142 CHAPTER 2. ++ Oiferentaton (S aprtications 49. The amount of an allosteric enayme is affected by the pres- cence of an activator. If is the amount of activator and f is the amount of enzyme, then one model of an allosteric ac- a Find drt a) an im fe). Compt ener tivation is fox) Isobe inhibited. In this situation, the 50, Enzyme production can amount of enzyme as a function of the amount of inhi is modeled by 2) = 555. Find and interpre lin, ‘in, fs) ad F'. ‘51. Most cars are rated for fuel efficiency by estimating miles per gallon in city driving (c) are miles per gallon in highway driv ing( i). The Environmental Protection Ageney usesthe formula t ASE FOaH 8 Ol Ngo 8 wage (@) Think of ¢ asthe variable and as constant, and show leage ‘ tn 0 (0 Sto tite = hear =e ® 236 and graph a afunetion of A. Comment on why the EPA might Wwantto usa function whose graph flattens out asthisone does, EXPLORATORY EXERCISES In many spots the collision between a ball and a stiking ‘implement is central to the game, Suppose the ball has weight, wand velocity before the collision and the striker (bat, tennis racket, golf club, et.) has weight Wand velocity ~V before the collision (the negative indicates the strikers moving in the ‘opposite direction from the tll) The velocity of te ball after WV Fo) Fue =a) the collision will be wt Ww the parameter ¢, called the coefficient of restitution, epre- sents the “bounciness” of the ball in the collision, Treating W as the independent variable (ike x) and the other pa rameters as constants, compute the derivative and verify that du V(-t-chw teow + 0h aw Wau {ue nonnegative, Explain why this implies that if the athlete uses a bigger striker (bigger W) with all other things equal, the speed ofthe ball increases. Does this match your intuition? Whats doubt about assumption of al ote things being ua? Similarly compute andintrpret 2, 4, ng St (Hint: eis between 0 and | with O represent a dead ball tnd | the liveliest bal posible) 6, since all parameters 3. Suppose that a soccer player strikes the ball with enough en- ergy that a stationary ball would have intial speed 80 mph ‘Show that the same energy kick on a ball moving directly to the player at 40 mph will launch the ball at approximately 100 mph. (Use the general collision formula in exploratory exercise I with ¢ = 0.5 and assume thatthe balls weight is much fess than the soccer player's weight.) In general, what proportion of the balls incoming speed is converted by the kick into extra speed in the opposite direction? @® 2.5 THE CHAIN RULE ‘Wecurrently haveno way tocomputethe derivative of function suchas P(t) = /TOOFR, except by the limit definition. However, observe that P() is the composition of the «wo funetions f(t) = Vi and g(t) = 100-+ 8, s0 that PU) = f(g(P)), where both 0) and g((0)are easily computed. We now develop a general rule for the derivative of a composition of two functions The following simple examples will help us to identity the form of the chain rule Notice that fom the product rule ue +0) Ate? +0 +0) = tre? + +O? + D2e (0? + 12x. Ofcourse, we can write this as 4x(x? + 1), but the unsimplified form helps us to understand n rule, Using this result and the product rule, notice that Ate? + Do? + 17]