- it refers to both types of responses and the manner in which it was made.
 Stimulus situation- refers to a factor condition, situation, or a combination of
factors (whether internal or external) which provides the occasion of response.
 Organizational Behavior - is individual behavior and group dynamics in
organization.
- It is primarily concerned with the psychosocial, interpersonal, and
behavioral dynamics n organizations.
 Human behavior 3 characteristics:
1) It is caused
2) It is motivated or goal-directed
3) It is integrated

BASIC STEPS IN RESEARCH

 Search - means to find, to discover or to investigate, while the prefix “re” means
again.
 Research - means to find again
- is a critical and exhaustive investigation or experimentation having for
its aim the discover of new facts..
Basics Steps:
1) Statement of the problem-
 Hypothesis- it serves as a guide to collection, organization and interpretation of
data.
2) The Research Design-
a) Determining the type of data needed;whether primary or secondary
b) Identifying the source of data
c) Selecting the methods generally used in the study are: analytical or
documentary, experimental, survey or case.
d) Choosing the subject or formulating the sampling plan.
3) Obtaining Information and Gathering the Data.
Data may obtained through the following methods:
a) Direct Observation- involves making direct, critical, systematic observation
f actual behavior pattern in a given situation.
b) Verbal reports- These are used to measure covert behavior such as attitudes,
feeling, opinions, and beliefs.
c) Tests and Inventories- to evaluate some problems in hiring, training and
promoting of personnel.
 d) Secondary Data or Library Materials- The investigator makes use of
written records.

4) Processing the Data- This will involve grouping or classifying data into
meaningful categories which may be done quantitatively or qualitatively.
 Steps involved are processing, editing, classifying, coding and tabulating.
 Coding - is a technical process by which raw data are transformed into symbolic
or numbers that may be tabulated.
 Tabulation - is a systematic method of counting similar replies and adding them
in an accurate and orderly manner; may be done manually or by machine.
5) Analysis and Interpretation-
Two basic methods of analyzing data:
a. Statistical- includes the use of statistical formula or quantitative procedures to
establish some significance among different variables.
 Correlation- determines what is average or typical and finds out the extent
of diverse behavior and others.
b. Inferential Analysis- is the process of determining the meaning of evidence by
reflective thinking. It is in this method where on uses logical syllogism or
inferences based on data obtained.

WRITING THE FINAL REPORT

Written research report generally includes;
1. Statement of the problem.
2. The research design
3. Analysis and interpretation of finings
4. Summary, conclusions, and recommendations.

PERSPECTIVE IN BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE

 Emphasis - is focused on the need for a proper balance between the security one
finds in traditional ways and the challenge to changes in a new society.
 Psychological security, motivation, and freedom to change are necessary for
this growth.
 The aim of the behavioral sciences is to gain new emphasis in business
administration courses.
 Behavioral Science in Management
Areas in management where behavioral science contributed are;
 Personality theory
 Motivation
 Interpersonal dynamics
 Group behavior
 Leadership
 Inter-group Behavior
 Organizational Behavior
 Behavioral Science in Marketing
The basis of these studies starts with the understanding of motivation
 Behavioral Science in Economics
 Economics and behavioral science are closely allied because the money value
depends on the motives of man.
 Behavioral Science in Accounting
 Accounting is integrating the knowledge of behavioral sciences in accounting.
STUDY QUESTION CHAPTER 1

1. What is Science? What is the value of science to business and industry?

Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the
form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. It is also the
intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the
structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and
experiment.
Science is valuable to because it makes the industry more competitive.
Business focused on technological advancement, and even more traditional
industries, usually need to innovate. The traditional model is that they create their
own innovation. However, this naturally requires huge organization and
investment. S2B helps in this era.
2. Why do we study Human Behavior?
The study of Human behavior has played an important role in improving the
lives people who have mental health and behavioral disorders. Professional who
are interested in how to study human behavior are driven to know why people
make decisions, with goal of better understanding the decision-making process.

3. How did behavioral science emerge? What factors affects the study of behavioral
science?
It borrows heavily from the methodologies developed in the social
sciences,mainly running experiments using randomized control trials that allow
us to make causal inferences about specific mechanisms that drive human
behavior. Factors such as age,sex,and genetics can influence people’s behavior
and emotions. For example, people inherit characteristics that influence behavior
traits such as impulsiveness or reticence.Societal influences. People may change
their behavior and ideas to fit into a social group.
 CHAPTER 2
PERSONALITY AND CULTURE

SOCIETY IN GENERAL
 Society - represents a geographical aggregate and has boundaries.
 A key concept in the study of society is that of folkways.
 Folkways - simply describes the way in which folks- modern or primitive people
act and react as they go about the everyday business of living.
 Personality - defined as the organization of biological, psychological, socio-
cultural and educational factors wich underlies a person’s behavior.

CULTURE
 Emphasis on society,heritage, normative with emphasis on rules or ways,
psychological with emphasis in adjustment, structural with emphasis on
patterning or organization of culture as a product or artifact.
 Taylor(1976)- defined culture “as a complex whole which includes knowledge,
belief, arts, law,morals,customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by
man as a member of society”
 The “individual” is born into a set vast social heritage of organized ideas, norms,
values, knowledge, and expected way of behavior.

PERSONALITY
 Goode(1952)-defines personality “as the total psychological and social reactions
of an individual, the synthesis of his subjective, emotional and mental life, his
behavior and his reaction to the environment, the unique or individuals traits of a
person.
 Muna(1946;45) - defines it as “ the most characteristics integration of an
individual’s structure, modes of behavior, interests, attitudes, capabilities,
abilities and aptitudes.
 It is the individualizing trait of a man…
DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY
 Biological Heritage
 Heredity- includes all that a person possesses as transmitted from parents to
offspring by means of the germ plasm.
 Masculature
 The human body has about 639 muscles which are said to make up about
40 percent of its weight.
 Muscles - do play an important role in the whole set up of human
behavior and they maintain their stability when relaxed.
 Nervous System - it is a means of receiving impulses.
 It is the system which gives man his every contact with his
experiences with others.
 It furnishes every satisfaction and dissatisfaction, every pain and
delight, and every association made to his group around him.
 Divided into two portions: the cerebrospinal or central nervous
system and the autonomic or sympathetic nervous system.
 Cerebra- spinal system which is the seat of conscious knowledge
and learning, of the will and of the coordination of all responses and
movements due to sensations.8
 The Glands- Tuason (1978)- yields an influence on the mental, emotional,
and physical traits of men.
2 classes of glands:
1) Tear glands and the gall bladder- those that have tubes or ducts
connected to some other surface of the body.
2) Ductless glands or endocrine glands- is that which pour its
products directly into the blood stream without the aid of ducts.
 Endocrine Glands - influence the course of behavioral development by their
secretion of chemical substances known as hormones.
 Hormones - controls the rates of certain bodily processes associated
with maturation. They speed up and slow down, start and stop various
physiological activities.
 Thyroid Glands - influence physical an mental development.
 Oversecretion - results in a great stimulation of the nervous system
which brings about the restlessness, over-excitement, irritability, etc..
  Pituitary Glands - that is associated directly with physical development.
- It secretes hormones that are concerned with growth.
 Adrenal Glands - they produce the hormones androgen ans estrogen that
regulate the development of certain adult sexual characteristics, particularly
those associated with masculinity.
 EQ Factor
 “emotional intelligence”(EQ) - was coined by John Mayer to describe
qualities like understanding one’s feelings, empathy for the feelings of
others and the “regulation of emotion in a way that enhances living.”
 Robert Rosenthal - developed the Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity
(PONS) test to measure a person’s ability to read emotional cues.
 E.Q. - includes a wide range of dimensions of intelligence such as inter-
personal and intra-personal intelligence.
 8 different intelligence:
1) Linguistic 5) Intra-personal
2) Musical 6) Naturalist
3) Bodily- kinesthetic 7) Logical-mathematical
4) Interpersonal 8) Spatial
 I.Q.- has a great impact on performance.
 Environmental Factors-
 Geographic environment- refers to location, climate, topography, and
natural resources.
 Cultural environment- refers to the learned ways of living and norms
of behavior which are transmitted to the child through social groups.
 Biology- sets the basic processes which determines how man learns
 Culture- is the crucial factor that determines what a man learn as a
member of society
 Social Environment- refer to the various groups and what interactions
going on in the groups of which the individual is a member.
 Home and Family - is the most important of all human groups,
because it is the basic unit which transmits the biological traits of its
members…
 Culture - is man’s social heritage which has been transmitted from
one generation to another through language.
  Norms - regulate the relationships of people towards one
another.
 Values - are transmitted through teaching, training, and
example of one’s conduct.
 Status and Roles - refers to the sum of all the statuses he occupies
in relation to the society and the role he plays.
 Social Agents - the school, the church, and other social institutions
are the instrument in molding the individual into wholesome..
 Situation - influences the effects of heredity and environment on
personality.
 Events - as used by sociologist Robert Nisbet, it refers to
random, unpredictable happenings that can affect the cause of
social change of demanding some personality changes.

PHILIPPINE CULTURAL VALUES

 Every culture develops a personality structure of its own.

 Fr. Bulatao (1966) has observed the deterring effect of personalism..
 Particularism- Universalism
 Particularism - when a man’s concern is centered on sub-groups comprising
to which he belongs.
 Universalistic - when his concern is the advancement of the collective or
national good.
 Carrion (1973) buying and selling habits:
1) Suki - patronizing of one store instead of buying at different stores at
different times.
2) Tumpok- tumpok - An arrangement of goods like fish, vegetables,
fruits, etc. Into small groupings among small vendors in small market or
tiange.
3) Hulugan or Paiyakan - Paying by installment either from day to day
sales or monthly salary.
4) “Lako” - sellers carrying their wares and peddling from house to house
either in push cart, native basket (bilao or kaing).
 5) “Tawad” - Asking for discounts which may range from 5% to 50%
discount.
6) “Bulungan” - among the fish brokers, sellers and buyers rely on the tip
given to them on price and projected price changes.
 Non- rationalism-Rationalism -
 Non-rationalism - involves an uncritical acceptance,protection of tradition
or rituals.
 Rationalism - involves a belief that by systematic planning, studying of man
ca actively control and manipulate his destiny..
 Rational man - is future oriented rather than present oriented.
 Authoritarianism - “desire for smooth interpersonal relations”
 Coller point out that the Filipino leans more towards status-oriented than to
function-oriented behavior.
 ‘Hiya’ - his behavior is generally dependent on what others will think, say or
do.
 ‘Amor propio’ - It is high self-esteem and is shown in the sensitivity of a
person hurt feelings, insult, real or imagined.
 Personalism- Impersonalism
 Personalism - attaches major importance to the personal factor which
guarantees intimacy, warmth, and security or kinship and friendship in
getting things done.
 Impersonalism - refers to the tendency to eliminate the influence of
friendship or kinship in working situations.

STUDY QUESTION CHAPTER 2

1. What is society? What is the key concept of the study of society?

Society - represents a geographical aggregate and has boundaries, similar
government or a group of persons engaged in social relationships for a meaningful
interaction. A key concept in the study of society is that of folkways.
2. What is culture? How is culture related to society?
Culture as a complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts,
law,morals,customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a
member of society.A culture represents the beliefs and practices of a group, while
society represents the people who share those beliefs and practices. Neither
society nor culture could exist without the other.

3. What is personality? Why is culture considered the matrix of personality?

Personality defined as the organization of biological, psychological, socio-
cultural and educational factors which underlies a person’s behavior. Culture
considered the matrix of personality because every culture develops a personality
structure of its own. The idea fits in with the concept of “national character’ whereby
Filipinos have distinct characteristics and differentiate them from the Americans or
Japanese.

4. Give the three determinants of personality and discuss the importance of each
briefly.
Psychologists say that our personality is mainly result of our determinants. The
Physical (Biological/hereditary), Social (the community you are brought up in and
your role in the community), Psychological (your behavior, emotions, and inner
thought patterns).

5. What is the role of the biological factors in the basic development of personality?
The biological factors include genetic, hereditary factors, physical appearance
and physique and rate of maturation. The constitutional make-up which is also largely
determined by heredity that influences a person’s personality characteristics and
influences his personality development in an indirect way.

6. What is an emotional qoutient (EQ)? In what way does it differ from I.Q.?
EQ or say Emotional Qoutient refers to a person’s ability to understand his/her
emotion along with the other person’s emotions, whereas IQ stands for Intelligent
Qoutient indicates a person’s intelligence level. Conversely, EQ implies the level of
person’s emotional intelligence.
7. Discuss briefly the environmental factors and their impact on the personality
development of the child.
Research has shown that unshared parts of children’s environments exert a
stronger influence on personality development than the shared parts. In some
studies, the shared environment exerts little or no discernible impact on
personality.

8. What makes Filipinos distinct and different from other foreigners? Give an
example.
Filipino can easily learn any language in a different country. Filipino can speak
fluently in English. Filipino people have a unique physique and skin color. Filipino
people are family-oriented, they fight for you if you are part of their family.

9. Discuss briefly the prevailing values reflected in the Filipino personality.

According to Santos Cuyugan (1961) many of the Filipinos are still persevere in spite
of the rise of impersonalism in urbanareas of the country. This is evident in frequent
charges of nepotism, favoritism, and particularism. Graft and corruptions have been
analyzed as products of this kinship reciprocity relations.

10. Give some specific situations in business,e.g. in the market place, sari-sari store,
big hotels and restaurants where the following values apply to facilitate transactions:
a) Personalism- suki
Patronizing of one store instead of buying at different stores at different
times.
b) Discounts, bargain- tawad
Asking for discounts which may range from 5% to 50% discount.
c) Kinshp, etended family relations- compadre system
Filipino people are family-oriented, they fight for you if you are part of their
family.
d) Name-dropping, go between, etc..
 CHAPTER 3
FRUSTRATION, STRESS AND BURNOUT; MENTAL HEALTH
AND MENTAL HYGIENE

 FRUSTATION
 Frustration is a stirred--up state of hopelessness that results when a person is
prevented from reaching a particular value-goal to which he has aspired or is
prevented from satisfying his pgysiological needs.
 Simply defined is the condition of being thwarted in the satisfaction of a
motive.
 THE THREE MAIN PROBLEMS IN LIFE:
1) Physiological Problems - more or less are our basic needs such as water,
shelter, sex.A man’s means of livelihood.
2) Environmental Problems - it can be avoided , for there are always certain
factors in person’s situations which is fro achieving a degree of personal
growth and achievement.
3) Psychological Problems- or internal problems are the most difficult to
resolve as from within the inner feelings of a person.
It represent a more serious threat to the personality of the individual than do
other frustration.

STRESS, BURNOUT: THEIR EFFECTS ON ONE’S BEHAVIOR

 Signs of Stress
 Difficulty in sleeping or other changes in sleep habits
 Chronic irritability or anxiety
 Changes in eating habits
 Increase use of alcohol, tobacco, or other drugs
 Frequent illness including headaches and stomach aches
 Cold hands, rapid breathing and heartbeat, achenes, muscle tension
 STRESS
 Seems to be an inevitable result of today’s mode of living.
 It is the nonspecific psychological and physiological response of the person
upon any demand on it. According to Schwartz (1980).
 Stressor - anything pleasant or unpleasant that interferes the equilibrium.
 Distress - any change, positive or negative evokes stress.

 MAJOR CAUSES OF STRESS IN ORGANIZATION

1) Occupational demand
a) Role Ambiguity
b) Overload and underload
c) Responsibility of others
d) Lack of social support
e) Lack of participation in decision
2) Nonwork Demands
3) Physical Demands
 Emotions
 are aroused by external stimuli which can instigate aggressive behavior.
 may be adaptive or disrupted depending on it intensity.
 Eustress - euphoria + stress, was used to refer to the consequence of healthy,
normal stress which includes a number of performance and health benefits to be
added to the more common known costs of individual and organizational distress.
 Burnout - is a cumulative process of gradual wearing down of your reserve, with
little recharging of your energies.
 Hurried Executive - or the kind of person who is burnout prone is often drawn to
fat moving organizations that would hasten his/her burning out.
 MENTAL HEALTH
 As the judgement of human beings to the world and each other eth a
maximum of effectiveness and happiness.
 Is the capacity to live harmoniously in a changing environment to face and
solve one’s problems in a realistic manner.
 It is a factor that plays an important role in all life situations in relations
between teacher and student, between hospital personnel and patient, etc..
 Healthy Personality - is manifested by the individual who has been gratify his
basic needs through acceptable behavior..
 Characteristics of Mentally Healthy People
1) Self-acceptance
2) Acceptance of others
3) Ability to meet the demand of life.
 Mental Health Problems in Business and Industry
 Cliques in the work force
 Wage increase
 Evaluation of workers
 Work and assignments
 Changes
 MENTAL HYGIENE
 Is a branch of psychology which ideas with the mental and emotional
adjustment through the application of principle and practice
 Is concerned primarily with prevention so at mental health may be preserved.
 It is also concerned with the human behavior of the person principally while
in the job..
 Three known ways of mental hygiene to be done:
1) Preventive Approach - this is based on the principle that the best to insure a
well-adjusted individual is to surround him with the environmental influence
that will enable him to develop his full potentialities.
2) Therapeutic Approach - is concerned on the attempt to correct behavioral
adjustments through the various counseling techniques of psychotherapy..
3) Curative Approach - sometimes called “preventive psychiatry”. It is
concerned with the detection and correction of serious.